the relationship between leadership behaviour.docx word rev 7

8/12/2019 The Relationship Between Leadership Behaviour.docx Word Rev 7

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEADERSHIP STYLE AND

ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT:

A STUDY IN MNC PANASONIC ENERGY MALAYSIA

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MANAGEMENT)

BY

ARULKUMAR

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESSUNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA

MAY 201

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DECLARATION

I, the undersigned, here! de"#$re th$t this rese$r"h thesis is %! &'n &rigin$# '&r( $nd th$t

$## s&ur"es h$)e een $""ur$te#! re*&rted $nd $"(n&'#edged, $nd th$t this d&"u%ent h$s n&t

een *re)i&us#!, in its entiret! &r in *$rt, su%itted $t $n! uni)ersit! in &rder t& &t$in

$"$de%i" +u$#ii"$ti&ns-

ARULKUMAR DATE!1101"

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, I '&u#d #i(e t& th$n( %! su*er)is&r, Dr- A/'$ &r %$(ing this $ %e$ningu# #e$rning

*r&"ess- Her guid$n"e $nd en"&ur$ge%ent thr&ugh&ut the *r&"ess & &r%u#$ting %! ide$s

'$s in)$#u$#e- Her $i#it! t& )ie' things *r$g%$ti"$##! '$s "riti"$# $nd *ri"e#ess t& the

su""ess & this stud! $nd needs t& e "&%%ended-

M! th$n(s $#s& g& t& $## e%*#&!ees r&% P$n$s&ni" Energ! 'h& t&&( the ti%e t& "&%*#ete

$## +uesti&nn$ires, 'ith&ut the% this rese$r"h '&u#d n&t h$)e een su""essu#-

L$st ut n&t #e$st , I $% &re)er indeted t& %! 'ie, M$ges'$ri $nd "hi#dren D$rsh$n$$ $nd

D$rshini! &r their un"&nditi&n$# #&)e, su**&rt $nd en"&ur$ge%ent- =&u gu!s 'ere tru#! %!

ins*ir$ti&n $nd 'ere u#ti%$te#! res*&nsi#e &r %! su""ess in #ie- M! *$rents re"ei)e %!

dee*est gr$titude $nd #&)e &r their dedi"$ti&n, en"&ur$ge%ent $nd the su**&rt th$t *r&)ided

the &und$ti&n &r this '&r(-

-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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TITLE

DECLARATION i

ABSTRACT ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i)

TABLE OF CONTENTS )

LIST OF FIGURES i;

LIST OF TABLES ;

LIST OF APPENDICES ;i

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION P#$%

1-1 Intr&du"ti&n >

1-. B$"(gr&und ?

1-< Pre% St$te%ent

1-7 Rese$r"h Questi&n 16

1-> Rese$r"h O@e"ti)e 11

1-? Deiniti&n & :e! ter%s 11

1-?-1 Le$dershi* 11

1-?-. Org$ni/$ti&n$# 8&%%it%ent 1.

1-?-< Org$ni/$ti&n$# 8&%%uni"$ti&n 1.

1-?-7 & S$tis$"ti&n 1.

1-4 Signii"$n"e & the stud! 1-> Li%it$ti&n & the stud!

>-? Re"&%%end$ti&n &r the urther rese$r"h

>-4 8&n"#usi&n

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure .-1C The B$si" Le$dershi* A**r&$"hes 1?

Figure .-. C Herse!s $nd B#$n"h$rds Situ$ti&n$# Le$dershi* %&de#

Figure .-C Tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* *r&"ess


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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1 I*+,-./*,

In the ne' e"&n&%! 'hi"h is %&re "&%*etiti)e th$n the der, sh$r*er %$r(et )$ti#it!

,"e$se#ess *ressure &n *r&it , )$ri$ti&n in the %$r(et *er&r%$n"e $nd de%$nd r&% the

st$(ehders h$s resu#ted th$t it is n& #&nger $ %$tter & &n#! %$ss %$nu$"turing & *r&du"t

$nd se##ing t& re%$in in the usiness -It is %&re t&'$rds h&' %u"h usiness )$#ue "$n e

*r&)ided ! $n &rg$ni/$ti&n t& its "ust&%er $nd n&t neg#e"ting the "&r*&r$te s&"i$#

res*&nsii#it! -Org$ni/$ti&n sh&u#d $#s& &"us &n "re$ting )$#ue t& the "ust&%er 'hi"h 'i##

e)entu$##! enh$n"e higher usiness %$rgin $s 'e## $s sust$in$#e usiness *er&r%$n"e

Th&ugh t& $"hie)e su"h $ "ru"i$# re+uire%ent 'ith su*eri&r )$#ue "re$ti&n t& "ust&%ers , it is

n&t sui"ient t& #e$d &n#! &rg$ni/$ti&ns -Le$ders $nd e%*#&!ee 'h& indire"t#! $nd dire"t#!

in))ed is the &ne & %&st i%*&rt$nt $ssets 'hi"h "$n dri)e t&'$rds &rg$ni/$ti&ns

dire"ti&n -=et $re the e%*#&!ee $#s& need t& e re$d! t& "&%%it the%se#)es t& e su**&rti)e

t& re%$in "&%*etiti)eness -The *ur*&se & the this stud! is t& $n$#!ses $nd t& g$in dee*er

underst$nding & the re#$ti&nshi* et'een the *er"e*ti&n & #e$dershi* st!#e $nd

&rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent $%&ng %$nu$"turing e%*#&!ee in M$#$!si$- H&' t& ret$in

e%*#&!ee $nd (ee* the% "&%%itted t& $n &rg$ni/$ti&n re%$in $s &ne & the signii"$nt issue

in %$n$ge%ent t&d$! -This is 'h! it h$s een gi)en $ gre$t de$# & $ttenti&n t& stud!

&rg$ni/$ti&n "&%%it%ent 3M&'d$!s, P&rter Steers , 1040 CA##en Me!er ,10065 -

Pre)i&us rese$r"h inding $nd the&ries $#th&ugh $ddressing th$t e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent t& $n

&rg$ni/$ti&n is $e"ted ! #e$dershi* st!#e , ut the interre#$ti&nshi* sti## re%$in un"#e$r -F&r

e;$%*#e "$n i%%edi$te su*eri&r in#uen"e &n the e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent $nd "$n the

i%%edi$te su*eri&r use $**r&*ri$te #e$dershi* st!#e $nd te"hni+ue t& i%*r&)e e%*#&!ee

"&%%it%ent -The &@e"ti)e & this *$*er is t& in)estig$te urther the re#$ti&nshi* et'een

#e$dershi* st!#e $nd e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent $s t&d$! e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent h$s e"&%e

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%&re i%*&rt$nt "&%*$res t& e' de"$de $g& -Le)e# & &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent is the $"(

&ne $nd the dri)ing &r"e in $n &rg$ni/$ti&n$# *er&r%$n"e -In their rese$r"h &und th$t in

&rder t& h$)e &rg$ni/$ti&n$# su""ess 6 *er "ent & the e%*#&!ee $t $## #e)e# %ust e

"&%%itted t& their &rg$ni/$ti&n -The $"t&r th$t h$s $ %$@&r in#uen"e &n the *er&r%$n"e &

$n &rg$ni/$ti&n ,%$n$gers $nd e%*#&!ee is #e$dershi*

12 B#/$+,.-

H&use $nd Adit!$ 310045 h$s *r&)ided $n e;tensi)e hist&ri"$# $**r&$"h $nd s"ientii" re)ie'

& #e$dershi* stud! -A""&rding t& the% studies & #e$dershi* h$s %&)ed in se)er$# dire"ti&n,

$nd &ut & the se)er$# dire"ti&n there h$)e een &und th$t there $re t'& $**r&$"hes 'hi"h

h$s d&%in$ted the studies -The irst $**r&$"h h$s &"us &n #e$dershi* eh$)i&r $nd

#e$dershi* "h$r$"teristi" $nd the se"&nd $**r&$"h #e$dershi* st!#e $nd de%&nstr$ti&n &

#e$dershi*- A""&rding t& H&use 3100>5 deiniti&n & #e$dershi* is #e$dershi* is eh$)i&r

'hi"h gi)es *ur*&se %e$ning $nd guid$n"e 'hi"h h$s $ "#e"ti)e )isi&n th$t $**e$#s t&

ide&gi"$# %&ti)es $nd se#9*er"e*ti&n & the #&'ers -In re"ent d$!s st$rting *&int & %&st

studies &"using &n the &rg$ni/$ti&n$# #e$dershi* $nd the $i#it! t& in#uen"e *e&*#e t&

