The Roaring The Roaring TwentiesTwenties

The Roaring 20’sThe Roaring 20’sAn era of prosperity,An era of prosperity,

Republican power, Republican power,

and conflictand conflict

Women had right to voteWomen had right to voteFashion more liberalFashion more liberalAlcohol was bannedAlcohol was bannedBabe Ruth, Charles Babe Ruth, Charles

LindberghLindberghMoviesMoviesJazzJazz

Roaring TwentiesRoaring Twenties

Prosperity/PoliticsProsperity/Politics

Return to NormalcyReturn to Normalcy From 1922 economy soaredFrom 1922 economy soared Mass production/Competition drops as Mass production/Competition drops as

corporations gain more controlcorporations gain more control Few unions/wages rise slowlyFew unions/wages rise slowly Minorities /women bottom of pay scaleMinorities /women bottom of pay scale

Civil UnrestCivil Unrest

Red ScareRed ScareAttorney General A. Attorney General A.

Mitchell PalmerMitchell PalmerPalmer RaidsPalmer RaidsSacco - Vanzetti CaseSacco - Vanzetti Case

Decade of Prosperity and Decade of Prosperity and PlayPlay

Unemployment was lowUnemployment was low60% of wealth with just a 60% of wealth with just a

few familiesfew families27,500 wealthiest had as 27,500 wealthiest had as

much as 12 million poorestmuch as 12 million poorest

Desire to return to normalcy Desire to return to normalcy but:but:

High pricesHigh pricesIncreased demand for goodsIncreased demand for goodsWages lowWages lowLabor strikes; Boston Police, Labor strikes; Boston Police, steel workers, (both steel workers, (both unsuccessful)unsuccessful)

1920's collectively known as the 1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age""Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age"

a period of great change in American a period of great change in American Society - modern America is born at this Society - modern America is born at this timetime

AgeAge of Prosperityof Prosperity Economic expansionEconomic expansion Mass Production Mass Production Assembly LineAssembly Line Age of the Age of the

AutomobileAutomobile

Ailing Agriculture…Ailing Agriculture…

Republican PowerRepublican Power President President

HardingHarding Elected 1920Elected 1920 Legacy of Legacy of

Scandals Scandals ““Teapot Dome”Teapot Dome” Died in officeDied in office

ELECTION of 1920ELECTION of 1920

RepublicanRepublicanWarren G. Harding and Calvin Warren G. Harding and Calvin

CoolidgeCoolidge““Return to Normalcy”Return to Normalcy” Isolationism, Laissez -faireIsolationism, Laissez -faireLandslide victory for Landslide victory for

RepublicansRepublicans

Warren G.HardingWarren G.Harding1921-19231921-1923

Popular, good lookingPopular, good lookingWife , Florence King DeWolfe Wife , Florence King DeWolfe

ran his campaignran his campaignGolfed, Played poker, had a Golfed, Played poker, had a

mistressmistressPoor judge of characterPoor judge of character

HardingHarding

Has heart attack and diesHas heart attack and dies Country was saddened as he was Country was saddened as he was

popular. His poor presidency doesn’t popular. His poor presidency doesn’t come to light until latercome to light until later

Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding

Teapot Dome ScandalTeapot Dome Scandal– Govt. oil reserves sold for Govt. oil reserves sold for

business interestsbusiness interests– Sec. of Interior Albert FallSec. of Interior Albert Fall

Naval Limitation TreatyNaval Limitation Treaty Immigration LegislationImmigration Legislation

HardingHarding

““I have no trouble with my enemies, I have no trouble with my enemies, but my friends keep me walking the but my friends keep me walking the floor at night”floor at night”

Many took bribes, many caughtMany took bribes, many caught

POLITICAL SCANDALSPOLITICAL SCANDALS

Teapot Dome ScandalTeapot Dome Scandal–Albert Falls: oil rich public Albert Falls: oil rich public lands set aside for the Navylands set aside for the Navy

–Secretly leased to oil Secretly leased to oil companies for cash and companies for cash and cattlecattle

POST WAR ECONOMYPOST WAR ECONOMY

Assembly line: (Henry Ford) Assembly line: (Henry Ford) increases productivity by 40%increases productivity by 40%

Corporate mergersCorporate mergers Oligopolies: Fix prices, lead to Oligopolies: Fix prices, lead to

chain storeschain stores AdvertisingAdvertising Installment-buying plansInstallment-buying plans

