the role of occupational health and safety measures in successful

European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 01, April 2016. P.P. 264 - 293 URL: http://www.ejbss.com/recent.aspx-/ ISSN: 2235 -767X

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

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THE ROLE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES IN SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN RWANDA: EVIDENCE FROM

NYARUTARAMA PROPERTY DEVELOPERS LTD

Namara Norine1, Mbera Zenon2, Mbabazi Mbabazize2

1Post Graduate student at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology-Kigali Campus Rwanda 2Senior Lecturer; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology-Kigali Campus Rwanda

ABSTRACT

ccupational health and safety at work is a serious issue that attracts the attention of both the government and the public. Employers are faced with more stringent laws to

create safe work environment for their employees. It is believed that employing occupational health and safety measures reduces the burden and the cost an employer would incur for compensation when occupational health systems for employees are not in place in case of risks or accident. The general objective of this study was to evaluate the role played by occupational health standards (OHS) measures in ensuring successful completion of construction projects. The specific objectives were to evaluate the Role of OHS Regulations in ensuring successful completion of construction project, examine the existing OHS risk management mechanisms and their effects on successful project completion, evaluate the impact of OHS knowledge and skills on successful project completion and to assess the role of financial resources for OHS systems on successful project completion.. The target population of this research was all non-permanent employees for that specific project and project managers at NPD Ltd and employees from the ministry of public service and labor in occupational health department and the total population for this research was 72 respondents. The research methodology that was used to capture information was census method and information was sourced using questionnaires. After data collection data was cleaned and entered into the statistical software for analysis. The study results stipulated that occupational health and safety measures in construction projects helps in minimizing risks and in the due course leads to project completion. The research also found out that most employees have no occupational health and safety skills and the research recommend sensitization of employees on OHS. The research recommends a formal and structured OHS practice during project planning and with the involvement of construction professionals/ departments, OHS management be included in the curriculum as an examinable subject for all students undertaking construction related studies, continuous development seminars on OHS management for all professionals and also more research is needed in this area to produce a comprehensive OHS policy for project developers and government departments to create worldwide awareness of the dimensions and consequences of work-related accidents, injuries and diseases. KEY WORDS: OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SAFETY MEASURES

O



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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The concept of an occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMS) has become common over the past 20 years. A variety of OHSMS based standards and guidelines have been developed (British Standards Institutions, 1999, et al within the public, private and not for profit sectors and many have been adopted by workplaces. Some countries including Rwanda are in the process of developing management standards for occupational health and safety. An understanding of the impact of these systems is therefore timely.

Safety and health in the workplaces have become an integral component to the viability of business for the employers, labor unions, governments and environmentalists in general (Macintosh and Gough, 1998). Naturally a need for safety is an intrinsically human concern. Every individual in life whether one is employed or not, either at workplace or outside the workplace has the intrinsic need to be safe. Workers, as mature individuals, are responsible for every decision they make with regard on securing their own health and safety in every social sets (Bennet, 2002).

The study of occupational health and safety has been in existence for as long as there have been structured work environs. Hippocates (460-377BC), for example, wrote about harmful effects of an unhealthy workplace on slave, and Ceasar (100-40BC) was reported to have an officer in charge of safety of his legions (Pease, 1985).this section traces the history of various interventions developed to improve workplace safety. However this section focuses on the major influences (i.e government, insurance, engineering and psychology) and pertinent legislations that have shaped occupational safety and health intervention research.

This research addresses the role that OHS measures plays in the creation of a workplace environment and that through unions they exert significant influences in their workplaces. Dryzek and Schlosberg (2005) argue that Environmental justice demands the right to participate as equal partners at every level of decision making including needs assessment, planning, implementation, enforcement and evaluation” of workplace conditions.

The International labor organization (ILO) that acts in the interests of the worker embraces the idea that workers’ points of view need to be heeded and given equal status with those of other stakeholders in the workplace in ensuring sound business development. Worker’s perspectives need to be considered in devising and carrying out health and safety measures at workplace (Bennet, 2002). Due to globalised economic trends, the instituted the international organization for standardization to help regulate and bring about improved workplace conditions and services (Zwetslot, 2003).

The subject of health and safety in the workplaces covers a wide spectrum of issues. Among them are issues such as:

a. Psychological safety such as stress, fears and attitudes (Baer &Fraser, 2003). b. Criminal and sexual harassment in workplace (Kong,1996). c. Working with hazardous chemical and mineral (Armour, (2003) d. Working within harmful workplace emissions (Profumo 2003) e. Manufacturing of harmful substance and innovations (Valent,2003) f. Safety precautions, safety communication measures and personal protection equipment (Tan

& fitzgerald, 2002



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A study on workplace violation in different sectors in Rwanda was in 2007 in collaboration with the capacity project, led by Intra Health International; in order to determine the type, impact, context consequences and prevention strategies of occupational health and safety in Rwanda; to assist the ministries of health, public service and labor (MIFOTRA) as well as other stakeholders in developing a political, legal and programmatic response to improve providers’ safety, satisfaction and retention. The most compelling results of the study could be the following: Among all the types of violence we considered, verbal abuse 27%, psychological harassment 16%, and sexual harassment 7% are the most frequent and work accidents. It was estimated that total prevalence rate in Rwanda was 39%, even though it is not the highest documented rate so far, it remains shocking and unacceptable.

These are resorted to by the establishments world health organizations (WHO) take safety and health factors to be of concern at their workplaces. ILO 2005 noted with concern that 2.3 million people worldwide die annually of work related injuries and illness. 268 million non-fatal workplace incidents and 160million work related illness. The WHO states that an additional problem to the situation of workers in African countries is the high prevalence incidence of HIV/ AIDS. These numbers are so huge that they have serious implications for environmental justice (EJ), be it from the employers’ or employees’ side. It is worrying that such a high incidences occur in 21st century era when advanced science and technological intervention is possible all over the world.

This study focused on the safety precautions, safety communication and personal protection equipment (PPE) and has reflected on how workers at the site, engage with and respond towards the occupational safety and health administration measures thus contributing to own safety and health and those of others in the workplace.

