the role of access to market and finance in …
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THE ROLE OF ACCESS TO MARKET AND FINANCE IN
UPGRADING SUNFLOWER VALUE CHAIN IN TANZANIA:
A CASE OF SINGIDA REGION
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THE ROLE OF ACCESS TO MARKET AND FINANCE IN UPGRADING
SUNFLOWER VALUE CHAIN IN TANZANIA:
A CASE OF SINGIDA REGION
By
Elizabeth N. Makinda
A Dissertation Submitted in Partial/Fulfillment of the Requirements for Award
of the Degree of Master of Business Administration in Corporate Management
(MBA-CM) ofMzumbe University
2020
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CERTIFICATION
We, the undersigned, certify that we have read and hereby recommend for
acceptance by Mzumbe University the dissertation entitled The Role of Access to
Market and Finance in Upgrading Sunflower Value Chain in Tanzania: A Case
of Singida Region, in partial/fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Master of Business Administration Mzumbe University.
___________________________
Major Supervisor
__________________________
Internal Examiner
Accepted for the Board of Mzumbe University Dar Es Salaam Campus College
________________________________________________________
DEAN/DIRECTOR, FACULTY/DIRECTORATE/SCHOOL/BOARD
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DECLARATION
AND
COPYRIGHT
I, Elizabeth N. Makinda, declare that this thesis is my own original work and that it
has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for a similar
or any other degree award.
Signature: _________________
Date: ____________________
©
This dissertation is a copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the
Copyright Act 1999 and other international and national enactments, in that behalf,
on intellectual property. It may not be reproduced by any means in full or in part,
except for short extracts in fair dealings, for research or private study, critical
scholarly review or discourse with an acknowledge, without the written permission
of Mzumbe University, on behalf of the author.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to all who contributed to the achievement of this study. I would like to
praise God for whom He made every thing possible. Also, I express my appreciation
to my supervisor Dr. Harun Mapesa for his tireless support and guidance for the
accomplishment of this dissertation. Am grateful to the sunflower farmers and
producers for granting me their time during data collection. Last but not least; I
would like to acknowledge my fellow Masters’ students for their friendship.
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DEDICATION
I dedicate this dissertation to my beloved family for their kindness, patience and
support during this dissertation preparation. Their support contributed to a greater
extent on the accomplishment of this dissertation.
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AIFS : Agricultural Inputs Financing Scheme
Bot : Bank of Tanzania
FAO : Food and Agricultural Origination of the United Nations
MMA : Match Maker Associates Limited
SPSS : Statistical Package for Social Sciences
URT : United Republic of Tanzania
WHO : World Health Organization
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ABSTRACT
The study examined therole of access to market and finance in upgrading sunflower
value chain in Tanzania specifically aiming at examining the determinants of access
to market and access to finance among sunflower producers and sunflower oil
processors and their relationship with upgrading sunflower value chain. The case
study research design was adopted based in Singida Region and involved 80
respondents who were selected using a simple random sampling method. The
research data was obtained by administering the study questionnaire to all
respondents and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in
frequency tables, numbers, percentages and Bar charts.
It was established that the availability of consumers of sunflower oils and the
availability of different market places in rural and urban areas were among the very
important determinants of access to market among sunflower producers and
processors.Participation of large traders in sunflower value chains and the
availability, accessibility of credit/loans from micro-financial institutions were
among the very important determinants of access to finance among sunflower
producers and processors. Besides, the study revealed the existence of a very strong
positive and statistically significant relationship between access to market and access
to finance with upgrading sunflower the value chain. In this relationship, it was
establishedthat a unit increase in the access to market among sunflower producers
and processors could upgrade the sunflower value chain by 35.6538%. Meanwhile, a
unit increase in access to finance among sunflower producers and processors could
upgrade sunflower value chain by 45.4168%.
The study recommended that the initiatives for upgrading the sunflower values chain
should consider the very great role that access to market and access to finance play in
the sunflower value by ensuring theavailability of consumers of sunflower, improve
the availability of different market places in rural and urban areas and establish
network from sunflower production to final consumers by supporting withthe urban-
rural transport network. Also, the Government should create an environment to
attractthe participation of large traders in the sunflower value chain, improve
availability, accessibility of credit/loans from micro-financial institutions and
individuals and ensure the involvement of Banks in the sunflower value chain.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION......................................................................................................... i
DECLARATIONANDCOPYRIGHT .......................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ iv
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................... v
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ vi
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................... 1
PROBLEM SETTING ............................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Background to the Problem .................................................................................... 1
1.3 Statement of the Problem ....................................................................................... 4
1.4 Research Objectives ............................................................................................... 6
1.4.1 Main objective ..................................................................................................... 6
1.4.2Specific objectives ............................................................................................... 6
1.5 Research Questions ................................................................................................ 6
1.5.1 General question.................................................................................................. 6
1.5.2 Specific questions................................................................................................ 6
1.6 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 7
1.7 Limitation of the Study .......................................................................................... 7
1.8 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................. 8
1.9 Structure of the Study............................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................... 11
LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 11
2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Theoretical Literature ........................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Sunflower .......................................................................................................... 11
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2.2.2 Value chain........................................................................................................ 12
2.2.3 Market ............................................................................................................... 13
2.2.4 Value chain financing ....................................................................................... 14
2.2.5 Upgrading sunflower value chain ..................................................................... 15
2.2.6 Theoretical framework ...................................................................................... 16
2.1.6.1 Relevance of the Production Efficiency Theory to this study........................ 17
2.3 Empirical Literature ............................................................................................. 20
2.4 Research Gap ....................................................................................................... 25
2.5 Conceptual Framework ........................................................................................ 26
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................. 28
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 28
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 28
3.2 Research Design ................................................................................................... 28
3.3 Area of the Study ................................................................................................. 29
3.4 Population ............................................................................................................ 30
3.5 Sample Size and Sampling Strategy .................................................................... 31
3.5.1 Sample size........................................................................................................ 31
3.5.2 Sampling strategy .............................................................................................. 32
3.6 Data Collection Methods...................................................................................... 33
3.6.1. Questionnaires .................................................................................................. 33
3.7 Data analysis ........................................................................................................ 34
3.8Ensuring Validity and Reliability of the Questionnaire ........................................ 36
3.9 Considerations of Ethical Issues .......................................................................... 36
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................... 38
PRESENTATIONS OF THE RESULTS ............................................................... 38
4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 38
4.2 Basic Characteristics of the Respondents ............................................................ 38
4.3 Determinants of Access to Markets among Sunflower Producers ...................... 42
4.4 Determinants of Access to Finance among Sunflower Producers ....................... 43
4.5 Effect of Access to Market and Finance in Upgrading Sunflower ...................... 45
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4.5.1 Effect of access to market and finance in sunflower production ...................... 45
4.5.2 Economical and social activities which access to market and finance ...... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
4.5.3 Regression between access to market and access to finance ............................ 46
CHAPTER FIVE ...................................................................................................... 47
DISCUSSIONS OF THE RESULTS ...................................................................... 52
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 52
5.2 Determinants of Access to Market among Sunflower Producers ........................ 52
5.3 Determinants of Access to Finance among Sunflower Producers ...................... 54
5.4 Effect of Access to Market and Finance in Upgrading Sunflower ..................... 55
CHAPTER SIX......................................................................................................... 58
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .............................. 58
6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 58
6.2Summary ............................................................................................................... 58
6.3 Conclusion............................................................................................................ 59
6.4 Recommendation.................................................................................................. 60
6.5 Implication of the Study .................................................................................................. 61
6.6 Recommendations for Further Studies ............................................................................ 61
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 62
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ 65
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LIST OF TABLES [
Table 4. 1: Statistic of the basic characteristics of the respondents ........................... 39
Table 4. 2: Statistic of the determinants of access to markets among sunflower....... 42
Table 4. 3: Statistic of the determinants of access to finance among sunflower ....... 44
Table 4. 4: Respondents’ opinions on the effect of access to market and access ..... 45
Table 4. 5: Regression coefficients: access to market and access to finance ..... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. 1: A shortened sunflower value chain ........................................................ 13
Figure 2. 2: Conceptual framework for the role of access to market ......................... 26
Figure 3. 1: Google map about Singida Region ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4. 1: Statistic of the sizes of sunflower farms and ownership ....................... 41
Figure 4. 2: Economic/social activities which access to market and finance ..... Error!
Bookmark not defined.
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CHAPTER ONE
PROBLEM SETTING
1.1 Introduction
The sunflower Subsector is perceived to be one of the major cash crops in Tanzania
even though performance statistics of the sunflower value chain do not reflect the
underlined potentials (Bank of Tanzania [BoT], 2017). This situation created an
interest to examine the role of access to market and finance in upgrading the
sunflower value chain in Tanzania. This chapter is elaborating the background to the
problem, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, the research questions,
significance of the study, limitations of the study, the scope of the study and the
structure of the study.
1.2 Background to the Problem
Organization for Food and Agriculture of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that
the world population will grow from 7.2 billion in 2009 to 9.6 billion people by 2075
(FAO, 2016) and nearly 90.0 per cent of this growth will take place in developing
countries. Sub-Saharan Africa will have a leading share in the global population
growth due to its fastest growth rate of 114.0 percent (Mushi, 2016). This population
growth will demand food production and productivity to increase by 70.0 percent in
developed countries and more than 70.0 percent in developing countries (FAO,
2016).
Besides to an estimated increase in the global population, market demand for food
and animal feeds will reach 3 billion tons in 2050 (Mushi, 2016) and the products
with higher income elasticity such as oilseed crops demand is expected to grow faster
than that of cereals (Mushi, 2016). Sunflower is one of the oilseedcrops producing
classic sunflower oil for human consumption and sunflower cake, which is a bi-
product from the production of sunflower oil that consists of the shells of the seeds to
produce animal fodder (Larsson, 2018).
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The market demand for sunflower oil is characteristically high and Argentina holds a
leading production and exportation (30.0 percent) followed by Ukraine (27.0
percent) and the Netherlands (10.0 percent) (FAO, 2016). The other global producers
and exporters of sunflower oil come from the Russian Federation, United States of
America, China and India (Mushi, 2016). According to Mielke (2013), global
sunflower producing countries are also the major sunflower oil producers due to their
high production of sunflower seeds which attract huge investments from edible-oil
companies from around the globe.
In the Africa continent,South Africa is the largest producer of sunflower seeds
ranking eighth in the world whose production stands at an average of 696 000MT per
annum (Mushi, 2016). Most of the sunflower seeds produced aremarketed locally to
sunflower processors, animal feed manufacturers, andfor seed (Mushi, 2016). Only
3% of the seeds produced in South Africa are marketed to international markets such
as Kenya (53.8 percent), Pakistan (14.5 percent), and France (9.3 percent) (Republic
of South Africa, 2015).
Apart from South Africa, the production of sunflower seeds is acknowledged in
Sudan (18 000 MT), Kenya (12 000 MT), Angola, Mozambique, and Zambia (each
about 11 000 MT) (Mushi, 2016). Most of the sunflower oil is consumed in the
country’s local markets and less than 30 percentreaches the international markets due
to high demand in domestic markets and low output of most small-scale processors
due to financing constraints (Berglund, 2007).
As far as Tanzania is concerned, sunflower has become one of the major cash crops
and its production has risen sharply by 218.0 percent from 2005 to 2015 (FAOSTAT,
2015). Tanzania is now ranked the second and tenth-largest producers of sunflower
seeds in Africa and the world respectively (Mushi, 2016). Singida region is the most
popular area in Tanzania mainland in the production of sunflower seeds and
sunflower oils (Match Maker Associates Limited [MMA], 2009). Other famous
Regions in the production of sunflower seed and sunflower oil in Tanzania are
Manyara, Morogoro, Iringa, and Dodoma (MMA, 2009). The country accounts for
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2.4 percentof the world share in sunflower seed production that reflects a nine fold
increase from 135 000 MT in 2000 to 1 083 000 MT in 2013 (Mushi, 2016). This
increase is accounted for by the existence of a huge potential for producing
sunflower seeds in Tanzania including high demand for sunflower oil, availability of
market demand, and the possibility of a wide range of products that can be produced
in the sunflower value chain (BoT, 2017).