Consumer EconomyConsumer Economy

Consumer Good

»new consumer goods most readily to city dwellers

»new electrical appliances transform household duties

»the department stores of food industry--supermarkets and commercial bakeries--spring up during this period

ORGANIZED LABORORGANIZED LABOR

Organized labor membership Organized labor membership fallsfalls

Managers offer benefit plansManagers offer benefit plansWages rise slowlyWages rise slowly

POST WAR ECONOMYPOST WAR ECONOMY

InflationInflation–Caused by wartime Caused by wartime shortagesshortages

1919 - 3,600 strikes1919 - 3,600 strikesBoston Police StrikeBoston Police StrikeSteel and Coal StrikesSteel and Coal Strikes

LABOR under HARDINGLABOR under HARDING

American PlanAmerican Plan–UnAmerican to join a Union to UnAmerican to join a Union to get a jobget a job

–Employees offered benefits, Employees offered benefits, wage increases, stock options to wage increases, stock options to show unions were unnecessaryshow unions were unnecessary

–Harding pardoned many Union Harding pardoned many Union leadersleaders

PPresident Coolidgeresident Coolidge “The business of America is business.”“The business of America is business.”

Fordney-Fordney-McCumber TariffMcCumber Tariff

Smoot-Hawley Smoot-Hawley TariffTariff

No help for farmersNo help for farmers Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

CALVIN COOLIDGECALVIN COOLIDGE

1923-19291923-1929RepublicanRepublicanVP: Charles DawesVP: Charles Dawes““Silent Cal”Silent Cal”““Business of America is Business of America is

Business”Business”

CoolidgeCoolidge

Slept 10 hours/daySlept 10 hours/day Upon the death of Harding, woke up, Upon the death of Harding, woke up,

was sworn in, then went back to bedwas sworn in, then went back to bed Widened the gap between rich and Widened the gap between rich and

poorpoor Very inactive presidentVery inactive president

Gov. Calvin CoolidgeGov. Calvin Coolidge

““There is no right to There is no right to strike against the public strike against the public safety by safety by anyone,anytime, anyone,anytime, anywhere!”anywhere!”

ProhibitionProhibition

ProhibitionProhibitionBan on AlcoholBan on AlcoholEighteenth Eighteenth AmendmentAmendment

BootleggingBootlegging

PROHIBITIONPROHIBITION

Volstead Act: EnforceVolstead Act: EnforceCriminal actsCriminal acts1933 – 211933 – 21stst Amendment to Amendment to

repealrepeal

SPEAKEASIESSPEAKEASIES

MoonshinersMoonshinersMade illegal alcohol from grainMade illegal alcohol from grainShipped from Ireland CanadaShipped from Ireland CanadaSpeedboats delivered liquor Speedboats delivered liquor

faster than Coast Guard ships faster than Coast Guard ships

Souped up cars out ran Souped up cars out ran government agentsgovernment agents

Early beginnings of Early beginnings of NASCARNASCAR

SpeakeasiesSpeakeasiesIllegal clubs Illegal clubs

Criminal GangsCriminal Gangs Al CaponeAl Capone Gang violenceGang violence

Organized CrimeOrganized CrimeAl CaponeAl CaponeRacketeersRacketeersMade businesses pay Made businesses pay

“protection money“protection money

Finally convicted on White Finally convicted on White Collar crime not violent Collar crime not violent crimecrime

Income Tax evasion landed Income Tax evasion landed Capone in jailCapone in jail

African American MigrationAfrican American Migration

Reached millionsReached millionsRacial Prejudice everywhereRacial Prejudice everywhereMarcus GarveyMarcus GarveyW.E.B. DuboisW.E.B. DuboisKKKKKK Immigration laws: Quota Immigration laws: Quota

SystemSystem

SOCIAL VALUESSOCIAL VALUES

Women Women Divorce: 1-17 ; 1-6; now 1-2Divorce: 1-17 ; 1-6; now 1-2Religion; suffered declineReligion; suffered declineScopes – Monkey TrialScopes – Monkey Trial

–Darwin v CreationDarwin v Creation–FundamentalismFundamentalism

SOCIAL VALUESSOCIAL VALUES

FundamentalismFundamentalismBible contained no Bible contained no

contradictions or errorscontradictions or errorsSupported Bible is literally Supported Bible is literally

truetrueEvery story actually took Every story actually took

place as writtenplace as written

A Society in ConflictA Society in Conflict Anti-immigrant Anti-immigrant

– National Origins ActNational Origins Act

– DiscriminationDiscrimination

Sacco-Vanzetti TrialSacco-Vanzetti Trial– Italian immigrantsItalian immigrants

– Unfair trialUnfair trial

for immigrants – the point of origin for immigrants – the point of origin had shifted to S & E Europe and new had shifted to S & E Europe and new religions appeared: Jewish, religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox, CatholicOrthodox, Catholic

