the role of governance in rangeland management …...2016/12/05 · rangeland management in jordan...
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The Role of Governance in
Rangeland Management in
Jordan Institutional and organisational causes for the
degradation of the Jordanian rangeland
Sönke Marahrens (M.Sc.)
05.12.2016
supported by:
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Rangeland in Jordan
3. Objective
4. Methods
5. Results
6. Conclusion
7. To do
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1. Introduction
• Poor in natural resources
• Arid to semi-arid climate zone
• Jordan as part of the “Fertile Crescent”
• Degradation of rangeland as potential conflict intensifier
• Governance as important aspect of management, especially for common-pool resources
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1. Introduction
• Common-pool resources
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Feasibility No feasibility
Rivalry Private good
Common-pool good
No rivalry
Club good
Public good
Feasibility of exclusion
Riv
alr
y i
n C
on
sum
pti
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Types of resources (Source: Ostrom, V. and Ostrom, E. (1999) Public goods and public choices, in: McGinnis, M.D. (ed): Polycentricity and local public economies: Readings from the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, pp. 75-103, adapted)
2. Rangeland in Jordan
Definition:
“State land registered as range and other state land assigned for this purpose [and] the lands that are
registered in the name of the Treasury of the Kingdom and any other lands of the state where the average
annual rain fall is less than (200mm)” (Agricultural Law No. 13 of the Years 2015)
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2. Rangeland in Jordan
Definition:
“State land registered as range and other state land assigned for this purpose [and] the lands that are
registered in the name of the Treasury of the Kingdom and any other lands of the state where the average
annual rain fall is less than (200mm)” (Agricultural Law No. 13 of the Years 2015)
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2. Rangeland in Jordan
Definition:
“State land registered as range and other state land assigned for this purpose [and] the lands that are
registered in the name of the Treasury of the Kingdom and any other lands of the state where the average
annual rain fall is less than (200mm)” (Agricultural Law No. 13 of the Years 2015)
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2. Rangeland in Jordan
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Rainfall distribution in Jordan (Source: International Union For Conservation Of Nature (2015) Sustainable Dryland Landscapes Management: Mapping Rangeland in Jordan 2015, Amman, p.6.)
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2. Rangeland in Jordan
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© Sönke Marahrens
2. Rangeland in Jordan
Significance of rangeland in Jordan:
• Around 200,000 inhabitants
• Provision of ecosystem services
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Supporting Services:
Nutrient cycling
Soil formation
Provisioning services:
Livestock products
Crops
Medicinal and herbal plants
Regulating services:
Groundwater replenishing
Rainwater catchment
Reduction of soil erosion
Carbon storage
Cultural services:
Hunting
Hiking
Bedouin culture
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Ecosystem services categorisation (Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis, Washington, DC, Island Press, adapted)
2. Rangeland in Jordan
Current condition:
• Decreasing number of range plants and wildlife
• Increasing areas of annual ranges instead of perennial ranges
• Soil erosion
• High water runoff, decreasing underground water levels
• Reduction of vegetation cover
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2. Rangeland in Jordan
Direct causes for the degradation
• Overgrazing
• Inadequate cultivation patterns
• Etc.
Indirect causes for the degradation
• Governance
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3. Objective
What are the main causes at the institutional and organisational level of the governance of
rangeland in Jordan that impede a sustainable management of these areas?
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4. Methods
• Stakeholder analysis
• Semi-structured interviews with representatives of ministries, NGOs, research organisations and local communities
• Stakeholder workshop
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5. Results - Stakeholders Key players: • Ministry of Agriculture (Rangeland Department) • Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) • Hashemite Fund for the Development of Jordan Badia (HFDJB) • Ministry of Environment • Local communities Primary actors: • International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) • Ministry of Water and Irrigation • National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension (NCARE) Secondary actors: • Royal Botanic Garden of Jordan (RBG) • Universities Programs: • Badia Ecosystem and Livelihoods Project (BELP) • Badia Research Program • Badia Restoration Program
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5. Results - Policy
• General institutional and organisational (policy) assessment:
▫ Overlapping governmental authorities
▫ Lack of cooperation
Local communities do not participate
▫ Insufficient enforcement of laws
▫ Rangeland definition
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5. Results - Interests
• (Land use) Interests of stakeholders ▫ Socio-economic interests ▫ Nature protection interests ▫ Diverse interests
Potential conflicts about priorities Main differences with regard to irrigated
agriculture and cropping activities (and subsidies for fodder)
No explanation for lack of cooperation
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Excurse: Land tenure
• Private land (mulk)
• State land (miri)
• Land registered in the name of a governmental body
Legal situation differs much to the actual situation
Land tenure important aspect for management of common-pool resources
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5. Results – Land tenure
• Land tenure: ▫ In fact often open-access ▫ Strong tribes ▫ Right to use not clear Problem for potential exclusion of users Problem for investment
▫ Lack in enforcement of laws ▫ Overlapping authorities
Different solutions (private or state land)
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6. Conclusion
• (Land use) Interests of stakeholders not generally incompatible ▫ Main differences in irrigated agriculture and cropping
• Communication and coordination ▫ Lack of platform to discuss policies
• Land tenure ▫ Most important issue ▫ Current system not practicable ▫ Lack in enforcement
• Definition of rangeland ▫ Lack of widely accepted definition
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7. To do
• National Rangeland Committee
• Land use analysis
• Rangeland definition
• Land tenure
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Thank you for your attention!
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© Sönke Marahrens