Despite the tenth ranking of Tanzania’s sunflower production, processing and
marketing of sunflower oil still very low compared with other countries and the
performance statistics of sunflower value chain do not mirror the potentials of
sunflower subsector (BoT, 2017). On average, the cultivation of sunflower is on a
small scale with an average farmer cultivating 4 acres only producing 0.6 tons of
sunflower seeds per acre, a level which is far below productivity of 2.0 to 3.0 tons of
sunflower seed per acre (BoT, 2017).
The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT) in her 2016 - 2020
sunflower sector development strategy is committed to increase sunflower
production through the adoption of modern production techniques to meet national
and international demand. Torealize the strategy, URT highlights that it shall
strengthen and facilitates the development of small, medium and large scale
agribusiness services, increases the capacity of producers and producers’ associations
to produce quality and quantity sunflower seeds/grains and improves access to
finance (URT, 2016).
Access to market and financing the sunflower value chain is highlighted in several
research reports to play a great deal in increasing sunflower production and
productivity to meet national and international demand essentially (MMA, 2009;
Liberio, 2012; Machibya, 2015; Mushi, 2016; BoT, 2017; Larsson, 2018). Therefore,
this study was interested to examine the role of access to market and finance in
upgrading sunflower value chain in Tanzania focusing on the Singida region which is
the highest sunflower producing Region in Tanzania.
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1.3 Statement of the Problem
Sunflower is increasingly becoming one of the major cash crops in Tanzania and its
share in the local and international markets is well acknowledged as marked by avery
sharp increase in sunflower production by 218.0 percentfrom 2005 to 2015 (Mushi,
2016). The existence of unmet market demand locally and internationally defines
that the production of sunflowers should increase further justified by theannual
demand for a sunflower oil amount 350,000 tons against the current supply of
180,000 tons per year (Mushi, 2016). The URT is implementing the 2016 - 2020
sunflower sector development strategy with major emphasis on increasing sunflower
production and productivity by increasing the capacity of producers and producers’
associations to produce quality and quantity sunflower seeds/grains and improving
access to finance among others (URT, 2017).
This strategy should address major challenges and constraints facing sunflower
production and productivity reported over years by researchers and reporters
including MMA (2009) reporting that sunflower value chain was characterized by
limited financing for production and lack of market access due to low volumes of
production which are insufficient to attract traders. BoT (2017) underlines the factors
for poor the performance of sunflower value in Tanzania such as poor access to
finance, depressed farm gate prices of sunflower products, inadequate processing
facilities and the threat from imported edible oils.
Godfrey (2013) established that the size of the farm cultivated by the farmer and the
use of quality seeds are statistically significant factors affecting the production of the
sunflower crop in Tanzania. Both, the size of farms cultivated and use of quality of
seeds are largely affected by access to finance and market by sunflower producers
and hence envisioning that sunflower production in Tanzania would improve by
enhancing access to market and finance among sunflower producers and processors
which means that more fund will be available for large farm cultivation and use of
quality seeds.
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Larsson (2018) contends the main constraints facing sunflower producers in
Tanzania such as lack of capital and incentives to buy new seeds and lack of
bargaining position and market knowledge (restricted market access). The constraints
faced local processors included lack of access to credit, lack of market access with
regards to sunflower cake, and shortage of sunflower seed on the local market
(Larsson, 2018).
Machibya (2015)argues that for Tanzania’s sunflower value chain to grow and
become profitable and contribute towards economic development requires improved
access to capital from microfinance institutions and banks. Mushi (2016)
demonstrates that access to finance is positively associated with the cost efficiency of
sunflower processors in Tanzania. BoT (2017) recommends more efforts in
improving access to market and financial services (BoT, 2017).
Liberio (2012) identifies thatthe availability of the sunflower market is among the
factors which significantly influence the adoption of sunflower farming innovations.
The availability of sunflower markets is very important to enable sunflower
producers to be able to adopt modern farming innovation and to realize improved
sunflower production in terms of quantity and quality.
Basing on the empirical literature, access to market and finance should be given
attention in addressing the constraints facingthe sunflower value chain in Tanzania.
Unfortunately, from the best knowldge of the reseracher, no earlier researchers
provided evidence pertaining to the role of access to market and finance in improving
sunflower production in Tanzania. It orders to cover this research gap, this study
examined the role of access to market and finance in upgrading sunflower value
chain in Tanzania basing in Singida region which is the leading sunflower producing
regions in Tanzania.
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1.4 Research bjectives
This study was guided by one general objective and three specific objectives.
1.4.1 Main objective
To examine the role of access to market and finance in upgrading sunflower value
chain in Tanzania.
1.4.2Specific objectives
i. To examine the determinants of access to market and access to finance among
sunflower value chain actors.
ii. To examine the relationship between access to market and upgrading sunflower
value chain.
iii. To examine the relationship between access to finance and upgrading
sunflower value chain.
1.5 Research questions
In order to achive the objectives above, this study was required to answer one main
question and three specific questions.
1.5.1 General question
What is the role of access to market and finance in upgrading the sunflower value
chain in Tanzania?
1.5.2 Specific questions
i. What are the determinants of access to market and access to finance among
sunflower value chain actors?
ii. What is the relationship between access to market and upgrading sunflower
value chain?
iii. What is the relationship between access to finance and upgrading sunflower
value chain?
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1.6 Significance of the study
This study is helpful to the URT and development partners, key actors in the
sunflower value chain (producers and processors), academicians, and own
researcher.
To the URT, the study contributes useful information on the implementation and
success of the 2016 - 2020 sunflower sector development strategy whose major aim
is to increase sunflower production and productivity among others. The empirical
evidence on the role of access to market and finance in upgrading sunflower value
chain in Tanzania could be used in making relevant policies and strategies aiming at
increase sunflower production and productivity through improved access to market
and finance among sunflower value chain key actors.
The key actors in the sunflower value chain would benefit indirectly from this study
if the findings are used by the URT to strengthen and facilitate development of small,
medium and large scale agribusiness services, increasing the capacity of producers
and producers’ associations to produce quality and quantity sunflower seeds/grains
and/or improving access to market and finance.
The academicians can use this dissertation as the reference materials capable of
enhancing understanding of the determinants of access to market and access to
finance among sunflower value chain actors, relationship between access to market
and upgrading sunflower value chain and relationship between access to finance and
upgrading sunflower value chain.
1.7 Limitation of the Study
The limitations of this study would arise from the response rate that did not meet the
expected target. This is because, out of the total 110 questionnaires which were
circulated to the respondents, only 80 questionnaires were completed making a valid
response rate of 73.4%. This challenge is experienced by many researchers and has
been accelerated by lack of recognition of importance of researches among
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individuals and authorities causing hesitations or refusal to provide information
required by the research (Isaga et al., 2015).
Selection of variables is taken as another limitation of this study because the only
access to market and finance was considered to be a determinants of upgrading the
sunflower value chain in Tanzania. However, the findings of this study demonstrated
that upgrading sunflower value chain was explained by these two factors by 45.96%
only. The other variables which account for 54.06 of upgrading sunflower value
chain were not covered by this study.
1.8 Scope of the Study
This study was confined on the examination of the role of access to market and
finance in upgrading sunflower value chain in Tanzania specifically aiming; 1) to
examine the determinants of access to market and access to finance among sunflower
value chain actor, 2) to examine the relationship between access to market and
upgrading sunflower value chain, 3) to examine the relationship between access to
finance and upgrading sunflower value chain.
To achieve the three objectives above, the study focused on answering three
questions which are: What are the determinants of access to market and access to
finance among sunflower value chain actors? What is the relationship between access
to market and upgrading sunflower value chain? What is the relationship between
access to finance and upgrading sunflower value chain?
A study questionnaire comprising the open-ended and closed-endedquestions was
designed and distributed by the researcher to 109 respondents who were sunflower
producers and sunflower oil processors in Singida region. Few respondents who were
not conversant with English, this questionnaire was also used to interview them.
The majorityof the questions in the questionnaire were constructed using a 5-points
Likert scale and the concepts used were extracted from reviewed literature and
emprical researches on sunflower value chain in Tanzania.
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The obtained data were analyzed quantitatively with the help of descriptive statistics
and multiple linear regression and the results were presented using frequency tables,
percentages, numbers, and Bar charts.
Descriptive statistics enabled the researcher to portray accurately the findings on the
determinants of access to market and finance among sunflower value chain actors in
Singida region. The multiple linear regression enabled to portray accurately the
relationship between access to market and upgrading sunflower value chain and the
relationship between access to finance and upgrading sunflower value chain.
1.9 Structure of the Study
This study is structured into six chapters whereby the first chapter about problem
setting contains other subsections such as introduction, the background to the
problem, statement of the problem, research objectives, research questions,
significance of the study, limitations of the study and delimitation of the study.
The second chapter about the literature review comprises four subsections. The first
subsection is about theoretical literature and is used to define the operational terms
such as sunflower, value chain, market, value chain financing and upgrading
sunflower value chain. It is also used to make a review of relevant theories to
understand the relationship between variables, making the prediction of the outcomes
and facilitating analysis of the results of the study. The second subsection of chapter
twois empirical literature which reviews the similar and related researches to inform
the methodology theyused, results and conclusions made. The rest two subsections
are about the research gap and conceptual framework.
The third chapter is about research methodology. This chapter elaborates on the
research design, area of the study and the population, unit of analysis, sampling
strategy and sample size, data collection methods and measurements, and data
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analysis techniques. It also provides validity and reliability as well as ethical
considerations.
The fourth chapter is about presentations of the results. The presentations are taken
into account the basic characteristics of the respondents (age, sex, education level,
their role in the sunflower value chain and the size of farms/possessors) and the three
objectives of the study which are about determinants of access to market and finance
among sunflower value chain actors in Singida region, relationship between access to
market and upgrading sunflower value chain and relationship between access to
finance and upgrading sunflower value chain.
The fifth chapter is about discussions of the findings. The discussion takes into
consideration the results on each of the three objectives and tries to refer to the
results obtained on the same objective by other researchers. Chapter six is about the
summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study. Also, it provides the
policy implications and recommendations for further studies.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter reviews the various literature related to the access to market and finance
in upgrading the sunflower value chain in Tanzania. The relevant concepts, variables,
and information extracted from the literature are organized into two major
subsections. The first subsection is about theoretical literature which provides the
definitions of five operational terms namely; sunflower, value chain, market, value
chain financing and upgrading sunflower value chain and finally, review of the
related theories to enhance understanding of the relationship between variables,
making the prediction of the outcomes and facilitating analysis of the results. The
second subsection is about empirical literature that reviews earlier researches, the
methodology used, results, and conclusions made. The other two subsections
concludewhich conclude this chapter and they are about the research gap and
conceptual framework.
2.2 Theoretical Literature
This subsection covers definitions of key concepts namely; sunflower, value chain,
market, value chain financing, and upgrading sunflower value chain. Also, it reviews
related theories so as to understand relationship between key variables of this study
which are access to market, access to finance and upgrading sunflower value chain.
2.2.1 Sunflower
Sunflower is one of the oil seed crops producing classic sunflower oil for human
consumption and sunflower cake which is a bi-product from the production of
sunflower oil that consists of the shells of the seeds to produce animals fodder
(Larsson, 2018). This crop has become one of the major cash crops in Tanzania and
can be grown in most parts of the country because of its drought resistance, less
susceptible to diseases and cheaper to cultivate compared with other oilseed crops
(BoT, 2017).
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At the national level, the sunflower is acknowledged to be the most important oilseed
crop with the best economy in production (MMA, 2009). The demand for sunflower
is marked by the ongoing debate on health risks arising from daily dietary intake of
palm oil (a market substitute/competitor of sunflower oil) such as high blood
cholesterol and increased risk of cardiovascular disorder (World Health Organization
[WHO], 2003).
In the context of this study, the term sunflower encompasses sunflower as a crop and
its human and animal consumable products sunflower oil and sunflower cake. The
role of access to market and finance covers this interpretation and the key actors in
realizing sunflower crop and manufactured products mainly producers, processors
and traders.
2.2.2 Value chain
Ugulumu (2008) defines the value chain in two perspectives, namely, functional role
and institutional perspective. Basing on the functional role, the value chain implies a
series of related business activities starting with a provision of specific inputs,
production, and processing, marketing and final consumption. Institutional
perspective defines value chain as a set of players/institutions performing functions
mentioned in the functional role (Ugulumu, 2008).
