the relationship between structural change and inequality: a conceptual overview with special...

7/30/2019 The Relationship between Structural Change and Inequality: A Conceptual Overview with Special Reference to Developing Asia

1/24

BD@H Wlpihjg ^b~fp Ufphfu

Tof Pfcbthljuoh~ `ftwffjUtpvetvpbc Eobjgf bjd Hjfrvbchtx;B Eljef~tvbc Lqfpqhfw whtoU~fehbc Pfafpfjef tl Dfqfcl~hjgBuhb

Kluovb Bh{fjmbj#Mhjull Cff# bjdDljgo vj ^bpi

Jl* 581Jlqfm`fp 0>20

Buhbj Dfqfcl~mfjt @bji Hjuthtvtf


2/24

Tof Wlpihjg ^b~fp ufphfu hu b eljthjvbthlj la tof alpmfpc jbmfd Dhuevuuhlj ^b~fp ufphfu9 tofjvm`fphjg la tof ~b~fpu eljthjvfd whtolvt hjtfppv~thlj lp eobjgf* BD@Hu wlpihjg ~b~fpupfacfet hjhthbc hdfbu lj b tl~he bjd bpf ~lutfd ljchjf alp dhuevuuhlj* BD@H fjelvpbgfu pfbdfpu tl

~lut tofhp elmmfjtu lj tof mbhj ~bgf alp fbeo wlpihjg ~b~fp /ghqfj hj tof ehtbthlj `fclw(*Ulmf wlpihjg ~b~fpu mb dfqfcl~ hjtl ltofp alpmu la ~v`chebthlj*

Uvggfutfd ehtbthlj;

Bh{fjmbj# K*# M* Cff# bjd D* ^bpi* 0>20* Tof Pfcbthljuoh~ `ftwffj Utpvetvpbc Eobjgf bjdHjfrvbcht ; B Eljef~tvbc Lqfpqhfw whto U~fehbc Pfafpfjef tl Dfqfcl~hjg Buhb* BD@H Wlpihjg^b~fp 581* Tli l; Buhbj Dfqfcl~mfjt @bji Hjuthtvtf* Bqbhcb`cf; ott~;,,www*bd`h*lpg,wlpihjg-~b~fp,0>20,22,25,6550*utpvetvpbc*eobjgf*hjfrvbcht *dfq*buhb,

^cfbuf eljtbet tof bvtolpu alp hjalpmbthlj b`lvt tohu ~b~fp*

Fmbhc; d~bpiNbd`*lpg

Kluovb Bh{fjmbj hu Pl`fpt P* bjd Ibtofp j B* Dleiulj Eobhp hj Feljlmheu bjdHjtfpjbthljbc Pfcbthlju bt tof Vjhqfpuht la Ulvtofpj Ebchalpjhb# el-fdhtlp la tof Klvpjbc la Hjtfpjbthljbc Mljfx bjd Ahjbjef # bjd pfufbpeo buulehbtf alp tof Jbthljbc @vpfbv laFeljlmhe Pfufbpeo* Mhjull Cff bjd Dljgo vj ^bpi bpf ufjhlp feljlmhut bjd~phjeh~bc feljlmhut# pfu~fethqfc # bt tof Feljlmheu bjd Pfufbpeo Df~bptmfjt# BuhbjDfqfcl~mfjt @bji*

Tof qhfwu fx~pfuufd hj tohu ~b~fp bpf tof qhfwu la tof bvtolp bjd dl jlt jfefuubphcpfacfet tof qhfwu lp ~lchehfu la BD@H# tof BD@# htu @lbpd la Dhpfetlpu# lp tof glqfpjmfjtutof pf~pfufjt* BD@H dlfu jlt gvbpbjtff tof beevpbe la tof dbtb hjecvdfd hj tohu ~b~fpbjd beef~tu jl pfu~ljuh`hcht alp bj eljufrvfjefu la tofhp vuf* Tfpmhjlclg vufd mbjlt jfefuubphc `f eljuhutfjt whto BD@ laahehbc tfpmu*

Buhbj Dfqfcl~mfjt @bji HjuthtvtfIbuvmhgbufih @vhcdhjg ?A5-0-6 Ibuvmhgbufih# Eoh ldb-ivTli l 2>>-1>>?# Kb~bj

Tfc; )?2-5-5685-66>>Abx; )?2-5-5685-6672VPC; www*bd`h*lpgF-mbhc; hjalNbd`h*lpg

0>20 Buhbj Dfqfcl~mfjt @bji Hjuthtvtf


3/24

BD@H Wlpihjg ^b~fp 581 Bh{fjmbj# Cff# bjd ^bpi

B`utpbet

Utpvetvpbc eobjgf obu b abp-pfbeohjg hm~bet lj hjfrvbcht * Ht fx~lufu tof ~l~vcbthlj tleobccfjgfu bjd l~~lptvjhthfu* Alpfhgj tpbdf bjd tfeojlclghebc ~plgpfuu obqf `ffj whdfc ~vtalpto bu b utpvetvpbc dphqfp la hjfrvbcht * @plbdfp utpvetvpbc eobjgf# uveo bu dfmlgpb~ohetpbjuhthlj# ebj bcul hm~hjgf v~lj hjfrvbcht * Utpvetvpbc eobjgf hj dfqfcl~hjg Buhb obu `ffjvj~pfefdfjtfd hj htu uebcf bjd u~ffd* Tof oftfplgfjfht la tof ~l~vcbthlj hm~chfu tobt tofbdkvutmfjt eb~beht tl tofuf eobjgfu qbphfu* Tof avjdbmfjtbc ulcvthlj tl mhthgbthjg tofbdkvutmfjt elutu bphuhjg aplm utpvetvpbc eobjgf chfu hj fm~lwfphjg hjdhqhdvbcu tl `felmf mlpf~pldvethqf# bdb~tb`cf# bjd qfpubthcf toplvgo beefuu tl fdvebthlj bjd fm~cl mfjt* Utpvetvpbceobjgf fxfptu b uhgjhahebjt faafet lj hjfrvbcht hj `lto bdqbjefd bjd dfqfcl~hjg elvjtphfu* Toffx~fphfjefu la tof bdqbjefd feljlmhfu fjtbhc qbcvb`cf cfuulju alp dfqfcl~hjg Buhb* Fxtfjuhqfutpvetvpbc eobjgf hu `lto b ebvuf bjd eljufrvfjef la tof fxef~thljbcc pb~hd feljlmhe gplwto#woheo fjb`cfd dfqfcl~hjg Buhb tl pbhuf chqhjg utbjdbpdu bjd pfdvef ~lqfpt bt b ohutlphebccvj~pfefdfjtfd pbtf* Tof pfghlj obu bcpfbd `fgvj tof dhaahevct bjd elm~cfx tbui la bddpfuuhjghjfrvbcht bphuhjg aplm utpvetvpbc eobjgf* Tofpf hu b gplwhjg pfelgjhthlj tobt mlpf uvutbhjb`cfgplwto uv~~lptfd ` `plbd-`bufd ~lchthebc bjd ulehbc uv~~lpt pfrvhpfu b gplwto utpbtfg # woheo~plqhdfu frvbcht la l~~lptvjht # fu~fehbcc hj fdvebthlj bjd fm~cl mfjt* Tof jfwc dfqfcl~hjgmlpf hjecvuhqf gplwto ~ohclul~o fjqhuhlju fx~bjdfd ulehbc ~pltfethlj u utfmu bjd ulehbcubaft jftu tl ~pltfet tof ~llp bjd tof qvcjfpb`cf*

KFC Ecbuuhahebthlj; L26# L65# ^41


4/24


Eljtfjtu

2* Hjtpldvethlj **************************************************************************

0*

Eljef~tvbc,Toflpfthebc Lqfpqhfw la tof Pfcbthljuoh~ `ftwffj Hjfrvbcht bjd Utpvetvpbceobjgf ******************************************************************************

0*2 Tof Ahqf @plbd Thmf-Qbp hjg Eobjjfcu Woheo Hjacvfjef tof Pfcbthljuoh~ `ftwffjUtpvetvpbc Eobjgf bjd Hjfrvbcht **************************************************

0*0 Iv{jftu Evpqf *****************************************************************0*5 Utpvetvpbc Eobjgf# Hjfrvbcht # bjd L~fjjfuu ***************************************0*4 Tof Hjacvfjef la Ltofp Abetlpu; Fdvebthlj# Ahjbjehbc Hjecvuhlj# Hjapbutpvetvpf#

Glqfpjbjef bjd Hjuthtvthlju *****************************************************

5* Hjfrvbcht -Utpvetvpbc eobjgf Jfxvu hj tof Bdqbjefd Feljlmhfu ****************************

4* Bjbc thebc Pfqhfw la tof Hjfrvbcht -Utpvetvpbc eobjgf Jfxvu hj Dfqfcl~hjg Buhb ***********25

6* Eljecvdhjg L`ufpqbthlju bjd ^lche Hm~chebthlju *****************************************

Pfafpfjefu ********************************************************************************


5/24


5

2* HJTPLDVETHLJ

Bt b jbpplw cfqfc# utpvetvpbc eobjgf pfafpu tl eobjgfu hj tof utpvetvpf la tof feljlm * Tof phufhj tof pfcbthqf uobpf la mbjvabetvphjg hu t ~hebcc alcclwfd ` b phuf hj tof pfcbthqf uobpf laufpqhefu bu tof mbjvabetvphjg ufetlp mbtvpfu bjd tof feljlm mlqfu hjtl b ~lut-hjdvutphbc~obuf* Buhb-whdf utpvetvpbc eobjgf obu `ffj feljlmhe gcl`bch{bthlj# lp gplwhjg hjtfgpbthlj hjtlgcl`bc tpbdf bjd ahjbjehbc u utfm* Bj hjdhu~fjub`cf elpf hjgpfdhfjt `fohjd dfqfcl~hjg Buhbupfmbpib`cf feljlmhe uveefuu obu `ffj tof fx~cluhqf gplwto la tpbdf whto tof pfut la tof wlpcdbjd whto ltofp elvjtphfu whtohj tof pfghlj* Frvbcc hm~lptbjt tl tof pfghlju pb~hd gplwto obu`ffj tof cbpgf hjaclwu la alpfhgj dhpfet hjqfutmfjt /ADH( bjd ltofp alpfhgj eb~htbc hjtl tof pfghlj*Tof pfghlj obu jlw `felmf b gcl`bcc uhgjhahebjt fx~lptfp la eb~htbc bjd uveo eb~htbc lvtaclwuwhcc `fjfaht htu gplwto* Bjltofp Buhb-whdf utpvetvpbc eobjgf hu tfeojlclghebc ~plgpfuu# woheo obuutfbdhc uohatfd tof pfghlju tfeojlclghebc cfqfc tlwbpd tof gcl`bc tfeojlclg apljthfp* Wohcf lvputvd clliu ~phmbphc bt tof jfwc -hjdvutphbch{fd feljlmhfu /JHFu(# mhddcf-hjelmf feljlmhfuuveo bu Mbcb uhb# tof ^fl~cfu Pf~v`che la Eohjb /^PE(# bjd Hjdhb# mveo la tof bjbc uhu obupfcfqbjef alp tof pfut la dfqfcl~hjg Buhb bu wfcc* Olwfqfp# ulmf rvbchahebthlju obqf tl `f mbdfalp elvjtp -u~fehahe eobpbetfphutheuf*g*# tpbjuhthlj aplm efjtpbc ~cbjjhjg tl mbpiftu*

Bt b `plbdfp cfqfc# utpvetvpbc eobjgf fjelm~buufu ulehbc# ~lchthebc# evctvpbc# ulehftbc# bjd ltofpeobjgfu* Mbj elvjtphfu hj dfqfcl~hjg Buhb# mlut jltb`c tof ^PE `vt bcul Mljglchb#Hjdleohjfuf elvjtphfu bjd alpmfp Ulqhft pf~v`cheu hj Efjtpbc Buhb# bpf hj tof mhdut la btpbjuhthlj aplm efjtpbcc ~cbjjfd feljlmhfu tl mbpift-lphfjtfd feljlmhfu* Wohcf tohu tpbjuhthljecfbpc obu abp-pfbeohjg feljlmhe hm~chebthlju# ht hu mveo mlpf tobj b jbpplw feljlmhe uohatuhjef ht fjtbhcu b dpbuthe eobjgf hj tof pfcbthljuoh~ `ftwffj tof utbtf bjd tof ehth{fju bjdhjdffd hj tof mhjd uft bjd wlpcd qhfw la hjdhqhdvbcu* Tofpf obu bcul `ffj b gpbdvbc uohat tlwbpdmlpf l~fj bjd ~cvpbchuthe alpmu la glqfpjmfjt toplvgolvt tof pfghlj* Abmhc utpvetvpf hu bculvjdfpglhjg b mbklp uohat hj tof pfghlj* Dfqfcl~hjg Buhb hu evppfjtc fx~fphfjehjg b ufhumhedfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlj# woheo whcc pfuvct hj uv`utbjthbcc lcdfp ~l~vcbthlj bgf utpvetvpfu hj tofavtvpf*

Tofpf hu b gpfbt dfbc la hjtfpbethlj `ftwffj dhaafpfjt ihjdu la utpvetvpbc eobjgfu# `lto jbpplwbjd `plbd9 tofpfalpf# ht hu vj~pldvethqf tl tohji la fbeo utpvetvpbc eobjgf hj hulcbthlj* Ht huhjutfbd eljef~tvbcc mlpf vufavc tl tohji la utpvetvpbc eobjgf bu b eljutfccbthlj la b whdf pbjgfla feljlmhe# ~lchthebc# ulehbc# bjd ltofp abetlpu# woheo elccfethqfc bctfp tof utpvetvpf la toffeljlm bjd tof ulehft bt cbpgf* Alp fxbm~cf# cbpgf-uebcf mhgpbthlj la pvpbc wlpifpu tl vp`bjbpfbu eljtph`vtfu tl tof eobjgf hj abmhc utpvetvpf aplm fxtfjdfd abmhchfu tl jvecfbp abmhchfu* Bttof ubmf thmf# tof ubmf ~ofjlmfjlj beefcfpbtfu tof tpfjd tlwbpd vp`bjh{bthlj bjd toffx~bjuhlj la mbjvabetvphjg bjd ufpqhefu ufetlpu* Wobt hu vjhrvf b`lvt utpvetvpbc eobjgf hjdfqfcl~hjg Buhb hu htu uoffp uebcf bjd u~ffd dvf tl tof pfghlju fxef~thljbcc pb~hd feljlmhegplwto bjd dfqfcl~mfjt* Hj abet# abp-pfbeohjg utpvetvpbc eobjgf obu `ffj `lto b ebvuf bjdeljufrvfjef la ohutlphebcc vj~pfefdfjtfd gplwto pbtfu* Utpvetvpbc eobjgf# woheo obu leevppfdlqfp efjtvphfu hj tof bdqbjefd feljlmhfu# obu `ffj pf~chebtfd whtohj b afw dfebdfu lp fqfj

kvut b afw fbpu hj dfqfcl~hjg Buhb* Ljf fxbm~cf la uveo b abut-alpwbpd utpvetvpbc eobjgf hu tofuohat aplm bgphevctvpf tl mbjvabetvphjg tl ufpqhefu* Bjltofp fxbm~cf hu tof dfmlgpb~ohetpbjuhthlj aplm lvtoavc tl lcdfp ~l~vcbthlju* @lto tof dfechjf hj afpthcht bjd tof hjepfbuf hj chaffx~fetbje obqf `ffj jltb`cf hj tofhp u~ffd* Xft bjltofp fxbm~cf hu tof rvbjtvm cfb~ hj toftfeojlclghebc eb~beht la ulmf elvjtphfu hj tof pfghlj*

Hj gfjfpbc# utpvetvpbc eobjgf obu b abp-pfbeohjg hm~bet lj hjfrvbcht * Alpfhgj tpbdf ebjfxbefp`btf hjfrvbcht ` pfwbpdhjg hjdvutphfu bjd ahpmu woheo bpf b`cf tl elm~ftf hj tof gcl`bcmbpift~cbef wohcf ~vjhuohjg toluf woheo ebjjlt* Avptofpmlpf# hj tof ebuf la bdqbjefd


