the « responsible gambling » policy model: a strategy ... · gambling introduction gamblers and...
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J e a n - M i c h e l C o s t e s
Symposium Glücksspie l forschung und Glücksspie lpol i t ik
Univers i tä t Hamburg, Hamburg 24 March 2016
The « responsible gambling » policy model: a strategy based on the regulation of a legal supply
Assessment questions and related indicators: Concentration in gambling revenues, a proxy for social costs
1
24/03/2016 [email protected]
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Outline
Introduction
Legal framework in France
Gamblers and gambling patterns in France Main results of the national epidemiological studies
A policy model for gambling
The strategy based on the regulation of a legal supply: « responsible gambling »
Assessment of a responsible gambling policy
2 examples of key assessment questions and related indicators
Conclusion
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Gambling legal framework in France
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(Tables(games,(Slot(machines) Poker
Off(lineFDJ(
(Française(des(jeux)
FDJ((Française(des(jeux)
PMU((Pari(mutuel(urbain)
On(lineFDJ(
(Française(des(jeux)
(=(State(monopolies(=(Private(operators(=(Prohibited((except(for(some(FDJ(an(PMU(games)
Gambling(legal(framework(in(France(before&2010
Casinos
Authorization/Concession
LotteriesSports(betting
Horse(racing
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Gambling legal framework in France
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(Tables(games,(Slot(machines) Poker
Off(lineFDJ(
(Française(des(jeux)
FDJ((Française(des(jeux)
PMU((Pari(mutuel(urbain)
On(line Licensed(operators
FDJ((Française(des(jeux)
Licensed(operators
Licensed(operators
(=(State(monopolies(=(Private(operators(=(Prohibited
Gambling(legal(framework(in(France(after&2010
CasinosLotteries
Sports(betting
Horse(racing
Authorization/Concession
19.1% GR
19.7% GR 27.8% GR 33.3% GR
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Gamblers and gambling patterns in France
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Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
National surveys on gambling in France
� Enquête nationale sur les jeux d’argent 2010; INPES/OFDT (N = 25 000 French people aged 18-75 years) (Costes et al. 2011)
� Enquête nationale sur les jeux d’argent en ligne 2012; OFDT/ODJ (N = 4 000 online gamblers) (Tovar, Costes, et Eroukmanoff 2013)
� Enquête nationale sur les jeux d’argent 2014; INPES/ODJ (N = 16 000 French people aged 15-75 years) (Costes et al. 2015)
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Introduction Methodology Findings Conclusion
Online risk factor of problem gambling?
Gambling activities
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off#line on#lineLottery 39.9 97.2 5.4Scratch#card#games 32.5 99.5 1.7Sports#betting 6.3 94.6 9.5Horse#racing 4.1 86.5 23.6Poker 2.7 81.3 39.2Slot#machines 5.4 98.9 1.6Casinos#(excluding#poker) 2.0 99.4 2.2Other#games 1.0 97.6 6.4
Overall 56.2 98.2 7.3Source':'Enquête'nationale'sur'les'jeux'd'argent'et'de'hasard'ODJ/INPES'2014
Gambling5participation5among5French5people5aged515>755years5in52014
Gambling#activitiesLast#year#
prevalence#(%)
Among#those#who#play#this#type#of#game:
%#playing
Introduction Methodology Findings Conclusion
Online risk factor of problem gambling?
Problem gambling
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15635 8784n %****** %******
Non*gamblers 6851 43.8 ( 43.0 & 44.6 ) 6 &Nonproblem*gamblers 7481 47.8 ( 47.1 & 48.6 ) 85.2 ( 84.4 & 85.9 )Low6risk*gamblers 889 5.7 ( 5.3 & 6.0 ) 10.1 ( 9.5 & 10.7 )Moderate6risk*gamblers 340 2.2 ( 1.9 & 2.4 ) 3.9 ( 3.5 & 4.3 )Problem*gamblers 75 0.5 ( 0.4 & 0.6 ) 0.9 ( 0.7 & 1.0 )Source5:5Enquête5nationale5sur5les5jeux5d'argent5et5de5hasard5ODJ/INPES52014
Problem(gambling(prevalence(in(France(in(2014
IC5955% IC5955%
GamblersPGSI
Overall*15675*years*population
Introduction Methodology Findings Conclusion
Online risk factor of problem gambling?