The majority of the literature on the sunflower value chain in Tanzania does not
dismantle the value chain into the perspectives of functional roles and key players.
This can be caused by realities that it is difficult to separate functional roles without
looking at the specific person charged with the role. For instance, in 2016-2020
sunflower sector development strategy adopted by the URT for increasing sunflower
production and productivity through adoption of modern production techniques,
production cannot increase without involvement of key individuals/actors
responsible for production and processing the sunflowers.
The current study uses the value chain to mean a series of related business activities
of the provision of specific inputs for sunflower production, sunflower seed
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processing, and selling of sunflower oil to final consumers and all key players
performing those business activities. This definition leads to a shortened sunflower
value chain shown by Fig. 2.1.
Figure 2. 1: A shortened sunflower value chain
Source: Adapted from Ugulumu, 2008
2.2.3 Market
The market is defined as a place and as users/consumers of a particular product
(Kottler and Keller, 2012). As a place, market refers to the geographical area within a
human society where a particular product is sold (by sellers) bought (by buyers)
(Kottler and Keller, 2012). In brief, a market means a place where sellers and buyers
interact to exchange values (Gupta, 2005). As the users/consumers, the market refers
to a collection of individuals/market segment with the same demand and
consumption behavior of a particular product (Kottler and Keller, 2012).
There is a growing national and international demand for edible oils. Tanzania, for
example, has monthly estimated demand for edible oil of 18,000 tons and hence, to
meet annual demand the industry should produce about 250,000 tons of edible oil per
year which cannot be met by domestic production (MMA, 2009). This is because
Sunflower farmers/
producers
Processors/manufactu
rers of sunflower oil
Sunflower Oil Sellers
Individuals involved in the function/activities of
production of sunflower seeds and sell them to
processors
The small scale oil millers and large scale oil
millers involve in processing and purification of
sunflower oil into a suitable condition for human
consumptions.
Individuals involved in the function/activities of
marketing and selling sunflower oil. The processors
are fully involved in selling.
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domestic production and marketing edible oils (sunflower oil) are still very low due
to over dependence on rainfall agriculture, poor mechanization for cultivation, the
small size of most processors, and unbranded and low quality product (Muhsi, 2016).
Regardless of the definition adopted, sunflower has a comparatively higher market
than the substitute cooking oils such as Korie, Fresh fry, Oki and Cottonseed oil
(MMA, 2009). This is because of the ongoing debate on health risks arising from
daily dietary intake of substitutes like Korie, Fresh fry and Oki such as high blood
cholesterol and increased risk of cardiovascular disorder (WHO, 2003)
acknowledging sunflower oil the best for human dietary intake. This has caused
consumption and commercial refusing by consumers and industries respectively to
lean towards sunflower oil which is low saturated fat oil (Mushi, 2016).
In this study, the market is used to mean places within the human society where
sunflower oil is sold and bought and the market segment within the society having
demand and consumption of sunflower oil. In this case, access to the market implies
ease access to and convenience to different places where sunflower oil is demanded.
This includes Government support for the sunflower value chain in the provision of
market infrastructures such as urban and rural linkages, transport facilities, and
communication facilities (Hartmann, 2012).
The access to the market is therefore among the strategy of improving sunflower
production and productivities and availability of sunflower oil by addressing
producer’s centered constraints such as lack of bargaining position and market
knowledge (restrained market access) and processor’s centered constraints such as
lack of market access with regards to sunflower cake (Larsson, 2018).
2.2.4 Value chain financing
Values chain financing refers to one of the strategies of enhancing the growth,
profitability and contribution towards economic development (Machibya, 2015). To
15
attain this, access to capital from microfinance institutions and banks among key
players should be improved (Machibya, 2015).
Over the two decades, sunflower value chain financing has been raising sunflower
production sharply by 218% from 2005 to 2013 (FAOSTAT, 2015). This is marked
by initiatives by the Government of Tanzania and stakeholders to improve access to
finance/loans through the discount window at CRDB and NMB Bank PLC among
processors for expanding sunflower production and efficiency (Salisali, 2012).
The 2016 -2020 sunflower sector development strategy adopted by the Government
focuses on sunflower value chain financing as visualized in its six commitments; 1)
increasing availability and accessibility of certified sunflower seeds, 2) improving
availability, distribution and accessibility of fertilizers and pesticides, 3)
strengthening and facilitating the development of small, medium and large scale
agribusiness services, 4) increasing the capacity of producers and farm associations
to produce quality sunflower seeds/grains, 5)improving access to finance and
insurance along the sunflower value chain, 6) encouraging modernization of
technologies in the sunflower sector (URT, 2016).
The value chain financing is used in the context of this study to mean improving
access to finance among producers and processors to expand sunflower production
and availability of sunflower seeds and the processing capacity and efficiency
respectively. It is the means of addressing producer challenges such as lack of capital
and incentives to buy new seeds (Larsson, 2018), small area cultivation and low yield
(BoT, 2017) as well as processor challenges such as lack of access to credit (Larsson,
2018) and inadequate processing facilities (BoT, 2017).
2.2.5 Upgrading sunflower value chain
Upgrading sunflower value chain (or scaling up the sunflower value chain) means
upgrading the sunflower value chain in terms of financing and quantity of products
(Hartmann, 2012). Upgrading by financing tends to scale up products to higher
value-added goods and services taken to market while upgrading quantity means
16
increasing the number of goods produced, processed and sold (Hartmann, 2012).
This phenomenon is very essential for tackling market and financial constraints and
challenges facing producers and processors in the agricultural value chain (BoT,
2017; Larsson, 2018).
2.2.6 Theoretical framework
This study is anchored by the Production Efficiency Theory to enhance
understanding of the relationship between variables, predicting the outcomes and
analysis of the expected results. The theory was developed by economists and
advanced over time (Godfrey, 2013). The term efficiency is the major construct of
this theory which is definedDebreu (1951) as cited by Mushi (2016) as working
productively with minimum wasted efforts and expenses. Production efficiency was
decomposed by Farrell (1957) into two components, namely; technical/purer
efficiency and allocative/economic/price efficiency (Mushi, 2016).
According to the Farrell's definition, a firm is said to be technically efficient, if there
is no way of producing more output with the same sets of inputs. Thomas and
Maurrice (2008) narrate that technical efficiency is achieved when the maximum
possible amount of output is being produced with a given combination of inputs.
Koopmans as cited by Mushi (2016) convinces further that a producer is said to be
technically efficient if and only if an increase or decrease in output will lead to a
reduction or increase in at least one of the other inputs.
According to Thomas and Maurrice (2008), efficiency is achieved when the firm is
producing a given amount of output at the lowest possible cost. William (2011)
contends that allocative efficiency deals with the extent to which producers make
efficient decisions by using inputs up to the level at which marginal contribution to
production is equal to the factor cost. An allocative efficient firm would produce that
output using the lowest cost combination of inputs.
Vitaliano (2005) defines technical efficiency and allocative efficiency in terms of
input and output perspective. In terms of input perspective, technical efficiency
17
entailed producing a given level of output using the smallest set of inputs while
allocative efficiency means the ability of the firm to allocate the bundles of inputs in
a way that minimizes cost. On the side of output perspective, technical efficiency is
the maximum output while inputs are kept constant while allocative efficiency would
imply input prices that maximize revenue (Mushi, 2016).
Thus, allocative efficiency is suitable when measuring the success/efficiency of the
producerin choosing an optimal set of inputs while technical efficiency is suitablein
measuring the ability/efficiency of the producer to produce maximum the output
from a given bundle of inputs (Mushi, 2016). The theory recognizes inputs of
production such as capital (K) and labo (L) which can be substituted by any other
factors/variables though to determine the outputs (Godfrey, 2013).
A major weakness of the Production Efficiency Theory is acknowledged in the use of
this theory to understand the relationship between production variables and making
predictions of the outcomes (Mushi, 2016). According to Lovell et al. (2002)
selection and weighting of indicators is still controversial, especially in choosing
what to include, how to weight them and how to define potential in measuring
efficiency.
Also, firms’ production comparisons are appropriately made relative to best
practicesin other higher performing firms rather than to some potential ideal standard
(Mushi, 2016).
2.1.6.1 Relevance of the Production Efficiency Theory to this study
The study is keen to use Production Efficiency Theory in the understanding of the
relationship variables, making predictions of the outcomes and facilitating analysis of
the expected results of the study. The researcher finds the technical efficiency which
shows whether a firm can attain a maximum potential output in a given set of input
and technology the most important component of the theory aiding understanding
upgrading sunflower value chain in Tanzania as a function of access to market and
acess to finance.
18
Further, the theory supports that sunflower value chain actors specifically producers
and processors need access to finance to attain maximum potential output by
improving the quantity and quality of inputs and processing machinery respectively.
According to Godfrey (2013), inputs capital explained by the Production Efficiency
Theory (capital and labor) can be replaced by several factors/variables such as the
use of quality seeds, income and access to extension services by the producer and
still fit to understand their influence and make a prediction of their effect on the
outputs.
Equally, access to market and access to finance among sunflower value chain actors
can introduced into the variables advocated by the Production Efficiency Theory to
enhance understanding and making the production of the upgrading of the sunflower
value chain in Tanzanian.
Access to unflower market is a critical factor for maximum potential outputs due to
backlink existing between market consumption of sunflower oil to sunflower
processing firms and producers of sunflower seeds. Nevertheless, income generated
from selling sunflower oil has a cross-cutting effect among producers and processors
because of the backlink existing along the sunflower value chain. In this context,
upgrading the sunflower value chain in Tanzania is expected to have a positive
association with the access to market and finance along the sunflower value chain in
Tanzania.
Apart from the above, some earlier sesearches on performance of sunflower
producers/processors in Tanzania used Production Efficiency Theory to guide their
studies. For instance, Mushi (2016) used efficiency theory to guide analysis of the
cost efficiency of sunflower processing firms the Dodoma region specifically aiming
at analyzing the level of cost efficiency and determining the factors affecting the
cost-efficiency in small scale sunflower processors.
19
Godfrey (2013) used the Production Efficiency Theory in the investigation of socio-
economic factors affecting smallholder sunflower production. The theory was
successfully applied to understand and facilitate identification of the main farm
characteristics factors that affect sunflower production, analyzing household
characteristics factors influencing sunflower production, examining the institutional
factors that affect sunflower production and assessing the contribution of sunflower
production on household income was the specific objective of his study. Godfrey
established that the sex of the farmer, the size of the farm cultivated by the farmer
and use of quality seeds were statistically significant factors affecting the production
of the crop in Tanzania.
Manolana (2018) used Production Efficiency Theory in the examination of the role
of Agricultural Inputs Financing Scheme in the improving farming performance of
smallholder farmers in Mvomero District specifically aiming at identifying
agricultural inputs subsidized by AIFS, investigate the methods for distribution of
agricultural inputs to the targeted smallholder producers and investigate how AIFS
ensures improvement of farming performance among smallholder producers.
Manolana established that the Government should ensure that key agricultural inputs
such as farming tools and facilities and pesticides are well covered and equitably
distributed to the smallholder farmers. Also, effective control and monitoring of
farming activities and ensuring timely delivery and applications of agricultural inputs
among smallholder producers should be ensured.
Kilapilo (2019) used Production Efficiency Theory in assessing the effect of
agricultural mechanization, the use of agricultural inputs, and access to agricultural
markets on the productivity of smallholder maize farming in Tanzania. His study was
guided by three objectives, namely; to examine the access to and utilization of
agricultural machinery, tools and implements and their effect on productivity, to
investigate the access to and application of agricultural inputs and their effect on
productivity and to examine access to maize markets and its effect on productivity.
20
The study above established the existence of a strong and statistically significant
relationship between agricultural machinery and access to the market in improving
maize productivity among smallholder farmers and a negative relationship between
applications of agricultural inputs and improving maize productivity.
Njiku and Nyamsogoro (2019) used the Production Efficiency Theory in their study
on the determinants of the financial sustainability of small scale sunflower oil
processing firms in Tanzania. Their researchers established that the location of the
firm, age of the owner and training of the employees are statistically significantly
influencing financial sustainability in sunflower oil processing firms in Tanzania.
Also, technical efficiency was found to contribute significantly tithe financial
sustainability of small scale sunflower oil processing firms and hence, improving
technical efficiency was perceived to be the pre-requisite for financial sustainability
of sunflower oil processing firms in Tanzania.