6/24


4

feljlmhfu# hm~lptu aplm clw-wbgf dfqfcl~hjg elvjtphfu elm~ftf whto dlmfuthe ~pldvethlj lacb`lp-hjtfjuhqf ~pldvetu# tofpf` ovpthjg vjuihccfd wlpifpu wol elm~ftf whto clw-wbgf wlpifpuhj dfqfcl~hjg elvjtphfu* Tohu chjf la pfbuljhjg fx~cbhju tof whdfu~pfbd ~l~vcbp `fchfa tobtgcl`bch{bthlj obu `ffj ljf la tof if dphqfpu la whdfjhjg hjfrvbcht hj bdqbjefd feljlmhfu bjdbcul ofc~u tl fx~cbhj tof latfj qfofmfjt ~pltfutu bgbhjut gcl`bch{bthlj hj toluf feljlmhfu*Tfeojlclghebc ~plgpfuu obu bcul `ffj whdfc ~vt alpto bu b utpvetvpbc dphqfp la hjfrvbcht * Uihccfdwlpifpu bpf `fttfp b`cf tl bdl~t bjd vuf jfw# hm~plqfd tfeojlclg tobj ltofp vjuihccfdwlpifpu# tofpf` hjepfbuhjg tof uihcc ~pfmhvm bjd whdfjhjg tof wbgf gb~ `ftwffj uihccfd bjdvjuihccfd wlpifpu* @plbdfp utpvetvpbc eobjgf# uveo bu dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlj# ebj bcul hm~hjgfv~lj hjfrvbcht * Hj tof b`ufjef la wfcc-avjethljhjg ~fjuhlj u utfmu# dfmlgpb~ohe eobjgfwlpufju hjfrvbcht *

@febvuf utpvetvpbc eobjgf hj dfqfcl~hjg Buhb obu `ffj vj~pfefdfjtfd hj htu uebcf bjd u~ffd#tof hm~bet la utpvetvpbc eobjgf lj hjfrvbcht hj tof pfghlj hu ~ltfjthbcc qfp cbpgf* Wf ebjfx~fet tof Ueovm~ftfphbj# pfqlcvthljbp tfeojlclghebc uohatu woheo bpf eljutbjtc pleihjgdfqfcl~hjg Buhbu hjdvutphbc cbjdueb~f tl fqfj avptofp hjepfbuf tof uihcc ~pfmhvm bjd whdfj tofwbgf gb~ `ftwffj uihccfd bjd vjuihccfd wlpifpu* Chifwhuf# tof pfghlju ohgo dfgpff lal~fjjfuu bjd ofbq df~fjdfjef lj tpbdf fx~lufu tof pfghlj tl fxtfjuhqf bjd apfrvfjt

eobjgfu hj htu lvt~vt mhx* Tof eljutbjt eobjgf la ahpmu bjd hjdvutphfu `fjfahtu tof feljlm hjtof cljg pvj `vt fjtbhcu ufphlvu bdkvutmfjt elutu hj tof uolpt pvj* ^plqhdhjg bdfrvbtf ftbaalpdb`cf bjd uvutbhjb`cf lcd bgf hjelmf uv~~lpt hu eobccfjghjg alp tof pfghlju elvjtphfu dvftl tof cbei la ulvjd bjd faahehfjt ~fjuhlj u utfmu* Hj uolpt# uhjef dfqfcl~hjg Buhb hu b pfghlj hjb acvx# hj tof mhdut la b whdf pbjgf la fxtfjuhqf bjd abp-pfbeohjg utpvetvpbc eobjgfu# wf ebjfx~fet tof hm~bet la toluf eobjgfu lj hjfrvbcht tl `f ~ltfjthbcc fxtfjuhqf bjd abp-pfbeohjg buwfcc*

0* ELJEF^TVBC,TOFLPFTHEBC LQFPQHFW LA TOFPFCBTHLJUOH^ @FTWFFJ HJFRVBCHTX BJDUTPVETVPBC EOBJGF

Tof pfut la tohu ~b~fp hu lpgbjh{fd bu alcclwu* Ufethlj 0 ~plqhdfu b eljef~tvbc,toflpfthebclqfpqhfw la tof pfcbthljuoh~ `ftwffj utpvetvpbc eobjgf bjd hjfrvbcht * Ufethlj 5 tbifu b clli bttof jfxvu `ftwffj utpvetvpbc eobjgf bjd hjfrvbcht hj tof bdqbjefd feljlmhfu* Ufethlj 4pfqhfw bjd bjbc {fu tof jfxvu `ftwffj utpvetvpbc eobjgf bjd hjfrvbcht hj dfqfcl~hjg Buhb*Ufethlj 6 eljecvdfu tof ~b~fp whto ulmf ahjbc l`ufpqbthlju bjd ~lche hm~chebthlju*

Utpvetvpbc eobjgfu hj tof feljlm fx~luf tof ~l~vcbthlj tl eobccfjgfu bjd l~~lptvjhthfu* Tofoftfplgfjfht la tof ~l~vcbthlj hm~chfu tobt tof bdkvutmfjt eb~beht tl tofuf eobjgfu qbphfu* Bttof `plbd cfqfc# tof hm~bet la utpvetvpbc eobjgfu lj hjfrvbcht hu tof lvtelmf la tof elm~cfxhjtfpbethlj `ftwffj tof hjhthbc eljdhthlju la b elvjtp bjd ahqf `plbd thmf qbp hjg eobjjfcu;hjefjthqfu# tfeojlclghebc eobjgfu# beevmvcbthlj la ~o uhebc bjd ovmbj eb~htbc# bjd beefuu tl

eb~htbc mbpiftu bjd fdvebthlj# ulehbc eobjgfu bjd ~lchthebc eobjgfu*

0*2 Tof Ahqf @plbd Thmf-Qbpxhjg Eobjjfcu Woheo Hjacvfjef tofPfcbthljuoh~ ftwffj Utpvetvpbc Eobjgf bjd Hjfrvbchtx

Wf fcb`lpbtf ahput lj tofuf eobjjfcu# bjd ~plqhdf ulmf fxbm~cfu la tof elm~cfx hjtfpbethlj`ftwffj tofuf eobjjfcu*


7/24


6

B2* Feljlmhe Hjefjthqfu

Pfalpmu hm~bet tof ~phqbtf hjefjthqfu* Utbpthjg aplm ohgoc dhutlptfd frvhch`phvm# wofpf ~phqbtfhjefjthqfu wfpf jlt bchgjfd whto faahehfjt bcclebthlj bjd vuf la pfulvpefu# pfalpmu mb tphggfp btbif-laa# whto cbpgf faafetu lj ~lqfpt bjd hjfrvbcht * Tof hjhthbc tbif-laa mb `f buulehbtfd cfuuwhto beevmvcbthlj la eb~htbc bjd tof bdb~tbthlj la jfw tfeojlclghfu# `vt whto tof mlpf faahehfjt

vuf la fxhuthjg pfulvpefu bjd tfeojlclghfu* Tof ~fpalpmbjef la tof ^PE hj tof cbtf 287>u bjd28?>u hccvutpbtfu tof gbhju la pfalpmu bt tof cfqfc la tof elmmvjht # apffhjg fjtpf~pfjfvpuoh~~ltfjthbc bjd bcclwhjg gpfbtfp ~phqbtf lwjfpuoh~ la tof pfuvctbjt uvp~cvufu*

Bjltofp ecbuu la hjefjthqfu dftfpmhjfu tof fx~luvpf tl elm~fththqf mbpift alpefu utfmmhjgaplm hjtfpjbthljbc bjd hjtfppfghljbc tpbdf bjd tof ml`hcht la hj~vtu# mbhjc eb~htbc bjd cb`lp*Hjevm`fjtu apfrvfjtc fjgbgf hj ~lchehfu tobt mb ~pltfet tofhp rvbuh pfjtu# uthachjg elm~fththljbjd avtvpf gplwto /^bpfjtf bjd ^pfueltt 0>>6(* Tofuf ~lchehfu hjecvdf ~pltfethlj bgbhjutalpfhgj elm~fththlj ` mfbju la elmmfpehbc ~lche # ~pltfethlj bgbhjut tof fmfpgfjef ladlmfuthe elm~fthtlpu ` mfbju la pfd tb~fu# cb`lp vjhlju l~~luhjg hmmhgpbthlj bjd eljtplcchjgjfw ohpfu# fte* Ohgofp fx~luvpf tl hjtfpjbthljbc bjd hjtfppfghljbc tpbdf# bjd gpfbtfp hj~vtml`hcht evp` tofuf pfjt uffihjg bethqhthfu# hjepfbuhjg tofpf` gplwto* Eobjghjg tof fx~luvpf tlelm~fththqf mbpift alpefu wlvcd bcul hm~bet hjfrvbcht hj jvmfplvu wb u*

B0* Tfeojlclghebc Eobjgfu

Tfeojlclghebc eobjgfu hjecvdf tof bdb~tbthlj la `fttfp tfeojlclghfu# phuhjg ~pldvethqht qhbcfbpjhjg ` dlhjg# bjd faalptu cfbdhjg tl tfeojlclghebc hjjlqbthlju bt tof ~pldvefp bjd ~cbjtcfqfcu /pfufbpeo bjd dfqfcl~mfjt YP!D]# fte*(*

B5* Beevmvcbthlj la ^oxuhebc bjd Ovmbj Eb~htbc# bjd Beefuu tl Eb~htbc Mbpift bjdFdvebthlj

Whto tof ~pl~fp hjefjthqfu# tof beevmvcbthlj la ~o uhebc bjd ovmbj eb~htbc obu b cbpgf faafet ljavtvpf hjelmf* Vjfrvbc beefuu tl tof eb~htbc mbpift bjd tl rvbcht fdvebthlj obu ~plalvjdhm~chebthlju lj hjelmf hjfrvbcht *

B4* Ulehbc Eobjgfu

Tof ahput topff abetlpu mb hm~bet tof olvufolcd bjd tof elmmvjht hj ~plalvjd wb u* Tofufbpf clw apfrvfje eobjgfu# ft lqfp b u~bj la b gfjfpbthlj lp twl tofuf eobjgfu obqf ovgfhm~chebthlju# chif eobjghjg ~bttfpju la gfjdfp hjfrvbcht # afpthcht # bjd hjdvehjg dfmlgpb~ohetpbjuhthlju* B if dfqfcl~mfjt buulehbtfd whto tbif-laau hu tof pvpbc-tl-vp`bj hmmhgpbthlj#pfdvehjg lqfpthmf tof fm~cl mfjt uobpf hj pvpbc bpfbu# tpbjualpmhjg bgphevctvpf aplmuv`uhutfjef abmhc abpmhjg hjtl cbpgf bjd faahehfjt elp~lpbtf ~pldvethlj* Tohu tpbjuhthlj mbhjepfbuf vp`bj ~lqfpt # hm~bethjg hjelmf hjfrvbcht *

B6* ^lchthebc Eobjgfu

Feljlmhe tbif-laau bjd tof pfuvctbjt eobjgfu hj ulehbc lpgbjh{bthlj bjd tof dhutph`vthlj lahjelmf obu `ffj buulehbtfd whto ~lchthebc eobjgfu# wofpf tof vjdfp-pf~pfufjtfd gplv~u

/wlmfj# tof ~llp# ~fph~ofp # fte( mb gbhj hjacvfjef* Uhmhcbpc # tof dfqfcl~hjg jfw ufetlpumb pfdvef tof ~lchthebc eclvt la tof dfechjhjg ufetlpu* Tofuf eobjgfu mb cfbd tl mlpf frvbcbeefuu tl fdvebthlj# ofbcto ufpqhefu# tof alpmbthlj la ubaft jftu# fte*

Tof rvfut alp utb`cf buulehbthlj `ftwffj hjfrvbcht # gplwto# bjd tofuf 6 abetlpu hu hccvuhqf# bu hjtof cljg pvj tofpf hu jl pfbulj tl fx~fet tof utb`hcht la tof pfcfqbjt affd`beiu* Tovu#tfeojlclghebc eobjgfu mb fjobjef frvbcht ha tof hjepfbuf tof mbpghjbc ~pldvet la cb`lp# ljtof ltofp objd# tof mb pfdvef frvbcht ha tof olcclw lvt tof mhddcf ecbuu bu mb `f tof ebufla ulmf la tof pfefjt HT tpfjdu* Uhmhcbpc # gpfbtfp fx~luvpf tl tpbdf bjd ADH aclwu mb hm~bet


8/24


1

tof dhutph`vthlj la hjelmf hj dhaafpfjt dhpfethlju# dftfpmhjfd ` tof hjhthbc fjdlwmfjtu laelvjtphfu* Tof b`hcht tl bdb~t tl tof gpfbtfp ~fjftpbthlj la dlmfuthe mbpiftu ` alpfhgjelm~fththlj bjd gplwhjg fx~luvpf tl alpfhgj tfeojlclghfu mb dftfpmhjf tof vcthmbtf hm~bet lagcl`bch{bthlj lj hjelmf hjfrvbcht *

Tl hccvutpbtf# hj b elvjtp whto elm~bpbthqf bdqbjtbgf hj bgphevctvpf# l~fjhjg tof feljlm tl

apff tpbdf wlvcd hjepfbuf tof ~phef la alld# ~luuh`c hjepfbuhjg vp`bj ~lqfpt bjd pfdvehjgvp`bj bpfbu pfbc hjelmf# whto l~~luhtf tpfjdu hj qhccbgfu ~pldvehjg alld* Tof gpluu dlmfuthe~pldvet /GD^( wlvcd hjepfbuf# `vt tof vcthmbtf hm~bet la apff tpbdf lj hjfrvbcht wlvcd `fbm`hgvlvu* Hjfrvbcht wlvcd hjepfbuf ha mlut la tof ~l~vcbthlj hu hj tof jlj-abpmhjg ufetlp# bjdtof vp`bj hjelmf hu `fclw tobt la tof pvpbc bpfbu* Tof l~~luhtf wlvcd `f tof ebuf ha ~lqfpt hueljefjtpbtfd hj tof pvpbc bpfbu* Uhmhcbpc # tof bdb~thlj la `fttfp tfeojlclg hj bgphevctvpf hj tofl~fj feljlm wlvcd gpbdvbcc hjdvef cbpgf hmmhgpbthlj aplm tof pvpbc-tl-vp`bj bpfbu* Tohu hjtvpj mb hjepfbuf ~lqfpt hj tof vp`bj bpfbu# bjd lj `bcbjef wlvcd hjepfbuf tof hjelmf lacbjd lwjfpu# wol mb pf~cbef pvpbc wlpifpu whto eb~htbc /tpbetlpu# tpveiu# fte*(* Wohcf tof GD^wlvcd hjepfbuf# tof jft hm~bet la tofuf eobjgfu lj hjfrvbcht hu bm`hgvlvu*

0*0 Iv{jftu Evpqf

Tof buulehbthlj `ftwffj hjfrvbcht bjd tof utpvetvpbc eobjgf fjelm~buufd hj feljlmhe gplwtohu uvmmbph{fd ` tof Iv{jftu evpqf /Iv{jftu 2866(* B dfebdf cbtfp# Iv{jftu /2817( lvtchjfdtof chji `ftwffj hjelmf dhutph`vthlj# afpthcht pbtfu# bjd feljlmhe gplwto*

D ulj bjd Mvp~o /28?6( dlevmfjtfd tobt tof pbtf la afpthchtx phufu `falpf ht dfechjfu dvphjg tofdfqfcl~mfjt ~plefuu* Wohcf afpthcht pbtfu acvetvbtf# tof tfjd tl ~fbi kvut `falpf utbpthjg b~plcljgfd dfechjf# eljecvdhjg tobt tof ahput uhgj la bj hm~fjdhjg dfechjf hj afpthcht hu b phuf#woheo latfj utbptu mbj fbpu `falpf tof ~pf-dfechjf ~fbi* Tofuf l`ufpqbthlju wfpf hjtfp~pftfd` Dbobj bjd Tuhddlj /288?( hj b gplwto mldfc whto fjdlgfjlvu afpthcht # dfphqhjgfjdlgfjlvuc tof dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlj bcljg whto b Iv{jftu-t ~f d jbmheu la hjelmfdhutph`vthlj# hj b apbmfwlpi wofpf feljlmhe gplwto hu `bufd lj ovmbj eb~htbc beevmvcbthlj* Hjchjf whto tof Iv{jftu o ~ltofuhu# hj tof ahput ~obuf la dfqfcl~mfjt# tof bqfpbgf pbtf la afpthchthjepfbufu bjd hjelmf `felmfu cfuu frvbcc dhutph`vtfd* Hj tof ufeljd ~obuf# afpthcht dfechjfubjd hjelmf `felmfu mlpf frvbcc dhutph`vtfd* Tof feljlm bcul beevmvcbtfu ovmbj eb~htbcmlpf pb~hdc hj tohu utbgf* Tof dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlj bjd tof V-uob~fd d jbmheu la frvbchtbpf jfefuubp alp ijlwcfdgf-`bufd gplwto* B elm~pfofjuhqf bjbc uhu la tohu afpthcht -ovmbjeb~htbc-gplwto jfxvu wbu ~plqhdfd hj ufqfpbc ~b~fpu ` Gbclp bjd el-bvtolpu# bjd huuvmmbph{fd hj Gbclp /0>>6(*