1.2 African Context on OHS

In Africa studies on human perception and experience of environmental safety management are sparse. These studies tend to focus on human behavioral qualities of the workers at workplaces (Burton; 2006) and on issues such as occupational hygiene, global equity challenges, politics, health hazards, health and safety in the workplace (Asuzu, et al., 1998). In Africa workplace studies address issues of trade unions and democracy, job security and conditions of work, race and labor, workplace concerns, education and labor market as well as statistical quantities of studied variables. Barret; et al., (2005)

Bennet, (2002) argues that the concerns of safety and health management are aspirations arranged in point form to be met by management as envisaged goals. He argues that management systems are always silent as to how safety and health at the workplace looks like, how it is structured, how it functions, how it relates to the management of the enterprise in general and how it is reconciled with the functions and responsibilities of other parties. He argues that the workers are not objects to be managed like machines or other factors of production. They are living, breathing and thinking human beings who have the most fundamental stake in any system of health and safety that affects their lives in workplace.

The ILO approach towards safety and health in the workplace seeks to benefit the workers who are always vulnerable to occupational incidences by advocating that total safety and health specifications should be given priority over performance standards. He argues that pursuing performance standards doesn’t have the safety of workers at heart and pursue the goal other than the total safety of workers is to keep the establishment going. He maintains that performance standards contain no specific objectives and thus are not measurable.



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ISO voluntary standards are mainly focused towards performance of the business. It believes that ISO standards simply enjoy the world trade organizations endorsement and pre-production rather than pro human life. He argues that for a person who is doing routine work with a specific target to meet per day, the prime factor for management is to meet the target rather than to ensure that individuals’ health, whose stress levels could adversely impact on the operation of the company. He argues that managements’ views towards environmental health and safety are production oriented. He states that ISO standards simply address matters of policy, planning and implementation, measuring performance, audits, checking, corrective actions and management review but are silent on workers’ perspectives.

Various studies indicate that the level of education influences worker health and safety in the workplace. Graham (2004) writes that education helps to provide the appropriate skills needed to achieve social status and make healthy lifestyle choices. She writes that studies exploring adverse health effects of the psychosocial work environment show that individuals in positions that are characterized by routine work with little supervision have low self-esteem and higher stress levels. This leaves them prone to workplace hazards and leads to adverse effects on production by way of absenteeism. Graham also argues that workplaces can exert either a positive or negative influence on worker behavior. She argued that the risk of death before reaching retirement age was two and a half times higher for men and women in unskilled occupations than for those in professional positions. Her findings from an extensive Finnish study using education as a measure of socioeconomic status are that both men and women the most highly educated tend to live longer and have more disability-free years than their less educated counterparts. She also found a number of American studies to show that those with less education run greater risks.

Parboteeah and Kapp (2007) in their study of ethical climates and workplace safety behavior found that egoistic behavior relates positively to injuries and negatively to safety in the workplace. They also discovered that benevolence and principled attributes relate negatively to injuries but positively to safety enhancing behavior in the workplace. This suggests that the life style of an individual significantly affects safety and health in the workplace.

A study highlighting statistics gathered from Namibian workplaces on common causes of workplace incidents revealed that the most common incidents at the workplace occur more often due to ordinary negligent human activity than use of dangerous machinery and substances (Amweelo, 2000). This also indicates the significance of the role played by individual workers in ensuring safety and health in the workplace. With regard to compliance with regulation it has been noted that regulatory bodies simply function on a state mandate, and base their work on law and policies. In essence this ought to be in support of human welfare, yet in practice it is deficient. In a country like Rwanda where industrial development has been built on severe environmental injustice, regulation is practically ineffective.

Lukey (cited in Hallowees & Butler; 2003) states that “Most workers tend to prioritize access to wages over labor conditions. This places them in an ambiguous position resulting in them compromising their lives as victims and risking their lives in the workplaces. If so it could mean that towards or on pay-days, workers’ behavior might change and affect the state of safety and health so as to have an impact on workplace safety conditions. It could also mean that the first working days or two after pay-days negatively affect attitudes on workplace safety conduct, depending on individual ethical moral mind-set (Hayes et al., 1998).

This raises a concern as to value; what is valuable to workers might not coincide with what is valuable to the company. The objectives of the company might be totally different to those of the workers (Magendaz,



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2004). This would have a bearing on compliance with rules and regulations put in place by the establishment. Winter and May (2001) reflect on three types of decision making forces that have influence on compliance with laws and regulations as follows:

Normative motivation; this derives from the regulated entities’ combined sense of moral duty and agreement with the importance of a given regulation as an internalized value.

Social motivation; this derives from the regulated entities’ desire to earn approval and respect from people with whom they interact.

Calculated motivation; when regulated entities comply with a given regulation having calculated the cost of non-compliance in their decision making; this type is governed by enforcement and deterrence.

Issues of human wellbeing have developed to advanced levels due to environmental justice activists’ perspectives and ILO interventions relating to workplace safety and health requirements. Corporate compliance programs should not simply be reflected in black and white documentation but should be designed and implemented in an effective and credible manner. Hence project managers are held accountable for including an understanding among employees and for ethics compliance into a culture, a way of life in the workplace environment, (Canary & Jennings, 2007).

This demands business leaders of high ethical repute. Business leadership plays a significant role in the moral capability and performance of an organization. Business leaders of high integrity are more likely to be aware of and respond rapidly to stakeholders’ moral concerns (Petric & Quinn, 2001). For more than a century in global industrial development, there was a lack of common universal standard’s to govern workplace health and safety (Smith, 1999). The discipline of health and safety in the workplace started to develop from the 1970s with the establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration body in the United States of America.

