the road to revolution. long range causes of the american revolution. l america settled by...
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The Road to The Road to RevolutionRevolution
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Long range causes of Long range causes of the American the American
RevolutionRevolution..America settled by discontents.
Americans endured hardships far from the authority of England.
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The American The American CharacterCharacter
Life in the wilderness and loss of ties, created a character of -- Adaptability, Strength, Self Confidence, Individualism, and a sense of Independence.
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New ideas of enlightenment created drive toward democracy and self-government. John Locke
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England’s Colonial England’s Colonial SystemSystemThe establishment of the colonies was haphazard and unplanned.
The system of colonial control evolved over time.
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The Board of TradeThe Board of Trade The most important
organization in governing the colonies was the Board of Trade.
Advised the Parliament and the Privy Council.
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Currency was restricted in the colonies - barter was common.
Colonial practice of printing paper money was banned by Parliament.
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Merits of Merits of MercantilismMercantilismSmugglers got around the Acts which were not strongly enforced.
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The Acts helped New England ship builders who were given price supports.
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Tobacco farmers were given a monopoly.
Colonists did not have to pay for their own army and navy.
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Americans still developed manufacturing and commerce and would have traded more with the British even without the restrictions.
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The average American was better off than their counterpart in Britain.
England wanted the colonies to prosper.
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Problems with Problems with MercantilismMercantilismEconomic initiative was stifled in the colonies.
Southern colonies were favored causing hard feeling in New England.
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The price of tobacco dropped causing the tobacco farmers of the Chesapeake to go heavily into debt.
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American colonial economy was never allowed to mature.
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Periods of “salutary neglect” had created the feeling of the right to self-government and self determination
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Feelings of resentment toward Mercantilist policies developed over time.
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The First Sparks of The First Sparks of Rebellion. Rebellion.
The Seven Years War left England heavily in debt.
Nearly £70 million spent defending the colonies.
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England wanted the colonies to help pay one-third the cost of quartering 10,000 redcoats in America.
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1763 - Prime Minister George Grenville ordered the Royal Navy to enforce the Navigation Laws.
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The Sugar ActThe Sugar Act1764 - Parliament passed the Sugar Act to specifically raise revenue from the colonies. This and a series of other tariffs are called the Grenville Acts.
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James Otis, in protest against the Sugar Act, puts forth the idea of “no taxation without representation”
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The Currency ActThe Currency Act
1764 - Parliament passed the Currency Act - no printing of paper currency in the colonies.
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Protest against the Sugar Act led Parliament to lower the Grenville duties.
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The Quartering ActThe Quartering Act
1765 - Parliament passes the Quartering Act requiring colonies to provide food and quarter to soldiers.
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Colonists questioned the need for troops and many felt they were there to keep the colonists in line.
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The Stamp ActThe Stamp Act1765 - Passage of the Stamp Act - first direct internal tax.
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The Stamp Act required a stamp on all printed materials.
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Stamp Act ProtestsStamp Act ProtestsStamp Act led to a major protest movement.
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Colonists agreed that Parliament had the right to pass legislation affecting the Empire but not the right to directly tax Americans who had no representation in Parliament.
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"The Folly of England "The Folly of England and the Ruin of and the Ruin of America" America"
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English reaction to English reaction to the protests.the protests.Grenville insisted that the Americans were represented by “Virtual Representation.”
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Parliament refused to grant sole taxation powers to the colonies.
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The Stamp Act The Stamp Act CongressCongress1765 - Stamp Act Congress called - 27 delegates from nine colonies meet in New York City.
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The congress had little effect but it did bring together leaders from 9 different colonies.
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"If this be treason, "If this be treason, make the most of it." make the most of it."
Patrick Patrick HenryHenry
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Non-Importation Non-Importation AgreementsAgreements
1765 - Sons and Daughters of Liberty formed to organize boycotts and terrorize violators.
Stamp agents forced to resign - nullifying the law.
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Boycotts of British goods forced British merchants to put pressure on Parliament.
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1766 - Parliament meets to discuss the Stamp Act - William Pitt argues in favor of repeal - Benjamin Franklin argues for Pennsylvania.
William Pitt the elder
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1766 - Parliament repeals the Stamp Act - and passes the Declaratory Act reaffirming Parliaments right to make laws for the colonies.