Bjltofp ~luuh`cf tbif lj tof Iv{jftu evpqf o ~ltofuhu mb chji ht tl Cfwhu /2864(eobpbetfph{bthlj la feljlmhe dfqfcl~mfjt* B cbpgf uobpf la wlpifpu hj tof ~llpfut elvjtphfu huhj tof pvpbc ufetlp# uvpqhqhjg hj ecluf tl uv`uhutfjef cfqfc la hjelmf fbpjfd hj clw faahehfjeapbmhjg* Apfrvfjtc # tof tbiflaa la gplwto hu buulehbtfd whto gplwhjg hm~lptbjef la hjdvutp bjdufpqhefu hj vp`bj bpfbu# laafphjg tof ~plu~fet la ohgofp hjelmf* Xft# tof tpbjuhthlj aplm pvpbc

bpfbu tl vp`bj fjqhpljmfjtu mb elmf whto gpfbtfp hjfrvbcht buulehbtfd whto tof gplwhjghm~lptbjef la beefuu tl ovmbj bjd ~o uhebc eb~htbcu# tof beevmvcbthlj la woheo hu baafetfd `dhaafpfjthbc beefuu la tof ~l~vcbthlj tl tof epfdht mbpift bjd tl ufca-ahjbjehjg l~~lptvjhthfu* Tohuuvggfutu tobt tof ahput utbgf la gplwto mb hjepfbuf hjfrvbcht # fu~fehbcc wofj ht hjqlcqfugpbdvbc mhgpbthlj aplm tof pvpbc bpfbu tl tof qh`pbjt vp`bjh{fd ufetlpu# wofpf dhaafpfjthbc beefuutl ahjbjef bjd fdvebthlj# dhaafpfjthbc b`hchthfu bjd cvei hu buulehbtfd whto gpfbtfp hjfrvbcht * Batfpdfebdfu la gplwto# tof clw-hjelmf pvpbc ufetlp `felmfu b mhjlpht # bjd tof gpfbtfp uebpeht lavjuihccfd wlpifpu bjd ~luuh`c tof bdb~thlj la `fttfp tfeojlclghfu hj abpmhjg wlvcd hjepfbuftofhp wbgf# cfbdhjg tl tof eljqfpgfjef ~obuf wofpf gplwto hu buulehbtfd whto clwfp hjfrvbcht *


9/24


7

Tohu lvtelmf mb `f obutfjfd ha tof ~lchthebc ~plefuu ~plqhdfu tof ~llp whto gpfbtfp `bpgbhjhjgeclvt# hjdvehjg gpfbtfp pfdhutph`vthlj bjd uffdhjg tof fmfpgfjefu la b ubaft jft* @pb{hc hu ljfla tof cbtfut fxbm~cfu alp tohu ~plefuu*

Tof fqhdfjef lj tof Iv{jftu o ~ltofuhu hu# bt `fut# hjeljecvuhqf* Tof epluu-ufethlj bjbc uhu laelvjtphfu tbifj hj tof 287>u uvggfutu b ~bpb`lche pfcbthljuoh~ hj chjf whto Iv{jftu o ~ltofuhu*

Alevuhjg lj tof clw bjd clw-mhddcf hjelmf elvjtphfu# Elpjhb# Bddhulj# bjd Ihhuih /0>>4( ahjdtobt# lvt la 54 dfqfcl~hjg elvjtphfu `ftwffj tof 286>u bjd tof mhd-288>u# hjfrvbcht hu ohgofphj tof tfpmhjbc ~fphld alp 26 la tofm# frvbc alp 24 bjd clwfp alp 6* B V-uob~f hu lùfpqfd hj bjvm`fp la ebufu wofpf hjfrvbcht hu alvjd tl `f hjepfbuhjg wofj elm~bphjg tof tfpmhjbc bjdtof hjhthbc fbpu* Uhmhcbpc tl tof ôhcch~u evpqf# tof uebjt fm~hphebc fqhdfjef qbchdbthjg Iv{jftuo ~ltofuhu ebccu alp b mvcth-abetlp bjbc uhu# pfelgjh{hjg tobt tof eljtph`vthlj la tof qbphlvuabetlpu fx~cbhjhjg gplwto bjd hjfrvbcht mb eobjgf lqfpthmf*

0*5 Utpvetvpbc Eobjgf# Hjfrvbchtx# bjd L~fjjfuu

Cvjd`fpg bjd Urvhpf /0>>5( alevu lj woftofp gplwto bjd hjfrvbcht bpf uhmvctbjflvucdftfpmhjfd bjd woftofp tof bpf uv`kfet tl tof ubmf uft la dftfpmhjhjg abetlpu* Tohu pfufbpeo

~plqhdfu bjuwfpu b`lvt tof hm~bet la ~lche hjjlqbthlju lj tof lùfpqfd buulehbthlj `ftwffjgplwto bjd hjfrvbcht * Tof uolw tobt tof dftfpmhjbjtu la gplwto bjd hjfrvbcht bpf jltmvtvbcc fxecvuhqf9 olwfqfp# tof dhd jlt ahjd qbphb`cfu tobt pl`vutc vjhrvfc hdfjtha tofdftfpmhjbjtu la gplwto lp la dhutph`vthlj* Eljufrvfjtc # bjbc uhu woheo fxbmhjfu fbeo lvtelmfhjdf~fjdfjtc hgjlpfu tof fqhdfjef tobt ~lchehfu dfuhgjfd tl hm~plqf ljf lvtelmf whcc ~pl`b`cbcul hjacvfjef tof ltofp* Hjepfbuhjg tof UbeouWbpjfp hjdfx tl ~plmltf gplwto wlvcd cfbd tlgpfbtfp hjfrvht # bjd tpbdf-laau `ftwffj gplwto bjd frvbcht * 2

Bmljg tof utpvetvpbc abetlpu ~luuh`c hm~bethjg `lto gplwto bjd hjfrvbcht hu hjtfpjbthljbc tpbdf*Tl b cbpgf fxtfjt# wf ebj fx~fet ADH tl obqf bj bjbc thebcc uhmhcbp hm~bet lj tof pfcbthljuoh~`ftwffj utpvetvpbc eobjgf bjd hjfrvbcht bu tpbdf# `vt tof chtfpbtvpf lj tof hm~bet la ADH hu qfptohj ul wf chmht lvp dhuevuuhlj tl tof hm~bet la tpbdf* Xft# tof eobjjfcu la tof tpbdf faafet bpfelm~cfx# bjd tof rvfut alp ecfbp evt pfuvctu pfmbhju fcvuhqf* Bttbjbuhl# Glcd`fpg# bjd ^bqejhi/0>>4( utvdhfd tof hm~bet la tof dpbuthe tbphaa pfdvethlju la tof 28?>u bjd 288>u hj Elclm`hb ljtof wbgf dhutph`vthlj* Tof hdfjthahfd topff eobjjfcu toplvgo woheo tof wbgf dhutph`vthlj wbubaafetfd; hjepfbuhjg pftvpju tl elccfgf fdvebthlj# eobjgfu hj hjdvutp wbgfu tobt ovpt ufetlpuwhto hjhthbcc clwfp wbgfu bjd b ohgofp apbethlj la vjuihccfd wlpifpu# bjd uohatu la tof cb`lp alpeftlwbpdu tof hjalpmbc ufetlp tobt t ~hebcc ~b u clwfp wbgfu bjd laafpu jl `fjfahtu* Tof hjepfbuf

Hm~plqhjg hjelmf dhutph`vthljtoplvgo fjobjehjg ehqhc ch`fpthfu mb obqf obpmavc eljufrvfjefu alp gplwto* Tofhp pfuvctuuvggfut tobt ljf ebj dfphqf b uft la ~lchehfu tobt hj elm`hjbthlj# mb beohfqf bcmlut bjdfuhpfd lvtelmf hj tof gplwto-dhutph`vthlj u~bef; Fx~bjdfd fdvebthlj bjd mlpf frvhtb`cf cbjddhutph`vthlj whcc bt cfbut hm~plqf hjelmf dhutph`vthlj# bjd mb bcul fjobjef gplwto* Tofuf~lchehfu elvcd `f vufd hj elm`hjbthlj whto bj hjepfbufd qbcvf la tof UbeouWbpjfp hjdfx tl

bccfqhbtf tof dhutph`vthljbc elutu buulehbtfd whto l~fjjfuu* Tovu# gplwto elvcd `f hm~plqfdwhtolvt wlpufjhjg hjelmf dhutph`vthlj ` hjepfbuhjg tof UbeouWbpjfp hjdfx /tobt hu# hjepfbuhjgtof ~pl~lpthlj la thmf hj b ghqfj ~fphld hj woheo tof elvjtp ubthuahfu tof UbeouWbpjfp ephtfphb(` ljf utbjdbpd dfqhbthlj# bjd uhmvctbjflvuc hm~plqhjg tof Ghjh hjdfx la cbjd dhutph`vthlj `ljf utbjdbpd dfqhbthlj* Tohu elm`hjbthlj wlvcd jfbpc dlv`cf tof mfbj gplwto pbtf# bjd wlvcdbcul hm~plqf hjelmf dhutph`vthlj ` 4&* Tofuf bpf la elvpuf qfp cbpgf ~lche uohatu# `vt mlpfmldfut ~lche eobjgfu elvcd bcul hfcd hm~plqfmfjtu hj `lto gplwto bjd dhutph`vthlj*

2 Tof Ubeou bjd Wbpjfp hjdfx mfbuvpfu fxeobjgf pbtf bjd tpbdf ~lchehfu* Ht hjecvdfu mfbuvpfu la fxeobjgf pbtf

lqfpqbcvbthlj# tbphaau# bjd jlj-tbphaa pfutphethlju lj tpbdf*


10/24


?

hj tof uihcc ~pfmhvm wbu ~phmbphc dphqfj ` uihccfd-`hbufd tfeojlclghebc eobjgfu# ~bpthbccmlthqbtfd ` tof tbphaa pfdvethlju bjd tof hjepfbufd alpfhgj elm~fththlj* Wbgf ~pfmhvmudfepfbufd ` mlpf hj ufetlpu tobt fx~fphfjefd cbpgfp tbphaa evtu* Ufetlpu whto cbpgfp tbphaa evtubjd mlpf tpbdf fx~luvpf fx~fphfjef b gpfbtfp hjepfbuf hj hjalpmbcht * Tof lqfpbcc faafet la toftpbdf pfalpmu lj tof wbgf dhutph`vthlj mb obqf `ffj mhjhmbc*

Pfefjt eljtph`vthlju alevu lj tof hm~bet la tpbdf hj tof ~pfufjef la ahpmu bjd wlpifpuoftfplgfjfht # fxtfjdhjg tof hjuhgotavc wlpi la Mfcht{ /0>>5(* Ubm~ulj /0>22( uolwfd tobt tof~pfufjef la ~luhthqf mbteohjg `ftwffj wlpifpu uihcc bjd ahpm ~pldvethqht fx~cbhju tof fm~cl fpuh{f-wbgf ~pfmhvm bjd tof fx~lptfp wbgf ~pfmhvm* Tpbdf obu ~plalvjd hm~chebthlju la tpbdflj tof pfuvctbjt mbteohjg bjd hjelmf hjfrvbcht * Vjdfp tpbdf# tof ufcfethlj la ohgo ~pldvethqhtahpmu hjtl fx~lpthjg pbhufu tof dfmbjd alp uihcc bjd hjepfbufu wbgf hjfrvbcht hj bcc elvjtphfu#`lto lj bggpfgbtf bjd whtohj tof fx~lpt ufetlp* Tohu leevpu wofj ahpm ~pldvethqht hu dftfpmhjfd` b pbjdlm dpbw# lp wofj ~pldvethqht hu fjdlgfjlvu tl ahpm cfqfc P!D* Whto fjdlgfjlvu~pldvethqht # tof ohgofp dfmbjd alp uihcc ebvufd ` tpbdf ch`fpbch{bthlj pfuvctu aplm tfeojlclgv~gpbdhjg ` jfw fx~lptfpu*

Tof utpvetvpbc eobjgfu hj dfqfcl~hjg Buhb obqf `ffj dphqfj ` pfalpmu hjdvehjg tpbdf bjd tofu~fehbch{bthlj la Fbut Buhb hj mbjvabetvphjg /hjalpmbthlj tfeojlclg YHT] ufpqhefu hj Hjdhb(* Hjtofuf ehpevmutbjefu# tof mbteohjg la ahpmu bjd wlpifpu mb ~plqhdf tof fx~cbjbthlj alp tofgplwhjg uihccu ~pfmhvm# bjd tof gplwhjg pfelgjhthlj b`lvt tof hm~lptbjef la hjqfutmfjt hjovmbj eb~htbc*

0*4 Tof Hjacvfjef la Ltofp Abetlpu; Fdvebthlj# Ahjbjehbc Hjecvuhlj#Hjapbutpvetvpf# Glqfpjbjef bjd Hjuthtvthlju

Wohcf futhmbthjg tof hm~bet la hjtfpjbthljbc tpbdf lj tof phuf la uihcc wbgf ~pfmhvm bjdhjfrvbcht pfmbhju b wlpi hj ~plgpfuu# fxhuthjg fqhdfjef hu qbchdbthjg tofuf alpefu* Ebutfcc bjdDlmjfeo /0>>0( elm~vtfd tof Ghjh elfaahehfjtu bjd tof dhutph`vthlj la fdvebthlj ` rvhjthcfualp 2>? elvjtphfu lqfp ahqf- fbp hjtfpqbcu aplm 281> tl 0>>>* Tof alvjd tobt ovmbj eb~htbchjfrvbcht jfgbthqfc hjacvfjefu feljlmhe gplwto pbtfu jlt ljc toplvgo tof faahehfje lapfulvpef bcclebthlj `vt bcul toplvgo b pfdvethlj hj hjqfutmfjt pbtfu* Lqfpbcc# fdvebthljhjfrvbcht hu buulehbtfd whto clwfp hjqfutmfjt pbtfu bjd# eljufrvfjtc # clwfp hjelmf gplwto*Tofpfalpf# ~lchehfu eljdvetfd tl ~plmltf gplwto uolvcd jlt ljc tbif hjtl beelvjt tof cfqfc `vtbcul tof dhutph`vthlj la fdvebthlj* Eljufrvfjtc # bhmhjg bt b vjhqfpubc be efuu tl rvbchtfdvebthlj l~t tl pfdvef `lto hjfrvbcht bjd hjepfbuf feljlmhe gplwto* 0

Ahjbjehbc beefuu bjd ahjbjehbc hjecvuhlj ebj hjacvfjef tof pfcbthljuoh~ `ftwffj utpvetvpbceobjgf bjd hjfrvbcht * Mlpf u~fehahebcc # ht ebj mhthgbtf tof bdqfpuf hm~bet la utpvetvpbc eobjgf

Tohu tbui huelm~chebtfd ` tof ~v`che ufetlp uv~~lpt pfrvhpfd tl mlqf tlwbpdu vjhqfpubc beefuu tl rvbchtfdvebthlj# bu tof elut la uveo fdvebthlj hu `f ljd tof pfbeo la b cbpgf apbethlj la tof~l~vcbthlj* Avptofpmlpf# gpfbtfp hjfrvbcht hm~chfu tobt whdfp ufgmfjt la tof ~l~vcbthlj huvjb`cf tl avjd rvbcht fdvebthlj# pfrvhphjg dff~fp elmmhtmfjt la tof ~v`che ufetlp* Wohcf tofahuebc eobccfjgfu buulehbtfd whto avjdhjg fdvebthlj bpf dbvjthjg# fx~fphfjef la elvjtphfupfqhfwfd hj tof jfxt ufethlju uvggfutu tobt mbklp utphdfu hj hm~plqhjg beefuu tl fdvebthlj obqf`ffj beelm~chuofd whtohj b gfjfpbthlj lp twl hj elvjtphfu utbpthjg whto clw tbx `buf*

0 Tof alevu lj rvbcht la fdvebthlj alcclwu tof wlpi la Objvuofi bjd Wlfuumbjj /0>2>(# ahjdhjg tobt tofpf hu utpljgfqhdfjef tobt tof elgjhthqf uihccu la tof ~l~vcbthljpbtofp tobj mfpf ueollc bttbhjmfjtbpf ~lwfpavcc pfcbtfd tlcljg-pvj feljlmhe gplwto* Tof pfcbthljuoh~ `ftwffj uihccu bjd gplwto ~plqfu fxtpfmfc pl`vut hj fm~hphebcb~~chebthlju* Gplwto uhmvcbthlju pfqfbc tobt tof cljg-pvj pfwbpdu tl fdvebthljbc rvbcht bpf cbpgf `vt bcul pfrvhpf~bthfjef*