The British Standards Institution came up with the British Standard BS 8800 that served as a guide to the British Occupational Health and Safety Management System. In 1998 Britain in conjunction with other national standards bodies, Consultant Specialists and certification bodies from other countries, met to discuss the matter. This gathering came up with an occupational health and safety specification series known as the occupational health and safety assessment series (OHSAS) 18001, which was introduced and took effect in 1999 (Smith, 1999). Initially it was not a standard but a safety management specification that was structured to run parallel to and be compatible with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001. This left a loophole that caused hassles in its implementation by other organizations (Wang, 2007). This safety management tool was recently modified and released in July 2007 when it was adopted as a standard. It is relatively speaking a new standard (EORM, 2008). It is believed that unlike its earlier version, this version demands more worker participation and consultation in harmony with ILO demands. It successfully helps to incorporate the basic view-points of current theories and methods, and provides a friendlier interface with management practices.

1.3 Problem statement

Safety and health in the workplaces have become an integral component to the viability of business for the employers, labor unions and governments in general. Naturally a need for safety is an intrinsically human concern. Every individual in life whether one is employed or not, either at workplace or outside the workplace has the intrinsic need to be safe. Like all companies in Rwanda, Nyarutarama Property



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Developers ltd (NPD Ltd) should employ the globally accepted OHS 18001 regulatory standards for safety and health administration in workplaces. (MIFOTRA 2012)

The OHS 18001 workplace regulation run parallel to (International standards organization) ISO 18001, as an administrative tool, is declared to be an ideal tool for occupational health and safety management worldwide in various industrial and construction companies, and therefore it is important to apply voluntary ISO standards. Achieving the voluntary ISO standards accreditation is an expensive endeavor which costs a lot of money. These costs exclude the ISO standards maintaining costs, (institute for work & health 2005). This implies that not all companies can afford subscription to the voluntary ISO standards. These are endeavors taken by major industries throughout the world to ensure safe and healthy workplace environments by well established companies globally.

This research advanced the notion that although the efforts of the management in ensuring a safety regime; however profitable occupational safety and health measures put in place maybe, is going to depend on each individual worker to really ensure a safe environment for him/ her and other in the workplace. This is due to the roles and capacities inherent in individuals to choose to either act as cooperative individuals in ensuring a safe or a health workplace environment knowingly and unknowingly. In most African countries, workplace legislations state that it is the duty of every individual to ensure his or her own safety as well as that of other co-workers in the workplace (Lexis, 2007). This is the perspective from which the study derived its purpose to probe into the role of OHS measures to ensuring a safe and health workplace environment and successful project completion.

Hence, the lack of the occupational health and safety management systems will lead to unexpected compensational costs, by ignoring that prevention is much lower to compensational costs as the case of several projects in Rwanda. Today, Rwanda does not have such active entity responsible to monitor and evaluate these safety measures for projects, thus the researcher attempted this research study.

1.4 Objectives of the study

1.4.1 General objectives of the Study

To evaluate the role played by OHS measures in ensuring successful completion of construction project.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

1. To evaluate the Role of OHS Regulations on the successful completion of construction projects

2. To examine the existing OHS risk management mechanisms and their effects on successful project completion.

3. To evaluate the impact of OHS knowledge and skills on successful project completion 4. To assess the role of financial resources for OHS systems on successful project completion.

1.5 Research Questions

1. What Role does OHS regulations have on successful completion of construction projects? 2. To what extent has OHS risk management mechanisms contributed to successful project

completion? 3. What is the impact played by OHS knowledge and skills in ensuring successful completion of

construction project? 4. How do financial resources for OHS systems affect successful project completion?



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2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter pays special attention to the subject of occupational health and safety (OHS) as applied in Rwanda and NPD Ltd. It opens with work place safety as a recent ethical dimension of concern in the business world. It begins with a review of the origin of OHS 1800 and it developments. It continues with a brief historical development of safety, health and environment (SHE), the nature of construction industry and finally the OHS measures that are applied at NPD Ltd for improved safety and health management in the company. The attractiveness of an enterprise’s investment is not only determined by its economic productivity but also by its organizational level of environmental use, protection and security, (Arkadov, et al, 2006).

The scope of occupational safety and health has evolved gradually and continuously in response to social, political, technological and economicchanges. In recent years, globalization of the world’s economies and its repercussions have been perceived as the greatest force for change in the world of work, and consequently in the scope of occupational safety and health, in both positive and negative ways.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

The literature on workplace safety and health management systems reveals that much of the subject has been covered in different parts of the world. The ground thus covered tends to focus predominantly on psychological factors at workplace, safety concerns at workplace, workplace politics, workplace spirituality, epileptic medication at the workplace, safety climate at workplace, exposure to chemicals and perceptions of risks (Cha,2013).

In June 1998 the International labor conference adopted a declaration on fundamental principles and rights at work and its follow up that obligates members states to respect, promote and realize freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining, the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labor, the effective abolition of child labor, and the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. Article four of the occupation safety and health convention, 1981 (No. 155) states that each member shall, in the light of national conditions and practice, and in consultation with the most representative organizations of employers and workers, formulate, implement and periodically review a coherent national policy on occupational health and safety and working environment.

2.2.1 The theory of compensating wage differentials (CWDs)

The theory of compensating wage differentials (CWDs), rooted in the work of Adam Smith’s (1776) Wealth of Nations, has been argued to constitute ‘the fundamental long-run market equilibrium construct’ (Rosen, 1986) of labor economics. According to this theory, the existence of market forces ensures the payment of wage premiums by firms which are characterized by inferior working conditions, as a means of recruiting and retaining valuable labor. It is further postulated that in a perfectly competitive labor market an equilibrium wage distribution should arise whereby “matching” of the preferences of workers and firms occurs. Thus, risk-averse workers will take up jobs in firms which provide a safer working environment, whereas less risk-averse workers will be more willing to be employed in jobs in which the marginal cost of safety provision is dearer.(Pouliakas & Theodossiou, 2010)



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2.2.2 Sub-optimal allocation of job market risk Theory

In addition to the above theory, a number of further issues have been raised that cast doubt on the theoretical predictions of the CWD theory and its usefulness for the policy discourse on OSH. The existence of CWDs that are conducive to the attainment of an efficient degree of OSH provision on behalf of firms hinges critically on the strong requirement that competitive markets forces are at work. Nevertheless, convincing arguments exist on both equity and efficiency grounds regarding the necessity for OSH policies. These arguments are based on the reasoning that the equilibrium level of OSH provision, as determined in the theoretical realm of the free market, is likely to be suboptimal.