*er&r% t$s( using %&ti)$ti&n$# %eth&d r$ther th$n using $uth&rit! -Hei#urn 310075 h$s

di)ided #e$dershi* the&ries int& three st$ges &r de"isi&n C

9 The irst st$ge is t& deine #e$ders 3The the&r! & #e$der e$tures 5

9 The se"&nd st$ge is t& stud! #e$der eh$)i&r 3The the&r! & #e$dershi* eh$)i&r5

9 The third st$ge is t& &"us &n the inter$"ti&n et'een #e$ders $nd su&rdin$tes

It is "ru"i$# th$t the e%*#&!ees t& e e+ui**ed 'ith #e$dershi* s(i##s due t& #e$dershi* res

$nd *r&"ess $re "riti"$# in setting dire"ti&n, enh$n"ing "&%%it%ent $nd "re$ting $#ign%ent

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-The $sen"e & #e$dershi* in $n &rg$ni/$ti&n "$n gi)e $ signii"$nt i%*$"t t& i%*#e%ent$ti&n

$nd sust$ining str$tegi" gr&'th-

A#th&ugh the *re)i&us rese$r"h h$s "&ntriuted $ gre$t $ttenti&n t& the re#$ti&nshi*

et'een #e$dershi* st!#e $nd &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent, ut it h$s een &und th$t resu#ts &

the stud! $re n&t "&nsistent- Se)er$# studies h$)e een &und $ *&siti)e re#$ti&nshi* et'een

these t'& )$ri$#es- 3:r$ut , 10465 -A""&rding 8-A- O2Rei##e! $nd :-H-R&erts 31045 h$s

re*&rted th$t there is n& re#$ti&nshi* et'een #e$dershi* st!#e $nd &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent

- Le$dershi* rese$r"hes h$)e $#s& sh&'n $ "&nsistent #in($ge et'een tr$ns&r%$ti&n$#

#e$dershi* $nd s&%e *$rt & eng$ge%ent -The su&rdin$tes trust &)er the #e$ders $nd the

su**&rt &ered ! #e$ders 'i## "re$te $ #$%e ree en)ir&n%ent- Studies h$)e *r&)ided

e)iden"e th$t there #in( et'een *&siti)e #e$der eh$)i&r $nd #&'er2s eh$)i&rs $nd

$ttitudes 'hi"h is $ss&"i$ted 'ith "&%%it%ent-

1& P+,3%4 S*#*%4%*

Thus $sed &n the $"(gr&und $&)e , it "$n e "&n"#uded th$t e%*#&!ee eng$ge%ent is the

$si" & su""ess & $n! &rg$ni/$ti&n -In t&d$!2s g#&$# usiness en)ir&n%ent , @& s$tis$"ti&n

$nd st$i#it! & @& is n&t en&ugh t& @udge the re#$ti&nshi* et'een e%*#&!ee @&

*er&r%$n"e $nd su""essu# usiness resu#t -Re"ent#! e%*#&!ers &"us h$s shited r&%

e%*#&!ee 'h& s$tisied 'ith their in"&%e , '&r(ing en)ir&n%ent $nd eneit t& th&se 'h&

eng$ge 'ith their &rg$ni/$ti&n s %issi&n -E%*#&!ees 'h& "&%%itted t& their &rg$ni/$ti&n

e#ie)ed t& dedi"$te %&st & their ti%e , energ! , s(i## $nd t$#ent th$n th&se e%*#&!ee 'h& is

n&t -

A""&rding t& Rei"hers 310>5 this 'i## $"tu$##! re#e"ts the e%*#&!ee $""e*t the &rg$ni/$ti&ns

g&$# $nd 'i##ing t& %&)e &r'$rd t& $"hie)e it -T& ui#d high e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent #e$ders

need t& *#$! $n $"ti)e re t& ring "h$nges in the &rg$ni/$ti&n in &rder t& eneit entire

&rg$ni/$ti&ns %e%er -the sust$ining & $n &rg$ni/$ti&n in the "&%*etiti)e en)ir&n%ent

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#e$ders $re the &ne 'h& r$ted their &'n #e$dershi* st!#e $nd 'ere n&t $sed &n e%*#&!ees

*er"e*ti&ns &n their #e$ders st!#e- In this "$se i the #e$ders e)$#u$ted their &'n #e$dershi*

st!#e, the resu#ts %ight &n#! een $d)$nt$ge t& &ne side 'here there 'i## e $n &""urren"e &

i$s during the e)$#u$ti&n *r&"ess- The true #e$dershi* st!#e 'i## n&t re#e"t in this "$se- In

$dditi&n t& this, n& e)iden"ed &n e%*#&!ees "&%%it%ent '$s &ser)ed, thus the +uesti&ns &

'hether #e$dershi* st!#e h$s $n! re#$ti&n 'ith e%*#&!ee2s "&%%it%ent 'ere sti## n&t

$ns'ered- This stud! is intended t& e;*#$in h&' the e%*#&!ees *er"ei)ed their #e$ders st!#e

$nd h&' it #e$ds t& e%*#&!ee2s "&%%it%ent in MN8- The stud! tries t& "$*ture $"tu$#

ee#ings, e;*erien"es $nd *er"e*ti&ns & e%*#&!ees t&'$rds their #e$ders $nd t& identi!

'hi"h #e$dershi* st!#e $re the %&st $**r&*ri$te t& suit the '&r(ing "&nditi&ns & e%*#&!ees

in %$nu$"turing en)ir&n%ent- The i%*#i"$ti&ns & these studies 'i## *erh$*s #e$d t& ne'

the&reti"$# "&ntriuti&ns t& %$nu$"turing se"t&r $nd the indings 'i## e & ut%&st useu# &r

res*e"ti)e *$rties t& t$(e ne"ess$r! $"ti&ns t& re"ti! the re"urring "&%%it%ents in the

&rg$ni/$ti&ns

1 R%5%#+/6 7.%5*,5

Underst$nding the *re% st$te%ent $nd rese$r"h &@e"ti)e, $nd the #i%it$ti&ns & the

e;isting $)$i#$#e studies, 'e "&u#d *&se the #&'ing $s rese$r"h +uesti&ns & this *$rti"u#$r

rese$r"h

1- Is there $n! signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een #e$der2s st!#e $nd &rg$ni/$ti&n$#

"&%%it%ent & %$nu$"turing e%*#&!eeK

.- Jhi"h t!*es & &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent $re %&st des"ri*ti)e & the %$nu$"turingK

e%*#&!eesK Ae"ti)e, "&ntinu$n"e &r n&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent K

18 R%5%#+/6 O9%/*%

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This rese$r"h *$*er irst#! is intended $nd $i%s t& deter%ine the re#$ti&nshi* & dierent

#e$dershi* st!#e &n e%*#&!ees2 "&%%it%ent- Se"&nd#!, this rese$r"h *$*er $#s& intends t&

identi! 'hi"h t!*e & "&%%it%ents the e%*#&!ees & the &rg$ni/$ti&n is "urrent#! eng$ged

'ith $nd in$##! t& deter%ine i the re#$ti&nshi* et'een #e$der st!#e $nd &rg$ni/$ti&n$#

"&%%it%ent is %&der$ted ! tenure- The h!*&thesis is "&n"erned 'ith the re#$ti&nshi*

et'een the #e$dershi* st!#e eing *r$"ti"ed 'ithin the &rg$ni/$ti&n $nd its in#uen"e &n the

e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent- The nu## h!*&thesis st$tes th$t there is n& st$tisti"$# signii"$nt

re#$ti&nshi* et'een #e$dershi* st!#e $nd e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n $nd the

$#tern$te h!*&thesis st$tes th$t there is $ st$tisti"$##! signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een

#e$dershi* st!#e $nd e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n H&'e)er $s st$rting *&int ,

this rese$r"h 'i## &"us &n $*$n $sed MN8 &*er$ting in M$#$!si$n "&nte;t -Perh$*s , the

resu#ts r&% this stud! "&u#d e gener$#i/ed t& &ther MN8 in M$#$!si$ 'hi"h "&u#d urther

e;tended t& stud! &ther $*$n "&untries &rigin $sed MN8s -

1" D%;*, ,; K%< T%+4

The #&'ing $re the (e! ter%s $nd deiniti&n 'hi"h "&u#d e n&ti"ed $#&ng the i)e

"h$*ters-

1"1 L%#-%+56=

St&gdi## 31047 , *-75 deines #e$dershi* $s eh$)i&r 'hi"h h$s $ s&"i$# in#uen"ing $i#it! t&

$"hie)e %utu$# g&$#s -Le$dershi* is $n inter$"ti&n et'een t'& &r %&re indi)idu$# in $ gr&u*

th$t usu$##! stru"turing &r restru"turing & $ situ$ti&n $nd the *er"e*ti&n $nd e;*e"t$ti&n &

gr&u* %e%ers-3B$ss, 1006 , * 10 5

1"2 O+$#>#*,#3 /,44*4%*

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Org$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent deined $s $ str&ng e#ie in $nd $""e*t$n"e & $n &rg$ni/$ti&ns

g&$#s $nd )$#ues 3M&'d$! et $# , 1040 5 $ 'i##ingness t& e;ert $ "&nsider$#e e&rt &n eh$#

& $n &rg$ni/$ti&n $nd h$s $ str&ng desire in %$int$ining the %e%ershi* in the

&rg$ni/$ti&n - 8&%%it%ent t& $n &rg$ni/$ti&n is high#! "&nne"ted t& '&r( re#$ted $"t&rs

su"h $s $senteeis%, e%*#&!ee turn&)er $nd @& *er&r%$n"e

1"& O+$#>#*,#3 C,44./#*,

Org$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%uni"$ti&n "$n e deined $s $ *r&"ess & "&%%uni"$ting

ee"ti)e#! et'een $n e%*#&!ee $nd his her su*eri&r #e$der -8&nst$nt t'& '$!