Problem gambling associated factors (1)
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<5(N=8605)
>=5(n=179)
N % % %Overall 8784 - 98.0 2.0 -
GenderMen 4483 51.0 96.9 3.2 3.65 <0.001Women 4302 49.0 99.1 0.9 ref.
Age15-24 1177 13.4 96.5 3.5 3.84 <0.00125-54 5187 59.1 97.8 2.2 2.43 <0.00155-75 2420 27.5 99.1 0.9 ref.
EducationDidnotcompleteBaccalaureate 4876 55.5 97.3 2.7 ref.CompletedBaccalaureate 1783 20.3 98.3 1.7 0.63 0.024CompletedPost-Baccalaureatediploma 2126 24.2 99.2 0.8 0.28 <0.001
Socioprofessionalcategory(SPC)LowSPC 5024 57.2 97.7 2.3 ref.MiddleSPC 2596 29.5 97.9 2.1 0.92 0.635HighSPC 1165 13.3 99.3 0.7 0.30 <0.001
ProfessionnalSituationWorking 5367 61.1 98.3 1.7 ref.Student 632 7.2 96.7 3.3 1.93 0.008Unemployment 891 10.1 94.9 5.1 3.07 <0.001Other(ornoanswer) 1895 21.6 98.9 1.1 0.63 0.057
Demographiccharacteristics OverallProblemgamblingseverityindex
OR P
Introduction Methodology Findings Conclusion
Online risk factor of problem gambling?
Problem gambling associated factors (2)
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<5(N=8605)
>=5(n=179)
N % % %Overall 8784 - 98.0 2.0 -
Gamblingparticipation:(ref=1;nopractice)Lotteryscratchcardgames 8121 92.5 98.2 1.9 0.42 <0.001Sportsbetting 638 7.3 89.1 10.9 9.01 <0.001Horseracing 979 11.1 93.6 6.4 4.56 <0.001Poker 421 4.8 89.7 10.3 7.00 <0.001Casinogames(excludingpoker) 1131 12.9 94.0 6.1 4.39 <0.001
Gamblingfrequency(lastyear)[1;24[ 4729 53.8 99.6 0.4 ref.[24;52[ 1287 14.6 99.2 0.8 2.19 0.043[52;104[ 1417 16.1 97.6 2.4 6.43 <0.001[104;+[ 1352 15.4 91.4 8.6 24.32 <0.001
Gamblingspending(lastyear)<250€(includingnoanswer) 6144 69.9 99.6 0.4 ref.[250;500[€ 975 11.1 99.6 0.4 0.89 0.836[500;1000[€ 780 8.9 96.7 3.4 7.78 <0.001>=1000€ 886 10.1 86.3 13.8 35.77 <0.001
Onlinegamblingno 8142 92.7 98.3 1.7 ref.yes 643 7.3 93.6 6.4 3.98 <0.001
Numberofactivitiespracticed(5categories)1 6824 77.7 99.0 1.0 ref.2 1546 17.6 97.1 2.9 2.93 <0.0013ormore 415 4.7 84.6 15.4 17.62 <0.001
Gamblingpatterns OverallProblemgamblingseverityindex
OR P
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Online gambling
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Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Who is gambling online?