11/24


8

lj hjfrvbcht * Alp fxbm~cf# b ohgofp cfqfc la ahjbjehbc beefuu bjd hjecvuhlj whcc pfdvef tofbdkvutmfjtu elutu la ahpmu bjd hjdhqhdvbcu wol bpf dhuclebtfd ` l~fjhjg v~ tof dlmfuthefeljlm tl alpfhgj tpbdf bjd ADH* Tof vjdfpc hjg pfbulj hu tobt tof bpf `fttfp b`cf tl pf-bcclebtf tl jfw hjdvutphfu bjd bethqhthfu* Tof ubmf clghe b~~chfu tl bdkvutmfjt tl dhuclebthljbphuhjg aplm tfeojlclghebc ~plgpfuu* Ljf eljepftf bjd u~fehahe fxbm~cf hu tof eb~beht la cbhd-laa wlpifpu tl ahjbjef tofhp tpbhjhjg bjd pf-tpbhjhjg woheo wlvcd ofc~ tofm tl ahjd jfw kl`u*Bjltofp uhgjhahebjt dftfpmhjbjt la tof pfcbthljuoh~ `ftwffj utpvetvpbc eobjgf bjd hjfrvbcht huhjapbutpvetvpf woheo pbhufu feljlm -whdf ~pldvethqht bjd tovu abehchtbtfu tof pf-bcclebthlj lapfulvpefu hj tof abef la utpvetvpbc eobjgf* Ahjbcc # tof rvbcht la glqfpjbjef bjd hjuthtvthlju ebjbcul pfdvef tof jfgbthqf faafet la utpvetvpbc eobjgf lj hjfrvbcht * Hj ~bpthevcbp# utpljgfpglqfpjbjef bjd hjuthtvthlju whcc abehchtbtf tof ~plqhuhlj la ~v`che buuhutbjef tl toluf wol bpfbdqfpufc baafetfd ` utpvetvpbc eobjgf* Acfxh`cf ~pldvet bjd cb`lp mbpiftu whcc bcul ofc~*

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beefuu tl rvbcht fdvebthlj wlvcd hjepfbuf gplwto dhpfetc # wlpihjg tlwbpdu mhthgbthjg hjelmfhjfrvbcht # bjd wlvcd pfdvef tof dlwjuhdf phui la tof avtvpf fmfpgfjef la gplwto pfdvethljfeljlmhe hjutb`hcht *

5* HJFRVBCHTX-UTPVETVPBC EOBJGF JF_VU HJ TOFBDQBJEFD FELJLMHFU

Hjuhgot ebj `f gbhjfd ` tpbehjg tof hjfrvbcht -utpvetvpbc eobjgfu hj bdqbjefd elvjtphfu dvphjgtof cbut 0>> fbpu* Bu dfqfcl~hjg Buhb hu eljqfpghjg tl tof dfqfcl~mfjt cfqfc la tof bdqbjefdelvjtphfu# tof fx~fphfjef la tof LFED elvjtphfu mb ~plqhdf hjuhgot l j tof hjfrvbcht -utpvetvpbceobjgf buulehbthlju dvphjg qbp hjg utbgfu la gplwto bjd eljqfpgfjef* 5

Tof ohutlp la Fvpl~f# Fjgcbjd `fhjg bmljg tof `fut dlevmfjtfd fxbm~cfu# ~plqhdfu vufavccfuulju* Hj tof ahput ~obuf la tof Hjdvutphbc Pfqlcvthlj# ~phlp tl tof hm~cfmfjtbthlj la uhgjhahebjtfdvebthlj pfalpmu# ~o uhebc eb~htbc beevmvcbthlj ~pl~bgbtfd ` tfeojlclghebc hm~plqfmfjtuwbu tof ~phmf fjghjf la feljlmhe gplwto* Hj tof b`ufjef la uhgjhahebjt ovmbj eb~htbcdff~fjhjg# tof eljefjtpbthlj la eb~htbc bmljg tof eb~htbchutu whdfjfd wfbcto hjfrvbcht * Tofhjdvutphbch{bthlj uft hj mlthlj b ~plefuu wofpf` tof hjepfbuf hj tof pftvpj tl cb`lp pfcbthqf tleb~htbc# bjd tof ohgofp dfmbjd alp uihccu ~pl~bgbtfd fdvebthlj pfalpmu* Hj tof ufeljd ~obuf latof Hjdvutphbc Pfqlcvthlj# tof ~bef la eb~htbc beevmvcbthlj uobp~c dfepfbufd# wofpfbu toffdvebthlj la tof cb`lp alpef hjepfbufd# bjd uihccu `febmf jfefuubp alp ~pldvethlj* Tofhjqfutmfjt pbthl hjepfbufd hj Fjgcbjd aplm 1& hj 271> tl 22*7& hj 2?52# pfmbhjfd bt bplvjd22& lj bqfpbgf hj tof fbpu 2?612825 /Epbatu 28?69 Mbttofwu ft bc* 28?0(* Hj eljtpbut# tofbqfpbgf fbpu la ueollchjg la mbcf hj tof cb`lp alpef wbu lqfpbcc utb`cf vjthc tof 2?5>u# tph~cfd` tof `fghjjhjg la tof 0>to efjtvp /Mbttofwu ft bc* 28?0; 675(*

4

5 Uff Gbclp /0>>6(# ^bpfjt bjd ^pfueltt /0>>6(# bjd Mbddhulj /0>>?( alp elm~pfofjuhqf lqfpqhfwu la cljg-pvj

gplwto ~bttfpju*

Bcc tofuf eobjgfu# bjd tof

4 Fdvebthlj pfalpmu hj Fjgcbjd alcclwfd tof ~pfuuvpf ` eb~htbchutu bu wfcc bu cb`lp vjhlju# woheo pfelgjh{fd tofhm~lptbjef la tfeojhebc uihccu alp mbhjtbhjhjg elm~fththqfjfuu bgbhjut ltofp Fvpl~fbj elvjtphfu* Tof 2??8Tfeojhebc Hjutpvethlj Bet bcclwfd tof jfw clebc elvjehcu tl uft v~ tfeojhebc hjutpvethlj elmmhttffu# bjd tof 2?8>Clebc Tbxbthlj Bet ~plqhdfd ~v`che avjdu tobt elvcd `f u~fjt lj tfeojhebc fdvebthlj /Gpffj 288>(*


12/24


2>

buulehbtfd beevmvcbthlj la buuftu ` tof wlpifpu# `plvgot b gpbdvbc dfechjf hj hjfrvbcht/Whchbmulj 28?69 Ecbpi 0>>0# 0>>5(*

Fdvebthlj pfalpmu hj tof ufeljd ~obuf la tof Hjdvutphbc Pfqlcvthlj wfpf buulehbtfd whto buobp~ hjepfbuf hj pfbc wbgfu bcljg whto b uobp~ hjepfbuf hj tof wbgfpfjtbc pbthl* Lqfp 2?05 2826# wfbcto hjfrvbcht hj tof Vjhtfd Ihjgdlm /VI( ~fbifd bplvjd 2?7> bjd dfechjfd

tofpfbatfp# hj ecluf buulehbthlj whto tof uobp~ hjepfbuf hj tof fjplccmfjt pbtfu la eohcdpfj hj~v`che ~phmbp ueollcu aplm b`lvt 0>& hj 2?7> tl b`lvt ?>& hj 282> /Aclpb ft bc* 28?5(* Dvphjgtobt ~fphld# wbgfu bcmlut dlv`cfd# whto mhcd eobjgfu hj cbjd bjd pfjtbc pbtfu* Tof dfechjf hjhjfrvbcht wbu buulehbtfd whto uh{b`cf eobjgfu tobt leevppfd bplvjd 2?7> hj tof pfcbthqf pftvpjutl tof mbhj abetlpu la ~pldvethlj ~luufuufd ` eb~htbchutu bjd wlpifpu* Tof eobjgfu hj abetlp~phefu pfacfet tof eb~htbc beevmvcbthlj tphggfpfd ` tfeojlclghebc hjjlqbthlju hjdvehjg ohgofpdfmbjd alp uihccfd wlpifpu# bu wfcc bu tof hjepfbuf hj fjplccmfjt pbtfu bjd htu dfcb fd faafet ljtof uihcc cfqfc ~fp wlpifp* Uhmhcbp ~bttfpju wfpf l`ufpqfd hj Apbjef bjd Gfpmbj /Mlpphuuljbjd Uj dfp 0>>>(* Tof dfechjf hj hjfrvbcht hj Apbjef b~~fbpu tl `f buulehbtfd whto tofuhgjhahebjt eobjgfu hj tof pfcbthqf pftvpju tl tof mbhj abetlpu la ~pldvethlj ~luufuufd `eb~htbchutu bjd wlpifpu hj tof ufeljd ~bpt la tof 28to efjtvp * Cfq -Cf`l fp bjd @lvpgvhgjlj/288>( dlevmfjtfd tobt pfbc wbgfu bjd tof wbgfpfjtbc pbthl hjepfbufd uhgjhahebjtc bu la

2?1># pfacfethjg tof phuf hj tof dfmbjd alp uihccfd cb`lp bjd tof faafet la tof hjepfbuf hjfjplccmfjt pbtfu lj tof uihcc cfqfc ~fp wlpifp*

Tof tpbjualpmbthlj la fm~cl mfjt aplm bgphevctvpf tl hjdvutp bjd ufpqhefu obu `ffj b if ~bptla tof gplwto ~plefuu tphggfpfd ` tbiflaau# whto mbuuhqf pvpbc tl vp`bj pfbcclebthlj la~l~vcbthlj* Hj tof VI# tof fm~cl mfjt uobpf la bgphevctvpf dpl~~fd aplm b`lvt 56& hj 2?>># tl6& hj 286># pfbeohjg `fclw 5& tldb * Tof pfuvctu bpf mlpf dpbmbthe alp tof Vjhtfd Utbtfu/VU(# wofpf tof bgphevctvpf fm~cl mfjt uobpf bt tof `fghjjhjg la 2?>> wbu wfcc b`lqf 7>pfbeohjg b`lvt 0& tldb * Alp cbtf elmfpu tl tof hjdvutphbch{bthlj# tohu ~plefuu beefcfpbtfd; tofbgphevctvpf fm~cl mfjt uobpf dpl~~fd hj U~bhj aplm b`lvt 17& hj 28>># tl wfcc `fclw 2>&tldb * Tohu ~plefuu wbu dphqfj ` twl abetlpu; hm~plqfmfjtu hj bgphevctvpbc tfeojlclgelm`hjfd whto Fjgfcu cbw pfcfbuf pfulvpefu aplm bgphevctvpf / cb`lp ~vuo aplm bgphevctvpf (# bjdhm~plqfmfjtu hj hjdvutphbc tfeojlclg bttpbetfd cb`lp lvt la bgphevctvpf / cb`lp ~vcc (* Fm~hphebc

bjbc uhu la 22 Lpgbjhubthlj alp Feljlmhe El-l~fpbthlj bjd Dfqfcl~mfjt /LFED( elvjtphfu#uhjef 2?>># uvggfutu tobt tof ~vcc eobjjfc dlmhjbtfd vjthc b`lvt Wlpcd Wbp HH# whto tof ~vuoeobjjfc dlmhjbthjg batfpwbpdu* Tof ~vcc eobjjfc uffmu tl mbttfp mlpf hj elvjtphfu hj fbpcutbgfu la tof utpvetvpbc tpbjualpmbthlj /Glcchj ft bc* 0>>09 Bcqbpf{-Evbdpbdl bjd ^lueoif0>22(*

Wfbcto hjfrvbcht hj tof VU# woheo hjepfbufd gpbdvbcc aplm elcljhbc thmfu vjthc tof ufeljd obcala tof 28to efjtvp # pfqfpufd htu elvpuf bt tof tvpj la tof efjtvp bjd mbhjtbhjfd htu dfechjhjg~bttfpj dvphjg tof ahput obca la tof 0>to efjtvp /Chjdfpt bjd Whccbmulj 2871(* Tof fmfpgfjef latof jfw feljlm hj tof fbpc 0>to efjtvp hjepfbufd tof dfmbjd alp fdvebtfd wlpifpu* Hjtbjdfm# tof epfbthlj la ~v`chec avjdfd mbuu mldfpj ufeljdbp ueollcu aplm 282> tl 284>~plqhdfd gfjfpbc bjd ~pbethebc fdvebthlj# eljtph`vtfd tl wlpifpu ~pldvethqht # bjd `plbdfjfdelccfgf fdvebthlj /Glcdhj 0>>2(# abehchtbthjg ulehbc bjd gflgpb~ohe ml`hcht * Ht gfjfpbtfd b cbpgfdfepfbuf hj hjfrvbcht hj feljlmhe lvtelmfu* Tohu ~plefuu wbu mbgjhahfd ` tof ljuft ladfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlju*

Tof hjdvutphbc pfqlcvthlj hj Wfutfpj Fvpl~f uft hj mlthlj b elm~cfx ~plefuu la dfmlgpb~ohetpbjuhthlj* Wohcf tof gplwto pbtf la lvt~vt,eb~htb hjepfbufd hj tof ahput ~obuf la tof hjdvutphbcpfqlcvthlj# tof Mbctovuhbj faafet la hjelmf ~fp eb~htb lj ~l~vcbthlj gplwto wbu mbhjtbhjfd alp btpbjuhthljbc ~fphld* Dvphjg tobt ~fphld# tof uh{b`cf hjepfbuf hj ~l~vcbthlj gplwto mhthgbtfd ulmfla tof ~ltfjthbc gbhju hj hjelmf ~fp eb~htb* Hj Fjgcbjd# tof beefcfpbthlj hj tfeojlclghebc~plgpfuu bjd tof beevmvcbthlj la ~o uhebc eb~htbc# bjd tl b cfuufp fxtfjt ovmbj eb~htbc#


13/24


22

gfjfpbtfd b gpbdvbc phuf hj pfbc wbgfu hj tof vp`bj ufetlp* ^bptc dvf tl cb`lp ml`hcht bjddfmbjd faafetu# ht hjdvefd b gpbdvbc phuf hj pfbc wbgfu hj tof abpmhjg ufetlp* Tof pfcbxbthlj hjtof olvufolcdu `vdgft eljutpbhjt alcclwhjg tof tbiflaau wbu buulehbtfd whto bj hjepfbuf hjafpthcht pbtfu bcljg whto bj hjepfbuf hj chtfpbe pbtfu bjd fbpu la ueollchjg* Eljevppfjtc whtotof dfechjf hj mlptbcht pbtfu# afpthcht pbtfu bjd ~l~vcbthlj gplwto hjepfbufd hj mlut la WfutfpjFvpl~f vjthc tof ufeljd obca la tof 28to efjtvp /Elbcf bjd Tpfbdwb 28?1(* Tof tbif-laa wbubuulehbtfd whto tof beefcfpbthlj hj hjdvutphbch{bthlj bjd phuf hj vp`bjh{bthlj# bjd b ~fpuhutfjtdfechjf hj tof uobpf la bgphevctvpf ~pldvethlj hj tltbc GD^ /Mhteofcc 28?29 @bhpleo 28??(* Tofhjepfbuhjg uihcc pfrvhpfmfjtu hj tof ~plefuu la hjdvutphbch{bthlj hjepfbufd tof dfmbjd alpfdvebthlj# woheo wbu `llutfd bcul ` tof uhgjhahebjt hjepfbuf hj chaf fx~fetbje * Lqfpthmf# tofeljtph`vthlj la ovmbj eb~htbc beevmvcbthlj tl tof gplwto ~plefuu hjepfbufd /dlv`cfd hj tofVU(# wofpfbu tof eljtph`vthlj la ~o uhebc eb~htbc dfechjfd uhgjhahebjtc /Glcdhj bjd Ibt{ 0>>2(*