"&%%uni"$ti&n es*e"i$##! 'i## #e$d t& "#$rit! &n $n e%*#&!ee2s dut!, t$s( $nd dire"ti&n

t&'$rds $"hie)ing &rg$ni/$ti&n g&$#s - 3R&gers ,8#&':$sh - 1007 5

1? S$;/#/% ,; *6% 5*.-#*, ,; *6% 5*.-


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This stud! "&nsist & i)e "h$*ters $nd 'i## e &rg$ni/ed in se+uen"e &rder $s #&'s

C8h$*ter 1 'i## "&)er Intr&du"ti&n, $"(gr&und & the stud! , *re% st$te%ent ,rese$r"h

&@e"ti)e ,rese$r"h +uesti&n ,deiniti&n & (e! ter% ,$nd signii"$n"e & the rese$r"h -8h$*ter

t'& 3 Liter$ture Re)ie' 5sh$## "&)er the the&ries ehind this rese$r"h *r&*&s$#, *re)i&us

studies re#$ted t& this rese$r"h t&*i", the )$ri$#es identii"$ti&ns &r the e%*iri"$#

stud!, de)e#&*%ent & the&reti"$# r$%e'&r( $nd h!*&theses- 8h$*ter < 3Meth&d&g!5

sh$## "&)er rese$r"h design, )$ri$#es, *&*u#$ti&n $nd s$%*#e identii"$ti&n, +uesti&nn$ire

de)e#&*%ent, d$t$ "#e"ti&n, %e$sure%ent $nd st$tisti"$# $n$#!sis t&s t& e used in this

rese$r"h -8h$*ter 7 3 An$#!sis & the resu#t 5 sh$## "&)er "h$r$"teristi" & the t$rgeted

s$%*#e ,des"ri*ti)e st$tisti"s , re#i$i#it! $nd resu#t & the "&rre#$ti&n $n$#!sis - 8h$*ter >

3Dis"ussi&n , Re"&%%end$ti&n $nd 8&n"#usi&n 5 sh$## dis"uss &n re#i$i#it! $nd dis"ussi&n &

the resu#t ,i%*#i"$ti&n &r *r$"ti"e $nd re"&%%end$ti&n &r urther rese$r"h -

1@ L4*#*, ,; *6% 5*.-5 $nd Burns

31045 t& n$%e ut $ e', h$)e "&%*#eted e;tensi)e #e$dershi* rese$r"h- As $ resu#t $ ne'

the&r!, ter%ed tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi*, h$s een identiied $s the %&st $**r&*ri$te st!#e

& #e$dershi* in "&nte%*&r$r! &rg$ni/$ti&ns-

The $tte%*t & tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* $**r&$"h is t& $ddress the inherent #i%it$ti&ns

in*re)i&us #e$dershi* the&ries ! *r&)iding $ histi" )ie' & #e$dershi*- Tr$ns&r%$ti&n$#

#e$dershi* &)er"&%es the inherent #$"( & gener$#it! in *re)i&us #e$dershi* the&ries- This is

$n en"&%*$ssing $**r&$"h th$t "$n e used t& des"rie $ 'ide r$nge & #e$dershi* *r&"esses,

r&% s*e"ii" intenti&ns t& in#uen"e #&'ers, &n $ &ne9t&9&ne #e)e#, t& $ r&$d $tte%*t t&

in#uen"e &rg$ni/$ti&ns $nd e)en entire "u#tures- F#&'ers $nd #e$ders $re ine;tri"$#!

&und t&gether in the tr$ns&r%$ti&n *r&"ess 3B$ss A)i&, 10065- It ui#ds &n the

*re)i&us #e$dershi* $**r&$"hes $s "&nte%*&r$r! &rg$ni/$ti&ns see( $ uni)ers$# $**r&$"h in

their #e$dershi*, $s the! "&%*ete %&re $nd %&re in $ g#&$# %$r(et, 'hi"h is n&t "&nstr$ined

! "u#ture &r *iti"$# &und$ries-

F$.+% 2&sh&'s the integr$ti&n et'een tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* the&r! $nd the tr$it,

.>


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eh$)i&r$# $nd situ$ti&n$# $**r&$"hes- This tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* the&r! re"&gni/es

th$t there $re "ert$in tr$its inherent in #e$ders $nd #&'ers $nd these "$n e &ser)ed, #e$rnt

$nd de)e#&*ed- B$sed &n uni+ue *ers&n$#it! "h$r$"teristi"s, the #e$der $"ts &r eh$)es in

"ert$in '$!s t& in#uen"e the #&'ers t& $"hie)e &@e"ti)es- The #&'ers res*&nd t& the

#e$der2s tr$it9$sed eh$)i&r in either $ *&siti)e &r neg$ti)e '$!- The #e$der9#&'er

inter$"ti&n is in#uen"ed ! )$ri&us situ$ti&ns- 8entr$# t& tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* is the

$"t th$t the eh$)i&r e;hiited ! the #e$der &"uses n&t &n#! &n t$ngi#e indu"e%ents, ut

%&re &n de)e#&*ing the #&'er t& tr$ns"end their &'n se#9interest &r the g&&d & the

gr&u* 3B$ss, 1006$5-

Figure .-< C Tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# Le$dershi* %&de# 3He##riege# et $1,.6675-

Figure .-< sh&'s th$t integr$ting tr$it, eh$)i&r$# $nd situ$ti&n$# $**r&$"hes 'hi"h resu#ts in

$ set & uni)ers$# #e$dershi* *rin"i*#es- These $re *rin"i*#es th$t $re n&t "&nstr$ined !

"u#ture &r *iti"$# &und$ries- Tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$ders $re re"&gni/ed $s "h$nge $gents

'h& #+% $,,- +,3% 4,-%35 T6%< /+%#*% #- =+,-% # /3%#+ 5, ;,+ *6% ,+$#>#*,

.?


27/99

%4=,%+#&'ers t& $"hie)e higher st$nd$rds $"t in '$!s th$t %$(e &thers '$nt t& trust

the% $nd gi)e %e$ning t& &rg$ni/$ti&n$# #ie 3B$ss A)i&, 10065- It sh&u#d $#s& e

s*e"ii"$##! n&ted th$t tr$its, eh$)i&rs $nd, *$rti"u#$r#!, needs & the #&'er, in#uen"e the

#e$dershi* *r&"ess %&re th$n $ tr$ns$"ti&n et'een the #e$der $nd the #&'er- The

tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* $**r&$"h is s&%eti%es reerred t& $s the u##9r$nge #e$dershi*

$**r&$"h $s it is seen t& de)e#&* #e$ders $nd #&'ers t& heightened #e)e#s & *&tenti$#- This

*&int 'i## e urther e#$&r$ted &n in se"ti&n .-7-The the&rists %enti&ned e$r#ier in this

se"ti&n "&ntend th$t these *rin"i*#es, i $**#ied, sh&u#d resu#t in ee"ti)e st!#e $nd ee"ti)e

&rg$ni/$ti&ns-

.4


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.