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Offlinegamblers
Onlinegamblers
n=8,142 n=643GenderWomen 50.9 24.2 ***Men 49.1 75.8 ***Age15-24 13.1 17.8 ***25-34 17.9 27.6 ***35-44 19.7 23.3 *45-54 20.6 17.8 ns55-75 28.7 13.5 ***ProfessionnalSituationWorking 60.4 70.1 ***Student 10.1 10.1 nsUnemployment 7.0 9.2 *Other(ornoanswer) 22.4 10.6 ***Socioprofessionalcategory(SPC)LowSPC 58.3 43.6 ***MiddleSPC 28.9 37.2 ***HighSPC 12.8 19.2 ***EducationDidnotcompleteBaccalaureate 56.8 39.2 ***CompletedBaccalaureate 20.0 23.6 *CompletedPost-Baccalaureatediploma 23.2 37.2 ***
Test:*p≤0.05**p≤0.01
***p≤0.001
Demographiccharacteristics
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
What are the online gambling patterns?
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Offlinegamblers
Onlinegamblers
n=8,142 n=643Gamblingfrequency(lastyear)[1;24[ 55.5 32.9 ***[24;52[ 14.7 13.8 ns[52;104[ 15.8 20.6 **[104;+[ 14.0 32.7 ***
Gamblingspending(lastyear)<250€(includingnoanswer) 72.1 43.0 ***[250;500[€ 10.9 13.4 ns[500;1000[€ 8.4 15.5 ***>=1000€ 8.7 28.1 ***
Numberofactivitiespracticed1 60.2 36.9 ***2 26.6 27.4 ns3ormore 13.2 35.7 ***
Gamblingparticipation:Lottery 68.4 76.2 ***Scratchcardgames 47.9 41.9 **Horseracing 10.4 21.2 ***Sportsbetting 5.4 31.2 ***Poker 2.8 30.1 ***Casinogames(excludingpoker) 12.1 22.8 ***
Problemgambling(PGSI≥5)yes 1.7 6.4 ***
Test:*p≤0.05**p≤0.01
***p≤0.001
Gamblingpatterns
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
A policy model for gambling: regulation of a legal supply
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Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Policy model: regulation of a legal supply
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Actions Long-termeffects Goals
Logicmodelofapublicpolicyongamblingbasedontheregulationofalegalsupply
Strategy
Regulationofresponsible
gamblingsupply
Security
component
Socio-
economic
component
Health
component
Reducethecriminaluse
Protecttheintegrityofsport
Protectstaterevenues
Treatpathologicalgamblers
Protectplayersafety
Reduceproblemgambling
Protectthegamblingeconomicsectors
Protectpublicsafety
Protecttheeconomy
Protectpublichealth
Se:nguptreatment
Se:nguppreven;on
Ac;onsagainstcriminaluses(money
laundering)
Ac;onsagainstillegalsupply
Ac;onsagainstfraudongames
se:ngtaxes
managementofaregulatedsupply
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Toward assessment of a “regulation of a legal supply” strategy
To assess the overall Effectiveness of this gambling strategy: Ø Social cost (Costs/Benefits) measures Ø Another way: indicators to assess specific goal,
long term effect or action 2 examples of key assessment questions and related indicators
1. Do a legal gambling supply effective and safer?
2. Is problem gambling reduced? 24/03/2016
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Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Policy model: regulation of a legal supply
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Actions Long-termeffects Goals
Logicmodelofapublicpolicyongamblingbasedontheregulationofalegalsupply
Strategy
Regulationofresponsible
gamblingsupply
Security
component
Socio-
economic
component
Health
component
Reducethecriminaluse
Protecttheintegrityofsport
Protectstaterevenues
Treatpathologicalgamblers
Protectplayersafety
Reduceproblemgambling
Protectthegamblingeconomicsectors
Protectpublicsafety
Protecttheeconomy
Protectpublichealth
Se:nguptreatment
Se:nguppreven;on
Ac;onsagainstcriminaluses(money
laundering)
Ac;onsagainstillegalsupply
Ac;onsagainstfraudongames
se:ngtaxes
managementofaregulatedsupply
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Do a legal gambling supply effective and safer?