2.3 Empirical Literature
MMA (2009) conducted research that was motivated to critically analyze the
sunflower subsector in Tanzania, identifying available supply chain and value chain
for development and recommend subsector value chain development strategies.
MMA adopted the cross-section research design covering Tanga Region and outside
Tanga Region to benefit from the knowledge and experience of other key sunflower
subsector stakeholders. The required data was gathered by interviewing key
informants, focus group discussion and documentary review. The obtained data were
analyzed quantitatively (use of tables, numbers, and percentages) and qualitatively
(logical explanation and comparison).
MMA report identified the driving force for the growth of the sunflower subsector in
Tanzania such as local and international demand. The price of locally processed
sunflower oil was slightly higher than that of imported palm oil products. Also, there
was a zero tariff rate for the East Africa Community which means ease importation
and exportation of oil/seeds within the East Africa Community block.
21
MMA identified the constraints/challenges facing sunflower subsection development
in Tanzania mainly, lack of and sometimes insufficient seeds for planting, the
existence of some diseases which attack sunflower crop, limited financing for
production and lack of market (which MMA argues that it would have been caused
by the low volume of production which does not attract traders).
Also, several issues regarding sunflower a value chain development were identified
and the most important is that the value chain was still at its infancy with low volume
of production (few producers on average cultivating an average of fewer than four
acres per household).
Additionally, the research identified existnce of few processors (about five
processing unitsbut only two of them were working with a combined capacity of
about 2 tons a day and hence, a small volume of sunflower seeds was being
processed.
The above reserach recommended a comprehensive and integrated investment model
for the development of the sunflower sub-sectorin Tanga Region is proposed. This
will integrate and draw resources from both private and public investment with the
ultimate motive to benefit the rural economically vulnerable majority and contribute
to the national poverty reduction.
Also, community-basedseed production; certification and multiplication will be
integrated with crop insurance and sustainable financing. Again, the smallholder
sunflower farmers will be linked to processors by a market linkage facilitator which
will facilitate them to access the market for their outputs and also supply for services
they need.
Mushi (2016) analyzed the cost efficiency of sunflower processing firms in Dodoma
Region with a primary aim of analyzing the level of cost-efficiencyand determining
the factors affecting the cost efficiency in small scale sunflower processors. Simple
random sampling was employed to select 70 sunflower processors from Kongwa and
22
Dodoma urban districts in Dodoma Region and research data was obtained by
interviewing them using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis techniques
included the collating field data and decomposing it into descriptive statistics and
estimating translog cost frontier.
Mushi report highlighted that cost of raw materials accounted for 61.21% of the total
cost of production and sunflower seeds accounted for 94.5% of these costs. Also, it
was found that access to finance has a positive effect on the cost-efficiency among
small and medium size sunflower processors in Dodoma. According to these results,
the development of sunflower value chain in Tanzania must ensure capacity
enhancement to smallholder sunflower producers for the availability of quantity and
quality sunflower seeds to processors at a minimal cost.
Mushi recommended on the need to enhance sunflower processing efficiency by
improving processors’ skills through capitalizing on specific efficiency-enhancing
training, upgrading the type of machinery by integrating with the current Chinese
technology, expanding creditor base to include also non-bank and other informal
lenders and building internal competencies for processors in developing their
business plans in a manner that enables them to have a better appraisal of their
financial transactions.
The researcher did not provide any further recommendations to tackle the problem.
This implies that upgrading sunflower value chain should focus on finding out the
solutions that address constraints facing producers (such as lack of capital and
incentive to buy new seeds and restrained market access) and constraint facing
processors such as lack of access to credit, lack of market access to sunflower cakes
and a shortage of sunflower seeds in the local market.
Godfrey (2013) investigated socio-economic factors affecting smallholder sunflower
production specifically aiming at identifying of the main farm characteristics factors
that affect sunflower production, analyzing household characteristics factors
influencing sunflower production, examining the institutional factors that affect
23
sunflower production and assessing the contribution of sunflower production on
household income which was the specific objective of his study.
Godfrey's research adopted a case study design by selecting Mlali ward in Mvomero
District in Morogoro Region in Tanzania. A total of 50 smallholder sunflower
producers were involved to obtain data by using a study questionnaire. A multiple
regression analysis was used to estimate and test the relationship between socio-
economic factors and sunflower production.
It was established by Godfey (2013) that the size of the farm cultivated by the farmer
and use of quality seeds are statistically significant factors affecting the production of
the sunflower crop in Tanzania. Both, the size of farms cultivated and use of quality
of seeds are largely affected by access to finance and market by sunflower producers
and hence envisioning that sunflower production in Tanzania would improve by
enhancing access to market and finance among sunflower producers and processors
which means that more fund will be available for large farm cultivation and the use
of quality seeds.
Liberio (2012) investigated the factors affected the adoption of sunflower farming
innovations at the household level in Mlali ward. The researcher was guided by four
specific objectives namely; to identify smallholder producers who produce sunflower
in the study area, to measure adoption level of sunflower farming innovations, to
identify factors influencing the adoption of sunflower farming innovations and to
gauge socio-economic contributions of sunflower crop to smallholder producers in
the ward.
A case study design was adopted by selecting Mlali ward in Mvomero District in
Morogoro Region in Tanzania. The primary data were collected by interviewing
producers using semi-structured questionnaires which comprised closed and open-
ended questions. The obtained data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and
regression with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).
24
Liberio identified that availability of the sunflower market is among the factors
which significantly influence the adoption of sunflower farming innovations. The
availability of sunflower markets is very important to enable sunflower producers to
be able to adopt modern farming innovation and to realize improved sunflower
production in terms of quantity and quality.
Njiku and Nyamsogoro (2019) investigated the factors influencing the financial
sustainability of small scale sunflower oil processing firms in Tanzania. A study
research design was adopted by the researchers covering a total of 219 small-scale
sunflower oil processing firms that were randomly selected in the central sunflower
agricultural corridor of Dodoma and Singida regions in Tanzania. The required data
was obtained by administering study questionnaires and interviewing the
respondents.
The obtained data were analyzed by using Hieratical Multiple Linear Regression
model. It was established by Njiku and Nyamsogoro (2019) that the location of the
firm, age of the owner and training of the employees are statistically significantly
influencing financial sustainability in sunflower oil processing firms in Tanzania.
Also, technical efficiency was found to contribute significantly to the financial
sustainability of small scale sunflower oil processing firms and hence, improving
technical efficiency was perceived to be the pre-requisite for financial sustainability
of sunflower oil processing firms in Tanzania.
BoT (2017) organized a study to see the potentiality of the sunflower subsector in
Tanzania and its contribution to the economy. The study covered all administrative
zones in Tanzania mainland. It was identified that there is a huge potential for
producing sunflower seeds in Tanzania including high demand forsunflower oil and
availability of market demand and the possibility of a wide range of products that can
be produced in the sunflower value chain. Also, BoT indicated that the performance
of the sunflower sector does not mirror the underlying opportunities. Production was
characterized by small scale cultivation and low yield. On average, cultivation is on
small-scale with average farmer cultivating 4 acres harvesting only 0.6 ton of
sunflower seeds per acre.
25
BoT (2017) highlighted that low performance of sunflower production was driven by
several of constraints such as poor access to fiancé, depressed farm gate prices of
sunflower products, inadequate processing facilities, and threats from imported
edible oil. For addressing these constraints, BoT recommending taking strong and
immediate measures to improve access to finance and market among actors in the
sunflower value chain among other measures.
2.4 Research Gap
Researchers have reported several constraining facing sunflower value chain in
Tanzania and poor access to finance and market seems to be most acknowledged
(BoT, 2017; Larsson, 2018). The URT is keen on addressing these constraints
through the 2016-2020 sunflower sector development strategy specifically by
improving access to market and finance (URT, 2016). Machibya (2015) supported
that for Tanzania’s sunflower value chain to grow and become profitable and
contribute towards economic development requires improved access to capital from
microfinance institutions and banks. Mushi (2016) demonstrated that access to
finance is positively associated with the cost efficiency of sunflower processors in
Tanzania.
BoT (2017) recommended more efforts in improving access to market and financial
services (BoT, 2017). Liberio (2012) identifies that availability of sunflower market
is among the factors which significantly influence the adoption of sunflower farming
innovations. Ensuring the availability of sunflower market is the key for the adoption
of sunflower farming innovation and hence, upgrading sunflower value chain in
terms of quantity and quality of sunflower production. Njiku and Nyamsogoro
(2019) suggest that improving technical efficiency is the pre-requisite for the
financial sustainability of sunflower oil processing firms in Tanzania which in turn
depends on access to market and finance among sunflower oil processing firms.
26
Although access to market and finance is given attention in addressing the
constraints facing sunflower value chain in Tanzania, none of the earlier researchers
provided empirical evidence about the role of access to market and finance in
improving sunflower production in Tanzania. It orders to cover this research gap, the
currentstudy is interested to examine the role of access to market and finance in
upgrading sunflower value chain in Tanzania basing in Singida Region which is the
leading sunflower producing Region in Tanzania.
2.5 Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework refers to a clear justification for the study (Mushi, 2016).
During examination of the role of access to market and finance in upgrading the
sunflower value chain in Tanzania, conceptual framework shown by Fig.2.2 was
used.
Figure 2.2: Conceptual framework on the role of access to market and finance
in upgrading sunflower value chain
Source: Researcher (2020)
From Fig. 2.2, it is cleary demonsrated that upgrading the sunflower value chain is
being dependent on access to market and access to finance among sunflower
produycers and processors.
Also, the relationship potrayed by Fig. 2.2 reveals that access to market which is
determined by factors such as presesence of market places, consumers and
established urban-rurallinkages is assumed to have direct relationship with upgrading
sunflower value chain such as high quantity and quality of sunflower seeds produced,
high quantity and quality of processed sunflower seeds and high quantity and quality
Access to market Access to finance
Upgrading sunflower value chain
27
sunflower oil taken to market (MMA, 2009; Liberio, 2012; BoT, 2017; Larsson,
2018). Therefore, the current study expected positive and statiscally significant
relationship between access to market and upgrading sunflower value chain.
Further, the relationship portrayed by Fig. 2.2 reveals that access to finance among
sunflower producersand processors which is determined by factors such as
involvement of financial institutions and access to credits is assumed to have direct
relationship with upgrading sunflower value chain such as high quantity and quality
of sunflower seeds produced, high quantity and quality of processed sunflower seeds
and high quantity and quality sunflower oil taken to market (Gidfrey, 2013; Larsson,
2018). Therefore, the study expected positive and statistically significant relationship
between access to finance and upgrading sunflower value chain.
The above variables were operationalized as shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.2: Construct of the ceonceprual framework, indicators and data
collection tool and data measurement
S/N Construct Indicators Data collection
tool
Data
measurements
1
Access to
market
(Independent
variable)
1. Market places among sellers
2. Consumers of sunflower products
3. Farm inputs in the local market
4. Established urban-rurallinkages
5. Established network
6. Source of market information (TV,
Radios, Newspapers, etc)
Self/reseracher’s
administered
questionnaire
Ordinal scale
2
Access to
finance
(Independent
variable)
1. Involvement of financial institutions
2. Access to credit
3. Involvement of non-financial
institutions
4. Ease access to credits
5. Availability financial aid network
Self/reseracher’s
administered
questionnaire
Ordinal scale
3
Upgrading
sunflower
value chain
(Dependent
variable)
1. Quantity and quality of sunflower
seeds produced
2. Quantity and quality of processed
sunflower seeds
3. Quantity and quality sunflower oil
taken to market
Self/reseracher’s
administered
questionnaire
Ordinal scale
Source: Researcher (2020)
28
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter about research methodology elaborates on the research design, area of
the study and the study population, unit of analysis, sampling strategy and sample
size, data collection methods and measurements, and data analysis techniques. It
also elaborates on the validity and reliability as well as ethical issues that were
considered.
3.2 Research Design
A research design implies a manner that researcher employs to accomplish the study
(Larsson, 2018). There three conditions which researcher should consider when
choosing appropriate research design for the study (Yin, 2014). The first is thetype of
questions to be asked and when these questions are ‘”what’” how” or “why” a case
study may be appropriate. The second is whether the researcher has control over
actual behavioral events which may warrant the adoption of experimental design.