29/99

F$.+% 2 A M,-%3 ,; *6% F.33 R#$% L%#-%+56= D%%3,=4%* T6%,+< (B#55 #-A,3,' 1@@: 8)

2 FULL RANGE LEADERSHIP APPROACH

The Fu## R$nge Le$dershi* 3FRL5 $**r&$"h '$s de)e#&*ed ! B$ss $nd A)i& 31007 10045

en"&%*$sses $ r$nge & #e$der eh$)i&rs- This %&de#, $s de*i"ted in Figure .-$5 $sed his des"ri*ti&ns & tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# $nd tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$ders $sed &n

Burns2s 31045 ide$s- Burns 31045 *r&*&sed th$t &ne "&u#d dierenti$te &rdin$r! r&%

e;tr$&rdin$r! #e$dershi*- He des"ried tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$ders $s th&se #e$ders 'h& in#uen"e

Figure .-< A M&de# & the Fu## R$nge Le$dershi* De)e#&*%ent The&r! 3B$ss $nd

.0


30/99

A)i&, 1007C >5 "&%*#i$n"e ! e;*e"ted re'$rds- Tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* is $n e;"h$nge

re#$ti&nshi* th$t in))es the re'$rd & e&rt, *r&du"ti)it! $nd #&!$#t!- Tr$ns&r%$ti&n$#

#e$ders e%*h$si/e &n higher %&ti)e de)e#&*%ent $nd $r&use #&'ers2 *&siti)e e%&ti&ns

$nd %&ti)$ti&n ! %e$ns & "re$ting $nd re*resenting $n ins*iring )isi&n & the uture 3B$ss,

10045- Tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$ders $re the #e$ders 'h& %&ti)$te their #&'ers t& *er&r%

e!&nd e;*e"t$ti&n ! en"&ur$ging the #&'er2s "&niden"e #e)e#s $nd *r&)iding su**&rt t&

de)e#&* t& higher #e)e#s- B$se &n Tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$ders #&'ers ee# $ gre$ter degree &

res*e"t $nd trust &r the #e$der- The $"(&ne & this the&r! is th$t #&'ers $re %&re

%&ti)$ted t& enh$n"e their *er&r%$n"e ! tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* r$ther th$n

tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* 3B$ss A)i&, 10065- The '&r( & B$ss $nd "#e$gues 3B$ss

A)i&, 1006$5 h$s e;*$nded Burns2s $"t&rs & #e$dershi* t& in"#ude $ third #e$dershi* st!#e

'hi"h "$##ed #$isse/9$ire #e$dershi* st!#e- A""&rding t& B$ss 31006$5 , the #$isse/9$ire

#e$der $s $n e;tre%e#! *$ssi)e #e$der 'h& is re#u"t$nt t& in#uen"e su&rdin$tes "&nsider$#e

reed&%, t& the *&int & $di"$ting hisher res*&nsii#ities- In $ sense, e;tre%e#! *$ssi)e t!*e

& #e$dershi* 'i## indi"$tes the $sen"e & #e$dershi*-

21 T+#5;,+4#*,#3 3%#-%+56= 5*


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$""&%*#ished thr&ugh e;tr$ *ers&n$# e&rt, thus %&ti)$ting #&'ers t& $"hie)e %&re th$n

the! th&ught the! '&u#d $"hie)e- The re#$ti&nshi* et'een $ tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$der $nd

#&'ers is "h$r$"teri/ed ! *ride $nd res*e"t 3B$ss A)i&, 1006$5- The e%*#&!ees &ten

de)e#&* $ high #e)e# & trust $nd "&niden"e in tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi*- The e%*#&!ees

$re $#s& *r&ud t& identi! the%se#)es 'ith the #e$der $nd de)e#&* $ str&ng sense & #&!$#t! t&

the%- Tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$ders en"&ur$ge *re% s)ing in #&'ers r$ther th$n

"&nst$nt#! *r&)iding suti&ns $nd dire"ti&ns $nd $ gre$ter *& & (n&'#edge 3Buh#er, 100>5-

B$ss $nd A)i& 310075 suggest th$t $ "&nse+uen"e & this eh$)i&r is th$t #&'ers de)e#&*

the "$*$"it! $nd en"&ur$ged the% t& s)e uture *re%s 'hi"h %ight e un&reseen ! the

#e$der- Duins(!, Fr$n"is =$%%$rin&, s&n $nd Ji##i$% 3100>5 $#s& suggest th$t #e$ders

'h& $re inte##e"tu$##! sti%u#$ting &ten *&ssess $ high #e)e# & ris(9t$(ing e"$use & their

"$*$i#it! t& trust the $i#ities & their #&'ers- Indi)idu$#s 'h& $re '&r(ing &r

tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$ders %$! 'i##ing#! e;*$nd their @& des"ri*ti&ns $nd in"re$sed their @&

"$*$"it! $s the! de)e#&* $ gre$ter "&n"e*ti&n & the &rg$ni/$ti&n $s $ 'he 3A)i&, et $#-,

10015- B$ss $nd "#e$gues 3A)i&, B$ss ung, 100> 1000 B$ss, 10>$ 10045 h$)e

identiied i)e $"t&rs 'hi"h re*resent eh$)i&r$# "&%*&nents & tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi*C

15 ide$#i/ed in#uen"e 3$ttriutes5 .5 ide$#i/ed in#uen"e 3eh$)i&r5


32/99

$nd =$r%%$rin& 310015 *&stu#$te th$t $nte"edents, su"h $s *$st *ers&n$# $""&%*#ish%ents,

the de)e#&*%ent & "&%%uni"$ti&n s(i##s $nd the re %&de#ing & &ther #e$ders, "re$te the

*&tenti$# t& ins*ire &thers- These *&tenti$#s $re re$#i/ed thr&ugh indi)idu$#i/ed "&nsider$ti&n

$nd inte##e"tu$# sti%u#$ti&n 'hen the *ers&n is in $ #e$dershi* re- In su"h eh$)i&r the

#e$ders ins*ir$ti&n$# $**e$# $re strengthen e"$use it %$(es #&'ers ee# )$#ued, "&nident

$nd $ssured th$t their #e$der "$n &)er"&%e *re% $nd #e$d the gr&u* t& %eet ne'

"h$##enges $nd &**&rtunities- A #e$ders #e)e# & ins*ir$ti&n$# %&ti)$ti&n is $#s& "$n urther

strengthened, i $ )isi&n, & 'here the dire"ti&n & the gr&u* is he$ding is sh$red ! "&9

'&r(ers- Ins*ir$ti&n$# #e$ders &ten set $n e;$%*#e & h$rd '&r(, re%$in &*ti%isti" in ti%es

& h$nd#ing "rises $nd se$r"h t& redu"e $n e%*#&!ee2s duties $nd '&r(#&$ds ! using "re$ti)e

'&r(ing %eth&ds- Inte##e"tu$# sti%u#$ti&n '&r(ing en)ir&n%ent &""urs 'hen #e$ders

en"&ur$ge $nd %&ti)$te their #&'ers t& e inn&)$ti)e $nd "re$ti)e ! +uesti&ning

$ssu%*ti&ns, rer$%ing *re%s $nd $**r&$"hing *$st situ$ti&ns in ne' '$!s- Inte##e"tu$#

sti%u#$ti&n $#s& t$(es *#$"e 'hen the #e$der *r&%*ts the #&'ers t& *r&)ide $#tern$ti)e

suti&ns t& "rises, *re%s $nd "h$##enges- A)i& $nd his "#e$gues 310015 $rgue th$t the

%&st i%*&rt$nt eneit & tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* is th$t #&'ers d& n&t resist se#9

de)e#&*%ent $nd re+uent#! de%&nstr$te $n enh$n"ed "&%%it%ent t& their @&, "&9'&r(ers

$nd the &rg$nis$ti&n- Indi)idu$# "&nsider$ti&n &""urs 'hen #e$ders re#$te t& #&'ers &n $

&ne9t&9&ne $sis in &rder t& in"re$se g&$#s $nd de)e#&* #&'er2s s(i##s- Le$ders 'h&

de%&nstr$te indi)idu$# "&nsider$ti&n tre$t e$"h e%*#&!ee $s $n indi)idu$# $nd $re $ttenti)e

t& the uni+ue needs, "$*$i#ities $nd "&n"erns & e$"h indi)idu$# 3B$ss, 10>$5- Su"h #e$ders

'i## #isten t& #&'ers "&n"ern $nd sh$re $n indi)idu$#s need 'hi#e si%u#t$ne&us#! he#*ing

in ui#ding the indi)idu$#s "&niden"e- The! $#s& "&nsider the gr&'th needs in indi)idu$#2s

de)e#&*%ent$#- These #e$ders re%&)e &st$"#es in the s!ste%, 'hi"h inhiit de)e#&*%ent &

the #&'ers $nd their &*ti%u% *er&r%$n"e $"hie)e%ent -Le$ders 'h& de%&nstr$te

indi)idu$# "&nsider$ti&n &ten "&$"h $nd %ent&r $nd their su&rdin$tes- Le$ders %$niesting

ins*ir$ti&n$# %&ti)$ti&n $rti"u#$te high e;*e"t$ti&n t& su&rdin$tes 3B$ss, 10>$5- The!