N. European immigrants of early 19c. N. European immigrants of early 19c. feared this shift and felt it would feared this shift and felt it would undermine Protestant valuesundermine Protestant values

this fear was known as NATIVISMthis fear was known as NATIVISM many wanted Congress to restrict many wanted Congress to restrict

immigration, leading to a quota immigration, leading to a quota system that favoured n. areas of system that favoured n. areas of EuropeEurope

fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) led to a sentiment known as the Red led to a sentiment known as the Red Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Rev.)Rev.)

basic comm. advocates a int'l basic comm. advocates a int'l revolution by the revolution by the proletariatproletariat/workers - /workers - fears that this ideology could find its fears that this ideology could find its way into the U.S.way into the U.S.

at this time, W. at this time, W. Wilson was gravely Wilson was gravely ill following a strokeill following a stroke

his Attorney his Attorney General, General, A. Mitchell A. Mitchell PalmerPalmer, wanted to , wanted to take a shot at the take a shot at the presidency - he used presidency - he used fears of both fears of both immigrants and immigrants and communism to his communism to his advantageadvantage

he had he had J. Edgar J. Edgar HooverHoover round up round up suspected radicals, suspected radicals, many of which were many of which were deported (deported (Palmer Palmer RaidsRaids))

SOCIAL VALUESSOCIAL VALUES

Scopes TrialScopes TrialEvolution vs. Evolution vs.

FundamentalistFundamentalistTennessee passed Tennessee passed Illegal to teach EvolutionIllegal to teach Evolution

Scopes “Monkey” TrialScopes “Monkey” TrialEvolution vs. Creationism

Dayton, TennesseeFamous Lawyers

Science vs. Religion

John ScopesHigh School Biology teacher

SOCIAL VALUESSOCIAL VALUES

John T. Scopes challenged John T. Scopes challenged lawlaw

Trial combatantsTrial combatantsWilliam Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings BryanClarence DarrowClarence Darrow

ProhibitionProhibition18th Amendment Volstead Act

Gangsters

Al Capone

SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES

Civil RightsCivil RightsRiotsRiots25 cities summer of 191925 cities summer of 1919Chicago hard hitChicago hard hitRock fightRock fight

SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES

17 year old African 17 year old African American was struck and American was struck and killed while swimmingkilled while swimming

Several days of rioting Several days of rioting broke outbroke out

SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES

Revival of KKKRevival of KKKColonel William J. Simmons Colonel William J. Simmons

revivedrevivedNot only in SouthNot only in SouthIndiana had lad the largest Indiana had lad the largest

membershipmembership

The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan Great increase

In powerAnti-black

Anti-immigrant

Anti-women’s suffrage

Anti-bootleggers

Anti-Semitic

Anti-Catholic

SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES

4 million members4 million membersAfrican Americans, Catholics, African Americans, Catholics,

Jews, Immigrants, all were Jews, Immigrants, all were victimsvictims

1925 leader of Indiana Klan1925 leader of Indiana KlanWas sent to prisonWas sent to prison

Youth CultureYouth Culture FlappersFlappers

SPORTSSPORTS

BaseballBaseballFootballFootballBoxingBoxingTennisTennis

FAMOUS PEOPLEFAMOUS PEOPLE

HeroesHeroesLucky LindyLucky LindyFirst to fly across Atlantic First to fly across Atlantic

solosoloBecame National heroBecame National heroRemained modest thus Remained modest thus

increasing popularityincreasing popularity

FAMOUS PEOPLEFAMOUS PEOPLE

Amelia EarhartAmelia Earhart first woman to fly solo first woman to fly solo

across Atlanticacross AtlanticFirst successful flight from First successful flight from

Hawaii to CaliforniaHawaii to California

CULTURAL CREATIVITYCULTURAL CREATIVITY

LiteratureLiterature–Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis, HemingwayLewis, Hemingway

HARLEM RENAISSANCEHARLEM RENAISSANCE

Harlem RenaissanceHarlem Renaissance–Grew from 50,000 to Grew from 50,000 to 200,000 in 16 years200,000 in 16 years

–Literature and music of Literature and music of African Americans African Americans

NAACPNAACP James Weldon JohnsonJames Weldon JohnsonAlain Locke Alain Locke The New Negro The New Negro