Key questions
1. Do people gamble on regulated websites?
2. Practices on the regulated supply are they safer?
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Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Do people gamble on regulated supply? (1)
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6,6#
14,7#
2,1#
13,0#
11,8#
8,9#
66,4#
72,1#
4,0#
7,2#
11,6#
13,8#
16,4#
19,2#
20,4#
58,2#
100,0#
0,0# 20,0# 40,0# 60,0# 80,0# 100,0#
Casinos#(excluding#poker)#
Slot#machines#
Other#games#
Horse#racing#
Sports#beFng#
Poker#
LoIery,#scratch#card#games#K#others#
LoIery,#scratch#card#games#K#FDJ*#
All#games#combined#
*FDJ:#state#company#which#manages#legal#loIery#and#scratch#card#games###Source':'Enquête'e.ENJEU2012';'OFDT'/'ODJ#
Prevalence)of)last)12)months)gamblingamong)online)gamblers)by)type)of)games)(in)%)))
Online#
Offline#
Unregulated games
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Do people gamble on regulated supply? (2)
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in#%######Poker
(n=335)*Sport/Horse#Bet##(n=317)*
only%regulated%web%sites 54% 53% 70%only%unregulated%web%sites 19% 23% 6%both 27% 24% 24%source':'Enquête'e.ENJEU2012;'OFDT/ODJ
Distribution#of#gamblers#according#to#the#regulated#status#of#web#sites#they#use
*%%exclusifs%gamblers
Regulated#field#(2010#law)All#gamblers#(N=4042)
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Practices on the regulated supply are they safer? (1)
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Regulated sites only
Unregulated sites
% % OR1
Steady involvement in gambling Frequent gambling (≥ 52 times in the past 12 months) 41,4 47,6 0.69***Important spending (pent ≥ 500 € in the past 12months) 25,2 26,8 0.65***
Problematic gambling (score of 3+ on the PGSI) 12,1 17,3 0.67***
Associated ConsequencesLifestyle behaviours
Sleep disturbance 9,7 20,1 0.47***Unhealthy eating 9,1 17,9 0.51***Interpersonal problems (arguments. conflicts) 2 1,6 1,2
Substance use behavioursIncreased concern about alcohol consumption 3 3,5 1,09Increased concern about tobacco use 6,3 12,2 0.69*Increased concern about cannabis use 1,3 2,2 0,94Increased concern about use of illicit drugs (excluding cannabis) 1,1 1,2 1,32
1 Significant odds ratio (OR) adjusted for age and sex: *p<=.05, ** p<=.01, ***p<=.001*regulated activities: lotteries, poker, horse racing and sports betting
Gambling patterns of individuals who participated to a regulated online gambling activity* according to the regulatory status of gambling sites (N=3,230).
Overall (N=3,230)
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Practices on the regulated supply are they safer? (2)
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0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 50" 60" 70"
Problema2c"gambling"(score"of"3+"on"the"PGSI)"
Increased"concern"about"alcohol"consump2on"
Increased"concern"about"tobacco"use"
Sleep"disturbance"
Unhealthy"ea2ng"
Important"spending"(spent"≥"500"€""in"the"past"12months)"
Frequent"gambling"(≥"52"2mes"in"the"past"12"months)"
significant)differences)
%))
Lo1ery)
Unregulated"Regulated"
0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 50" 60" 70"
Problema2c"gambling"(score"of"3+"on"the"PGSI)"
Increased"concern"about"alcohol"consump2on"
Increased"concern"about"tobacco"use"
Sleep"disturbance"
Unhealthy"ea2ng"
Important"spending"(spent"≥"500"€""in"the"past"12months)"
Frequent"gambling"(≥"52"2mes"in"the"past"12"months)"
significant)differences)
%))
Poker)
Unregulated"Regulated"
0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 50" 60" 70"
Problema2c"gambling"(score"of"3+"on"the"PGSI)"
Increased"concern"about"alcohol"consump2on"
Increased"concern"about"tobacco"use"
Sleep"disturbance"
Unhealthy"ea2ng"
Important"spending"(spent"≥"500"€""in"the"past"12months)"
Frequent"gambling"(≥"52"2mes"in"the"past"12"months)"
significant)differences)
%))
Sports)be3ng)
Unregulated"Regulated"
0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 50" 60" 70"
Problema2c"gambling"(score"of"3+"on"the"PGSI)"
Increased"concern"about"alcohol"consump2on"
Increased"concern"about"tobacco"use"
Sleep"disturbance"
Unhealthy"ea2ng"
Important"spending"(spent"≥"500"€""in"the"past"12months)"
Frequent"gambling"(≥"52"2mes"in"the"past"12"months)"
significant)differences)
%))
Horse)be2ng)
Unregulated"Regulated"
