the respiratory system. do now missing work check-in
TRANSCRIPT
The Respiratory System
Do Now
Missing Work Check-In
Homework
Read pg. 440-445Answer questions 3-6 on pg. 445
Structures of the Respiratory System
NosePharynxLarynxTracheaBronchiBronchiolesAlveoli
Structures of the Respiratory System
Ultimate goal is to get air to the alveoliWhat purpose do the other structures
serve?◦Purify◦Humidify◦Warm
Anatomy of the Nose
Nostrils◦Outer, visible part of the nose
Nasal Cavity◦Interior
Nasal septum◦Divides the nasal cavity
Mucosa◦Trap incoming bacteria
Soft v. Hard Palate
Both work to separate the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Hard - BoneSoft – Unsupported by bone (tissue)
Sinuses
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the…◦Nasal mucosa
Caused by cold viruses and allergensResults in congestion and postnasal drip
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the sinuses!Sinuses are blocked with mucus Sinus headache ensues…
Pharynx v. Larynx
Pharynx – “throat”◦Common passageway for food and air◦Houses the tonsils
Tonsillitis causes mouth breathing – insufficient air moistening and filtration
Larynx – “voice box”◦Vocal cords vibrate when air is expelled,
creating you voice◦Cough reflex is used when anything other than
air enters the larynx
Pharynx v. Larynx
Review Questions
Where is the air warmed?List 2 organs of the respiratory system
other than the nose.What does the septum do?
Lower Respiratory Tract
Do Now
What is tuberculosis?Have Questions #3-6 from pg. 463 out
Homework
Questions 8-11 on pg. 463
Trachea
“Windpipe” – approx 4 inches longTrachea reinforced with hyaline cartilage
◦Allow esophagus to expand when swallowingWhat do you do when the trachea is
obstructed?◦Heimlich maneuver◦Tracheostomy
Cilia Mucosa
Line the tracheaHelp keep the mucus away from the lungsSmoking kills the cilia
◦What is then the response to keeping mucus out of the lungs?
Bronchi
Main branches from where the trachea splits
“Upside down tree”Brochioles are smaller braches that break
off into the lungs“Respiratory tree”
Bronchi
Lungs
Take up the majority of the thoracic cavityHouse the bronchioles and alveoli
◦Necessary for gas exchange◦Air sacs, resembling bunches of grapes
Weigh about 2.5 lbs
Alveoli
Have thin walls of epithelial tissue◦Much thinner than a piece of paper◦Covered with a vast amount of capillaries
Combination of the alveoli and capillary walls create the respiratory membrane◦Air on one side – blood on the other
Surface area of alveolar walls in males is 50-70 sq meters◦40x greater than the skin!
Review Questions
Why is nose breathing preferable to mouth breathing?
What is the specific function of the cilia in the trachea?
In a nose breather, list the passage way of air from the nose alveoli and all stages in between.
Homework
Questions 8-11 on pg. 463
Respiratory Physiologyp. 445-447
Do Now
Begin working on Worksheet which will review for quiz on Monday
Respiratory System
What is the major function of the respiratory system?◦Supply oxygen◦Expel carbon dioxide
Respiration
What is respiration?Four Key Events
1. Pulmonary Ventilation2. External respiration3. Respiratory gas transport4. Internal respiration
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary = lungsAir flow in and out of lungs“Breathing”
External Respiration
Gas exchangeWhat gases?Oxygen entering capillariesCarbon dioxide exiting through the alveoli
Respiratory Gas Transport
Gases must be transported ◦Where is the Carbon Dioxide coming from?◦Where is the oxygen coming from?
Internal Respiration
Oxygen must get to the destination◦Where is the final destination?
Gases must exchange internally ◦Capillaries and cells in the body
Mechanics of Breathing
Breathing depends on a change of volume in the thoracic cavity
Volume of thoracic cavity changes, gases flow to fill the space
Liquids form to the shape of container, gases fill the container
Lung Volumes
Lung Volumes and Capacities
Many factors affect the amount of air a persons lungs can hold◦Size◦Male/Female◦Age◦Physical condition
Lung Volumes and Capacities
TIDAL VOLUME (TV)◦Normal, quiet breathing◦Generally about 500mL
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV)◦“Hard inhale”◦Forced intake of air◦3100 mL
Lung Volumes and Capacities
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV)◦After normal expiration, more air can be forced
out of the lungs◦1200 mL
VITAL CAPACITY (VC)◦Total amount of exchangeable air◦TV + IRV + ERV = VC
RESIDUAL VOLUME◦1200 mL of air remains in the lungs and cannot
be forced out during expiration
Homework
Review Lab for next classWrite purpose and your hypothesis for this
lab
Respiratory Disorders
Do Now #1
Read p. 456 in textbook and answer the following questions
1. What is the increase in allergies correlated with?
2. People of 3rd world countries are thought to be less likely to have allergies. Why is that?
3. What conclusion does this piece draw at the end of the reading?
Do Now #2
List and explain the 4 key steps of pulmonary respiration
Do Now #2
Four Key Events1. Pulmonary Ventilation2. External respiration3. Respiratory gas transport4. Internal respiration
Review
TIDAL VOLUME (TV)◦Normal, quiet breathing◦Generally about 500mL
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV)◦“Hard inhale”◦Forced intake of air◦3100 mL
Review
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV)◦After normal expiration, more air can be forced
out of the lungs◦1200 mL
VITAL CAPACITY (VC)◦Total amount of exchangeable air◦TV + IRV + ERV = VC
RESIDUAL VOLUME◦1200 mL of air remains in the lungs and cannot
be forced out during expiration
Respiratory Disorders
Respiratory system vulnerable to pathogens◦Why?◦Airborne pathogens
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Lung Cancer
COPD
Chronic bronchitisEmphysemaWith both, history of smoking is almost
assuredDifficulty breathingPulmonary infection
Chronic bronchitis
Bronchitis?Inflammation of the bronchiExcessive amounts of mucus
◦Problems with excessive amounts of muscus?◦Impairs gas exchange
Increases risk of lung infection◦Pneumonia
Inflammation of air sacs Fills with fluid and puss
Pneumonia
Emphysema
Lungs become less elasticAirways collapse during expiration and the
airway is obstructedCauses patient to use a lot of energy
when exhaling
Emphysema
Lung Cancer
Leading death of cancer in both men and women in USA
Approx 90% of lung cancer is due to smoking
Most effective treatment is to remove infection lobe of the lung
Homework
Read p. 455 – 460◦Define:
Hyperventilation Apnea Sleep Apnea Cystic fibrosis