Furthermore, the efficiency of market forces is also likely to be diluted due to the fact that not all of the (opportunity) costs of OSH provision are borne by employers. Henderson (1983) provides a convenient formalisation by arguing that, in the absence of regulation, a sufficient condition for profit-maximizing firms selecting the optima l safety level is that their OSH decisions should reflect all of the prevention costs and damage costs.

2.3 Conceptual Framework

This section deals with the relationship between two variables making the research topic. These variables are referred to as independent variable which influences the dependent variables. Conceptual frameworks, according to educational researcher Smyth (2004), are structured from a set of broad ideas and theories that help a researcher to properly identify the problem they are looking at, frame their questions and find suitable literature. For this case therefore the research was to find out how occupational health and safety management systems are implemented in work places especially in the construction industry.

The study will make use of policies theoretical framework as the central theme informed by the view that the participants in the workplace environment must be centrally involved in ensuring a safe working environment. Environmental justice upholds the right of all workers to a safe and healthy work environment, without being forced to choose between unsafe work and unemployment (Dryzek & Schlosberg,2005).



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The research was based on the following variables:

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Figure2.8: Conceptual Framework

In relation to OHS, the law exists to identify the responsibility of the parties involved in industrial or commercial activities. It imposes responsibilities on employers to protect the health and safety of their employees when they are at work and protects the right of people to participate in the paid workforce without suffering injury or ill health as a result. (Helen, 2005)

OHS Regulations Implementation Compliance

Successful Project Completion Minimized accidents

Financial resources for OHS Financial resources to

purchase protective gears Resources used during

accidents. Resources on awareness

OHS Knowledge and skills Trainings/ awareness Protection skills

Existing OHS Risk management Mechanism Provision of protective gears Training on OHS Mechanisms



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2.4 Review of Variables

2.4.1 OHS Regulations

OHS legislations aims to reduce work related injuries and diseases by changing workplaces and work practices (Industry Commission, 1995).There are two main aspects of legislation for construction safety. One is for prosecution, in order to deter breach of safety legislation. The other is for employee compensation as a remedial measure on the key safety-related legislation administered by the Labor Department.

The OHS Act contain minimum requirement which employers must comply with in order to guarantee the safety of personnel. Steyn (2007) points that organizations are under increasing scrutiny from suppliers, contractors, shareholders, government and other.

Therefore, stakeholders have interest in how an organization manages it safety records.

The Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance (1980) (FIUO) and its 27 subsidiary regulations form the principal legislation governing safety and health at work. The FIUO lays down the duties for both employers and employees of all factories and industrial undertakings, including construction sites, to prevent accidents at work. It also imposes criminal liability on contractors and construction workers, who may be prosecuted by the Labour Department. If convicted, the offenders will be penalized by fine and/or imprisonment.

The OHS legislationputs many duties on the employer. Failure to comply with safety duties and responsibilities are considered as criminal offences and as such punishable by penalties or imprisonment or both depending on the severity of such violation T-IO. Stakeholders may also sanction organizations which are not compliant to safety regulations. Such sanction may negatively affect long-term sustainability of an organization.

2.4.2 Existing OHS Risk management Mechanism

Employee compensation

There have been numerous amendments to the Employees' Compensation Ordinance (ECO) since the enactment of the then Workmen’s Compensation Ordinance in 1953, the framework for the employee compensation system in most countries, however, has remained the same. The employee compensation system is a non-fault, non-contributory system funded through the payment of insurance premiums by employers to private insurance companies.

Training and awareness

The Occupational Health and Safety Awareness and Training Regulation (O. Reg. 297/13) under the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) is the new regulation that requires employers to make sure workers and supervisors complete a basic occupational health and safety awareness training program.The training program for workers should include instruction on: the duties and rights of workers under OHSA, the duties of employers and supervisors under OHSA common workplace hazards and occupational illnesses; the role of joint health and safety committees (JHSCs) and of health and safety representatives under OHSA roles of the ministry, Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB), and Health and Safety



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Associations; and information and instruction requirements set out in the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) Regulation.

2.4.3 OHS Knowledge and skill

The Workplace Health and Safety Handbook have been developed as a guiding tool for all who have a role to play in workplace health, safety and welfare. Health and safety representatives assume the important role of representing fellow workers on issues affecting their health, safety and welfare.

a. A safe working environment delivers a full range of workplace safety, public safety and industrial relations services to all employees at workplaces independently of other organizations on behalf of the state government including: Increasing awareness about workplace safety through active engagement with employers and workers.

b. Growing knowledge, understanding and skills with improved education and training c. Ensuring compliance and helping industry understand and meet its obligations d. Monitoring and assessing safety procedures to encourage and assist with a cycle of

continuous improvement.

2.4.4 Financial resources for OHS

It has been indicated in the previous arguments that a general consensus for construction contractors to improve their safety records and to increase their safety investment in construction projects. The higher the safety investment is , the better the safety performance will be. However, the extent of the investment is always a major concern. Recent research has revealed that in Hong Kong, most contractors set aside an amount of less than 0.5%, and some even less than 0.25% , of the contract sum for investing in safety in their contracts (Lai, 1995). It is , however , subject to debate as to whether such amounts are enough.

Safety investment cannot be without limits. A methodology has been developed in a research study (Tang, et al., 1997) to quantify the minimum amount of safety investment for a building project. The total costs of accidents on a construction site depend greatly on project safety performance. If the safety performance is good, the accident costs will be low, and vice versa. In order to compare site accident costs of projects carried out with different contract sums and at different times (so that no inflation adjustment is necessary) , the Accident Loss Ratio (ALR), a dimensionless quantity.