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The Townshend ActsThe Townshend ActsChancellor of the
Exchequer - Charles Townshend backs a series of External customs duties on various items - glass, lead, paints, paper and tea.
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The Townshend revenues will pay for colonial defense and the salaries of royal governors and judges.
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In 1767 Parliament suspends the legislature of New York for failure to pay for the quartering of troops.
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Colonists simply ignore the Townshend duties and enjoy cheap smuggled tea.
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1767 - Townshend dies and is succeeded by Lord North.
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Road to rebellion 1768 Road to rebellion 1768 - 1774- 1774 1768 - Samuel Adams
of Boston sends out a circular letter to other colonies seeking boycotts - sets the stage for committees of correspondence.
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1768 - John Hancock's sloop The Liberty is seized for smuggling - leads to protest movement.
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1768 - British troops land in Boston to keep order.
1769 - Virginia’s Royal Governor disbands the House of Burgesses for passing Washington and Mason’s non-importation resolutions.
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1769 - other colonial legislatures meet to pass non-importation agreements stemming from Sam Adams’ circular letter.
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1770 - Lord Frederick North becomes Prime Minister of England - refuses to repeal revenue acts.
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1770 - leader of New York’s Sons of Liberty arrested for printing radical broadside against England.
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The Boston MassacreThe Boston MassacreMarch 1770 - angry Boston mob is fired on by British troops - killing three, including Crispus Attucks a runaway black slave.
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The Boston Massacre fans the flames of revolt.
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April 1770 - in answer to colonial outrage Parliament repeals the Townshend Acts, except for the duty on tea. Colonists begin to drop non-importation bans.
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October 1770 - British soldiers responsible for the Boston massacre are put on trial, all but 2 are acquitted. The two guilty of manslaughter are branded and released. John Adams – Lawyer for the defense
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Regulators and Regulators and RebellionRebellion1771 - North Carolina reacts to the Regulators (like the Paxton Boys of Penn.) by passing the Bloody Act.
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The problems between frontier and Piedmont continue.
Many Regulators are executed for treason even after swearing allegiance to the government.
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The Gaspee Affair1772 - Rhode Island citizens burn a British customs ship off Narragansett Bay. Britain wants culprits tried in England.
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Committee of Correspondence
1772 - Samuel Adams establishes Committee of Correspondence to spread revolutionary propaganda - other colonies follow suit.
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The Tea Act1773 - the Tea Act - gives a monopoly on tea to the British East India Co. - which is close to bankruptcy - begins shipping 1/2 million tons of tea to America.
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December 1773 - Boston Tea Party - citizens dressed as Indians dump 342 casks of tea into Boston Harbor.
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The Intolerable ActsThe Intolerable Acts1774 - in answer to rebelliousness in the colonies, Parliament passes the “Coercive Acts” (also called the Repressive Acts)
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They are known in the colonies as the “Intolerable Acts”
Boston Port Bill closes Boston harbor.
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May 1774 - British General Thomas Gage replaces Thomas Hutchinson as governor of Massachusetts - four regiments of troops follow.
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May 1774 - more Coercive Acts are passed –Justice Act protecting Royal agents;
– Massachusetts Regulating Act - voids Mass. Charter;
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–The Quebec Act - creating a central government in Canada and protecting French subjects.
–Canada is extended to the Ohio River.
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The First Continental The First Continental CongressCongressSeptember 1774 - First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia - all colonies send delegates except Georgia.
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John Adams leads the way in calling for American independence.
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A Declaration of Rights was drafted
The Association was created to enforce a complete boycott of British goods.
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The convention disbanded after agreeing to meet again in May 1775.
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First Shots in the First Shots in the RevolutionRevolution
April 18-19, 1775 - Gen. Thomas Gage orders British soldiers to march on Concord.
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The Midnight RideThe Midnight Ride
Paul Revere and William Dawes sent to warn Hancock and Adams.
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Paul ReverePaul Revere
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The Lexington The Lexington MassacreMassacreSkirmish takes place in Lexington - 8 Americans killed.
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The Battle at Concord The Battle at Concord BridgeBridge
British soldiers turned back at Concord - the “shot heard `round the world” - British troops barely make it back to Boston.
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ConcordConcord
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Siege of Boston by Americans begins and America is now at war with Britain.
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Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and Slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!
- Patrick Henry