Alcclwhjg tof gplwto tbiflaa# ~l~vcbthlj gplwto pbtf beefcfpbtfd* Olwfqfp# whto b uhgjhahebjt cbg/b`lvt b efjtvp hj Wfutfpj Fvpl~f# b`lvt 7> fbpu hj tof VU# Ebjbdb# bjd Bvutpbchb(# tofpfwbu b dpbmbthe dpl~ la ~l~vcbthlj gplwto pbtf /Mbddhulj 0>>2(* Tof dfechjf hj ~l~vcbthljgplwto alcclwfd tof dpbmbthe dfechjf hj afpthcht pbtfu# pfbeohjg hj Fvpl~f cfqfcu wfcc `fclw tof~l~vcbthlj pf~cbefmfjt cfqfc* Hm~lptbjtc # tof dfechjf hj afpthcht dvphjg tof dfmlgpb~ohe

tpbjuhthlj lvt~befd tof dfechjf hj mlptbcht pbtfu# bjd `plvgot b`lvt b dfechjf hj tof jvm`fp laeohcdpfj wol uvpqhqfd tl tofhp pf~pldvethlj bgf* Wohcf tohu ~plefuu ahtu wfcc tof ufevcbp hjepfbufhj tof dfmbjd alp ovmbj eb~htbc# ht mb hjdvef ohgofp hjfrvbcht ha tof dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlj hudhutph`vtfd vjfqfjc # thctfd tlwbpdu tof ohgofp fjd la tof hjelmf dhutph`vthlj*

Tof ~plefuu la hjdvutphbch{bthlj hj dfqfcl~fd feljlmhfu wbu mbgjhahfd ` tof gplwto lahjtfpjbthljbc tpbdf* Tof VI bjd Jlptowfut Fvpl~f wfpf jft hm~lptfpu la ~phmbp ~pldvetu bjdjft fx~lptfpu la mbjvabetvpfd glldu# wofpfbu tof fx~lptu la Buhb# Lefbjhb# Cbthj Bmfpheb# bjdBapheb wfpf lqfpwofcmhjgc elm~lufd la ~phmbp ~pldvetu /Ahjdcb bjd LPlvpif 0>>5(*LPlvpif bjd Whcchbmulj /0>>6( alvjd tobt tpbdf wbu b uhgjhahebjt alpef `fohjd tof phuf hj~pldvethqht hj tof VI* Tofpfalpf# wohcf tfeojlclghebc bdqbjefu elvcd obqf tphggfpfd tofHjdvutphbc Pfqlcvthlj whtolvt bj fx~bjuhlj la hjtfpjbthljbc tpbdf# tof gplwto hj fx~lptuhjepfbufd tof ~bef la hjdvutphbch{bthlj bjd tof gplwto pbtf la lvt~vt ~fp eb~htb la tof VI bjd

Wfutfpj Fvpl~f*Elmmlj topfbdu la tofuf fx~fphfjefu wfpf tobt tof beevmvcbthlj la ~o uhebc eb~htbc pbhufd tofplcf la ovmbj eb~htbc hj tof gplwto ~plefuu# pfacfethjg tof elm~cfmfjtbphthfu `ftwffj eb~htbcbjd uihccu* Hjqfutmfjt hj ovmbj eb~htbc# olwfqfp# wbu uv`-l~thmbc dvf tl epfdht mbpifthm~fpafethlju* Chmhtfd beefuu tl bjd baalpdb`hcht la rvbcht fdvebthlj# wofpf wfbcto# gfjdfp#pbef# bjd ftojheht baafetfd ueollchjg bqbhcb`hcht ~pl~bgbtfd vjfrvbc beevmvcbthlj la ovmbjeb~htbc# hjdvehjg phuhjg hjfrvbcht bt thmfu la ohgofp bqfpbgf pfbc wbgfu* Eljufrvfjtc # dff~fp~v`che hjqfutmfjt hj fdvebthlj obu `ffj gplwto-fjobjehjg# pfdvehjg hjelmf hjfrvbcht *Olwfqfp# tof clw dfgpff la elm~cfmfjtbpht `ftwffj ovmbj eb~htbc bjd cbjd dvphjg tofhjdvutphbc pfqlcvthlj hm~chfd tobt vjhqfpubc ~v`che fdvebthlj hjepfbufd tof elut la cb`lp `f ljdtof hjepfbuf hj bqfpbgf cb`lp ~pldvethqht hj abpmhjg# ~pl`b`c pfdvehjg tof pftvpj tl cbjd* 6

Hjtfpjbthljbc tpbdf fjobjefd tof u~fehbch{bthlj la hjdvutphbc feljlmhfu hj tof ~pldvethlj lambjvabetvphjg bjd ltofp uihccfd hjtfjuhqf glldu dvphjg tof ufeljd ~obuf la tof HjdvutphbcPfqlcvthlj* Tof pfuvctbjt phuf hj tof dfmbjd alp uihccfd cb`lp hjdvefd b gpbdvbc hjqfutmfjt hjtof rvbcht la tof ~l~vcbthlj# fx~fdhthjg b dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlj# ~pl`b`c uthmvcbthjg alcclw v~

6 Tofpfalpf# cbjdlwjfpu obd chmhtfd feljlmhe hjefjthqfu tl uv~~lpt gplwto fjobjehjg fdvebthljbc ~lchehfu bu tofhp

utbif hj tof ~pldvethqht la tof hjdvutphbc ufetlp wbu hjuvaahehfjt* Tovu# bj vjfrvbc dhutph`vthlj la cbjd lwjfpuoh~ ~vt

b dpbg lj tof uv~~lpt bjd tof beevmvcbthlj la ovmbj eb~htbc /uff Gbclp# Mlbq# bjd Qlccpbto 0>>5(*


14/24


20

tfeojlclghebc ~plgpfuu# bjd avptofp fjobjehjg tof elm~bpbthqf bdqbjtbgf la Wfutfpj Fvpl~f hjtof ~pldvethlj la uihccfd hjtfjuhqf glldu* Hj eljtpbut# hj jlj-hjdvutphbc feljlmhfu hjtfpjbthljbctpbdf obu gfjfpbtfd tof l~~luhtf alpefugpfbtfp u~fehbch{bthlj hj jlj-hjdvutphbc glldu#~pldvefd ` vjuihccfd# clw wbgf wlpiu* Tof pfuvctbjt clw dfmbjd alp ovmbj eb~htbc obu~plqhdfd chmhtfd hjefjthqfu tl hjqfut hj tof rvbcht la tof ~l~vcbthlj* Tofpfalpf# tof gbhju aplmtpbdf hj jlj-hjdvutphbc feljlmheu ~pl`b`c dfcb fd tofhp dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlj# hjepfbuhjgavptofp tofhp pfcbthqf b`vjdbjef la vjuihccfd cb`lp* Eljufrvfjtc # hjtfpjbthljbc tpbdf baafetfd hjelm~cfx wb u tof dhutph`vthlj la ~l~vcbthlj# uihccu# bjd tfeojlclghfu hj tof wlpcd feljlm *

Tof dfgpff tl woheo tof fdvebthlj u utfm bjd tof ulehbc jlpmu bcclw whdf beefuuh`hcht tlovmbj eb~htbc beevmvcbthlj hu b if abetlp beelvjthjg alp tof hm~bet la utpvetvpbc eobjgfu ljtof dhutph`vthlj la hjelmf* Rvbcht ~phqbtf fdvebthlj hu apfrvfjtc `f ljd tof pfbeo la tof ~llpfpufgmfjt la tof ~l~vcbthlj* Eb~htbc mbpift hm~fpafethlju buulehbtfd whto tof hjb`hcht tlelccbtfpbch{f ovmbj eb~htbc hm~chfu tobt ~v`che avjdhjg bjd ~v`che fdvebthlj bpf ephthebc alp tofwhdf beefuuh`hcht tl fdvebthlj* Tof ohutlp la Wfutfpj Fvpl~f# Ebjbdb# bjd tof VU uvggfututobt# hj tof ufeljd ~obuf la tof hjdvutphbc pfqlcvthlj# tof fmfpgfjef la ~v`che fdvebthlj bjdgpfbtfp cb`lp ml`hcht abehchtbtfd gplwto beelm~bjhfd ` clwfp hjfrvbcht *

Jfqfptofcfuu# tof plu lvtelmf la gplwto whto clwfp hjfrvbcht hj tof ufeljd ~obuf la tofhjdvutphbc pfqlcvthlj hu jlt pfbuuvpfd* Whdfc bqbhcb`cf rvbcht ~v`che fdvebthlj pfrvhpfuuhgjhahebjt tbx uv~~lpt# pfdhutph`vthjg hjelmf tlwbpdu tof ~llpfp ufgmfjtu la tof ~l~vcbthlj*^l~vcbp uv~~lpt alp pfdhutph`vthqf ~lchehfu mb dfepfbuf whto hjfrvbcht /@fjb`lv 0>>>(* Whtohm~fpafet epfdht bjd hjuvpbjef mbpiftu ulmf pfdhutph`vthqf ~lchehfu ebj hm~plqf fx bjtfwfcabpf# bjd tohu hm~chfu tobt tofhp ~lchthebc uv~~lpt tfjdu tl dfepfbuf whto hjfrvbcht *Eljqfpufc # whto epfdht eljutpbhjtu# clwfp pfdhutph`vthlj tpbjucbtfu hjtl mlpf ~fpuhutfjthjfrvbcht 9 ofjef tof ~ltfjthbc alp mvcth~cf utfbd utbtfu# whto mvtvbcc pfhjalpehjg ohgo hjfrvbchtbjd clw pfdhutph`vthlj# lp qhef qfpub* @fjb`lvu apbmfwlpi bcul ~plqhdfu bj hjtfp~pftbthlj alptof dlevmfjtfd jfgbthqf pfcbthljuoh~ `ftwffj hjhthbc dhu~bphthfu la hjelmf lp wfbcto bjduvùfrvfjt bggpfgbtf gplwto /Bcfuhjb bjd Pldphi 28849 ^fpuulj bjd Tb`fcchjh 2884(*Pfelgjh{hjg tobt ~pftbx hjfrvbcht obu b uhgjhahebjtc jfgbthqf faafet lj ulehbc tpbjuafpu /DfMfccl bjd Thljgulj 0>>1(# ht alcclwu tobt gpfbtfp hjfrvbcht mb ohjdfp tof uv~~lpt alp rvbcht

~v`che fdvebthlj bjd lqfpbcc beevmvcbthlj la ovmbj eb~htbc# pfdvehjg tofpf` gplwto*Tof phuf hj hjfrvbcht hj tof VU aplm 28?> mb pf~pfufjt b jfw dfqfcl~mfjt ~obuf# buulehbtfdwhto tfeojlclghebc eobjgfu ~pl~bgbtfd ` tof ljglhjg HT hjjlqbthlj* Bvtlp ft bc* /0>>?( fx~cbhjtof phuf hj VU wbgf hjfrvbcht uhjef 28?> bu tof lvtelmf la twl tpfjdu* Ahput# tof pb~hd ufevcbpgplwto hj tof pfcbthqf dfmbjd alp uihccu# bttph`vtb`cf tl uihcc-`hbufd tfeojhebc eobjgf# bjd b uobp~dfefcfpbthlj hj tof pfcbthqf uv~~c la elccfgf wlpifpu hj tof 28?>u eb~tvpf wfcc tof fqlcvthlj latof elccfgf,ohgo ueollc wbgf ~pfmhvm lqfp alvp dfebdfu* Ufeljd# tof pfefjt ~lcbph{bthlj lauihcc dfmbjdu hj woheo fm~cl mfjt obu fx~bjdfd hj ohgo-wbgf bjd clw-wbgf wlpi bt toffx~fjuf la mhddcf-wbgf klù mb pfacfet tof plcf la hjalpmbthlj tfeojlclg hj elm~cfmfjthjgbùtpbet /ohgo-fdvebthlj( tbuiu bjd uvùthtvthjg alp plvthjf /mhddcf-fdvebthlj( tbuiu* Tofbvtolpu eljecvdf tobt elm~vtfph{bthlj bjd hjtfpjbthljbc lvtulvpehjg mb obqf pbhufd tofdfmbjd alp uihcc bmljg ohgofp-fdvebtfd wlpifpu# df~pfuufd uihcc dfmbjdu alp mhddcf-fdvebtfd wlpifpu# wohcf cfbqhjg tof clwfp fjd la tof wbgf dhutph`vthlj elm~bpbthqfc hjtbet*Tohu hjtfp~pftbthlj mb beelvjt alp tof olcclwhjg lvt la tof wbgf dhutph`vthlj lùfpqfd hjLFED elvjtphfu*


15/24


25

4* BJBCXTHEBC PFQHFW LA TOF HJFRVBCHTX-UTPVETVPBCEOBJGF JF_VU HJ DFQFCL^HJG BUHB

Tof gcl`bc tpfjd uhjef tof 281>u obu `ffj tof ebteo-v~ bjd eljqfpgfjef bepluu elvjtphfu/Mbddhulj 0>>?(* Dfqfcl~hjg Buhb obu cfd tohu tpfjd# whto vj~pfefdfjtfd gplwto la tofGD^,eb~htb aplm 2860 tl 287? hj Kb~bj9 Tbh~fh#Eohjb9 tof Pf~v`che la Ilpfb9 Oljg Iljg#Eohjb9 bjd Uhjgb~lpf# bt bjjvbc pbtfu pbjghjg `ftwffj 4*?& /Uhjgb~lpf( tl 1*7& /Kb~bj(* Tofjfxt utf~ wbu tof tfetljhe uohat ~pl~bgbtfd ` tof tbiflaa la tof ^PE hj tof 28?>u alcclwfd `Hjdhb hj tof 288>u* B elmmlj afbtvpf la tofuf tbiflaau obu `ffj tof ohgo cfqfcu la hjqfutmfjthj ovmbj bjd ~o uhebc eb~htbc# pb~hd hjepfbufu la hjtfpjbthljbc tpbdf bjd hjaclwu la ADH# bjd toftpbjuafp la tfeojlclg * Hj mlut Buhbj tbiflaau# tof cfbdhjg ufetlpu wfpf mbjvabetvphjg /ufpqhefuhj Hjdhb(* Tof pb~hd gplwto pbtfu alcclwhjg tofuf tbiflaau wfpf pfhjalpefd ` cbpgf hjqfutmfjt hj~o uhebc bjd ovmbj eb~htbc# ahjbjefd ` qfp ohgo hjqfutmfjt bjd ubqhjg pbtfu hj dfqfcl~hjgBuhb*

Tof fx~fphfjef la dfqfcl~hjg Buhb dhaafpu aplm tobt la fmfpghjg Cbthj Bmfpheb# hj tof if plcf~cb fd ` fx~lpt cfd gplwto utpbtfg # whto ofbq fm~obuhu lj hjdvutphbch{bthlj* Apfrvfjtc # tohuutpbtfg wbu uv~~lptfd ` dhpfet bcclebthlj la bqbhcb`cf epfdht ` utbtf-lwjfd `bjiu# hj wb uchjifd tl tof pfbch{fd gplwto bjd fx~lpt ~fpalpmbjef* Kb~bj /aplm tof 286>u( bjd tof Pf~v`chela Ilpfb /aplm tof 287>u( bpf bmljg tof elvjtphfu tobt vufd tofuf epfdht ~lchehfu alp ufqfpbcdfebdfu# b~~c hjg fcb`lpbtf hjuthtvthljbc mfeobjhumu alp ufcfethlj bjd mljhtlphjg /Wlpcd @bji2885(* Tof gplwto wbu bcul ~pl~bgbtfd ` tpbdf ch`fpbch{bthlj faalptu# hjepfbuhjg tof Ubeou-Wbpjfp hjdfx la l~fjjfuu# pfuvcthjg whto b cbpgf hjepfbuf hj hjqfutmfjt# gplwto# bjd fx~lptu/Wbe{hbpg bjd Wfceo 0>>?(* Hjtphgvhjgc # Kb~bj bjd tof Pf~v`che la Ilpfb wfpf eclufd tlhjwbpd ADH# bjd pfapbhjfd aplm cbpgf olbpdhjg la hjtfpjbthljbc pfufpqfu dvphjg tof ahput dfebdfula tofhp feljlmhe tbiflaau* Tof fmfpgfjef la mbjvabetvphjg bu b cfbdhjg ufetlp ~plqhdfd tof~vcc abetlp alp tof pvpbc-tl-vp`bj mhgpbthlj* Tof bgphevctvpf ufetlp hj dfqfcl~hjg Buhb mbjbgfd tlhjepfbuf htu ~pldvethqht hj tbjdfm whto tof gplwto tbiflaa* Tohu wbu tof lvtelmf la cbjdpfalpmu# jltb`c hj tof Pf~v`che la Ilpfb bjd Tbh~fh#Eohjb# hm~plqfmfjt hj bgphevctvpffxtfjuhlj ufpqhefu tl u~ffd tof dhaavuhlj la Gpffj Pfqlcvthlj tfeojlclghfu# bjd hjqfutmfjt hjhjapbutpvetvpf /Wlpcd @bji 2885(* Tovu# hj tof ahput utbgf la tof tbiflaau# gplwto `fjfahtupfdvefd ~lqfpt bepluu tof `lbpd* Xft# tof ~pfafpfjthbc tpfbtmfjt la hjdvutphbch{bthlj hm~lufd bjhm~cheht tbx lj bgphevctvpf# pfuvcthjg whto cbggfd hjelmf gplwto hj tof pvpbc pfcbthqf tl tof mlpfhjdvutphbch{fd# mlutc vp`bj bpfbu*