2.5 Critique of Literature

Several years ago, Boyd (2001, 439) observed that given that health and safety is a key area covered in most organizations, it is surprising that it receives minimal coverage or none at all in key HRM texts and journals. Typically, OHS is often treated in research as one of a number of human resource management variables in studies concerned primarily with other phenomena.

A major trend in HRM research has been the growing interest in the relationship between strategy and human resource management, based on the assumption that human resources and their management contribute significantly to sustainable competitive advantage for organizations. Without exception, OHS and OHS management are excluded from the operationalization of this relationship in terms of policy or practice (Boxall & Purcell, 2008).



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Much of the OHS management literature is prescriptive (Wallace & Ross, 2006). It is populated largely by textbooks directed at students and practitioners in OHS. Consequently, they are not empirically grounded representations of what constitutes OHS management, nor are they conceptualizations that are verified or validated through systematic field study; rather they are their respective authors’ attempts at ordering concepts, tools, techniques, and technologies and in sights (Archer, et al., 2009)

2.6 Research Gaps

In Africa and Rwanda in particular, studies concerning worker safety are extremely rare. It is this gap that this study seeks to fill by evaluating the role of occupational health and safety measures in workplace.In most African countries including Rwanda OHS is a new law that needs much effort for implementation. Being a new Law, there is no documentation and no studies for its implementation that have been carried out; therefore there is a need to look in details what has been done to effectively implement this Law.

2.7 Summary

This literature review has analyzed available information on Occupational Health and management systems implementation. Literature at global and local level has been reviewed and discussed. The literature review helped in identification of the gaps research questions. A conceptual framework was finally developed to help find answers to the research questions.

The review has also looked at effectiveness of market forces likely to be diluted due to the fact that not all of the (opportunity) costs of OHS provision are borne by employers which provides a convenient formalization by arguing that, in the absence of regulation, a sufficient condition for profit-maximizing firms selecting the optimal safety level is that their OSH decisions should reflect all of the prevention costs and damage costs.

Also the review has summarizes on OHS knowledge and skills in various studies which indicate that level of education influences worker health and safety in the workplace. Graham (2004) writes that education helps to provide the appropriate skills needed to achieve social status and make healthy lifestyle choices. She writes that studies exploring adverse health effects of the psychosocial work environment show that individuals in positions that are characterized by routine work with little supervision have low self-esteem and higher stress levels.



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3.METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter explains the method that was used in carrying out this research. The researcher stated the research design, the target population, collection techniques; this was also explained in the sampling methodology, data collection and analysis methods. The study also followed a quantitative approach design with some small elements of qualitative approach.

3.2 Research Design

Thisresearch used descriptive research design. As this study is trying to answer the questions of “what” and “how”, descriptive research is required in order to present data in a more meaningful way. According to Sekaran (2006: p.97), descriptive research helps “ to understand the characteristics of a group in a situation of interest, aid in thinking systematically about aspects in a given situation, offer ideas for further probing and research, and/or help make certain simple decision. Usually, this approach is suitable when the research objective is to describe the social phenomenon of interest, such as describing the demographic characteristics of the population under study determining the proportion of the population that behaves in certain ways and to make certain predictions on the basis of the findings (Churchill, 2007).

3.3 Target Population

This study targeted employees in construction areas at NPD Ltd (a), workers from the ministry of labor.(b)Employees of NPD Ltd in construction department. The researcher interviewed 57 non-permanent employees at site, 15 persons were interviewed from the ministry of labor department of OHS. The total population for this research was 72 persons.

3.4 Sampling frame

Sampling is scientific process of selecting a statistically adequate number of elements to represent a population in an experiment; the researcher therefore took project staff and government officials who have animplication in safety compliance in construction projects

3.5 Sampling size and sampling techniques

Sample size:The researcher used the whole populationof 72 from NPD Ltd and the ministry labor. As the target population was found to be affordable by the researcher, there was no need to take a sample out of it.

3.6 Data collection instruments.

Primary data wascollected through the use of the following instruments:

Questionnaires: A semi structured questionnaires designed to get responses as per the key research questions and answering to the indicators performances was developed and used to collect data at the site. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire ensured that errors are minimized during data collection, (Creswell, 2003).



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3.7 Data Collection Procedure

These include Questionnaire and Observation, the study involved the use of a number of methodological techniques and tools for evaluating the OHS systems at NPD Ltd, and the associated institutions (Government).

Questionnaire Administration

A standardized questionnaire to cover all the sampled respondents was used, in order to cover all areas of interest open ended questions were used. The standard questionnairewas to be administered respondents. Questionnaires are commonly used to collect important information about a population.

Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study as inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study and lead to poor results. It is critical to relate the research questions with the method and type of data to be collected. In this study the following were the key methods of data collections approach.This research used data triangulation approach (questionnaires, documents) to crosscheck and cross-validate the information collected for this study.The data was collected through individual, discussions, review of documents and site visits. The research therefore focused on primary data to answer the identified research questions.

Primary Data

Primary data is the data that is collected first hand by the researcher. This is mainly the data that collected from the NPD Ltd that was studied and also from other experts that may helped to inform the researcher on the issues at hand. The researcher used the following method to collect the data, Cresswell, (2003).

4. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the finding of the research project. The specific objectives that have guided this study are:

1. To evaluate the Role of OHS Regulations on the successful completion of construction projects 2. To examine the existing OHS risk management mechanisms and their effects on successful

project completion. 3. To evaluate the impact of OHS knowledge and skills on successful project completion 4. To assess the role of financial resources for OHS systems on successful project completion.

4.2 General Information/Demographics

This section of the analysis focuses on the general characteristics of the respondents.

1.4.1 Gender of Respondents

The study indicated that, the construction industry employs more men than women as indicated in the figure below with only 10% of the respondent’s female.



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Figure 4.9 Shows the distribution of gender among the respondents.