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"&%%uni"$te i%*&rt$nt issues in $ )er! si%*#e %$nner $nd use )$ri&us s!%s $nd '$!s t&

&"us their e&rts- Se#9deter%in$ti&n $nd "&%%it%ent $#s& 'i## e de%&nstr$te in $tt$ining

&@e"ti)es $nd *resent $n &*ti%isti" $nd $"hie)$#e )ie' & the uture- A tr$ns&r%$ti&n$#

#e$der *r&)ides inte##e"tu$# sti%u#$ti&n t& e%*#&!ees ! en"&ur$ging the% t& tr! &ut ne'

$**r&$"hes in s)ing *re%s 3B$ss, 10>$5- The! "h$##enge the st$tus +u& $nd en"&ur$ge

e%*#&!ees t& e;*#&re ne' '$!s & $"hie)ing &rg$ni/$ti&n$# g&$#s $nd &@e"ti)es-

Su&rdin$tes under su"h #e$dershi* d& n&t hesit$te t& &er their ide$s, e"&%e "riti"$# in

their *re% s)ing $nd tend t& h$)e enh$n"ed th&ught *r&"esses- An inte##e"tu$##!

sti%u#$ting #e$der he#*s *e&*#e t& thin( $&ut d *re%s in ne' '$!s $nd

t& use re$s&ning $nd e)iden"e t& s)e *re%s 3B$ss, 10>$ 10>5- Inte##e"tu$#

sti%u#$ti&n is $#s& 'i## e he#*u# 'hen the #e$der is $tte%*ting t& %$int$in the e;"ite%ent

$nd $ high #e)e# & %&ti)$ti&n $%&ng $n edu"$ted '&r(&r"e th$t *reers t& h$)e their

&*ini&ns $t #e$st "&nsidered ! their #e$der-F$.+% 28de%&nstr$tes h&' tr$ns&r%$ti&n$#

#e$der %&ti)$tes the #&'ers t& '&r( &r tr$ns"endent$# g&$#s inste$d & sh&rt9ter% interest-

The #e$ders $re $#e t& e;*$nd the #&'er2s *&rti& & needs- As $ resu#t the #&'er is

n&t &n#! "&n"erned 'ith the $si" needs 3su"h $s *h!si&gi"$#, s$et! $nd s&"i$# needs5

$""&rding t& M$s#&'2s Hier$r"h!, ut is $#s& "&n"erned 'ith higher &rder needs su"h $s

estee% $nd se#9$"tu$#i/$ti&n- Thr&ugh eng$ging the i)e "&%*&nents & the tr$ns&r%$ti&n$#

#e$dershi* st!#e the #e$ders $#e t& ui#d "&niden"e in their su&rdin$tes 'hi"h $#&ng 'ith

the in"re$sed *&rti& & needs, "h$nges the "u#ture & the &rg$ni/$ti&n- As &**&sed t& the

*ure#! tr$ns$"ti&n$# $**r&$"h, #&'ers n&' h$)e $ heightened )ie' & the *r&$i#it! &

su""ess $nd )$#ue the design$ted &ut"&%es t& $ gre$ter e;tent-


34/99

F$.+% 28: T+#5;,+4#*,#3 3%#-%+56= =+,/%55 (B#55' 1@!8#)

22 T+#5#/*,#3 3%#-%+56= 5* 1006$ 1006 10005 reerred t& tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* $s $n e;"h$nge

re#$ti&nshi* et'een #e$der $nd #&'er- Tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* the&r! is gr&unded in the

s&"i$# #e$rning $nd s&"i$# e;"h$nge the&ries, 'hi"h re"&gni/e the re"i*r&"$# n$ture &


35/99

#e$dershi* 3De#ug$, 10065- It is $sed &n the re$#i/$ti&n th$t #e$dershi* d&es n&t ne"ess$ri#!

reside in the *ers&n &r situ$ti&n, ut resides in the s&"i$# inter$"ti&n et'een the #e$der $nd

the #&'er 3$n Seters Fie#ds, 1005- B$ss 310>$5 $nd B$ss $nd A)i& 310045 des"ried

tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* in ter%s & t'& "h$r$"teristi"sC the use & "&ntingent re'$rds $nd

%$n$ge%ent ! e;"e*ti&n- The! des"ried "&ntingent re'$rd $s the re'$rd th$t the #e$der

'i## $'$rded t& the su&rdin$te &n"e h$s $"hie)ed the g&$#s th$t 'ere $greed t&- 8&ntingent

re'$rd is there&re is the e;"h$nge & re'$rds &r %eeting $greed &@e"ti)es- B! u#i##ing the

*r&%ises & re"&gniti&n, $d)$n"e%ent &r e%*#&!ees 'h& *er&r% 'e## $nd *$! in"re$ses ,

the tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$der is $#e t& get things d&ne $""&rding#! - B$ss 310>$5 there&re $rgues

th$t ! *r&)iding "&ntingent re'$rds, $ tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$der %ight ins*ire $ re$s&n$#e degree

& in))e%ent, #&!$#t!, "&%%it%ent $nd *er&r%$n"e r&% su&rdin$tes-

Tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$ders %$! $#s& re#! &n $"ti)e %$n$ge%ent ! e;"e*ti&n 'hi"h &""urs 'hen

the #e$der %&nit&rs #&'ers t& ensure %ist$(es $re n&t %$de, ut &ther'ise, $##&'s the

st$tus +u& t& e;ist 'ith&ut eing $ddressed 3B$ss A)i&, 100>5- In *$ssi)e %$n$ge%ent

the #e$der intereres &n#! 'hen things g& 'r&ng- Gener$##! 'e "$n "&n"#ude th$t

tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* is $n e;"h$nge re#$ti&nshi* 'hi"h in))es the re'$rd & e&rt,

#&!$#t! $nd *r&du"ti)it! -As "$n e seen in Figure .-?, the #e$der he#*s the #&'er t&

identi! 'h$t needs t& e d&ne t& $""&%*#ish the desired resu#ts- The #e$der h&'e)er &n#!

t$(es the #&'er2s $si" needs int& $""&unt- There&re, $s B$ss 310>$5 $sserted,

tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* uses s$tis$"ti&n & #&'er &rder needs $s the *ri%$r! $sis &r

%&ti)$ti&n- Re "#$rii"$ti&n is the is the %$in &"us in tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi*- The #e$der

he#*s $nd $ssist the #&'er in underst$nding e;$"t#! 'h$t is the need in &rder t& %eet the

&rg$ni/$ti&n2s g&$#s $nd &@e"ti)es- A su""essu# resu#t & tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* '&u#d e

$n e;*e"ted &ut"&%e-


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Figure .-? Tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* *r&"ess 3B$ss, 10>$5

2& L#55%>F#+% 3%#-%+56= 5*


37/99

#e$der $s $n e;tre%e *$ssi)e #e$der 'h& is re#u"t$nt t& in#uen"e su&rdin$tes2 "&nsider$#e

reed&%, t& the *&int & $di"$ting hisher res*&nsii#ities- In $ sense, this e;tre%e#! *$ssi)e

t!*e & #e$dershi* indi"$tes the $sen"e & #e$dershi*- L$isse/9$ire st!#e & #e$dershi* is $#s&

reerred t& $s %$n$ge%ent9!9e;"e*ti&n 3B$ss A)i&, 1006$5- M$n$ge%ent9!9e;"e*ti&n

"h$r$"teri/es h&' #e$ders %&nit&r neg$ti)e su&rdin$tes2 eh$)i&r $nd t$(e "&rre"ti)e $"ti&n

&n#! 'hen su&rdin$tes $i# t& %eet &@e"ti)es- Le$ders 'h& %$n$ge ! e;"e*ti&n interere

'hene)er &n#! *r&"edures $nd st$nd$rds &r $""&%*#ishing t$s(s $re n&t $"hie)ed- There&re

it "$n e "&n"#uded th$t ! #$isse/9$ire2, #e$der h$)e insui"ient & %&ti)$ti&n &r #$"( &

s(i##s t& *er&r% su*er)is&r! duties-

2 I*%$+#*$ *+#5;,+4#*,#3 #- *+#5#/*,#3 3%#-%+56= 5*


38/99

tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi*, ut n&t )i"e )ers$- As %enti&ned *re)i&us#! B$ss 310>$5

integr$ted the tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# $nd tr$ns$"ti&n$# st!#es ! re"&gni/ing th$t &th st!#es %$!

e #in(ed t& the $"hie)e%ent & desired g&$#s $nd &@e"ti)es- This )ie' *r&*&ses th$t the t'&

st!#es $re "&%*#e%ent$r! in the sense th$t the tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* st!#e is inee"ti)e

in the t&t$# $sen"e & $ tr$ns$"ti&n$# re#$ti&nshi* et'een #e$der $nd su&rdin$te 3B$ss,

A)i& G&&dhei%, 1045- Tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* h$s $#s& een re#$ted t& )$ri&us