The last is whether the research focuses oncontemporary or historical events in
which case the design should be acase study or historical study respectively (Yin,
2014).
This study adopted explanatory case study research design because it was primarily
concerned with findings answers about; What was the extent access to market among
sunflower producers and sunflower oil processors?What was the extent of access to
finance need among sunflower producers and sunflower oil processors?What was the
effect of access to market and finance in upgrading the sunflower value chain?
Also, the case study design is appropriate to allow an in-depth investigation of the
contemporary phenomenon within the phenomenon’s real-life context (Yin, 2014).
Evenly, this study was supposed to adopt the case study to enhance an in-depth
investigation of the role of access to market and finance in upgrading sunflower
value chain by concentrating on the sunflower producers and processors in Singida
Region.
29
3.3 Area of the Study
The area of this study was Singida region which is one of the administrative
divisions/regionof Tanzania mainland located in the central zone. The region is
bordered to the north by Shinyanga region, Simiyu region, and Arusha region, to the
northeast by Manyara region, to the east by Dodoma region, to the southeast by
Iringa region, to the southwest by Mbeya region and the west by Tabora region. The
region has seven districts namely; Singida rural, Singida urban, Manyoni district,
Ikungi district, Itigi District, and Mkalama district. The region is accessible
from Arusha through Manyara (Babati-Kateshi road). From Dar es Salaam, Singida
region is reachable through Morogoro- Dodoma road. From Mwanza, the region is
reachable through Shinyanga-Nzega road. The roads through all routes are passable
all year round with good quality tarmac1.
Singida region experiences climatic conditions characterized by two key features
which are temperature and rainfall. Total rainfall ranges from 500 mm to 800 mm per
annum, with a high geographical, seasonal and annual variation. There are two rather
well defined seasons, the short rainy season during the months of December to
March or sometimes goes to April and the long dry season from April to November.
The temperatures vary according to altitude but generally range from about 15 °C in
July to 30 °C during the month of October. The economic activities of Singida region
areagriculture and more than 80% of the population including children, work
extensively on the farms during the rainy season which is between December and
March which account 60% of the total income. Sunflower is most important and the
leading crop of the population employed in agriculture in the Region2.
National wide, Singida Region is the leading producer of sunflowers (MMA, 2009).
In the Region level, the highest proportion of land with sunflower is found in Singida
urban followed by Singida rural, Iramba and Manyoni (URT, 2007).To accomplish
1Source: Accessed from https://www.google.com/search?q=maps+of+Singida+Region on 29th January
2020. 2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singida_Regio, ibid.
30
this study, Singida urban was the focal area due to the presence of a large
proportionof land with sunflowers which in turn mirrored the presence of a large
population of sunflower producers and processors. Besides, the area being urban,
there wasa high possibility of having improved infrastructure such as local road
network and communication facilities (mobile network) which facilitated access to
and interactions with a large population of sunflower producers and
processors/sellers.
3.4 Population
The population of this study will comprise the sunflower producers/farmers,
sunflower oil processors/sellers who are key players in the sunflower value chain
(Ugulumu, 2008). Government and academic reports do not provide total a
population of these key players as the result, earlier researchers such as Mushi (2016)
and Larssaon (2018) used to consult sunflower processors associations. Using this
approach to estimate total population sunflower key players is not meaningful
because not all producers and processors/sellers may register membership with these
associations.
Also, the researcher found no evidence about the existence of associations of
sunflower producers/producers in Singida urban that could give accurate and up-to-
date population statistics of sunflower producers and processors. Isaga et al. (2015)
acknowledges this phenomenon as a common challenge in most studies involving
local communities and businesses in Tanzania.
To tackle the challenges above, the researcher used the rule of thumb method of
population estimation which relies on the prevailing situation. Several researchers
used this rule to decide upon the population when there is no accurate and up-to-date
sample frame or when the size of the population is generally unknown
(Nyaledzigbor, 2015). The population of sunflower producers, in particular was not
known which merited into the use of the rule of thumb of population estimation.
31
By using the rule of thumb, the researcher estimated a total population of the study
equal to 150 sunflower producers and sunflower processors. This estimation was
influenced by the desire to have an equal distribution of 75 members of sunflower
producers and 75 members of sunflower processors.
However, the above rule of population estimation disregard the actual number of
each key player in the sunflower value chain in Singida. Instead, it concentrated on
the number of key players who should be included to meet the requirements of the
research/questions (Mathew, Attman, Campbell and Royston, 2000).
3.5 Sample Size and Sampling Strategy
3.5.1 Sample size
The sample size refers to a specific number of individuals for representation of the
total population in the study (Ndunguru, 2007). Different methods are used to
determine sample size when the total population (N) is known. Though, this study
used the Taro Yomane method of sample determination which is very common when
the study population does not exceed 1000 (Kombo and Tromp, 2006). The study
population (N) which was equal to 150 was substituted into the following Taro
Yamane formula to obtain sample size (n).
n = N / [1+ N (e) 2]
Where ：
n= required sample size;
N = A total target population
e = precision taken at 5% = 0.05
Substituting the values;
n = 150/ [1+150(0.05)2] = 150 ÷ 1.375= 109sunflower producers and sunflower
processors.
32
Tonsure equal distribution of sunflower producers and sunflower processors into the
samples, the number was rounded to 110 which is divisible by 2 and hence, there was
an equal number of 55 sunflower producers and sunflower processors in the samples.
3.5.2 Sampling strategy
Sampling strategy refers to the set of methods used to select a portion of the entire
population for representation during data collection (Ndunguru, 2007). Using
samples is recommended in research for many reasons such as ensuring that required
data is gathered from the few members of the whole population but who act as
thetrue representative of characteristics and behavior of the population (Isagaet al.,
2015).
Ndunguru (2007) categorizes sampling strategies into probability sampling strategies
and non-probability sampling strategies. The former is recommended for providing
equal chances of all members of the population to form a sample (Ndunguru, 2007).
Also, it is suitable when there is a finite member of the study population and when
the study involves statistical/inferential tests (Hennet al., 2015). The later is suitable
when there is no need of providing equal chances of all members to participate in the
study and where members of the study population vary in terms of characteristics.
The researcher uses her judgments and experience or situation to select few members
of the population for representation (Ndunguru, 2007).
For this study, the probability sampling strategy specifically simple random sampling
was used to select 110 respondents comprising an equal number of sunflower
producers and sunflower processors. Beforedata collection, the researcher
conducteda reconnaissance study to establish a sampling frame of an equal number
of sunflower producers and sunflower processors. The personal particulars such as
location, name and mobile numbers were taken on the separate papers, the first
enlisted sunflower producers and the second enlisted sunflower processors. Next, the
two pieces of papers were used to select the respondents by chances, that is, the first
33
55 members from two categories pointed by the pen using free suspended were
selected.
The use of simple random sampling was suitable to ensure therandom distribution of
the respondents. This enabled the researcher to make statistical/inferential tests
regarding relationship between access to market and finance with upgrading
sunflower value chain.
3.6 Data Collection Methods
3.6.1. Questionnaires
The questionnaires are written questions given to respondents for answering on their
own time (Kombo and Tromph, 2006). The questionnaire that was used to collect
data comprised the open-ended and closed-ended questions (Appendix I). This
questionnaire was administered to 67 respondents who were conversant in English.
The rest, 43 respondents who were not conversant with English, the same
questionnaire was used to interview them and their responses were recorded
appropriately the researcher and research assistant (Liberio, 2012).
The majority of the questions in the questionnaire were constructed using a 5-points
Likert scale and the concepts that were used to construct the questions were extracted
from related literature and researches about sunflower value chain in Tanzania.
The questionnaire was subdivided into five sections. The first section contained
questions on the basic information of the respondents. The second section contained
questions on the determinants of access to themarket among sunflower producers and
sunflower oil processors in Singida. The third section contained questions on the
determinants of access to finance need among sunflower producers and sunflower oil
processors in Singida. The fourth section contained questions on relationship
between access to market and finance with upgrading the sunflower value chain in
Singida. The fifth section and the last contained questions on upgrading the
sunflower value chain in Singida.
34
3.7 Data analysis
Data analysis refers to the process of establishing relationships of the diverse
responses provided by the samples to provide meaning and logical sense (Hennet al.,
2015). This study used the quantitative method of data analysis and involved cross-
checking completeness and comprehensiveness of all items/questions in the
questionnaires.
This was followed by cleansing the databy removing/deleting all questions from the
questionnaire which were not be given credit by the respondents. Out of the 110
questionnaires, only 80 were completed by the respondents and hence, the valid
response rate of this study was 72.7%.
Further, there was coding ofall data by assigning the numbers as the tag on all
responses in all sections with the aid of the Microsoft Excel program. Later all data
into the Excel were transferred intothe STATA program where they were analyzed
with the aid of descriptive statistics and presentation by the use of frequency tables,
numbers, percentages and Bar charts.
The descriptive statistics was used to portray the basic characteristics of the
respondents and the determinants of access to market and access to finance among
sunflower value chain actors.
However, the relationship between access to market and access to finance in
upgrading sunflower value chain which makes the second and third objective of this
study, multiple regression analysis was used. The strength/level of relationship and
statistical significance which the independent variables make on the dependent
variables was determined with the aid of the linear regression equation below:
Y= α + βoM + β1F +µ
Where: Y = Upgrading sunflower value chain, M= Access to market, F = Access to
finance , Β0&1 = Coefficients, µ = Factors excluded from the model which might
influence upgrading sunflower value chain in Tanzania and α = Constant
35
The major assumptions of the linear regression equation above were that there was
the existence of a linear relationshipwhich was made by M and F to Y. However,
both M and F were regarded to be independentof each other but positively relatedto
Y. It was assumed further that there was a certain level of upgrading sunflower value
chain in Tanzania irrespective ofthe provision of variables M and F which was
represented by constant term (α). This means that there were other variables (µ) that
influencedexcluded from the model and hence, the effect of both M and F on Y was
unlikely 100%.
3.7.1 Operationalization of variables
Table 3.1: Operationalization of research objectives
S/N Variable Indicators Responses made Data
measurement
1 Access to market
(Independent)
Market places among sellers
Consumers of sunflower products
Presence of farm inputs in the local
market among sunflower producers
Established urban-rurallinkages
Established network from
sunflower production to final
consumers
Source of market information (TV,
Radios, Newspapers, etc) among
producers, processors and sellers
Very importnat
Ordinal scale
Important
Somewhat
important
Not importnat
2
Access to finance
(Independetn
variable)
Involvement of financial
institutions in the sunflower value
chain
Access to credit among sunflower
producers
Access to credit among sunflower
oil processors
Involvement of non-financial
institutions creditors/lenders
Ease access to credits among
producers and processors
Availability of a well established
financial aid network between and
among producers and processors
Very importnat
Ordinal scale
Important
Somewhat
important
Not importnat
3
Upgrading
sunflower value
chain (Dependent
variable)
Quantity and quality of sunflower
seeds produced
Quantity and quality of processed
sunflower seeds
Quantity and quality sunflower oil
taken to market
Very high
Ordinal scale
High
Moderate
Low
Very low
.Source: Researcher (2020)
36
3.8 Ensuring validity and reliability of the questionnaire
Accordion to Hennet al., (2015), validity increases with the combination of different
approaches and methods in the same research project such as multiple methods of
data collection which reduces the impact of personal bias. On the other hand,
reliability increases by enabling others to check that data collection tools are
appropriate or consistently applied in a professional manner, faithfully, and with
prime consideration of the voices of respondents.
Toensure validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the researcher involved peers
and some research experts in social science to review and provide their inputs how
they considered the questionnaire was accurately measuring all important aspects of
the study and whether or not the questions were consistently aligned with the major
research objectives of the study and existing literature on asimilar matter. Their
views wereused to improve the questionnaire and were sent to the research
supervisor for further review and approval.
3.9 Considerations of ethical issues
Several ethical issues havebeen developed in research discipline and the most
common ones are ethical issues on sponsorship including such as adherence to
agreed time and resources by the University, ethical issues on access to information
such as seeking permission to access official documents and ethical issued on the
consent with the study population such as respect of their willingness, respect, and
confidentiality.