4.2.2 Age of Respondents

Figure 4.10 shows the distribution of ages among the respondents During the project study, respondents were asked to specify their ages. The researcher then went ahead to group their ages in ten and analyzed the data as shown in fig 4.3, this study shows that most employees in the construction industry are between the ages 26- 35yrs. Figure 4.4 show the respondent’s work experience and their academic qualifications in relation to OHS. The figures indicate that most employees at NPD have been in the industry for almost 10 years. This is indicated in the table above with 43% have obtained experience of 1-5years and 42% with experience of 6-10yrs, this is an indication that these employees are familiar with the use of OHS measures. It was also indicated that



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most of these employees though have more than 5 years in the industry, their academic qualifications are low. 41% didn’t go beyond secondary level, 22% showed that they obtained professional certificates and 28% have undergraduate degrees with only 8% with post graduate degrees.

.

Figure 11.4 Shows education level & Work Experience in the industry

4.3 The Role of OHS Regulations on the Completion of Construction Projects As indicated in the rules that govern OHS, there are a number of hazards that always happen in the construction industry as indicated by the respondents, the table below shows that the employees and employers in this industry have suffered from accidents, fire outbreak, poor storage safety and diseases, when asked about the most occupational hazard they normally guard against with the available resources, 100% indicated that they guard against accidents which when occur leads to delays in construction and sometimes cause deaths, 46% said they protect themselves from disease while 54% don’t mind about diseases, fire is a hazard that has just minor cases and so only 33% of the respondents indicated that they also protect themselves and their workplace against fire. Table 1 below shows a detailed responses of the workers I construction industry.

Yes No

Accidents 100% 0% Fire 33% 67% Storage safety 40% 60% Diseases 46% 54%

Table 4. 47: Occupational hazards guard against at workplaces.



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Occurrence of a dangerous incidence It has been always said that there are a lot of dangerous incidents as occupational hazard in the construction industry, which made the researcher eager to find out about such incidences, when asked about occurrence of any dangerous incident that might have happened in the last 12months which could have caused any delays and un successful construction projects, it was indicated by 15% of the respondents agreeing that heavy rains have happened causing destruction of the building and 85% said they have not seen heavy rains in the last one year. A total of 11% have said that an incident leading to death of an employee falling from the building occurred in the last 12months and 89% disagreed with the idea.The result indicates that occupational hazards to a very small extent can lead to delays in construction project if they are not guarded against well. This is shown in figure 4 below.

Figure 4. 12: Showing dangerous incidences in the last in the last 12months

Protective measures used

All employees need protective equipments at workplaces during construction activities to be safe at

workplace, in order to carry out work well most of the employees use different protective equipments for

safety among the equipments used, Helmets, Gumboots, Dust masks and Noise masks were mentioned, a big

percentage of 75% use dust masks, this is because during the time of research, there was a lot of dust and as

a result most of the employees agreed with the use of dust masks, 72% and 61% said they use gumboots and

helmets respectively.



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Figure4. 13 Protective measures used during construction activities

Cases of emergency to report

As it is necessary to always have protective gears at workplaces especially in the construction industry, the

research findings indicates that workers always respond to different incidences that they would report to the

management in case it happened at the work site, and 82% indicated that absence of the protective gears at

workplace is the main challenge that would be reported as it is one of the indicators that help them to work

in a comfortable environment.

Existence of a crack on the wall was also ranked high as an indicator of a hazard; this was rated at 58% of

respondents agreeing that it should be reported before the worst happens.39% said they would report fire

outbreak, however this comes out to be for a small percentage as fire is rare case in construction industry.

The scores for both cracks on the wall and fire out break are said to be low because most of the respondents

said they have not seen such incidence occurring in the most of their projects. Based on this, it is well

indicated that even employees value protection at workplace as they indicated that if an employee comes

with no protective equipments, he is reported as this is not safe for him and leads to delays in project

completion. The table below shows the responses in percentage.



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Table 4. 48: Cases of emergency employees should report to the management at any construction site

Case

Yes

No

No protective gear 82% 18%

No first aid 47% 53%

Fire 39% 61%

Cracks on wall 58% 42%

4.4 The existing OHS risk management mechanisms

As a mechanism in risk management and as it is stipulated in the Ministerial order of 15/01/2015, it was

indicated that 96% of the population agreed that NPD ltd has an important copy of safety and health

regulations that help in managing and keeping employees safe. This is indicated in the table below. 86% of

the respondents also indicated that it is necessary and important to wear personal protective equipments

while at workplaces; this indicates that most of the employees at NPD ltd have a positive mind in

implantation of OHS requirements. Based on the above, presence of OHS measures plays a very big role in

the completion of construction projects, this is so because the company has adapted to what the law requires

as an indication to safety of employees at workplace.

The above table shows 69% of the respondents agreeing that there is a health and safety personnel who is

responsible for their safety at work. This is an indicator that for successful projects, the health of the workers

is given priority.

However a small percentage of 17% indicated that the company has a formal safety program for personnel

and the building, this so because in construction industry not all employees are aware of the policies. When

asked about the emergency and evacuation plan for the employees in case of any emergency, it was

indicated that 65% of the employees are agreed that plan is in existence.



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Table 4. 49: level of risk mechanisms at NPD ltd

Statement Yes No

The company has a copy of the most important safety and health

regulations 96% 4%

There is a company health and safety personnel 89% 11%

Health and safety plan for action in the workplace to follow during

construction activities 87% 13%

Company has first aid equipment 76% 24%

Company has a formal safety/security program for the personnel and

building 17% 83%

Company has fire detection and suppression equipment 65% 35%

Company has a written emergency and evacuation plan for staff 65% 35%

It is necessary to wear protective equipments at work place 97% 3%

OHS prevention measures

One of the objectives of the study was to know the role of OHS measures in project completion, from the

research that was carried out three indicators were put in place where the respondents were required to

indicate the reasons why protective equipments are important, 88% indicated their reasons to be prevention

of accidents with 64% percent saying it helps in project completion. 53% of the respondents showed that

apart from accident prevention and project completion, PPE minimizes on disease spread. This indicates that

OHS measures are important for project completion as it is also known to all the employees.