"riteri$ & ee"ti)eness- A""&rding t& stud! ! Gu//&, =&st, 8$%*e## $nd She$ 3100$ B$ss A)i&, 1006$ H&use Sh$%ir, 100


39/99

#e$ders "$n e se#9"entered $nd %$ni*u#$ti)e in the %e$ns the! use t& $"hie)e their g&$#s

3B$ss Steid#%eier, .66


40/99

#e$dershi* r&% tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi*- This '$s #$ter su**&rted ! Prui@n $nd B&u"her

310075 'hen the! st$ted th$t tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* is $n e;tensi&n & tr$ns$"ti&n$#

#e$dershi*- A""&rding t& the rese$r"hers $ #e$der %$! dis*#$! )$ri&us degrees & tr$ns$"ti&n$#

&r tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* st!#e de*ending &n the dierent situ$ti&n- The #iter$ture h$s

sh&'n th$t tr$ns$"ti&n$# $nd tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# "$n get resu#ts r&% su&rdin$tes th$t $re

e!&nd e;*e"t$ti&ns 3B$ss, 10045- Le$ders "$n "&ntriute t& $n e%*#&!ee2s desire t& re%$in

"&%%itted t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n ! indu"ing e%*#&!ee2s trust $nd "&niden"e in the%- B$ss

31006$5 n&ted th$t the #e$dershi* rese$r"h &)er the !e$rs h$s *r&)ed th$t #&!$#t! is %&re

*&'eru# th$n t$ngi#e indu"e%ents- Pri"e 310045 urther suggests th$t e%*#&!ees $re $r

%&re #i(e#! t& e "&%%itted t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n, i the! h$)e "&niden"e in their #e$der- The

#iter$ture h$s re"&gni/ed the in#uen"e & #e$dershi* st!#e &n e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent- It is

there&re $**r&*ri$te $t this st$ge th$t the ne;t "h$*ter 'i## dis"uss the se"&nd )$ri$#e 'ithin

the rese$r"h, i%*&rt$n"e & #e$dershi* $nd &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent-

2" I*+,-./*, *, O+$#>#*,#3 C,44*4%*

Org$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent is &ne & th&se "&n"e*ts th$t is used in $ nu%er & dierent

'$!s- In %&st "$ses the ter% is used t& reer t& $ t!*e & e%*#&!ee th$t is $n e%*#&!ee 'ith

high &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent- 8&%%it%ent is $ %$niest$ti&n & the indi)idu$#2s &'n

se#, $nd re#e"ts )$#ue st$nd$rds th$t $re $si" t& the indi)idu$#2s e;isten"e $s $ *ers&n-

Me!er A##en 310015 suggested three dierent t!*es & &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent $s #isted

e#&'C

15 Identii"$ti&n 9 A str&ng e#ie in $nd $""e*t$n"e & the &rg$ni/$ti&n2s g&$#s, %issi&n

$nd )$#ues

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.5 In))e%ent 9 A 'i##ingness t& e;ert $ "&nsider$#e e&rt e!&nd the re+uired

*er&r%$n"e &n eh$# & the &rg$ni/$ti&n Oten reerred t& $s citizenship behavior

&r *r&9s&"i$# eh$)i&r


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2"1 A;;%/*% C,44*4%*

Ae"ti)e 8&%%it%ent is deined $s the e%*#&!ees *&siti)e e%&ti&n$# $tt$"h%ent

identii"$ti&n 'ith, $nd in))e%ent in the &rg$ni/$ti&n- An e%*#&!ee 'h& is $e"ti)e#!

"&%%itted str&ng#! identiies 'ith the g&$#s & the &rg$ni/$ti&n $nd desires t& re%$in $ *$rt

& the &rg$ni/$ti&n- This e%*#&!ee "&%%its t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n e"$use heshe '$nts t&- The

degree & "&%%it%ent "$n e in#uen"ed ! %$n! dierent de%&gr$*hi" "h$r$"teristi"s su"h

$s tenure, $ge, edu"$ti&n $nd se; ut these in#uen"es $re neither str&ng n&r "&nsistent-

A#th&ugh the "h$r$"teristi"s "$n e seen ut there is *re% 'here! the! "$nn&t e "#e$r#!

deined- A""&rding t& N- A##en $nd -P 310065 $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent is $n e%&ti&n$#

$tt$"h%ent t& $n &rg$ni/$ti&n in 'hi"h $n e%*#&!ee identiies 'ith $nd en@&!s %e%ershi*

in the &rg$ni/$ti&n -There&re $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent h$s $t #e$st three di%ensi&nsC

de)e#&*%ent & $n e%&ti&n$# in))e%ent 'ith the &rg$ni/$ti&n, identii"$ti&n 'ith the

&rg$ni/$ti&n $nd $ desire t& re%$in its %e%er in $n &rg$ni/$ti&n- The *r&"esses 'hi"h #e$ds

t& the de)e#&*%ent & Ae"ti)e 8&%%it%ent $re t$(en r&% e;"h$nge *rin"i*#es 3 M&'d$!,

P&rter, Steers, 10.5- An &rg$ni/$ti&n n&r%$##! 'i## *r&)ide re'$rds &r *unish%ents in

return &r the "&ntriuti&ns its e%*#&!ees %$(e &r $i#s t& %$(e -In return the e%*#&!ees 'i##

"&%%it the%se#)es t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n t& &t$in the re'$rds re"ei)ed &r $)&id *unish%ent-

In $dditi&n, the #iter$ture indi"$tes th$t the en)ir&n%ent in 'hi"h &rg$ni/$ti&ns &*er$te

in#uen"es the e%*#&!ees &rient$ti&ns-

2"2 C,*.#/% C,44*4%*

8&ntinu$n"e 8&%%it%ent t$(es *#$"e 'hen s&%e&ne 'eighs u* the $d)$nt$ges $nd

dis$d)$nt$ges & #e$)ing !&ur &rg$ni/$ti&n- =&u %$! ee# th$t !&u need t& st$! $t !&ur

"&%*$n!, e"$use the #&ss !&u '&u#d e;*erien"e ! #e$)ing the &rg$ni/$ti&n it is gre$ter th$n

the eneit !&u thin( !&u %ight g$in in $ ne' &rg$ni/$ti&n- The se)erit! & these #&sses &ten

7.


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in"re$ses 'ith $ge $nd e;*erien"e- S&%e&ne $re %&re #i(e#! t& e;*erien"e "&ntinu$n"e

"&%%it%ent i the! $re in $n est$#ished, su""essu# re, $nd i the! h$d se)er$# *r&%&ti&ns

'ithin &ne &rg$ni/$ti&n -It $#s& reers t& e%*#&!ee2s *&int & )ie' & 'hether the "&sts &

#e$)ing the &rg$ni/$ti&n $re gre$ter th$n the "&sts & st$!ing- E%*#&!ees 'h& *er"ei)e th$t

the "&sts & #e$)ing the &rg$ni/$ti&n $re gre$ter th$n the "&sts & st$!ing re%$in e"$use the!

need t&- Per"ei)ed #&sses "$n e %&net$r!, *r&essi&n$# &r s&"i$# $s des"rie e#&'C

- M&net$r! L&ses in s$#$r! $nd eneit

- Pr&essi&n$# L&ses in seni&rit! &r re9re#$ted s(i##s

- S&"i$# 9 L&ses in riendshi*s &r $##ies

A""&rding t& Me!er A##en 310015 $n! e#e%ents th$t in"re$ses the "&st $ss&"i$ted 'ith

#e$)ing the &rg$ni/$ti&n "$n #e$d t&'$rds the de)e#&*%ent & "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent- Se#9

in)est%ent su"h $s e&rt, ti%e, $nd energ! is the $%&unt & )$#u$#e res&ur"es th$t $n

e%*#&!ee h$s s*ent in the &rg$ni/$ti&n &r its 'e##9eing 3A##en Me!er, 10065- In"re$sed

in e&rt $nd energ! ! e%*#&!ees 'i## $si"$##! in"re$se their "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent

e"$use #e$)ing the &rg$ni/$ti&n 'i## resu#t in the #&ss & the )$#u$#e res&ur"es s*ent &r the

&rg$ni/$ti&n- The #$"( & tr$nser$i#it! & (n&'#edge $nd @& s(i##s $nd 'i## $#s& #e$d t&

in"re$se the "&sts & #e$)ing the &rg$ni/$ti&n, e"$use e%*#&!ees 'i## $"e dii"u#ties t& ind

$#tern$ti)e @&s th$t suits the% 3Be"(er, 10?65-I e%*#&!ees %$(e $ "h&i"e %&)e t& $n&ther

