The Reproductive System

SC.912.L.16.13 Describe the basic anatomy and physiology

of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy. (MODERATE)

BENCHMARK SC.912.L.16.13 Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems Standard Standard 16 Heredity and Reproduction Benchmark SC.912.L.16.13 Describe the basic anatomy and physiology

of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.

BenchmarkClarifications Students will identify and/or describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system.

Students will describe the process of human development from the zygotic stage to the end of the third trimester and birth.

Content Limits Items referring to the male human reproductive system are limited to the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis, scrotum, penis, and testes.

Items referring to the female human reproductive system are limited to the ovaries, oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix, and vagina.

Items assessing the function of the placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic sac, and amniotic fluid are limited to how these structures relate to the development of the fetus.

Items will not assess physiological or hormonal changes of the mother during pregnancy.

Items assessing the production of hormones in the context of the physiology of the human reproductive system are limited to a conceptual understanding of the production of hormones.

Content limits cont. Items will not assess hormonal control during

pregnancy.

Items may refer to the early stages of development (implantation, morula, blastocyst,

gastrulation, neurulation) but will not assess the definition of these terms.

Items referring to changes in each trimester are limited to normal human development.

Items will not assess specific knowledge of malformations in the human fetus, miscarriages, maternal preexisting conditions, genetic conditions, or the impact of exposure to environmental conditions.

Items will not assess the utilization of technology to assist in or prevent fertilization or monitor development of the fetus.

Items will not address or assess the menstrual cycle.

Stimulus Attribute Illustrations or diagrams may be used.

Response Attributes None specified

Prior Knowledge Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge

described in the NGSSS from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC.6.L.14.5.

Scrotum contains: Testes

The seminiferous tubules produce sperm and testosterone

Require a low temperature Sperm live up to 72 hrs. in a female

Epididymis - folds of tissue (700 ft long) Lies on top of the testes Sperm mature here with aid from helper

sperm (mask the 23 chromosome sperm from immune system)

Vas deferens Connects the external scrotum to the internal

pathway. Curves around the bladder, stores sperm, empties

into the urethra Sperm travel through this during ejaculation

Urethra glands including the prostate gland produce a fluid

that combines with the sperm to produce semen, enters here

semen flows through the urethra along with sperm during ejaculation (out the penis)

(oviduct)

Ovaries - pair, internal Mature and release one egg/month Matures in the follicles within the ovaries Born with all the eggs a female will ever

have 2 million at birth; 200-400 thousand at

puberty; 400 will mature and be released Once the egg has been released by the

follicles, the follicles will release hormones for child development if fertilization takes place

Oviducts or Fallopian tubes Feathery like projections After ovulation (releasing of the egg) occurs, the

egg enters one of the oviducts This is where fertilization occurs as the egg only

lives 6-24 hrs. The egg can’t move so it relies on cilia that lines

the duct to cause a current along with muscle contraction (cramps at ovulation)

Fertilized egg zygote embryo

Female Reproduction

Uterus Embryo will embed itself in lining of uterus

This causes a hormone to be released (+ pregnancy test result)

Embryo will develop into a fetus Uterus: 5 cm wide but expands to 30 cm Thick walled muscular organ above the bladder

Cervix This opening connects the vagina to the uterus Opening is usually 1 cm wide, but during birth,

expands to 10 cm Vagina

Birth canal, site of sexual intercourse, site of menstruation – acidic for immunity reasons

• The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus.

blastocyst

uterine wall

Implantation of blastocyst

placenta

umbilical cord

uterus

amniotic sac

The blastocyst becomes an embryo.

• Embryonic membranes protect and nourish the embryo.

– amniotic sac cushions embryo.

– amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac

– placenta connects mother and embryo.

– umbilical cord connects embryo to placenta.

Construct a six-page flip-chart Label the exposed tabs as

First trimester Problems in first trimester Second trimester Problems in second trimester Third trimester Problems in third trimester

Indicate the important changes that occur in each stage as we cover it in class

Research problems that can occur if the developing fetus is exposed to drugs such as alcohol or tobacco.

Human pregnancies are divided into trimesters. 1st trimester: body plan and early development Most genetic issues occur here

– 2nd trimester: fetus more active, developed

– 3rd trimester: all organs fully formed

After about 38 weeks, fetus is ready to be born.

Interactive Developmental Time Line Activity - Human fetal growth

Q/A Board Problem solving issues in class Additional activities: Fetal Development sonograms by weeks