Tof fx~fphfjef la tof cbut topff dfebdfu hj tof ^PE dhaafpu aplm tobt la Kb~bj# tof Pf~v`che laIlpfb# bjd ltofp dfqfcl~hjg Buhbj elvjtphfu hj tof if plcf la hjwbpd ADH bjd klhjt qfjtvpfu*Tofuf bethqhthfu abehchtbtfd mlpf pb~hd tfeojlclghebc tpbjualpmbthlj* Hjtfpjbthljbc tpbdf pfmbhju bqhtbc ~bpt la tof ^PEu gplwto utpbtfg # whto gplwhjg plcf alp elm~cfx jftwlpi-tpbdf whto tofPf~v`che la Ilpfb# Kb~bj# bjd ltofp Buhbj elvjtphfu* Tof utpbtfg uffmu tl wlpi# bcclwhjg tof^PE tl echm` pb~hdc lj tof cbddfp la ~pldvet ul~ohuthebthlj# bt pbtfu abutfp tobj tof ljfl`ufpqfd fbpchfp hj Kb~bj# tof Pf~v`che la Ilpfb# bjd ltofp dfqfcl~hjg Buhbj feljlmhfu

/Ueoltt 0>>?(* ADH hjaclwu tl tof ^PE mb eljtph`vtf tl gpfbtfp hjfrvbcht # bu tof gflgpb~ohebcdhutph`vthlj la tof hjwbpd ADH obu `ffj uifwfd tlwbpdu tof Fbutfpj-Ulvtofpj ~plqhjefu*Acfhuofp# Ch# bjd [obl /0>2>( ~lhjtfd lvt tobt ADH obd b mveo cbpgfp faafet lj tltbc abetlp~pldvethqht /TA^( `falpf 2884 tobj batfp# bttph`vthjg tohu ahjdhjg tl tof hjepfbuhjg uveefuu la~phqbtf bjd rvbuh-~phqbtf fjtfp~phufu* Pfghljbc dhaafpfjefu hj ~o uhebc# ovmbj bjd hjapbutpvetvpfeb~htbc# bjd pfghljbc dhaafpfjefu hj ADH aclwu beelvjt alp tof dhaafpfjthbc pfghljbc gplwto~bttfpju* Ovmbj eb~htbc hjqfutmfjt hj cfuu-dfqfcl~fd bpfbu hu kvuthahfd lj faahehfje gplvjdubjd `febvuf ht eljtph`vtfu tl b pfdvethlj hj pfghljbc hjfrvbcht *


16/24


24

Wohcf tof fx~lpt cfd gplwto utpbtfg mb aht umbcc elvjtphfu# uolpt la tof fmfpgfjef la b jfwdfmbjdfp la cbut pfulpt# tof ^PEu gplwto ~bto obu `ffj eobccfjgfd ` htu lwj uveefuu/Bh{fjmbj bjd Uvj 0>2>(* Tohu hu fu~fehbcc tof ebuf bt thmfu la dhmhjhuohjg gplwto ~plu~fetula tof VU bjd tof fvpl bpfb* Affjutpb bjd Oljg /0>2>( eljecvdfd tobt tof gplwto hj dlmfuthedfmbjd cfd tl topff-thmfu mlpf fm~cl mfjt gbhju tobj dhd fx~lptu lqfp 0>>>0>>6*Tofpfalpf# tof ^PE elvcd tvpj tlwbpdu dlmfuthe dfmbjd hjutfbd la fx~lpt bjd eljuvmfpfx~fjdhtvpfu# hj ~bpthevcbp bu bj fjghjf tl uthmvcbtf fm~cl mfjt* Tof ~lchehfu buulehbtfd whtouveo b tvpj wlvcd pfdvef tof hjfrvbcht `ftwffj tof vp`bj bjd tof pvpbc bpfbu*

Tohu hjtphgvhjg l`ufpqbthlj hu hj chjf whto tof gplwto ~fpalpmbjef la Hjdhb# woheo mbjbgfd tlgplw abut hj b mlpf `bcbjefd wb # whtolvt pfc hjg lj fxtfpjbc dfmbjd bu tof fjghjf la gplwto*Hjdhbu gplwto tbiflaa tlli ~cbef bgbhjut b `beigplvjd la ~phlp hjfrvbcht hj beefuu tll~~lptvjhthfu bjd hjelmf# woheo hj tvpj ~vt b dpbg lj tof u~ffd la ~lqfpt pfdvethlj# bjd~pl`b`c mbgjhahfd tof hjepfbuf la hjfrvbcht * Tof ~phlp hjfrvbcht hj Hjdhb# bjd tof ohgofpgplwto pbtf la tof ^PE# beelvjtu alp tof abutfp ~lqfpt pfdvethlj beelm~chuofd ` tof ^PE/Pbqbcchlj 0>22(*

Tof hjfrvbcht df`btf hj Hjdhb hu gfjfpbcc dhuevuufd hj pfcbthlj tl tof mbklp feljlmhe pfalpmuhj tof 288>u* Hjdhb vjdfpwfjt pbdhebc fxtfpjbc ufetlp ch`fpbch{bthljbqfpbgf mbjvabetvphjgtbphaau dpl~~fd aplm 227& hj 288>2882 tl 58& hj 28880>>>* Tpbdf pfalpmu# bmljg ltofputpvetvpbc pfalpmu# bjd feljlmhe gplwto obu pfdvefd ~lqfpt hj Hjdhb bjd hm~lptbjt dphqfpuwfpf tfeojlclghebc eobjgfu hj tof pvpbc bpfbu /Dbtt bjd Pbqbcchlj 288?(* Jfqfptofcfuu#gflgpb~ohe bjd ufetlp dhqfpgfjef hj Hjdhbu gplwto ~plefuu# bjd oftfplgfjflvu beefuu tll~~lptvjhthfu dbm~fjfd tof ~lqfpt pfdvethlj faafet la gplwto /Dbtt bjd Pbqbcchlj 0>>0# 0>>8(*Tof pfmbpib`cf hjepfbuf hj tof gplwto pbtf tphggfpfd ` tbiflaa wbu ofc~fd leebuhljbcc ` tofb`hcht tl cfb~aplg# `phjghjg bdqbjefd tfeojlclghfu tl elmmvjhthfu tobt wfpf jlt fx~lufd tltof gbhju aplm lcdfp tfeojlclghfu* Tof abut bdb~tbthlj la efcc ~oljfu bjd HT jftwlpihjg hjelmmvjhthfu whtolvt beefuu tl pfchb`cf ~oljf chjfu bcclwfd Hjdhb tl `fel mf b if gcl`bc~plqhdfp la `bei laahef bjd ulatwbpf ufpqhefu# dfu~htf htu hjapbutpvetvpf dfahehtu* 1

Ivmbp bjd Mhuopb /0>>?( ~plqhdfd fqhdfjef tobt tpbdf ch`fpbch{bthlj hj Hjdhb cfd tl dfepfbufdwbgf hjfrvbcht `ftwffj vjuihccfd bjd uihccfd wlpifpu* Obubj bjd Mfotb /0>22( ahjd tobt mlutla tof uohat hj hjfrvbcht ebjjlt `f bttph`vtfd dhpfetc tl ch`fpbch{bthlj* Tof ahjd tobt 08& la tofeobjgf hj wbgf hjfrvbcht aplm 2885 tl 0>>4 ebj `f bttph`vtfd tl ch`fpbch{bthlj# 06 ~lhjtu lawoheo hu chjifd tl ufpqhefu pfalpmu bjd 4 ~fpefjtbgf ~lhjtu hu dvf tl tpbdf ch`fpbch{bthlj*

Bu mveo la tofufpqhef ufetlpu gplwto elmfu aplm pfcbthqfc uihcc-hjtfjuhqf uv`ufetlpu uveo bu HT# ~plefuulvtulvpehjg# bjd ahjbjehbc ufpqhefu# tohu gplwto eljtph`vtfd mlpf tl tof wfcc-fdvebtfd bjd

olvufolcdu whto `fttfp beefuu tl ueollcu bjd elccfgfu* Tof pfcbthqfc umbcc fm~cl mfjt uobpfla ufpqhefu bjd mbjvabetvphjg hj Hjdhb beelvjtu alp tof hjepfbufd hjfrvbcht hj pfefjt dfebdfu*

@vpvb bjd Eobipb`lpt /0>2>(# lj tof ltofp objd# ahjd ~luhthqf pfcbthljuoh~ `ftwffj tpbdfl~fjjfuu bjd hjtfppfghljbc hjfrvbcht * Hjdhb fx~fphfjefd b ohgofp pbtf la hjepfbuf hj hjelmfhjfrvbcht bepluu tof elvjtp dvphjg tof ~lut-pfalpm ~fphld /28860>>>( bu Hjdhbu l~fjjfuuhjepfbufd# hjtfppfghljbc hjelmf hjfrvbcht bcul fcfqbtfd dvf tl tof eljefjtpbthlj la

mbjvabetvphjg hj tof mftpl~lchu bpfb*Hj Mbcb uhb# hjfrvbcht # ~bpthevcbpc `ftwffj pbefu# wbu ghqfj u~fehahe bttfjthlj hj ~lche mbihjghj tof batfpmbto la tof pbehbc tvp`vcfjef hj tof cbtf 281>u* Tof glqfpjmfjt ~vt fm~obuhu ljdhqfpuha hjg bgphevctvpf lvt~vt bjd fx~lpt-lphfjtfd mbjvabetvphjg tl abehchtbtf gplwto bjd

1 Wohcf cfb~aplgghjg mb bcclw lqfpelmhjg hjapbutpvetvpf dfahehfjehfu# tof dfgpff tl woheo elvjtphfu mb cfb~aplg hjb whdf pbjgf la mbjvabetvphjg pfmbhju df`btb`cf /uff Ol`db 2884(* Xft# tof dfqfcl~mfjt ~bttfpju la tof ^PEuvggfut tobt echm`hjg qfp abut lj tof rvbcht cbddfp hu afbuh`cf*


17/24


18/24


21

hjdvutphbch{fd vp`bj efjtfpu hj Ulvto-Fbutfpj ^PE# bjd tof gplwto la vp`bj ~lqfpt /Ch 0>>19Ijhgo ft bc* 0>>7(* Tof ~plefuu wbu uob~fd ` tof hjhthbc eljdhthlju la tof ^PE# hjecvdhjg tofovilv u utfm *7

Tof abut hjhthbc gplwto pbtfu la dfqfcl~hjg Buhb l`ufpqfd dvphjg tof ufeljd obca la tof 0>toefjtvp mb bcul hm~c abutfp dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlju* Tohu pfacfetu ufqfpbc abetlpu; mldfpjtfeojlclg bcclwhjg gfjdfp uepffjhjg bjd ufcfethqf b`lpthlju9 tof fjalpefmfjt la tof ljfEohcd ~lche # hj tof ^PE9 bjd tof pb~hd dpl~ hj hjabjt mlptbcht ~pl~bgbtfd ` bdl~thjg mldfpjmfdhebc utbjdbpdu* Tohu hu hj eljtpbut tl tof uclwfp dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlju hj Wfutfpj Fvpl~f#wofpf tof eljtplc mfeobjhum hm~bethjg tof abmhc uh{f hj tof 28to wbu fjdlgfjlvu bdkvutmfjtla afmbcfu bgf la mbpphbgf /Wphgcf bjd Ueolahfcd 28?2(* Eljufrvfjtc # dfqfcl~hjg Buhb obu

`ffj mlqhjg abutfp tobj Wfutfpj Fvpl~f toplvgolvt tof ~befu la dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlj* Tohumb beelvjt alp tof hjepfbuf la ADH lvtaclwu aplm Kb~bj hj pfefjt dfebdfu# jffdfd tlelm~fjubtf alp htu uohpihjg bjd fx~fjuhqf cb`lp alpef# ~luuh`c hjepfbuhjg tof wbgf hjfrvbcht`ftwffj wlpifpu bjd lwjfpu la eb~htbc* Uhmhcbp eobccfjgfu wlvcd baafet tof ^PE# tof Pf~v`chela Ilpfb# bjd ltofp elvjtphfu ~plkfetfd tl fjtfp tof utbgf la pb~hd hjepfbuf hj tof lcddf~fjdfje pbthl whtohj cfuu tobj b dfebdf*

Htu ~lwfp hj eljtplcchjg ~fl~cf'u chaf obu dfechjfd hj tof pfalpm fpb hj tof wbifla fjlpmlvu ulehbc bjd feljlmhe eobjgfu bjd dpbmbthe phuf hj pvpbc-tl-vp`bj ml`hcht * Dfu~htfbcc tof pfalpmu# tof u utfm uthcc avjethlju tl eljutpbhj ~fpuljbc apff mhgpbthlj bjd eljtph`vtf tlulehftbc ufgpfgbthlj* Tof gpluu hjfrvbcht la tof u utfm obu tphggfpfd b ~lchthebc bjd ulehbc~plefuu# ~vtthjg hj mlthlj b uclw tpfjd tlwbpd avptofp pfcbxbthlj la tof jljg{ovbjafh ~plefuu/h*f*# tof ~plefuu la eljqfpthjg tof ovilv utbtvu aplm bgphevctvpbc tl jlj-bgphevctvpbc ljf(* Tofgplwhjg dfmbjd alp ovmbj eb~htbc# cb`lp mbpift ~pfuuvpfu# bjd tof ulehbc apbgmfjtbthlj mb~plqhdf tof hm~ftvu alp avptofp pfalpmu*

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Tof dhcfmmb abehjg dfqfcl~hjg Buhb hu tobt

/h( If hm~lptbjef alp dff~fjhjg frvbc beefuu tl rvbcht ~v`chec uv~~lptfd fdvebthlj*Tohu wlvcd abehchtbtf abutfp gplwto bjd bet tl mhthgbtf tof phuhjg hjfrvbcht *

Wohcf tof dfqfcl~fd elvjtphfu `febmf pheo `falpftof `febmf lcd# tof dfqfcl~hjg elvjtphfu whcc `felmf lcd `falpf tof `felmf pheo /Obpcfm@pvjdtcbjd# alpmfp Dhpfetlp-Gfjfpbc la tof WOL(* Tof gplwhjg hjtfp-gfjfpbthljbc tfjuhljbuulehbtfd whto pb~hdc bghjg ulehfthfu wlvcd bggpbqbtf tof dpbg lj tof gplwto pbtf ladfqfcl~hjg Buhb* Wohcf tofpf bpf jl rvhei bjd fbu ahxfu tl dfmlgpb~ohe eobccfjgfu# tofpf fxhut~luuh`cf ~lchehfu tobt mb mhthgbtf tof dlwjuhdf phuiu;

/hh( Mhjhmh{hjg tof df`t lqfpobjg buulehbtfd whto vjavjdfd chb`hchthfu# bjd hm~plqhjg tofalpfhgj buuft ~luhthlj la dfqfcl~hjg Buhb wlvcd ofc~* Utlei~hchjg alpfhgj buuftu hj tofalpm la hjtfpjbthljbc pfufpqfu wfcc b`lqf 26& la tof GD^# b elmmlj ~pbethef hjmlut dfqfcl~hjg Buhb# mb `f uv`-l~thmbc* B `fttfp ~lche utbjef mb hjqlcqfdhqfpuha hjg pfufpqfu hjtl wfcc pvj Ulqfpfhgj Wfbcto Avjd# hjqfuthjg gcl`bcc hjfrvhthfu*

7 Tof Eohjfuf olvufolcd pfghutpbthlj u utfm / ovilv ( dhqhdfu tof ~l~vcbthlj hjtl bgphevctvpbc bjd jljbgphevctvpbcufetlpu* Ht mb `f tof mlut hm~lptbjt dftfpmhjbjt la dhaafpfjthbc ~phqhcfgfu hj utbtf ulehbchut ^PE# dftfpmhjhjg

beefuu tl glld kl`u# fdvebthlj alp ljfu eohcdpfj# olvuhjg# ofbcto ebpf# bjd fqfj tof phgot tl mlqf tl b eht /Wvbjd Tpfhmbj 0>>4(* Tpbjualpmhjg ljfu ovilv utbtvu aplm pvpbc tl vp`bj hu b efjtpbc bu~fet la v~wbpd ulehbcml`hcht * Fdvebthlj bjd mfm`fpuoh~ hj tof ^PE Elmmvjhut ^bpt bpf tof mbhj dftfpmhjbjtu la v~wbpd ulehbcml`hcht *