Tocomply with the ethical issues highlighted above, the researcher conducted
withinthe stipulated research guideline and time with the supervisors and the
University. Also, the researcher obtained permission for data collection and an
introduction letter from the University. Beforedata collection, the
researcherrequested permission for entry into the premises of sunflower producers
and processors of the research purpose. During data, collection researcher and
37
research assistant respected their differences and confidentiality and was open to
provide any assistance/clarification where needed.
38
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the findings taking into account the basic characteristics of the
respondents (age, sex, education level, role and experience in the sunflower value
chain and the size of farms/possessors, sizes of sunflower farms and ownership of
sunflower processors) which is presented by subsection 4.2 in this chapter. This is
followed by presentation of data obtained on the three objectives as follows: 4.3
determinants of access to market and access to finance among sunflower value chain
actors 4.4 relationship between access to market and upgrading sunflower value
chain and , 4.5 relationship between access to finance and upgrading sunflower value
chain?
4.2 Basic Characteristics of the Respondents
The basic characteristics of the respondents were examined for the purpose of
informing the distributions of the respondents based on sex, age group, education
level, roles in thesunflower value chain and experience in sunflower activities. This
enabled to inform the characters of the persons who contributed their knowledge and
experience in answering the questions which in turn influenced the validity of the
data. For example, age maturity, education level and experience on the subject matter
are very important determinants of the accuracy, truthfulness, and relevance of the
answers provided by the respondents.
A summary of basic characteristics of the respondents was as shown in Table 4.1.
39
Table 4. 1: Basic characteristics of the respondents
Basic characteristics Classification Frequencies Percentages
Sex
Males 57 71.3
Female 23 28.7
Total 80 100
Age group
Between 18 and 27 years 10 12.5
Between 28 and 37 years 33 41.2
Between 38 and 47 years 23 28.8
Between 48 and 57 years 14 17.5
Total 80 100.0
Education level
No education 11 13.8
Primary education 19 23.7
Secondary education 32 40
Certificate/ordinary diploma 10 12.5
Bachelor degree 8 10
Total 80 100
Roles in the sunflower
value chain
Producer only 31 38.8
Processor only 24 30
Both producer and processor 25 31.2
Total 80 100.0
Experience in
sunflower activities
Between 1 and 5 years 26 32.5
Between 6 and 10 years 22 27.5
Between 11 and 15 years 18 22.5
Above 15 years 14 17.5
Total 80 100.0
Source: Study data (2020)
Regarding the sex characteristics of the respondents, there was a study involved
57(71.3%) males and 23(28.7%) females. This means that the responses/data on each
question were obtained from different viewpoints. Regarding the age group
character, the largest number of respondents, 33(41.2%) was between 28 and 37
years old. This was followed by 23(28.8%) respondents who were between 38 and 47
years old.
A total of 14(17.5%) respondents were between 48 and 57 years and the other
10(12.5%) respondents were between 18 and 27 years old. Based on age group
character of the respondents, it could be learned that not only that all respondents
were in mature age, but also it seems that sunflower production and processing
employed the largest number of youth in productive age (between 18 and 45 years
old) who occupied 82.5% of the total respondents.
40
Again, the education level character of the respondents showed that the majority,
32(40%) respondents completed secondary education. This was followed by
19(23.7%) respondents who had primary education. A total of 11(13.8%)
respondents had no formal education. Also, there were a total of 10(12.5%) with
certificate/ordinary diploma education. The very few, 8(10%) respondents had
Bachelor's degree education.
The above results translated that sunflower subsector like many other agricultural
subsectors not yet to attract individuals with advanced (College/University)
education. Although, by including the respondents with different education levels, it
means that there was a wide distribution of respondents in terms of education level
and different viewpoints among the data sets.
Regarding the roles in the sunflower value chain, the results showed that a total of
31(38.8%) respondents were the producers of sunflower only, 24(30%) respondents
were processors of sunflower oils only and 25(31.2%) respondents were both
producers and processors of sunflower.
Considering the distributions of the respondents into these roles, the results above
means that the study gathered accurate and relevant data pertaining to sunflower
production and sunflower oils processing.
Based on the experience in sunflower activities, Table 4.1 revealed that 26(32.5%)
were between 1 and 5 years of experience, 22(27.5%) were between 6 and 10 years
of experience, 18(12.5%) respondents were between 11 and 15 years of work
experience and the last 14(17.4%) respondents had 15 years of experience and above.
The above results portrayed that the respondents have adequate experience with
sunflower activities and they were able to provide accurate, true and reliable answers
on the questions they asked.
41
Also, the trend of years of experience mirrored that sunflower subsector became the
cash crop of interest among youth in productive age more rapidly in the past ten
years. This is because it attracted the employment of a large number of youth who
were in years of experience between 1and 10 about 40 (50%).
A portion of the study focused on the number of processing factories owned by the
respondents in Fig. 4.1 showed 89% owned 1 processing factory and the rest 11%
owned two processing factories. Based on Fig.4.2, it was discovered that 22.2% of
the factories were constructed with ten years period (2010/2019).
Also, the study focused on the average number of acres of sunflowers cultivates
respondents in Fig. 4.1 showed that 55% used to cultivate on less than 5 acres, 39%
cultivated on farm sizes between 5 to 10 acres, and the rest 6% used to cultivate on
farm sizes above 10 acres. Besides, a portion of the study on the average processing
capacity in liters per day showed that the factories were able to process 1750 liters
(1.75 tones) per day.
Figure 4. 1: Statistic of the sizes of sunflower farms and ownership of
sunflowers processing factories
Source: Study data (2020)
42
4.3 Determinants of Access to Markets and Access to Finance among Sunflower
Value Chain Actors
The study involved a total of 80 to obtain their responses on the determinants of
access to market and access to finance among sunflower value chain actors and the
results were as presented under subsections 4.3.1 and 4.3.2.
4.3.1 Determinants of Access to Markets among Sunflower Value Chain Actors
The responses were obtained data on the six determinants of access to the market and
summary of results were as shown in Table 4.2.
Table 4. 2: Determinants of access to markets among sunflower value chain
actors
Determinants Frequencies Percentages
1. Availability of different market places in rural and urban areas
Very important 71 88.8
Important 9 11.2
Total 80 100.0
2. Availability of consumers of sunflower oils
Very important 77 96.3
Important 3 3.7
Total 80 100.0
3. The established urban-ruraltransport network
Very important 30 37.5
Important 36 45
Somewhat important 10 12.5
Not important 4 5
Total 80 100.0
4. Established network from sunflower production to final consumers
Very important 61 76.3
Important 16 20
Somewhat important 3 3.7
Total 80 100.0
5. Availability of sources of market information like TVs, Radios and
Newspapers
Very important 11 13.8
Important 19 23.8
Somewhat important 30 37.4
Not important 20 25
Total 80 100.0
6. Involvement of the Government and stakeholders in the creation of
sunflower markets
Very important 13 16.3
Important 16 20
Somewhat important 41 51.2
Not important 10 12.5
Total 80 100.0
Source: Study data (2020)
43
According to the results in Table 4.2, the study identified three very important
determinants of access to themarket among sunflower producers and processors.
These were availability of consumers of sunflower oils, availability of different
market places in rural and urban areas, and established network from sunflower
production to final consumers which were represented by response rates 96.3%,
88.8% and 76.3% respectively.
Based on Table 4.2, anestablished urban-rural transport network was the important
determinant of access to market among the sunflower producers and processors. This
was indicated by a 40% response rate.
Further, Table 4.2 revealed that both availabilities of sources of market information
like TVs, Radios and Newspapers and involvement of the Government and
stakeholders in the creation of sunflower markets were moderate determinants of
access to market among sunflower producers and processors. This was indicated by
the response rates of 37.4% and 51.2% respectively.
From the results in Table 4.2, the study established that the important determinants of
the access to market among sunflower producers and processors in Singida Region
were availability of consumers of sunflower oils, availability of different market
places in rural and urban areas, established network from sunflower production to
final consumers and established urban-rural transport network.
4.3.2 Determinants of Access to Finance among Sunflower Valued Chain Actors
The responses wete made on the five determinants of access to finance and summary
of the results were as sown in Table 4.3.
44
Table 4. 3: Determinants of access to finance among sunflower value chain
actors
Determinants Frequencies Percentages
1. Involvement of Banks in the sunflower value chain
Very important 38 47.5
Important 25 31.3
Somewhat important 17 21.2
Total 80 100.0
2. Involvement of individuals having high capital
(creditors/lenders) in the sunflower value chain
Very important 19 23.8
Important 27 33.8
Somewhat important 34 42,4
Total 80 100.0
3. Participation of large traders in the sunflower value chain
Very important 61 76.3
Important 13 16.2
Somewhat important 6 7.5
Total 80 100.0
4. Availability and accessibility of credit/loans from micro-
financial institutions and individuals
Very important 71 88.8
Important 9 22.2
Total 80 100.0
5. Presence of established financial aid network between and
among producers and processors of sunflower
Very important 20 25
Important 27 33.8
Somewhat important 33 41.2
Total 80 100.0
Source: Study data (2020)
Based on the results in Table 4.3, the participation of large traders in sunflower value
chain and availability, accessibility of credit/loans from micro-financial institutions
and individuals and involvement of Banks in the sunflower value chain were
important determinants of access to finance among sunflower producers and
processors. This was indicated by repose rates 76.3%, 88.8% and 47.5% respectively.
Further, the involvement of individuals having high capital (creditors/lenders) in
sunflower value chain and presence of established financial aid network between and
among producers and processors of sunflower was the moderate determinants of
access to finance among the sunflower producers and processors. This was
represented by response rates, 42.4% and 41.2% respondents
45
From the results in Table 4.3, the study established that the important determinants of
the access to finance among sunflower producers and processors in Singida Region
were participation of large traders in the sunflower value chain and availability,
accessibility of credit/loans from micro-financial institutions and individuals and
involvement of Banks in the sunflower value chain.
4.4 Relationship between Access to Market and Upgrading Sunflower Value
Chain
In order to examine the relationship between access to market and upgrading
sunflower value chain, 80 respondents were required to provide their perceptions
pertaining to level of effect of access to market in sunflower production and
processing. This was followed by regression taking access to market as the
independent variable and upgrading sunflower value chain as the dependent variable.
4.4.1 Perceptions of the respondents on the level of effect of access to market in
sunflower production and processing
The findings showed that majority, 40(40%) respondents indicated that access to
market has great effect and 20(25%) indicated that access to market has very great
effect in sunflower production and processing.
The contrary responses were contributed by 8(10%) respondents who indicated that
access to market has low effect and 2(2.5%) respondents who indicated that it has a
very low effect. A summary of the results was as shown in Table 4.4.
Table 4. 4: Perceptions of the respondents on the effect of access to market in
sunflower production and sunflower oils processing
Statements Frequencies Percentages
1. The effectbrought by access to market
Very great 20 25
Great 40 50
Moderate 10 12.5
Low 8 10
Very low 2 2.5
Total 80 100.0
Source: Study data (2020)
46
4.4.2 Regression between access to market and upgrading sunflower value chain
In order to perform this regression, the study determined overall opinions of the
respondents whether there could be improvement in sunflower value chain (level,
quantity and quality of sunflower production and processing) as the result of access
to market among sunflwoer value chain actors.
The results showed that 67(83.8%) of all respondents agreed and the rest, 13(16.2%)
disagreed with the statement that improvement in sunflower value chain could be
brought by access to market among sunflwoer value chain actors. Based on the
majority, the study established that improvement in sunflower value chain could be
brought by access to market among sunflwoer value chain actors.
The responses above were treated with respect to independent variable (access to
market) while responses on improvement of upgrading the sunflower value chain
(level, quantity and quality of sunflower production and processing) were treated
with respect to dependent variable
The regression coefficient of access to market was evaluated using the p-value and t-
value to establish the level and statistical significance of the relationship which was
made to upgrading sunflower value chain (dependent variable) with the aid of the
STATA program at 95% confidence level and 5% marginal error. A summary of the
results were as shown by Table 4.6
Evaluation of the strength/level of relationship and statistical significance which
access to market made on upgrading sunflower value chain was as follows:
If t-value > 2; the coefficient of the access to market was statistically
significant. If p-value < 5%; the level of significance of the coefficient of the
access to market was high (Henn et al. 2015).