– African American CultureAfrican American CultureLangston HughesLangston Hughes Joys and difficulties of being Joys and difficulties of being

American and blackAmerican and black

College LifeCollege LifeEnrollment tripledEnrollment tripledNew target groupNew target group

Leisure Fun and fadsLeisure Fun and fads Dance MarathonsDance Marathons

Beauty Contests- Miss America Beauty Contests- Miss America PageantPageant

Pole SittingPole Sitting

Music & DanceMusic & Dance

Berlin, Gershwin, PorterBerlin, Gershwin, PorterJazz: Louie Armstrong, Jazz: Louie Armstrong, Duke EllingtonDuke Ellington

FlappersFlappers

Theaters rose from 500 in Theaters rose from 500 in 1910 to 22,500 in 19301910 to 22,500 in 1930

Elaborate design ornate Elaborate design ornate lobbies balconies place to golobbies balconies place to go

125,000 million people in the 125,000 million people in the United StatesUnited States

Magazines and NewspapersMagazines and NewspapersMore readers less More readers less

independent newspapersindependent newspapersTabloids instead of Hard Tabloids instead of Hard

NewsNews

MagazinesMagazinesSaturday Evening PostSaturday Evening PostReaders DigestReaders DigestTimeTimeLadies Home JournalLadies Home Journal

The 20’s The 20’s isis The Jazz AgeThe Jazz AgeThe Flappers

make upcigarettes

short skirts

MusiciansLouis ArmstrongDuke Ellington

WritersF. Scott FitzgeraldErnest Hemingway

Jazz AgeJazz AgeAfrican American music of African American music of

the souththe southRadio popularized JazzRadio popularized JazzJazz clubs allowed Jazz clubs allowed musicians to playmusicians to play

Louis ArmstrongLouis ArmstrongDuke EllingtonDuke EllingtonBenny Goodman Benny Goodman Charleston became Charleston became

popularpopular

Culture of the Roaring 20’sCulture of the Roaring 20’sRadio

KDKA PittsburghGE, Westinghouse,&

RCA form NBC

Silent MoviesCharlie Chaplin

“Talkies”The Jazz SingerStarring Al Jolson

Mary Pickford“America’s Sweetheart”

Jazz sprung Off shoots Jazz sprung Off shoots George GershwinGeorge Gershwin““Rhapsody in Blue”Rhapsody in Blue”Combination of symphonic Combination of symphonic

and jazzand jazz

Mass EntertainmentMass Entertainment

Bigger Paychecks/more free timeBigger Paychecks/more free timeRADIORADIO

–800 stations by 1929800 stations by 1929–Broadcast church Broadcast church services,news,music, sporting services,news,music, sporting eventsevents

–advertisingadvertising

MOVIESMOVIES

Silent Film,dramas, Silent Film,dramas, westernswesterns

Showed changes in Showed changes in morality, sexualitymorality, sexuality

SPORTSSPORTS

Professional, college Professional, college levellevel

Football BaseballFootball BaseballBabe Ruth, Jack Babe Ruth, Jack DempseyDempsey

CelebritiesCelebritiesBabe Ruth &Ty Cobb

Jack Dempsey

Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis

Divisions in American Divisions in American SocietySociety

Farm CrisisFarm CrisisMigration to city- fewer Migration to city- fewer

farmers neededfarmers needed1900- 42% of America on 1900- 42% of America on

FarmsFarms1920 – 25% on Farms1920 – 25% on Farms

Farm DepressionFarm Depression

Over-productionOver-productionMortgage paymentsMortgage payments½ million lost farms½ million lost farmsMcNary-Haugen Bill (Govt. McNary-Haugen Bill (Govt.

buys surplus and resells buys surplus and resells abroad)abroad)

AgricultureAgriculturethe 1920s a hard time for agriculture

–natural disasters and diseases –foreign markets shrink –increased production lowers prices –as a result, farmers have difficulty paying off loans and mortgages

AutomobilesAutomobiles

»biggest impact on U.S. life and culture traffic jams and parking problems accidental traffic deaths rise sharply (as

many as 26,000 per year) changes in family life--people get away

form home more often, automobile comes into the household

1920's great changes for 1920's great changes for women...women...

1920 - 19th Amendment 1920 - 19th Amendment

more women worked more women worked outside the homeoutside the home

women went to collegewomen went to college

characterized by the characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new FLAPPER/ "new woman"woman"– (bobbed hair, short (bobbed hair, short

dresses, smoked in dresses, smoked in public...)public...)