&rg$ni/$ti&n, it %$! disru*t the s&"i$# re#$ti&nshi*s th$t h$d een "re$ted $nd in"re$se the

*s!"h&gi"$# "&st & %$(ing ne' riends $nd #e$rning t& get $#&ng 'ith ne' '&r(ing

$ss&"i$tes 3Be"(er, 10?75- A""&rding t& Be"(er 310?65, the #$"( & e;tern$# @&

&**&rtunities in"re$ses the "&sts $ss&"i$ted 'ith #e$)ing the &rg$ni/$ti&n- There&re, the

e'er $)$i#$#e $#tern$ti)e @&s in the industr!, the gre$ter 'i## e the e%*#&!ees2 t&

"&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent their "urrent e%*#&!er-

7


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2"& N,+4#*% /,44*4%*

N&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent is $ t!*e & "&%%it%ent &""urs 'hen !&u ee# $ sense & ig$ti&n

t& !&ur &rg$ni/$ti&n $#th&ugh $n e%*#&!ee ee#s unh$**! in their re, &r e)en i the

e%*#&!ee '$nt t& #&&( &r etter &**&rtunities- E%*#&!ees 'ith high #e)e#s & n&r%$ti)e

"&%%it%ent st$! 'ith the &rg$ni/$ti&n e"$use the! ee# the! &ught t&- This sense &

ig$ti&n $nd e#&nging "$n e ste% r&% se)er$# $"t&rs- E%*#&!ees %ight ee# th$t the!

sh&u#d re%$in 'ith the &rg$ni/$ti&n e"$use the &rg$ni/$ti&n h$s in)ested %&ne! $nd ti%e in

their tr$ining- Or *erh$*s the &rg$ni/$ti&n *r&)ided $ re'$rd in $d)$n"e, su"h $s "&%*$n!

sh$res, "&%*$n! "$r, %edi"$# "he"(u*, $nd &thers- O#ig$ti&n "$n $#s& resu#t r&% !&ur

u*ringing & $ $%i#! -Jiener 310.5 $nd S"h# 31015, Me!er $nd A##en 310015 h$d

suggested th$t there $re t'& %e"h$nis%s 'hi"h *#$! $ (e! re in de)e#&*%ent & n&r%$ti)e

"&%%it%entC s&"i$#i/$ti&n $nd e;"h$nge- A""&rding t& Jiener 310.5, n&r%$ti)e

"&%%it%ent de)e#&*s $s $ resu#t & n&r%$ti)e e#ies th$t $re intern$#i/ed thr&ugh *re9entr!

3$%i#! $nd "u#ture5 $nd *&st entr! 3&rg$ni/$ti&n$#5 s&"i$#i/$ti&n *r&"esses- There&re $

"&%%it%ent n&r% 'hi"h is #$e#, $s intern$#i/ed n&r%$ti)e 'hi"h e#ies ! Jiener, is

e;$%ined $s $ *&ssi#e deter%in$nt & n&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent- The se"&nd %e"h$nis% 'hi"h

&*er$ti)e in the de)e#&*%ent & n&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent is the *rin"i*#e & e;"h$nge &r $#s&

"$##ed $ n&r% & re"i*r&"it! ! S"h# 31015- A""&rding t& this *rin"i*#e, n&r%$ti)e

"&%%it%ent de)e#&*ed thr&ugh re"ei)es & re'$rds r&% the &rg$ni/$ti&n th$t insti##s $ sense

'hi"h ig$te t& ret$#i$te 'ith "&%%it%ent- Org$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent re#$!ing &n the

*er"e*ti&n & e%*#&!ees 3EisenergerHuntingt&n, Hut"his&n, S&'$, 10?5- Steers 310045

sh&'s th$t i the e%*#&!ee inds the &rg$ni/$ti&n t& e %&re su**&rti)e, $ higher #e)e# &

&rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent 'i## resu#t $nd the dire"t e&rt t& indu"ed "&%%it%ent "$n

*r&du"e #&ng9ter% eneits &r &rg$ni/$ti&n-

2? T6% 4=,+*#/% ,; O+$#>#*,#3 C,44*4%*

77


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J&r( "&%%it%ent is the %&st i%*&rt$nt t&*i" &r &rg$ni/$ti&ns t& underst$nd the #e)e# t&

'hi"h $n e%*#&!ee is eng$ged in his &r her '&r( , "&%%its t& $nd e#ie)es in the

&rg$ni/$ti&ns g&$#s $nd *ur*&se 3&rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent5, desires t& '&r( $nd

"&%%it%ent t& $ s*e"ii" "$reer &r *r&essi&n "$n $## h$)e $n i%*$"t &n $n &rg$ni/$ti&n-

:$nter 310?5 e#ie)es th$t "&%%it%ent t& $n &rg$ni/$ti&n $#s& h$s re#$ti&n t& the *r&it

r&% *$rti"i*$ting $nd the "&st & #e$)ing the &rg$ni/$ti&n, su"h $s #&ss & *restige $nd

st$i#it! & $ '&r(ing en)ir&n%ent- E%*#&!ees de"isi&n t& +uit r&% $n &rg$ni/$ti&n is

in)erse#! re#$ted t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent 3Ang#e Perr!,1015-This 'i## resu#t t&

#&' #e)e#s & turn&)er , 'hen there $re higher #e)e# & &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ents $nd high

"&%%it%ent #&!$#t! s& $s st$#e '&r(&r"e "$n e sust$ined des*ite e;tern$# en)ir&n%ent

"h$nges- Liu 8hiu $nd Fe##&'s 3.6645 "#$i%s th$t indi)idu$#s 'h& $re %&ti)$ted 'i## e

%&re "&%%itted t& their t$s(s $nd 'i## *er&r% etter-

Jiener $nd $rdi 31065 $#s& re*&rted th$t there is $ *&siti)e "&rre#$ti&n et'een

"&%%it%ent $nd @& *er&r%$n"e- In t&d$!s "&%*etiti)e e"&n&%!, &rg$ni/$ti&ns $re

e;*e"ted t& d& %&re 'ith #ess res&ur"e 3%$n, %$teri$#, %$"hine $nd %eth&d5 $nd it is "ru"i$#

&r &rg$ni/$ti&ns t& ret$in their high#! *r&du"ti)e e%*#&!ees- E%*#&!ees 'h& $re eng$ged

in their '&r( $nd "&%%itted t& their &rg$ni/$ti&ns , gi)e "&%*$nies "ru"i$# "&%*etiti)e

$d)$nt$ges in"#uding higher *r&du"ti)it! $nd #&'er e%*#&!ee turn&)er -

T& &rg$ni/$ti&ns th$t d& n&t t$(e int& "&nsider$ti&n the '&r( "&%%it%ent $ttitudes 'e h$)e

dis"ussed $&)e %$! ind the%se#)es dis$d)$nt$ge 'hen de$#ing 'ith "&%*etit&rs- It h$s

een identiied th$t there $re three #e)e#s & e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent eng$ged, n&t eng$ged,

$nd $"ti)e#! diseng$ged- Eng$ged '&r(ers $re the ide$# $s the! ee# $ &nd 'ith their

"&%*$n! $nd $re *$ssi&n$te $&ut their '&r(- N&t eng$ged e%*#&!ees "&%e t& '&r( $nd d&

their @&s ut h$)e n& desire & $n!thing %&re- The third $nd %&st destru"ti)e e%*#&!ee is

7>


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the $"ti)e#! diseng$ged e%*#&!ee- These *e&*#e $re unh$**! in their '&r( $nd set &ut t&

under%ine the g&&d th$t the eng$ged e%*#&!ees $re d&ing-

As $ resu#t the i%*&rt$n"e & '&r( "&%%it%ent is de*endent u*&n the &rg$ni/$ti&n itse# ,i

the &rg$ni/$ti&n '$nts t& e"&%e "&%*etiti)e $nd gr&', it need t& *#$"e $ gre$t de$# &

i%*&rt$n"e &n the #e)e# t& 'hi"h e%*#&!ees $re eng$ged in their @&s $nd h&' "&%%itted the

e%*#&!ees $re t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n- On the &ther h$nd, i the &rg$ni/$ti&n is $"ing high

turn&)er, #&'9*r&du"ing e%*#&!ees, $nd high $senteeis%, the! sh&u#d n&t e "&n"erned

'ith '&r( "&%%it%ent- Org$ni/$ti&ns eneit r&% $ "&%%itted '&r(&r"e e"$use

"&%%itted e%*#&!ees n&t intend t& e $sent &ten, t& %$(e *&siti)e "&ntriuti&ns $nd t&

st$! 'ithin the &rg$ni/$ti&n 3De8&tiis Su%%ers, 1045

M&re&)er, the #e$ders & th$t &rg$ni/$ti&n %ust re$#i/e th$t, $t s&%e *&int in its

&rg$ni/$ti&n$# #ie9"!"#e, the &rg$ni/$ti&n 'i## und&uted#! h$)e t& "&%*ete 'ith $n

&rg$ni/$ti&n th$t d&es *#$"e i%*&rt$n"e &n '&r( "&%%it%ent $nd it "&u#d end u* eing

detri%ent$# t& the "&ntinued e;isten"e & the &rg$ni/$ti&n- A""&rding t& Me!er $nd A##en

310045 "&%%itted e%*#&!ee is &ne 'h& st$!s 'ith the &rg$ni/$ti&n thr&ugh in $n!