Table 50. 4: Reasons for preventive measure on worksite

Yes No Total

Prevent accident 88% 12% 100%

Minimize disease 53% 47% 100%

Successful projects 64% 36% 100%



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Responsible persons for employees’ safety

To understand well the issue of OHS measures in construction projects, it is important to know who is

responsible for the safety of workers on site as stipulated in the ministerial order, the big percentage of

respondents agreed that every person is responsible for his/her safety, this is shown by 72% saying it is the

responsibility of the employees to watch their steps, 60% also confirmed that the project manager should

have the necessary responsibility for his employees’ safety 44% and 49% indicated that it the responsibility

of the site engineer and the Foreman respectively, as indicated in the figure 4.7 below.

Figure 4. 7: showing the responsible persons for employees’ safety

4.5 The Level of OHS knowledge and skills on successful project completion Employees’ skills and knowledge on OHS

The research intended to find out about the knowledge and skills of employees on OHS, the study found out that 47% of the employees have low skills on safety and security systems with 39% indicating that they moderate skills; only 14% indicated that they have high skills in this aspect. The research went ahead find out about hazard identification as this is a major aspect in construction projects and it was indicated that only 29% of the employees are able to identify a hazard, the big percentage of OHS skills was indicated in accident communication where 45% showed their skills to be high with 30% indicating moderate skills, this also is a good indicator for project management and leads to successful completion as most people are able to communicate any dangerous incident.Although 47% indicated to be skilled in safety and security systems, the rate is still low the same risk communication. However lack of these skills is a major threat to the construction companies as a result, more trainings should be given to the workers as this helps in project successful completion.



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Figure 4. 8: Employees’ skills and knowledge on OHS

Different PPE at worksite Occupational health and safety involves protecting employees at work by doing this, project completion also becomes easy, it has been noted that protective equipments at work place are the most important part of the OHS and these are important in the project completion, there the study found out from use of questionnaire to the workers, when asked about the measures employees have in place to ensure safety at their workplaces, 88% indicated that they have protective gears they use at their work place, 69% of the respondents showed that they use health insurance and 58% preferred first aid services for safety at workplace. These responses are in line with what OHS recommends for safety of employees. Figure explains well the respondent’s ideas. The research indicates that the most wanted and desired equipment for construction sector is availing the protective gears indicated by 88% as these are the equipments that helps on site.

Figure 4. 9: PPE at worksite



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4.6 The role of financial resources for OHS systems for successful project completion Occupationalhealth and safety requires a financial systems to support the construction activities, it was therefore indicated that to get the protective equipment for safety at work place any company need finance for that, when asked whether the company has a fund policy for OHS, 71% of the respondents agreed that there exists a fund's policy for occupational health and safety, this shows that in construction industry protective gears for the employees is valued for successful completion of projects, it was also indicated by 57% of the respondents saying that the funds policy is integrated in all projects at NPD with 36% saying that they are not sure if that policy is integrated or not, when asked about the transparency of the budget process, only 32% agreed that it is transparent and 52% neither agreed or disagreed with the statement, this showed that the respondents were not aware of the transparency of the budget process.

Figure 4.14: Financial Resources for OHS Systems on Successful Project Completion

Effective use of OHS resources leading to successful projects

As already mentioned above on importance of OHS fund policy for successful project completion, it is important to know whether there is an effective use of resources and how it has been effective, the respondents indicated that availability of protective equipments at workplaces is one of the indicators for effective use of resources, this was indicated by 83%, also provision of first aid proved to another indicator for effective use of resources this is presented by 60%, however 57% of the respondents said that they should have been provision of health insurance to all employees but this has not been the case hence only 43% said it has been effectively used through health insurance. This is presented in figure 7 below.



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Figure 4 15: Effective use of OHS funds

Measures taken when a worker reports to work not fit As a way of working in a safe environment, the respondents agreed that every person should be protective of himself and his fellow workmates as protective equipment help in completion of projects on time since all employees are able to report to work daily, when asked about the measures that one should take when a colleague reports to work not fit to carry out his activities especially without protective equipments, 57% said they would not allow him to enter the work place, 40% responded by indicating that the person would be reported to the foreman. 21% said the person would be reported to the management and 14% would at least provide him a helmet for safety reasons. The total percentage of 57% not allowing a fellow worker enter without protective gear shows that the employees value their safety at work place. The study indicates that occupational health and safety measures play a big role in the construction projects and completion of the projects as indicated by the responses of the workers. This is indicated in the table below:

Table 4. 51: measures taken at workplace when one shows up not fit

No of

Respondents Yes Total Foreman 29 40% 100% Management 15 21% 100% Not allowed 41 57% 100% Helmet 12 14% 100%

4.7 Correlation Analysis

The research study variables identified in the conceptual framework were correlated to determine the degree

of relationship between the variables. Pearson’s correlation (r) matrix was performed as shown in Table 4.6.



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Table 4.6: Correlation Matrix

Correlations Successful

Project Completion

OHS Regulations

OHS Risk Management Mechanisms

OHS Knowledge & Skills

Financial Resources for OHS

Successful Project Completion

Pearson Correlation

1

Sig. (2-tailed) N 72 OHS Regulations Pearson

Correlation . 401** 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 72 72 OHS Risk Management Mechanisms

Pearson Correlation

.017 .198 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .886 .096 N 72 72 72 OHS Knowledge & Skills

Pearson Correlation

.221** .481** .356** 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .002 N 72 72 72 72 Financial Resources for OHS

Pearson Correlation

-.001 -.523** -.178 -.212 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .991 .000 .136 .074 N 72 72 72 72 72 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Pearson’s correlation matrix analysis was carried out on the independent and dependent variables as shown in table 4.6 established that there was a positive correlation between OHS regulations and successful project completion with a correlation value of 0.401 at 95% confidence interval. Based on the obtained data above, OHS regulations have an effect on successful completion of construction projects. Further correlation analysis reveal a positive correlation between OHS knowledge & skills and Successful project completion (r = .221, p-value <0.01); this indicates that an increase in OHS knowledge & skills results in successful completion of construction projects. 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the research project. It includes a restatement of the research questions, the research methodology used and a summary of the research project results, conclusions and discussion. It also recommends areas for further research in future studies. 5.2. Summary 5.2.1 The Role of OHS Regulations on projects completion The purpose of the research was to assess the role of occupational health and safety measures to successful project completion, in assessing this, the researcher looked at different components. On the role played by OHS regulations on success of construction projects, as it is stipulated in the ministerial order on policies