? Tof Pf~v`che la Ilpfbu u~ffd la ~l~vcbthlj bgfhjg obu `ffj vj~pfefdfjtfd* Tof bqfpbgf afpthcht pbtf /`hpto ~fpwlmbj( hu ` jlw b`lvt 2*5# bmljg tof clwfut hj tof wlpcd* Tof @ 0>6># tof mfdhbj bgf la tof ~l~vcbthlj la tofPf~v`che la Ilpfb hu ~plkfetfd tl `f 67 fbpu# mbihjg ht ljf la tof mlut fcdfpc jbthlju hj tof wlpcd* Hj eljtpbut# bt~pfufjt# Kb~bj obu tof lcdfut mfdhbj bgf bt 45 fbpu# wohcf Ilpfbu utbjdu bt 57 fbpu /Icbuufj 0>2>(*


19/24


27

/hhh( ^lchehfu tobt wlvcd pfdvef tof ~phqbtf elut la pfbphjg ihdu wlvcd ofc~* Beefuu tlrvbcht ~v`che fdvebthlj hu hm~lptbjt# `vt ljf uolvcd gl `f ljd tohu* Dfbchjg whtotof pllt ebvufu la tof tfjd f je tl lqfpfdvebtf ihdu dvf tl b pbtf-pbef tl tl~vjhqfpuhthfu wlvcd `f vufavc* 8

/hq( Bdl~thjg ~lchehfu tobt bpf aphfjdchfp tl hmmhgpbjtu wlvcd ofc~* Tohu wlvcd `ffu~fehbcc ofc~avc hj umbccfp elvjtphfu /alp tof fx~fphfjef la Uhjgb~lpf bjd Mbcb uhb#uff Pv~~fpt 2888(# `vt ht wlvcd bccfqhbtf `lttcfjfeiu fqfj hj cbpgf elvjtphfu*Bpgvb`c # dfqfcl~hjg Buhb ebj b~~c htu mljl~ulj ~lwfp tl fjelvpbgf b ovmbjeb~htbc ~plahcf la htu hmmhgpbthlj bjd alpfhgj cb`lp tobt wlvcd aht htu feljlmhebu~hpbthlju bjd eobccfjgfu# bu obu `ffj tof ~pbethef la Ebjbdb bjd Bvutpbchb*

Ltofp utf~u pfdvehjg tof `vpdfj la pfbphjg ihdu# woheohu t ~hebcc `lpj ` tof mltofp# mb ofc~ hj mhthgbthjg tof elccb~uf la eohcd `fbphjg hjdfqfcl~hjg Buhb*

6* ELJECVDHJG L@UFPQBTHLJU BJD ^LCHEXHM^CHEBTHLJU

Utpvetvpbc eobjgflp eobjgfu hj tof utpvetvpf la tof feljlm lp `plbdfp eobjgfu hj jlj-feljlmhe# ~lchthebc# ulehbc# evctvpbc# lp ltofp u~ofpfuobu b mbklp hm~bet lj hjfrvbcht * Gpfbtfpl~fjjfuu tl alpfhgj tpbdf hjtfjuhahfu elm~fththlj bjd tovu beefcfpbtfu eobjgfu hj b elvjtp uhjdvutphbc utpvetvpf bjd lvt~vt mhx* Hj tof uolpt pvj# l~fjjfuu hjepfbufu bdkvutmfjt elutu uhjefulmf hjdvutphfu bjd ahpmu whcc `f vjb`cf tl whtoutbjd alpfhgj elm~fththlj* Bjbclglvuc #tfeojlclghebc ~plgpfuu whcc `fjfaht mlpf uihccfd wlpifpu wol bpf b`cf tl vuf tof jfw bjdhm~plqfd tfeojlclg `vt dhubdqbjtbgf cfuu uihccfd wlpifpu* Hj tof ~plefuu# tof uihccu ~pfmhvmwhcc hjepfbuf# whdfjhjg tof wbgf gb~ `ftwffj tof twl gplv~u la wlpifpu* Utpvetvpbc eobjgffxfptu b uhgjhahebjt faafet lj hjfrvbcht hj `lto bdqbjefd bjd dfqfcl~hjg elvjtphfu* Wobt uftudfqfcl~hjg Buhb b~bpt aplm tof pfut la tof wlpcd hu jlt tof ecluf chji `ftwffj utpvetvpbc eobjgfbjd hjfrvbcht `vt tof uoffp u~ffd bjd uebcf la utpvetvpbc eobjgf* Fxtfjuhqf utpvetvpbc eobjgfhu `lto b ebvuf bjd eljufrvfjef la tof fxef~thljbcc pb~hd feljlmhe gplwto# woheo fjb`cfdtof pfghlj tl pbhuf chqhjg utbjdbpdu bjd pfdvef ~lqfpt bt b ohutlphebcc vj~pfefdfjtfd pbtf*

Lvp pfqhfw la dfqfcl~hjg Buhbu fx~fphfjef eljahpmu tobt tof pfghlj obu fx~fphfjefd ufhumheutpvetvpbc eobjgf dvphjg htu gplwto bjd dfqfcl~mfjt ~plefuu* La elvpuf# fbeo elvjtp abefudhaafpfjt utpvetvpbc eobjgfu bjd tof pfcbthqf hm~lptbjef la b ghqfj utpvetvpbc eobjgf dhaafpubepluu elvjtphfu* Avptofpmlpf# fqfj alp tof ubmf elvjtp # b ghqfj utpvetvpbc eobjgf ebj`felmf mlpf lp cfuu hm~lptbjt lqfp thmf* Alp fxbm~cf# tof hjepfbuf hj hjfrvbcht bphuhjg aplmtof ^PEu tpbjuhthlj aplm b efjtpbcc ~cbjjfd feljlm tl b mbpift-lphfjtfd feljlm hu`felmhjg cfuu hm~lptbjt bu ht mlqfu abptofp bwb aplm tof mbpift pfalpmu la 287?* Hj tof ebufla Mbcb uhb# tof feljlmhebcc dhubdqbjtbgfd ~luhthlj la tof mbklpht Mbcb ~l~vcbthlj obutpbdhthljbcc `ffj b mbhj ulvpef la hjfrvbcht * Hj pfu~ljuf# tof glqfpjmfjt obu hm~cfmfjtfddhuephmhjbtlp ~lchehfu# woheo fx~chehtc ulvgot tl ofc~ tof mbklpht Mbcb u `phdgf tof hjelmfgb~ whto tof ltofp ftojhe gplv~u* B pfcbthqf ohgo cfqfc la hcchtfpbe utbjdu hj tof wb la Hjdhbu

faalptu tl mbif gplwto mlpf hjecvuhqf* Hjdhb dhaafpu tll aplm htu ~llp hjapbutpvetvpf woheohm~fdfu hjtfp-pfghljbc eljjfethqht bjd tovu hm~fdfu hjtfp-pfghljbc hjelmf eljqfpgfjef* Hjuolpt# wohcf mbj elvjtphfu hj dfqfcl~hjg Buhb bpf `vaaftfd ` utpvetvpbc eobjgfu woheo hm~hjgf

8 Tof Pf~v`che la Ilpfb hu b ubd fxbm~cf la tohu uhtvbthlj# tolvgo tof pbtf pbef dhutlpthlj b~~chfu wfcc `f ljd tofPf~v`che la Ilpfb* Beelpdhjg tl Eobjg /0>>?; 5(# Bcc tlcd# butpljlmhebc bmlvjtu la fdvebthljbc pfulvpefu bpfgpluuc mhubcclebtfd `febvuf la tof abhcvpf la ~v`che fdvebthlj* Wohcf tofuf pfulvpefu tvpj hjtl b dfbdwfhgot cluulp ulehbc wbutf# mveo la tof ~v`che fdvebthlj hjapbutpvetvpf pfmbhju uv`utbjdbpd* Tohu wbutf hjecvdfd pvjjhjgfdvebthlj tpbdf dfaheht la VU$ 4*4 `hcchlj hj 0>>1# ~plkfetfd tl hjepfbuf bt b pbtf la 5>& bjjvbcc *


20/24


2?

v~lj hjfrvbcht # tof pfcbthqf hm~lptbjef la dhaafpfjt utpvetvpbc eobjgfu dhaafpu bepluu elvjtphfubjd# alp b uhjgcf elvjtp # lqfp thmf*

Ghqfj tof hjtfpeljjfetfdjfuu `ftwffj dhaafpfjt t ~fu la utpvetvpbc eobjgfu# wobt uf~bpbtfudfqfcl~hjg Buhbj elvjtphfu mbttfpu cfuu tobj wobt vjhtfu tofm# jbmfc tof elccfethqf uebcf latof utpvetvpbc eobjgf eljapljthjg tofm* Bt b `plbdfp cfqfc# utpvetvpbc eobjgf fjtbhcu bdkvutmfjt

elutu* Tofpfalpf# bddpfuuhjg tof hjfrvbcht pfuvcthjg aplm utpvetvpbc eobjgf pfrvhpfu mhthgbthjgtoluf bdkvutmfjt elutu*

Dfqfcl~hjg Buhb obu bcpfbd `fgvj tof dhaahevct bjd elm~cfx tbui la bddpfuuhjg hjfrvbchtbphuhjg aplm utpvetvpbc eobjgf* Hj pfu~ljuf tl gplwhjg ~l~vcbp dfmbjd alp mlpf frvht #glqfpjmfjtu bepluu tof pfghlj bpf uffihjg tl hjecvdf mlpf la tof ~l~vcbthlj hj tof gplwto~plefuu bjd u~pfbd tof apvhtu la gplwto tl mlpf la tof ~l~vcbthlj* Wohcf tof dlmhjbjt gplwto~ohclul~o bmljg tof pfghlju glqfpjmfjtu hj tof ~but wbu gplw ahput# pfdhutph`vtf cbtfp# tofpfhu jlw b gplwhjg pfelgjhthlj tobt mlpf uvutbhjb`cf gplwto uv~~lptfd ` `plbd-`bufd ~lchthebcbjd ulehbc uv~~lpt pfrvhpfu b gplwto utpbtfg # woheo ~plqhdfu frvbcht la l~~lptvjht # fu~fehbcchj fdvebthlj bjd fm~cl mfjt* Tof jfwc dfqfcl~hjg mlpf hjecvuhqf gplwto ~ohclul~o bculfjqhuhlju fx~bjdfd ulehbc ~pltfethlj u utfmu bjd ulehbc ubaft jftu tl ~pltfet tof ~llp bjd tofqvcjfpb`cf* Bctolvgo tohu jfw gplwto ~ohclul~o hu gfbpfd tlwbpd pfdvehjg hjfrvbcht bjd~plmlthjg frvht hj gfjfpbc# tof abet tobt utpvetvpbc eobjgf hu chifc tl `f b mbklp ulvpef lahjfrvbcht hj dfqfcl~hjg Buhb pf-eljahpmu bjd qbchdbtfu tof `buhe dhpfethlj la tof ~ohclul~o * Tofavjdbmfjtbc ulcvthlj tl mhthgbthjg tof bdkvutmfjt elutu bphuhjg aplm utpvetvpbc eobjgf chfu hjfm~lwfphjg hjdhqhdvbcu tl `felmf mlpf ~pldvethqf# bdb~tb`cf# bjd qfpubthcf toplvgo beefuu tlfdvebthlj bjd fm~cl mfjt*

Ahjbcc # tof fx~fphfjefu la tof bdqbjefd feljlmhfu fjtbhc b jvm`fp la qbcvb`cf cfuulju alpdfqfcl~hjg Buhb* Ahput# tof hm~bet la tof bdb~tbthlj la jfw tfeojlclg lj hjelmf hjfrvbcht huapfrvfjtc cbpgf# qbp hjg df~fjdhjg lj hjhthbc eljdhthlju bjd tof jbtvpf la tof tfeojlclg * Wohcfulmf tfeojlclghfu cfbd tl whdfu~pfbd gbhju bjd ohgofp frvbcht # ulmf mb cfbd tl gpfbtfphjfrvbcht gfjfpbthjg clufpu bjd gbhjfpu# whto olcclwhjg lvt faafetu* Ufeljd# hjtfpjbthljbc tpbdfpfhjalpefu tof tbif-laa bjd gplwto hj feljlmhfu wofpf mbjvabetvphjg hu tof cfbdhjg ufetlp*Abutfp tfeojlclghebc bdb~tbthlj mbgjhahfu gplwto# bjd `fjfahtu aplm bggpfuuhqf fdvebthlj dphqf*Lj tof ltofp objd# jfw tfeojlclghfu tfjd tl gfjfpbtf whjjfpu bjd clufpu# bjd mb hjepfbufhjfrvbcht * Tohpd# fjuvphjg frvbc beefuu tl rvbcht ~v`che fdvebthlj hu fxtpblpdhjbphc hm~lptbjt*Tohu wlvcd abehchtbtf abutfp gplwto bjd bet tl mhthgbtf tof phuhjg hjfrvbcht tobt eobpbetfph{fu tofahput ~obuf la tbiflaau* Alvpto# tof dlwjuhdf la gplwhjg Hjfrvbcht hu `pffdhjg ulehl-~lchthebchjutb`hcht bjd clwfp feljlmhe gplwto* Rvbcht ~v`che fdvebthlj ofc~u# `vt bt tof ufeljd utbgf latof gplwto tbiflaa# utbtf-u~ljulpfd ubaft jft wlvcd mhthgbtf tof dlwjuhdf phui la gplwhjghjfrvbcht * Ubaft jft wlvcd bcul pfdvef tof l~~luhthlj tl pb~hd eobjgfu bjd tof bdb~tbthlj lajfw tfeojlclghfu* Ahato# dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlju alcclwhjg b uveefuuavc tbiflaa bpf vjbqlhdb`cf#hm~luhjg jfw eobccfjgfu* Wohcf tof dpl~ hj jft afpthcht l~tu tl hjepfbuf tof hjqfutmfjt hjovmbj eb~htbc# tof ahjbc ~obuf la tof dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlj mb hm~luf bevtf ahuebceobccfjgfu* Whdfjhjg tof tbx `buf bjd evp`hjg vjavjdfd chb`hchthfu ofc~ hj bqlhdhjg utbgjbthlj*


21/24


28

PFAFPFJEFU

Bh{fjmbj# K*# bjd J* Mbphlj* 2885* ^lche vjefptbhjt # ~fpuhutfjef bjd gplwto* Pfqhfw la Hjtfpjbthljbc Feljlmheu /Kvjf(;246215*

\\\\\\* 2888* Qlcbthcht bjd hjqfutmfjt; Hjtfp~pfthjg fqhdfjef aplm dfqfcl~hjg elvjtphfu*"Feljlmheb 11;26778*

Bh{fjmbj# K*# bjd X* Uvj* 0>2>* Gcl`bch{bthlj bjd tof uvutbhjb`hcht la cbpgf evppfjt beelvjthm`bcbjefu; Uh{f mbttfpu* Klvpjbc la Mbeplfeljlmheu 50/2(; 5644*

Bcfuhjb# B*A*# bjd D* Pldphi* 2884* Dhutph`vthqf ~lchtheu bjd feljlmhe gplwto* Rvbptfpcx Klvpjbc la Feljlmheu /Mb ( 2>8/0(; 4168>*

Bcfuhjb# B*# bjd P* ^fpltth* 2881* Hjelmf dhutph`vthlj# ~lchthebc hjutb`hcht # bjd hjqfutmfjt*Fvpl~fbj Feljlmhe Pfqhfw 4>/1(; 20>50?*

Bcqbpf{-Evbdpbdl# A*# bjd M* ^lueoif* 0>22* Utpvetvpbc eobjgf lvt la bgphevctvpf; Cb`lp ~vuoqfpuvu cb`lp ~vcc*Bmfphebj Feljlmhe Klvpjbc; Mbeplfeljlmheu 5/5(; 2076?*

Bttbjbuhl# L*# ^* Glcd`fpg# bjd J* ^bqejhi* 0>>4* Tpbdf pfalpmu bjd wbgf hjfrvbcht hjElclm`hb* Klvpjbc la Dfqfcl~mfjt Feljlmheu 74/0>>4(; 55211*

Bvtlp# D* O*# C* A* Ibt{# bjd M* U* Ifbpjf * 0>>?* Tpfjdu hj V*U* wbgf hjfrvbcht * Tof Pfqhfw la Feljlmheu bjd Utbthutheu /Mb ( 8>/0(; 5>>05*

@bhpleo# ^* 28??*Ehthfu bjd Feljlmhe Dfqfcl~mfjt * Eohebgl# HC; Vjhqfpuht la Eohebgl ^pfuu*

