Paper to be presented at the DRUID Academy conference in Rebild, Aalborg, Denmark on January

15-17, 2014

The Role of Communicators in Innovation Clusters: Initial Evidence from

the Case Studies Munich and CambridgeBettina Sophie BlasiniUniversity of Cambridge

Institute for Manufacturingbsb25@cam.ac.uk

Tim Minshall

University of CambridgeInstitute for Manufacturingthwm100@eng.cam.ac.uk

Letizia Mortara

University of CambridgeInstitute for Manufacturing

lm367@cam.ac.uk

Abstract?Innovation clusters continue to be an important focus of economic development policies in many nations. Leadinginnovation clusters demonstrate that regional concentration strengthens the innovative capability and can lead tosuccessful competitiveness on a global level. The development of innovation clusters has therefore received muchacademic attention. Past research has identified specialized supply and demand (Marshall 1920), collaboration andcompetition (Porter 2000) and the infrastructure and mobility of goods (Krugman 1994) as drivers for clustering effects. However public communication within the cluster - and, specifically, the role of key communicators - in underpinningsuccessful cluster development has received almost no academic attention. This points out to a research gap, whichmerits attention in order to enrich the academic understanding of how innovation clusters develop successfully. The interdisciplinary analysis of cluster theories and communication studies reveals significant interrelations: Marshall(1920) introduces the idea of knowledge-spillovers between individuals, Porter (2000) discusses knowledge about newinnovations and early perceptions of entrepreneurial opportunities due to close relationships and Krugman?s notion ofcentripetal forces can be understood as external economies which are based on shared information. Focusing on thesociological cluster theories, the influence of communication studies gets even more evident. Network Theory promotesthe impact of knowledge diffusion due to relationships (Granovetter 1937), Knowledge Based View stresses the

importance of ?tacit knowledge? in networks (Asheim & Gertler 2006) and Gatekeeper Studies focus on the transfer orinformation between social groups (Lezaric, Longhi & Thomas 2008). The interdisciplinary theoretical analysis thereforesuggests that communicators play an important role in innovation clusters. Drawing upon classic communicator studies, a framework has been created to investigate the role of communicators ininnovation clusters. The framework suggests that there are four influence-levels that shape and impact the role ofcommunications in innovation clusters: the Individual Level, the Organizational Level, the Cluster Level and the Context.These levels establish the foundation for a qualitative interview guideline with key communicators, which have beenidentified by a primarily research of the two case studies Cambridge and Munich. The overall 23 qualitative in-depthinterviews have been examined based on the structure of deductive categories and codes deriving from the theoreticallevels and inductive categories and codes resulting from the empirical findings. The results suggest that communicators play a significant role in clusters: On the Individual Level, key communicatorsperceive their work as very important for the success of the innovation clusters. Information sharing, as one of their mainwork aims, pursues the connection and representation of their institutions and the cluster in general. The OrganizationalLevel reveals the diverse professional positions of communicators. Not only ?classic? professions such as journalists orPR consultants are relevant, but also entrepreneurs, investment angels and academics. The Cluster Level highlights thedifferences of the case studies: while Cambridge communicators acknowledge a common presentation of the cluster,Munich communicators position their organizations rather in a national and international environment. The Context Leveloffers insight to understand these differences. Historical, economical and political factors influenced significantly theclusters? developments. The Cambridge cluster evolved without significant external factors, which lead to a closelynetworked community. In contrast, the Munich cluster was shaped by many external forces, such as the financialsupport by the German federal and Bavarian state government ? however only for single institutions and not regions.Each level provides insight to the role of communicators and explains their diversity. Based on these results, thediscussion will examine how the identified roles of the communicators reflect back on the development of innovationclusters. ?Asheim, B.T. & Gertler, M. S. (2006): The Geography of Innovation. In: J. Fagerberg, Mowery, D.C. & R.R Nelson: TheOxford Handbook of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 291-317.

Granovetter, M.S. (1973): The Strength of Weak Ties. The American Journal of Sociology, 78 (6), 1360-1380.

Krugman, P. (1994): Complex Landscapes in Economic Geography. The American Economic Review, 84 (2), 412-416.

Lezaric, N.; Longhi, C. & Thomas, C. (2008): Gatekeepers of Knowledge versus Platforms of Knowledge: From Potentialto Realized Absorptive Capacity. Regional Studies, 42 (6), 837?852.

Marshall, A. (1920): Industry and Trade. London.

Porter, M. (2000): Location, Clusters and Company strategy. In: G. Clark, M. Gertler & M. Feldman (eds): OxfordHandbook of Economic Geography. 253-274.

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