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concerning occupational health and safety, 100% of respondents agreed on using safety measures at workplace which is one of the indicators to successful projects. This is so because without safety measures, construction projects are at the risk of taking long to complete due to injuries incurred and sometimes deaths. During construction activities different incidences which are dangerous to employees happen and these delay the project completion, however when asked about these incidences for the last 12 months a big number of respondents consisting of 89% indicated that they have not seen any dangerous incident which implies that safety measures are in most cases used to minimize on the incidences. It was concluded that in order to carry out work well most of the employees should use different protective equipments for safety and among these equipments used, Helmets, Gumboots, Dust masks and Noise masks were mentioned. 5.2.2 Existing of OHS risk management mechanisms. It is a requirement in Rwanda all companies especially in construction should employ safety measures at workplace as a mechanism for risk and hazard prevention, the research findings therefore indicates that safety measures are important for both the employees and success of the project, this is shown in table 4.3 by 86% of the respondents indicating that it is necessary and important to wear personal protective equipments while at workplaces; this indicates that most of the employees at NPD ltd have a positive mind in implantation of OHS requirements. Whereas most people know the importance of safety measures for employees, some workers are not aware of the company formal safety program for personnel and the building, this is however possible to improve and minimize its negative impact. The research indicated the major three indicators of the importance safety measures to be prevention of accidents, project completion and minimize on disease spread represented by 88%, 64% and 53% respectively. 5.2.3 The role of OHS knowledge and skills. Occupational health and safety knowledge is an important aspect in construction projects, it was however discovered that most employees in this industry have no skills in this aspect hence a need to sensitize workers in management and identification of hazards in any construction project. From the study the results shows that in all the parameters that were evaluated, the respondents indicated that they have little knowledge and skills in occupational health and safety measures, the indicators is that they are all below 50% form all the parameters. On the use of protective equipments at workplace, the study shows that most employees have the necessary skills as it was indicated by 88% showing experience in protective gears with 69% agreeing on the use of health insurance at their work place. 5.2.4 The role of financial resources for OHS systems. For success of any project, financial resources are an important role in implementation and therefore for completion of a project without incurring any delays, workers need safety and security at work, the research found out that there exist a fund policy for OHS, where 71% of the respondents agreed with the statement, this shows that in construction industry protective gears for the employees is valued for successful completion of projects, Availability of protective equipments at workplaces is one of the indicators for effective use of resources, this was indicated by 83%, also provision of first aid proved to another indicator for effective use of



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resources this is presented by 60%, however 57% of the respondents said that there should have been provision of health insurance to all employees but this has not been the case hence only 43%. Funds policy for OHS activities are integrated in all projects at NPD with 36% saying that they are not sure if that policy is integrated or not, transparency of the budget process is indicated by 32% sure that it is transparent and 52% of the respondents neither agreed or disagreed with the statement, this showed that the respondents were not aware of the transparency of the budget process. 5.3 Conclusions The research was to assess the role played by occupational health and safety measures to successful project completion, in assessing this the researcher looked at different components. Occupational safety and health is a global concern that seek to improve the welfare of workers through the transformation of work place environment to make it safe and healthy to work in. OSH seeks to configure workplace processes and procedures so that workers’ interaction with the work environment and equipment achieve standards that guarantee optimum safety and health. The study showed that OHS regulations are to some extent applied in the construction industry as it was proved that most companies have the policies on occupational health which are implemented at workplaces. It has also revealed that in almost all construction projects, there is a financial policy in the industry that is meant to cater for safety and security measures for the employees and this is integrated to all the projects for successful completion of the projects. The study concluded that on OHS knowledge and skills, most employees have no skills in this area which shows a gap and this could lead to more harm than good. This was shown with a very low scoring of respondents rating their skills level in safety and security at workplace to be very low. The study revealed that employees in the construction industry value their safety and security of the project, this was indicated by most workers revealing that a fellow worker cannot allowed to enter the worksite when he/she is not well protected, hence safety measures successfully contributing to the completion of a project. The study shows that the most common cases that can lead to delays in project completion are fire outbreaks at the site, accidents leading severe injuries and seasonal diseases, however OHS measures have tried to minimize such incidences, employees in construction industry agreed that they use protective gears in fighting such cases and this leads to successful project completion when all the workers are in good conditions to report to work. The study has conclusively confirmed that OHS measures play a critical role in the construction industry and contribute to the completion of construction projects. 5.4 Recommendations The study identified insufficient knowledge and skills of employees on Occupational health and safety and therefore this research project recommends a formal and structured OHS practice during project planning and with the involvement of construction professionals/ departments. The researcher recommends that OHS management be included in the curriculum as an examinable subject for all students undertaking construction related studies. The researcher also proposes continuous development seminars on OHS management for all professionals in Rwanda and especially those in construction projects planning and procurement departments of both private and government developers. This research recommends that more research is needed in this area to produce a comprehensive OHS policy



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for use by project developers and government departments and create worldwide awareness of the dimensions and consequences of work-related accidents, injuries and diseases. The study also recommends that the management in construction project should put much emphasis on safety and security equipments as these contribute to a clear working environment for employees leading to successful project completion, as the study identified that no first aid kits are placed at the construction site, therefore this should be a priority. 5.5 Areas for further Research The study was meant to assess the role played by occupational health and safety measures in project completion, this scope tackled just one aspect on the role of this OHS has done, thus more studies should be done as the occupational health and safety policy is still new in Rwanda. More areas of study on OHS could be:

i. Causes of accidents and injuries in the workplace ii. The role of the government in implementation of OHS in construction industry

iii. Measures that can be put in place on the causes of the Occupational hazards. iv. What OHS knowledge and skills should be given to all employees?



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