@jb`lv# P* 0>>>* Vjfrvbc ulehfthfu; Hjelmf dhutph`vthlj bjd tof ulehbc eljtpbet* Bmfphebj Feljlmhe Pfqhfw 8>; 81208*

@vpvb# B*# bjd ^* Eobipb`lpt * 0>2>* Dlfu l~fjjfuu baafet pfghljbc hjfrvbcht < B ebuf alp Hjdhb*Pfqhfw la Dfqfcl~mfjt Feljlmheu 24/5(; 44716*

Ebutfcc# B*# bjd P* Dlmjfeo* 0>>0* Ovmbj eb~htbc hjfrvbcht bjd feljlmhe gplwto; Ulmfjfw fqhdfjef* Tof Feljlmhe Klvpjbc 220; E2?7E0>>*

Eobjg# U* K* 0>>?* B Evctvpbc bjd ^ohclul~ohebc ^fpu~fethqf lj Ilpfb'u Fdvebthlj Pfalpm; BEphthebc wbu tl Mbhjtbhj Ilpfb'u Feljlmhe Mlmfjtvm* Ilpfb Feljlmhe HjuthtvtfBebdfmhe ^b~fp Ufphfu 5/0(*

Ecbpi# G* 0>>0* Abpmcbjd pfjtbc qbcvfu bjd bgpbphbj ohutlp ; Fjgcbjd bjd Wbcfu# 26>>2820*Fvpl~fbj Pfqhfw la Feljlmhe Ohutlpx 1; 0?25>?*

\\\\\\* 0>>5* Tof Eljdhthlj la tof Wlpihjg-Ecbuu hj Fjgcbjd# 20>>0>>>; Mbgjb Ebptb tlTlj @cbhp* VE Dbqhu*

Elbcf# B* K*# bjd P* Tpfbdwb * 28?1* B Uvmmbp la tof Eobjghjg Dhutph`vthlj la LqfpbccAfpthcht # Mbphtbc Afpthcht # bjd tof ^pl~lpthlj Mbpphfd hj tof ^plqhjefu la Fvpl~f* Hj; Tof Dfechjf la Afpthchtx hj Fvpl~f # fdhtfd ` B* K* Elbcf bjd U* E* Wbtihju* ^phjeftlj# JK;^phjeftlj Vjhqfpuht pfuu*

Elpjhb# G* B*# T* Bddhulj# bjd U* Ihhuih* 0>>4* Hjelmf Dhutph`vthlj Eobjgfu bjd tofhp Hm~bet hjtof ^lut-Ufeljd Wlpcd Wbp ^fphld* Hj; Hjfrvbchtx# Gplwto# bjd ^lqfptx hj bj Fpb la Ch`fpbch{bthlj bjd Gcl`bch{bthlj # fdhtfd ` G* Elpjhb* Lxalpd# VI; Lxalpd Vjhqfpuht^pfuu*


22/24


0>

Epbatu# J* A* P* 28?6*@phthuo Feljlmhe Gplwto dvphjg tof Hjdvutphbc Pfqlcvthlj * Lxalpd# VI;Lxalpd Vjhqfpuht pfuu*

Dbobj# M*# bjd D* Tuhddlj* 288?* Dfmlgpb~ohe tpbjuhthlj# hjelmf dhutph`vthlj# bjd feljlmhe

gplwto* Klvpjbc la Feljlmhe Gplwto 5/2(; 0860*

Dbtt# G*# bjd M* Pbqbcchlj* 288?* Abpm ~pldvethqht bjd pvpbc ~lqfpt hj Hjdhb*Klvpjbc la Dfqfcl~mfjt Utvdhfu 54/4(; 10?6*

\\\\\\* 2880* Gplwto bjd Pfdhutph`vthlj Elm~ljfjtu la Eobjgfu hj ^lqfpt Mfbuvpfu; BDfelm~luhthlj whto B~~chebthlju tl @pb{hc bjd Hjdhb hj tof 28?>u* Klvpjbc la Dfqfcl~mfjt Feljlmheu 5?; 07686*

\\\\\\* 0>>8* Obu Hjdhbu Feljlmhe Gplwto @felmf Cfuu ^pl-^llp hj tof Wbif la FeljlmhePfalpmu< Wlpcd @bji ^lche Pfufbpeo Wlpihjg ^b~fp Jl* 62>5# Wbuohjgtlj# DE*

Df Mfccl# C*# bjd F* P* Thljgulj* 0>>1* Hjelmf Hjfrvbcht bjd pfdhutph`vthqf glqfpjmfjtu~fjdhjg* ^v`che Ahjbjef Pfqhfw 54/5(; 0?05>6*

D ulj# T*# bjd M* Mvp~o * 28?6* Tof ljuft la afpthcht tpbjuhthlj* ^l~vcbthlj bjd Dfqfcl~mfjt Pfqhfw 22; 58844>*

Affjutpb# P* E*# bjd E* Oljg* 0>2>* Eohjbu Fx~lptu bjd Fm~cl mfjt* Hj; Eohjbu Gplwhjg Plcf hj Wlpcd Tpbdf # fdhtfd ` P* E* Affjutpb bjd U*-K* Wfh* Eohebgl# HC; Vjhqfpuht laEohebgl ^pfuu*

Ahjdcb # P*# bjd I* Lplvpif* 0>>5* Elmmldht Mbpift Hjtfgpbthlj# 26>>0>>>* Hj; Gcl`bch{bthlj hj Ohutlphebc ^fpu~fethqf# fdhtfd ` M* @lpdl# B* Tb clp# bjd K* Whcchbmulj* Eohebgl#HC;Jbthljbc @vpfbv la Feljlmheu Pfufbpeo**

@lctlj# A*# O* Ch# bjd M* R* [obl* 0>2>* Ovmbj eb~htbc# feljlmhe gplwto# bjd pfghljbchjfrvbcht hj Eohjb* Klvpjbc la Dfqfcl~mfjt Feljlmheu 80/0(; 02652*

Aclpb# ^*# A* Ipbvu# bjd W* ^afjjhjg* 28?5* Utbtf# Feljlmx# bjd Ulehftx hj Wfutfpj Fvpl~f 2?262876# qlc 2 * Eohebgl# HC; Ut* Kbmfu ^pfuu*

Gbclp# L*# L* Mlbq# bjd D* Qlccpbto* 0>>5*Cbjd Hjfrvbchtx bjd tof Lphghj la Dhqfpgfjef bjd Lqfptbihjg hj tof Gplwto ^plefuu; Toflpx bjd Fqhdfjef * @plwj Vjhqfpuht *

Gbclp# L* 0>>6* Aplm Utbgjbthlj tl Gplwto; Vjhahfd Gplwto Toflp * Hj; Objd`lli la Feljlmhe Gplwto # Eob~tfp 6# Qlcvmf 2B# fdhtfd ` ^* Bgohlj bjd U* J* Dvpcbva* Bmutfpdbm;Fcufqhfp*

Glcdhj# E* 0>>2* Tof ovmbj eb~htbc efjtvp bjd Bmfphebj cfbdfpuoh~; Qhptvfu la tof ~but*Klvpjbc la Feljlmhe Ohutlpx 12; 01580*

Glcdhj# E*# bjd C*A* Ibt{* 0>>2* Lj tof cfgbe la V*U* fdvebthljbc cfbdfpuoh~; Jltfu ljdhutph`vthlj bjd feljlmhe gplwto hj tof 0>to efjtvp * Bmfphebj Feljlmhe Pfqhfw 82;2?05*

Glcchj# D*# U* ^bpfjtf# bjd P* Plgfpulj* 0>>0* Tof Plcf la Bgphevctvpf hj Dfqfcl~mfjt*Bmfphebj Feljlmhe Pfqhfw 80/0(; 21>14*

Objvuofi# F* B*# bjd C* Wlfuumbjj* 0>2>* Hj Feljlmheu la Fdvebthlj # fdhtfd ` D*K* @pfwfpbjd ^* K* MeFwbj* Bmutfpdbm; Fcufqhfp# 0>2>;1>17*

Obubj# P*# bjd B* Mfotb* 0>22* Tof faafetu la tpbdf bjd ufpqhefu ch`fpbch{bthlj lj wbgfhjfrvbcht hj Hjdhb*Hjtfpjbthljbc Pfqhfw la Feljlmheu bjd Ahjbjef # beef~tfd mbjvueph~t*


23/24


02

Ol`db # M* 2884* Tfeojlclghebc cfbpjhjg hj Uhjgb~lpf; B tfut ebuf la cfb~aplgghjg* Klvpjbc la Dfqfcl~mfjt Utvdhfu 5>/4(; ?526?*

Icbuufj# T* 0>2>* Ulvto Ilpfb; Bgfhjg Thgfp* Gcl`bc @phfa* Bqbhcb`cf;ott~;,,gcl`bc`phfa*eb,`clg,wf`,ulvto-ilpfb-bgfhjg-thgfp,2485*

Ijhgot# K*# C* Uoh# bjd D* Rvofjg* 0>>7* Fdvebthlj bjd tof ^lqfpt Tpb~ hj Pvpbc Eohjb*Vjhqfpuht la Lxalpd* Mhmfl*

Ivmbp# V*# bjd ^* Mhuopb* 0>>?* Tpbdf ch`fpbch{bthlj bjd wbgf hjfrvbcht ; Fqhdfjef aplm Hjdhb*Pfqhfw la Dfqfcl~mfjt Feljlmheu 20/0(; 082522*

Iv{jftu# U* 2866* Feljlmhe gplwto bjd hjelmf hjfrvbcht * Bmfphebj Feljlmhe Pfqhfw 46/2(/Mbpeo(; 20?*

\\\\\\\* 2817* Mldfpj Feljlmhe Gplwto * Jfw Obqfj# ET; Xbcf Vjhqfpuht ^pfuu*

Cfq -Cf`l fp# M*# bjd A* @lvpgvhgjlj* 288>* Tof Apfjeo Feljlmx hj tof Jhjftffjto Efjtvpx *Ebm`phdgf# MB; Ebm`phdgf Vjhqfpuht pfuu*

Cfwhu# B* 2864* Feljlmhe dfqfcl~mfjt whto vjchmhtfd uv~~chfu la cb`lp* Mbjeofutfp Ueollc 00;258280*

Ch# U* 0>>1* Phuhjg ^lqfpt bjd htu ebvufu hj Vp`bj Eohjb* Hj; Vjfm~clxmfjt# Hjfrvbchtx# bjd ^lqfptx hj Vp`bj Eohjb # fdhtfd ` U* Ch bjd O* Ubtl*# Cljdlj; Plvtcfdgf*

Chjdfpt# O* ^*# bjd K* G* Whcchbmulj* 2871* Topff efjtvphfu la Bmfphebj hjfrvbcht * Pfufbpeo hj Feljlmhe Ohutlpx /2(; 18205*

Cvjd`fpg# M*# C* Urvhpf* 0>>5* Tof uhmvctbjflvu fqlcvthlj la gplwto bjd hjfrvbcht * Tof Feljlmhe Klvpjbc 225/4?7(/B~phc(; 501544*

Mbddhulj# B* 0>>2* Tof Wlpcd Feljlmx; B Mhccfjjhbc ^fpu~fethqf * # ^bphu; Lpgbjhubthlj alpFeljlmhe El-l~fpbthlj bjd Dfqfcl~mfjt*

\\\\\\* 0>>?* Uobpfu la tof pheo bjd tof pfut hj tof wlpcd feljlm ; Hjelmf dhqfpgfjef

`ftwffj jbthlju# 2?0>0>5>* Buhbj Feljlmhe ^lchex Pfqhfw 5/2(; 17?0*Mbttofwu# E* P*# A* O* Eobpcfu# bjd K* E* Ldchjg-Umff* 28?0*@phthuo Feljlmhe Gplwto 2?61

2875 * Utbjalpd# EB; Utbjalpd Vjhqfpuht pfuu*

Mfcht{# M* K* 0>>5* Tof Hm~bet la Tpbdf lj Hjtpb-Hjdvutp Pfbcclebthlju bjd Bggpfgbtf Hjdvutp^pldvethqht * Feljlmftpheb 72/1(; 21862706*

Mhteofcc# @* P* 28?2*Fvpl~fbj Ohutlphebc Utbthutheu# 276>2876# ufeljd fd * Jfw Xlpi# JX; JfwXlpi Vjhqfpuht pfuu*

Mlpphuulj# E*# bjd W* Uj dfp 0>>>* Hjelmf hjfrvbchthfu hj Apbjef aplm tof fbpc fhgotffjtoefjtvp tl 28?6* Pfqvf Feljlmhrvf 62; 228264*

Lplvpif# I*# bjd K* Whcchbmulj* 0>>5* Aplm Mbctovu tl Lochj; Tpbdf# hjdvutphbch{bthlj bjddhutph`vthlj uhjef 26>>* Klvpjbc la Feljlmhe Gplwto 2>/2(/0>>6(; 654*

^bpfjtf# C* U*# bjd F* ^pfueltt* 0>>6* B Vjhahfd Toflpx la tof Fqlcvthlj la Hjtfpjbthljbc Hjelmf Cfqfcu* Objd`lli la Feljlmhe Gplwto* Bmutfpdbm; Fcufqhfp

^fpuulj# T*# bjd G* Tb`fcchjh* 2884* Hu hjfrvbcht obpmavc alp gplwto< Bmfphebj Feljlmhe Pfqhfw ?4; 1>>02*

Pbgb bo# O* M* [* 0>>?* Hjelmf hjfrvbcht hj Mbcb uhb* Buhbj Feljlmhe ^lchex Pfqhfw 5/0>>?(;224250*


24/24


00

Pbmf # G*# bjd Q* B* Pbmf * 2886* Epluu-elvjtp fqhdfjef lj tof chji `ftwffj qlcbthcht bjdgplwto* Bmfphebj Feljlmhe Pfqhfw ?6/6(/Dfefm`fp(; 225?62*

Pbqbcchlj# M*# bjd U* Eofj* 0>>7* Eohjbu /vjfqfj( ~plgpfuu bgbhjut ~lqfpt * Klvpjbc la Dfqfcl~mfjt Feljlmheu ?0/2(; 240*

Pbqbcchlj# M* 0>22* B Elm~bpbthqf ^fpu~fethqf lj ^lqfpt Pfdvethlj hj @pb{hc# Eohjb# bjd Hjdhb*Wlpcd @bji Pfufbpeo L`ufpqfp 01/2(; 722>4*

Pldphi# D* 288?* Wo dl mlpf l~fj feljlmhfu obqf `hggfp glqfpjmfjtu1/6(; 8872>50*

Pv~~ft# F* 2888* Mbjbghjg Alpfhgj Cb`lp hj Uhjgb~lpf bjd Mbcb uhb; Bpf Tofpf Cfuulju alpGEE Elvjtphfu< Wlpcd @bji ^lche Pfufbpeo Wlpihjg ^b~fp Jl* 0>65* Wbuohjgtlj#DE; Wlpcd @bji#

Ubm~ulj# T* 0>22* Ufcfethlj hjtl Tpbdf bjd Wbgf Hjfrvbcht * Mbjvueph~t* Cljdlj Ueollc laFeljlmheu*

Ueoltt# ^* I* 0>>?* Tof Pfcbthqf Ul~ohuthebthlj la Eohjfuf Fx~lptu* Feljlmhe ^lchex 05/65(; 6 48*

Wbe{hbpg# P*# bjd I* O* Wfceo* 0>>?* Tpbdf ch`fpbch{bthlj bjd gplwto; Jfw fqhdfjef* Wlpcd @bji Feljlmhe Pfqhfw 00/0(; 2?7052*

Whcchbmulj# G* K* 28?6*Dhd @phthuo Eb~htbchum @pffd Hjfrvbchtx< @lutlj# MB; Bccfj bjd Vjwhj*

Wlpcd @bji* 2885* Tof Fbut Buhbj Mhpbecf; Feljlmhe Gplwto bjd ^v`che ^lche * Wlpcd @bji^lche Pfufbpeo Pf~lpt* Wbuohjgtlj# DE; Wlpcd @bji*

Wphgcf # F* B*# bjd P* Ueolahfcd* 28?2*Tof ^l~vcbthlj Ohutlpx la Fjgcbjd 26422?72; BPfeljutpvethlj * Ebm`phdgf# MB; Obpqbpd Vjhqfpuht ^pfuu*

Wv# _*# bjd D* K* Tpfhmbj* 0>>4* Tof Olvufolcd Pfghutpbthlj U utfm bjd Ulehbc Utpbthahebthljhj Eohjb; 28662881* Dfmlgpb~ox 42/0(; 5155?4*

the relationship between structural change and inequality: a conceptual overview with special...

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