Based on the results in Table 4.6, regression coefficient for access to market is
0.3565382 at p-value 0.000 (<1%) and t-value 3.82 (>2). This indicates the existence
47
of a very strong positive and statistically significant relationship between access to
the market and upgrading the sunflower value chain.
The constant-coefficientfor upgrading sunflower value chain is 0.3053854 at p-value
0.068 (>1%) and t-value 1.84 (<2%). This indicates existence of a very weak positive
and statistically insignificant improvement of the sunflower value chain in absence of
access to market.
4.5 Relationship between access to finance and upgrading sunflower value chain
In order to examine relationship between access to finance and upgrading sunflower
value chain, 80 respondents were required to provide their perceptions pertaining the
level of effect of access to finance in sunflower production and processing. This was
followed by regression taking access to finance as independent variable and
upgrading sunflower value chain as the dependent variable.
4.4.1 Perceptions of the respondents on the level of effect of access to finance in
sunflower production and processing
The findings showed that the majority, 44(55%) respondents indicated that access to
finance has a great effect in sunflower production and processing. This was followed
by 26(32.35) respondents who indicated that acces to finance has a very great effect.
The contrary responses were from 4(5%) respondents only who indicated that access
to finance has low effect in sunflower production and processing. Based on the
majority, the study established that access to finance has agreat effect on sunflower
production and processing.
A summary of the results was as shown in Table 4.5.
48
Table 4.5: Perceptions of the respondents on the effect of access to finance in
sunflower production and sunflower oils processing
Statements Frequencies Percentages
1. The effect brought by access to finance
Very great 26 32.3
Great 44 55
Moderate 6 7.5
Low 4 5
Total 80 100.0
Source: Study data (2020)
4.5.2 Regression between access to finance and upgrading sunflower value chain
In order to perform this regression, study determined overall opinions of the
respondents whether there could be improvement in sunflower value chain (level,
quantity and quality of sunflower production and processing) as the result of access
to finance among sunflwoer value chain actors.
The results showed that 67(83.8%) of all respondents agreed and the rest, 13(16.2%)
disagreed with the statement that improvement in sunflower value chain could be the
result of access to finance among sunflwoer value chain actors. Based on the
majority, the study established that improvement in sunflower value chain (level,
quantity and quality of sunflower production and processing) could be brought by
access to finance among sunflwoer value chain actors.
The responses above were treated with respect to independent variable (access to
finance) while responses made on improvement of upgrading the sunflower value
chain (level, quantity and quality of sunflower production and processing) were
treated with respect to dependent variable
The regression coefficient of access to finance was evaluated using the p-value and t-
value to establish the level and statistical significance of the relationship which was
made to upgrading sunflower value chain (dependent variable) with the aid of the
STATA program at 95% confidence level and 5% marginal error. A summary of the
results were as shown by Table 4.6
49
Evaluation of the strength/level of relationship and statistical significance which
access to finance made with upgrading sunflower value chain was as follows:
If t-value >2; the coefficient of the acces to finance was statistically
significant. If p-value < 5%; the level of significance of the coefficient of the
access to finance was high (Henn et al. 2015).
Based on the results in Table 4.6, regression coefficient for access to finance is
0.454168 at p-vale 0.000 (<1%) and t-value 5.04 (>2). This indicates existence of a
very strong positive and statistically significant relationship between access to
finance and upgrading the sunflower value chain.
The constant-coefficient for upgrading sunflower value chain is 0.3053854 at p-value
0.068 (>1%) and t-value 1.84 (<2%). This indicates the existence of a very weak
positive and statistically insignificant improvement of sunflower value chain in
absence of access to finance.
Table 4.6: Regression coefficients: access to market and access to finance
against upgrading sunflower value chain
Dep. variable: upgrading sunflower value chain
Ind. variables #1 access to market
#2 access to finance
Source: Field data (2020)
50
4.6 Strenghth of Entire Regression Model
The strength of the entire regression equation was evaluated using the coefficient of
determination (R-Squared) which is 0.4596. This means that about 45.96% of the
upgrading sunflower value chain was being contributed by access to themarket while
the remaining 54.04% were being dependent on the factors not included in the
regression equation/this study.
Based on the value of R-Squared, it implied that regression model adopted by this
study was appropriate in explaining upgrading sunflwoer value chain in Tanzania.
This is because for the policy issues such as upgrading sunflwor value chain, any
percent which the model contributes is considered (Godfey, 2013).
Finally, the current study established that there is the existence of a very strong
positive and statistically significant relationship between access to market (especially
availability of consumers of sunflower oils, availability of different market places in
rural and urban areas, established network from sunflower production to final
consumers and established urban-rural transport network) and upgrading the
sunflower value chain in Tanzania.
Similary, the current study established that there is a very strong positive and
statistically significant relationship between access to finance (especially
participation of large traders in the sunflower value chain and availability,
accessibility of credit/loans from micro-financial institutions and individuals and
involvement of Banks in the sunflower value chain) and upgrading the sunflower
value chain in Tanzania.
In line with the above establsihement, the following linear regression equation was
proposed.
Y= 0.3565382M + 0.454168F + µ
Where:
Y Upgrading sunflower value chain
51
M Access to market
F Access to finance
µ Other factors which account 54.04% of variability of the upgrading of the
sunflower value chain which were not covered by this study.
0.3565382 and 0.454168 are coefficients (β) for access to market and access
to finance respectively
Based on the regression equation above, a unit increases in the access to market
among sunflower producers and processors other factors being constant could
upgrade sunflower value chain (level, quantity, and quality of sunflower production
and processing) by 35.6538%.
Also, a unit increase inthe access to finance among sunflower producers and
processors other factors being constant could upgrade sunflower value chain (level,
quantity, and quality of sunflower production and processing) by 45.4168%.
52
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter covers the discussions of the findings obtained on the three objectives
and is organized as follows: 5.2 determinants of access to market and access to
finance among sunflower value chain actors 5.3 relationship between access to
market and upgrading sunflower value chain and 5.4 relationship between access to
finance and upgrading sunflower value chain.
5.2 Determinants of Access to Market and Access to Finance among Sunflower
Value Chain Actors
5.2.1 Determinants of Access to Market among Sunflower Value Chain Actors
The study found that four main determinants of access to market among sunflower
producers and processors which are, availability of consumers of sunflower oils,
availability of different market places in rural and urban areas, established network
from sunflower production to final consumers and established urban-rural transport
network.
The availability of consumers of sunflower oils wasa very important determinant of
themarket to both producers and processors. This is because consumers are the
individuals who use the sunflower products such as oils and sunflower cake (MMA,
2009). When consumers are available it means that a large quantity of sunflower oils
isneeded and due to back linkages existing between them, open-up of the market for
processors entails the open-up of the market for producers. Similar results were
reported by Hartmann (2012) and Larsson (2018) contending that the availability of
consumers was the major factor that accounted for access to market sunflowers oils
in Tanzania.
The availability of different market places in rural and urban areas is a very
important determinant of access to the market among producers and processors. The
market as the place whether urban or rural area, the market is required to facilitate
the exchange of sunflower products between producers and processors with their
customers/users. Some earlier studies such as Hartmann, (2012) identified constraints
53
of places where sunflower products should be sold or demanded as the constraint
towards access to market among sunflower producers and processors.
Based on the results of the study, availability of different places in the society where
sunflower oil is sold and bought and the market segment within the society having
demand and consumption of sunflower oil is the critical issues when it comes to
market access among producers and processors.
Presence of established network from sunflower production to final consumers was
also a very important determinantof access to the market among sunflower producers
and processors. For easy access to the market, both producers and processors needed
a network of individuals (wholesalers, retailers, and other agents) who could reach
the sunflower products to the final consumers. The report by BoT (2017) highlighted
the need for this network for reaching the sunflower products in the potential markets
easily. BoT viewed that production and processing sunflowers were to improve if
producers and processors
established network from sunflower production to final consumers.
The availability of anestablished urban-rural transport network was important
determinant of access to the sunflower market among producers and processors. The
transport network such as the road system is very important for the transportation of
sunflower products from places where they are manufactured to places where they
are demanded. Considering that sunflower processing factories were in Singida
Urban, the final products were required also in the rural areas which in turn needed
availability of established urban-rural transport networks. Larsson (2018) reported
that constrained sunflower markets were caused by many factors among them was
poor urban-rural transport network. The creation/presence of such transport networks
in Singida Region was therefore sufficient to mean the determinant of market access
among sunflower producers and processors (Larsson, 2018).
54
5.2.2 Determinants of Access to Finance among Sunflower Value Chain Actors
The study found that participation of large traders in the sunflower value chain,
availability, and accessibility of credit/loans from micro-financial institutions and
individuals, the involvement of Banks in the sunflower value chain and involvement
of microfinance in the sunflower value chain were all the important determinants of
access to finance among sunflower producers and sunflower processors.
The participation of large traders in thesunflower value chain was perceived asthe
determinant of access to finances among producers and processors because the large
traders normally have a large capital. If this capital is injected in the sunflower
production or processing it can improve access to finance among a large number of
players in the sunflower value chain. Earlier MMA (2009) underlined that access to
the market in sunflower value chain needed attraction of traders. Also, BoT (2017)
underlined factors for poor access to markets such as depressed farm gate prices of
sunflower products due to inadequate participation of large traders.
Availability and accessibility of credit/loans from micro-financial institutions and
individual credit providers were very important factors for access to finance. This is
because these institutions and individual credit providers exist for the creation and
provisions of finance in terms of loans to business persons and entities. According to
BoT (2017), it could be much more easily for the producers and processors to access
the finance they need for sunflower activities when there areavailability and
accessibility of credit/loans from financial institutions. Also, the 2016 - 2020
sunflower sector development strategy which is being implemented by the Tanzanian
Government recognizes the potentials of credit/loans providing institutions in improving
access to finance in the sunflower values chain in Tanzania.
In a similarmanner involvement of Banks in the sunflower value chain determined
the access to finance among sunflower producers and processors. Banks like other
credit/loan institutions advance finances (loans) to individuals and entities. The
major difference between them with their counterparts is that loan provision is more
formalized and complex and hence, the majority of producers and processors would
55
prefer access to finance through credit/loan institutions and individual credit
providers (Mushi, 2016).
5.3 Relationship between Access to Market and Upgrading Sunflower Value
Chain
The study found that access to market has a great effect on sunflower production and
processing whihc was indicated by 40(40%) and 20(25%) of the respondents that
access to market has great and very great effect in sunflower production and
processing respectively.
Further, the study revealed existence of very high positive and statistically significant
relationship between access to market and upgrading sunflower value chain. at p-
value 0.000 and t-value 3.82. Besides, the study demonstrated existence of a very
weak positive and statistically insignificant improvement of the sunflower value
chain in absence of access to market which was denoted by constant coefficient at p-
value 0.068 and t-value 1.84.
Moreover, the current study shows that unit increases in the access to market among
sunflower producers and processors other factors being constant could upgrade
sunflower value chain (level, quantity and quality of sunflower production and
processing) by 35.6538%.
The results above were in agreement with the 2016 - 2020 sunflower sector
development strategy which is being implemented by the Tanzania Government so as
to increase sunflower production through improved access to market among
sunflower value chain actors (URT, 2017).
Based on the current study, the strategy undertaken by the Governemnt has potentials
to succeed by putting more efforts in improving access to market among sunflower
value chain in Tanzania.
56
Similar views were highlighted by BoT (2017) whihc urged that for sunflower subsector
to realize its potententials in Tanznaia, more efforts should be put in improving access to
market among sunflower value chain actors.
Further, the current study is in agreements with Liberio (2012) research whihc identifies that
availability of sunflower market was among the factors which significantly influence the
adoption of sunflower farming innovations. Based on the researcher, ensuring the availability
of sunflower market was the key for the adoption of sunflower farming innovation and
hence, upgrading sunflower value chain in terms of quantity and quality of sunflower
production.
5.4 Relationship between Access to Finance and Upgrading Sunflower Value
Chain
The study found that access to finance among sunflower value chain actors has a
great effect on sunflower production and processing which was indicated by 40(40%)
and 20(25%) of the respondents who said that it has great and very great effect
respectively.
It was also revealed that there is existence of very high positive and statistically
significant relationship between access to market and upgrading sunflower value
chain at p-value 0.000 and t-value 5.04. Besides, the study demonstrated existence of
a very weak positive and statistically insignificant improvement of the sunflower
value chain in absence of access to finance which was denoted by constant
coefficient at p-value 0.068 and t-value 1.84.