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
2. Is problem gambling reduced?
2 main indicators to adress this question : ü % of problem gamblers
ü % of gambling revenue related to problem gamblers
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Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
% of problem gamblers
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4.7 5.4
19.2
12.1
18.615.9
9.9 12.4
4.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Lo/eries Scratchcards
Sportsbe<ng
Horseracing Poker Casinotablegames(w/o
poker)
Slotmachines
Onlinegambling
Overall
Source:Enquêtena/onalesurlesjeuxd'argentetdehasardODJ/INPES2014,calculODJ
Problemgambling
PGSI≥8
3≤PGSI≤7
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
% of gambling revenue related to problem gamblers
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24.2 26.1
58.5
40.3
63.3
76.1
41.0
56.8
40.3
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Lo/eries Scratchcards
Sportsbe<ng
Horseracing Poker Casinotablegames(w/o
poker)
Slotmachines
Onlinegambling
Overall
Source:Enquêtena/onalesurlesjeuxd'argentetdehasardODJ/INPES2014,calculODJ
Problemgambling
PGSI≥8
3≤PGSI≤7
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Spending concentration (1)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cumula&
veSpe
nding(%
)
Cumula&venumberofgamblers(%)Source:Enquêtena/onalesurlesjeuxd'argentetdehasardODJ/INPES2014,calculODJ
Distribu&onofcumula&vespendingforgamblinginFrancein2014(Overallgamblingac&vi&es)
Gamblers Spending50% 98%10% 76%1% 62%
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Spending concentration (2)
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0.74000
0.76000
0.78000
0.80000
0.82000
0.84000
0.86000
0.88000
0.90000
LOTTERIES SCRATCHCARDS
SPORTSBETTING
OVERALLGAMBLING
HORSERACING
CASINO POKER SLOTMACHINES
GINICoe
fficien
t
Source:Enquêtena/onalesurlesjeuxd'argentetdehasardODJ/INPES2014,calculODJ
Concentra/onofdemandforgamblingac/vi/esmeasuredbytheGINIcoefficient
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Spending concentration (3)
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0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
0.740 0.760 0.780 0.800 0.820 0.840 0.860
%Problem
gam
bling
Ginicoefficient
r=0.72;p-value=0.03
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
0.740 0.760 0.780 0.800 0.820 0.840 0.860 0.880 0.900
Prob
lemgam
blingsharerevenu
e
Ginicoefficient
r=0,73;p-value=0.02
Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Conclusions
Responsible gambling ü This strategy, based on the regulation of a legal supply, aims at reducing problem gambling Facts ü Among the many factors associated with PG, the most significant are the intensity of the practice : frequency and spending Assessment of responsible gambling ü Overall, the social cost measures ü More specifically, to assess fulfilment and effectiveness of the operators responsible gaming strategies
ü Assessment of the means being deployed is not good enough ü Results assessment is needful ü Spending or Revenue Concentration is a good proxy assessment indicator for this
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Toward assessment of a regulation strategy for gambling
Introduction Gamblers and patterns Gambling regulation policy Assessment of this strategy Conclusion
Thank you for your attention
To know more :
http://www.economie.gouv.fr/observatoire-des-jeux
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