Moreover, the current study shows that unit increases in the access to finance among
sunflower value chain actors other factors being constant could upgrade sunflower
value chain (level, quantity and quality of sunflower production and processing) by
45.4168%.
These results are in agreement with the 2016 - 2020 sunflower sector development
strategy implemented by the Tanzania Government which focuses on the access to
finance among sunflower value chain actors for increasing sunflower production and
57
productivity (URT, 2017). Based on the current study, sunflower production and
productivity can be increased much more with more efforts on access to fiancé
among sunflower value chain actors in Tanzania.
Further, the current study concurs with Godfrey (2013) who identified that access to
finance was very important factor for success of sunflower value chain in Tanzania.
This is because, access to finance is the instrument for increasing size of farms
cultivated and use of quality of seeds among producers and improved processing
capacities among sunflower oil processors.
58
CHAPTER SIX
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
6.1 Introduction
This chapter aims at summarizing and provides conclusions and recommendations of
the study. Also, it gives policy implications and recommendations for further studies.
6.2 Summary
This study examined the role of access to market and finance in upgrading sunflower
value chain in Tanzania specifically aiming at examining the determinants of access
to market and access to finance among sunflower value chain actors in Singida
Region, examining the relationship between access to finance and upgrading
sunflower value chain and examining relationship between access to finance and
upgrading sunflower value chain. The case study research design was used as the
means of in-depth and intensive examination of the subject matter ad involved the
study of 80 respondents (40 sunflower producers and 40 sunflower processors) who
were selected using a simple random sampling method. The data of this study was
obtained by administering the study questionnaire to the respondents and were
analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis with the aid of the
STATA program version 11. The results were presented mainly using frequency
tables, numbers, percentages and Bar charts.
From the study, it was established that the important determinants of the access to
market among sunflower value chain actors in Singida Region were availability of
consumers of sunflower oils, availability of different market places in rural and urban
areas, established network from sunflower production to final consumers and
established urban-rural transport network.
The study also established that the important determinants of access to finance
among sunflower value chain actors in Singida region were participation of large
traders in the sunflower value chain and availability, accessibility of credit/loans
from micro-financial institutions and individuals and involvement of Banks in the
sunflower value chain.
59
Further, the study found that access to market has a very high positive and
statistically significant relationship with upgrading sunflower value chain at p-value
0.000 and t-value 3.82. In this relationship, a unit increases in the access to market
among sunflower producers and processors other factors being constant could
upgrade sunflower value chain (level, quantity and quality of sunflower production
and processing) by 35.6538%.
Finally, the current study revealed that there is existence of very high positive and
statistically significant relationship between access to market and upgrading
sunflower value chain at p-value 0.000 and t-value 5.04. In line with this
relationship, a unit increase in the access to finance among sunflower value chain
actors other factors being constant could upgrade sunflower value chain (level,
quantity and quality of sunflower production and processing) by 45.4168%.
6.3 Conclusion
Access to market and access to finance has a very great role in upgrading the
sunflower values chain in Tanzania and these two factors must be given attention in
addressing the constraints facing sunflower value chain in Tanzania. Factors such as
availability of consumers of sunflower oils, availability of different market places in
rural and urban areas, established network from sunflower production to final
consumers and established urban-rural transport network are very important for
access to market among sunflower producers and processors in Tanzania.
Besides the above, factors such as participation of large traders in the sunflower
value chain and availability, accessibility of credit/loans from micro-financial
institutions and individuals and involvement of Banks in the sunflower value chain
are very important for access to finance among sunflower producers and processors
in Tanzania.
Further, access to market and access to finance provides the great effect in sunflower
production and processing which was indicated by 40(40%) and 20(25%) of the
respondents who said that it has great and very great effect respectively. This is
60
because, access to market and finance could enable a large number of the
respondents to increase the quantity of sunflower production by buying agricultural
machinery and tools, purchasing agricultural fertilizers and chemicals and buying
more acres of land, paying school fees for their children, increase the quality of
sunflower seeds, starting other businesses and opening bank accounts.
In fact, a unit increase in the access to market (say 1% increase in the availability of
different market places in rural and urban areas and established urban-rural transport
network) among sunflower producers and processors could upgrade sunflower value
chain, that is; the level, quantity and quality of sunflower production and processing
by 35.6538%.
Also, a unit increase in the access to finance (say only 1% increase in the
participation of large traders in the sunflower value chain and the availability,
accessibility of credit/loans from micro-financial institutions) among sunflower
producers and processors could upgrade sunflower value chain, that is, the level,
quantity and quality of sunflower production and processing by 45.4168%.
6.4 Recommendations
This study recommends that the initiatives for upgrading the sunflower values chain
that has been undertaken by the Tanzanian Government for 2016-2020 should take
consider the very great role that access to market and access to finance play in the
sunflower value chain. The Government is therefore urged to ensure the availability
of consumers of sunflower oils which can be through awareness creation on the
benefits of sunflower oils. It should improve availability of different market places in
rural and urban areas and establish network from sunflower production to final
consumers by supporting it with the urban-rural transport network. Also, the
Government should create anenvironment that attractsthe participation of large
traders in the sunflower value chain. It should also improve availability, accessibility
of credit/loans from micro-financial institutions and individuals and ensure the
involvement of Banks in the sunflower value chain.
61
6.5 Policy Implications
The study implies that improving access to market and access to finance among
sunflower producers and processors marks the very great success of the
implementation of the 2016 - 2020 sunflower sector development strategy in
Tanzania. The study underlines that desires of the Government to increase sunflower
production and productivity by increasing the capacity of producers and processors
are more likely to succeed by paying attention to the market issues such as
availability of consumers of sunflower oils, availability of different market places in
rural and urban areas, established network from sunflower production to final
consumers and established urban-rural transport network. It also underlines that the
Government has to pay attention to financialissues such as participation of large
traders in sunflower value chain and availability, accessibility of credit/loans from
micro-financial institutions and individuals and involvement of Banks in the
sunflower value chain.
6.6 Recommendations for Further Studies
The results established on the three objectives of this study would face the limitations
of the response rate that did not meet the expected target considering that out of the
total 110 questionnaires circulated to the respondents, only 80 questionnaires were
filled fully making a valid response rate of 73.4%. Also, the results would face the
limitation of the selection of variables access to market and access to finance account
45.96% of the upgrading of the sunflower value chain in Tanzania. The remaining
54.04% upgrading of the sunflower value chain in Tanzania is accounted by the
factors not studied.
Therefore, further studies are recommended in this research area covering a large
number of sunflower producers and processors within Singida region and even across
the country. Other studies are recommended on exploring the factors which account
54.04% upgrading of the sunflower value chain in Tanzania that was not identified
and examined by this study.
62
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65
APPENDICES
Appendix 1:Questionnaire
Dear, my name is Elizabeth N. Makinda, a student at the Mzumbe University,
pursuing a degree of Master in Business Administration. I am researching on the
Role of Access to Market and Finance in Upgrading Sunflower Value Chain in
Tanzania as part of the requirements for the above-mentioned degree program. I am
requesting your voluntary support by providing theinformation needed in the
questionnaire. The information you give will be treated with high confidentiality and
used of this research only. There are no personal risks in participating in this
exercise. I kindly request your valuable time to answer these questions.
SECTION I
DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
General instructions: Tick () in the appropriate boxes.
1. Sex: male […] female […]
2. Age: below 18 years […], 18-27 years […] 28-37 years[…], 38-47 years[…], 48
years and above […]
3. Education level: Primary education […], Secondary education […],
Technician/Ordinary Diploma […], University degree […], No education […],
4. Your role in theSunflower value chain: Farmer […], Processor […], Both farming
and processing […]
5. Experience in sunflower activities:1-5 years [...],6-10 years […],11-15 years
[…],above 15 years […]
6. Number of acres of sunflowers you used to cultivate in average [only for
producers)
[ ]
7. How many number of processing factories you own (only for processors) [ ].
8. What is the average processing capacity in liters per day? [ ]
66
SECTION II
DETERMINANTS OF ACCESS TO MARKET AMONG SUNFLOWER
PRODUCERS AND SUNFLOWER OIL PROCESSORS IN
SINGIDA REGION
Indicate the level of importance of the factors numbered 9-15 in the access to
markets among sunflower producers and sunflower processors by ticking () in the
appropriate boxes.
S/N Factors
Very
imp
orta
nt
Imp
orta
nt
Som
ew
hat
imp
orta
nt
Not
imp
orta
nt
9 Availability and accessibility of different market
places in rural and urban areas
10 Availability and accessibility of consumers of
sunflower oils
11 Availability and accessibility of farm inputs in
local markets [option]
12 Availability of established urban-rurallinkages
supported by roads, railways, etc.
13 Availability of a well established network from
sunflower production to final consumers
14 Availability of sources of market information
like TV, Radio and Newspapers
15 Involvement of the Government and
stakeholders in the creation of sunflower markets
67
SECTION III
DETERMINANTS OF ACCESS TO FINANCE AMONG SUNFLOWER
PRODUCERS AND SUNFLOWER OIL PROCESSORS IN SINGIDA
REGION
Indicate the level of importance of the factors numbered 16-21the access to markets
among sunflower producers and sunflower processors by ticking () in the
appropriate boxes.
S/N Factors
Very
imp
orta
nt
Imp
orta
nt
Som
ew
hat
imp
orta
nt
Not
imp
orta
nt
16 Involvement of Banks in the sunflower value chain
17 Involvement of microfinance in the sunflower value
chain
18 Involvement of individuals having high capital
(creditors/lenders) in the sunflower value chain
19 Participation of large traders in the sunflower value
chain
20 Availability and accessibility of credit/loans from
financial institutions and individuals
21 Presence of established financial aid network
between and among producers and processors of
sunflower
SECTION IV
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACCESS TO MARKET AND FINANCE IN
UPGRADING SUNFLOWER VALUE CHAIN
22. What is your opinion regarding the effect of access to market among sunflower
producers and processors in Singida Municipality? [Tick () in the appropriate
boxes].
Very great […]
Great […]
Moderate […]
Low […]
Very low […]
68
23. What is your opinion regarding the effect of access to finance among sunflower
producers and processors in Singida Region? [Tick () in the appropriate boxes].
Very great […]
Great […]
Moderate […]
Low […]
Very low […]
24. Mention the economic/social activities (if any) which access to market and
finance has enabled you to do in the last ten years. Kindly provide your answer in the
table below. [You may also include some economic/social activities provided
below the Table]
Year Economic/social activities enabled
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
The increasing quantity of sunflower production, improving quality of sunflower
seeds, building a house, paying school fees for children, getting married, starting
another business, adding a new machines/processors, buying agricultural
machineries and tools, purchasing agricultural fertilizers and chemicals, buying
more acres of land, opening a bank account, carrying out a house renovation, buying
home furniture, buying a new radio, buying new phone, buying new TV, buying gas
cooker, buying better clothes for the family, buying a bicycle/motorcycle, installing
solar electricity at home, buying the vehicle,…].
69
SECTION IV
UPGRADING SUNFLOWER VALUE CHAIN IN SINGIDA REGION
25. What is your opinion regarding the level of sunflower production among
producers in Singida Region?
Very high […]
High […]
Moderate […]
Low […]
Very low […]
26. What is your opinion regarding the quantity of sunflower seeds produced in
Singida Region?
Very high […]
High […]
Moderate […]
Low […] Very low […]
27. What is your opinion regarding the quality of sunflower seeds produced in
Singida Region?
Very high […]
High […]
Moderate […]
Low […]
Very low […]
28. What is your opinion regarding the quality of sunflower seeds taken for
processing among sunflower oil processors inSingida Region?
Very high […]
High […]
Moderate […]
Low […]
Very low […]
29. What is your opinion regarding the quantity of sunflower oils manufactured by
processors in Singida Region?
Very high […]
High […]
Moderate […]
Low […]
Very low […]
70
30. What is your opinion regarding the quality of sunflower oils manufactured in
Singida Region for sale in different market places?
Very high […]
High […]
Moderate […]
Low […]
Very low […]
31. In your opinion, do you think that there has been/there can be improvements in
the level, quantity and quality of sunflower production and processing in Singida
Region?
Yes […]
No […]