"ir"u%st$n"e , $ttends '&r( regu#$r#!, gi)e in u## "&%%it%ent , *r&te"ts "&%*$n!2s

$ssetsin&r%$ti&n , sh$res "&%*$n! g&$#s $nd &thers- S& h$)ing $ "&%%itted '&r(&r"e

'&u#d e $n $dded $d)$nt$ge t& $n &rg$ni/$ti&n-

2! L%#-%+56= #- O+$#>#*,#3 C,44*4%*

P+%,.5 +%5%#+/6%5 6#- %% -%,*%- # $+%#* -%#3 ,; #**%*, *, +%3#*,56= %*%%

,+$#>#*,#3 C,44*4%* #- 3%#-%+56= %6#,+ H,%%+ *6% ;-$5 *65

5/,=% #5 3#+$%3< /,55*%* S,4% 5*.-%5 ;,.- =,5*% +%3#*,56= *6

*65 *, #+#3% (K+#.*' 1@?0) #- 5,4% 6#5 ;,.- *6#* *6+%% #+% , 35 ,+

7?


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.#3% *, 56, # +%3#*,56= %*%% 3%#-%+56= %6#,+ #- ,+$#>#*,#3

/,44*4%* (OR%33< R,%+*5' 1@?! H#4=*, D.5


48/99

$s su"h 3&hnst&n, P$r$sur$%$n, Futre##, B#$"(,10065- Su*er)is&r! "&nsider$ti&n reers t&

#e$der eh$)i&urs "&n"erned 'ith *r&%&ting the "&%&rt $nd 'e##eing & su&rdin$tes

3S"hrieshei%St&gdi## 3104>5 E%*#&!ees %$! inter*ret the su**&rt *r&)ided ! their

e%*#&!er $s $ de%&nstr$ti&n & "&%%it%ent t&'$rds the% 3Eisenerger et $#-, 10?

Rh&$des $nd Eisenerger, .66. Sh&re $nd Sh&re, 100>5, 'hi"h in turn tend t& enh$n"e their

"&%%it%ent t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n- Pe#/ 310>.5 *resented d$t$ suggesting th$t $t #e$st in

#$rge gr&u*s, e%*#&!ees 'ere %&re s$tisied 'ith su*eri&rs 'h& identiied "#&se#! 'ith

higher %$n$ge%ent $nd $ssisted the% in g&$# $tt$in%ent- L&ui 3100>5 e;$%ined the

re#$ti&nshi* et'een the r&$d "&nstru"t & &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent $nd the &ut"&%e

%e$sures & su*er)is&r! trust, @& in))e%ent, $nd @& s$tis$"ti&n- In $## three $re$s, L&ui

3100>5 re*&rted *&siti)e re#$ti&nshi*s 'ith &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent- M&re s*e"ii"$##!,

*er"ei)ed trust in the su*er)is&r, $n $i#it! t& e in))ed 'ith the @&, $nd ee#ings & @&

s$tis$"ti&n 'ere %$@&r deter%in$nts & &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent- Ee"ti)e #e$ders $re

e;*e"ted t& gener$te higher #e)e#s & &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent, $s Sh$%ir, H&use $nd

Arthur 3100


49/99

re#$ti&nshi* et'een #e$dershi* eh$)i&r $nd &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent &th d&%esti"$##!

$nd intern$ti&n$##!- There&re, %&re rese$r"h is needed-

CHAPTER &: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

&1 I*+,-./*,

This stud! 'ith its re#$ted rese$r"h design is *#$nned t& g$ther the ne"ess$r! in&r%$ti&n

re+uired t& est$#ish the re#$ti&nshi* et'een h!*&thesis )$ri$#es $nd t& deter%ine the

re#$ti&nshi* et'een e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent $nd #e$dershi*- This "h$*ter dis"usses the

the&reti"$# r$%e '&r( ,h!*&thesis ,rese$r"h design ,)$ri$#es $nd its %e$sure%ent , d$t$

$n$#!sis te"hni+ue , re#i$i#it! $nd )$#idit! & the resu#t -The su t&*i"s 'i## urther dis"uss

reg$rding the *&*u#$ti&n , s$%*#e ,s$%*#ing design , unit & $n$#!sis ,d$t$ "#e"ti&n %eth&d ,

instru%ent , t!*es & )$ri$#es $nd its %e$sure%ent %eth&d , t!*es & st$tisti"$# s&t'$re t&

e used t& $n$#!/e d$t$ "#e"ti&n $nd in$##! the %eth&d t& "&nir% the h!*&thesis

re#$ti&nshi* - This "h$*ter de#i)ered det$i#s &n the rese$r"h %eth&d&g!- The de)e#&*%ent

& the +uesti&nn$ire $#s& h$s een dis"ussed t&gether 'ith the *ur*&se, &@e"ti)e $nd $#s&

#iter$ture re)ie's- Pi#&t test $#s& 'i## e "&ndu"ted t& %$(e sure the +uesti&nn$ire is re#i$#e

t& e use in the *resent stud! -

&2 G,#35 ,; *6% +%5%#+/6 #- 6


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h$d $n in#uen"e e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent gener$##! $nd e $#e t& deter%ine the re#$ti&nshi*

et'een the t'& )$ri$#e- The %$in &@e"ti)e & the stud! is t& in)estig$te $nd stud! the

re#$ti&nshi* et'een )$ri&us #e$dershi* st!#es $nd )$ri&us e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent st!#es -

Fr&% the identii"$ti&n & the r&$d &@e"ti)es & this rese$r"h the s*e"ii" h!*&thesis 'ere

&r%u#$ted- The h!*&theses $re &"used &n the re#$ti&nshi* et'een the )$ri&us #e$dershi*

st!#es *r$"ti"ed in the &rg$ni/$ti&n $nd its in#uen"e &n the )$ri&us e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent

st!#es- The resu#ts & the rese$r"h "&u#d e $ $se &n h&' uture #e$dershi* tr$ining 'i## e

"&ndu"ted 'ithin the "&%*$n!- S& the h!*&theses &r this rese$r"h $re $s e#&' C

H61C There is n& st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* $nd

$e"ti)e "&%%it%ent t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n-

H$1C There is $ st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* $nd


H62C There is n& st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* $nd

"&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n-

H$2C There is $ st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* $nd


?6


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H$8C There is $ st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* $nd


H6"C There is n& st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* $nd

n&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n-

H$"C There is $ st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* $nd


H6?C There is n& st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een #$isse/9$ire #e$dershi* $nd


H$?C There is $ st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een #$isse/9$ire #e$dershi* $nd


H6!C There is n& st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een #$isse/9$ire #e$dershi* $nd


H$!C There is $ st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een #$isse/9$ire #e$dershi* $nd


?7

H6@C There is n& st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een #$isse/9$ire #e$dershi* $nd


H$@C There is $ st$tisti"$# signii"$nt re#$ti&nshi* et'een #$isse/9$ire #e$dershi* $nd


>1


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P+,/%55 F3,/6#+*

&& P,=.3#*, #- 5#4=3$ =+,/%-.+%

A""&rding t& Tr&"hin 3.6665 $ rese$r"h *&*u#$ti&n $s $ gr&u* th$t the rese$r"her '$nts t&

gener$#i/e t& $nd the s$%*#e $s the gr&u* & *e&*#e th$t $re se#e"ted t& e in the stud!- This

'$s $#s& su**&rted ! Se($r$n 3.6665 'hen she deined $ s$%*#e $s $ suset & the

*&*u#$ti&n in+uesti&n $nd "&%*rises $ se#e"ti&n & %e%ers r&% th$t *$rti"u#$r *&*u#$ti&n-

Sin"e the &@e"ti)e & the stud! is t& e;*#&re the re#$ti&nshi* et'een #e$dershi* st!#es $nd

e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent- The t$rget & the *&*u#$ti&n &r the stud! $re te"hni"i$ns $nd

&*er$t&rs-

& D#*# 4%#5.+$ 5*+.4%*

In this rese$r"h t'& +uesti&nn$ires 'ere used t& &t$in in&r%$ti&n &n #e$dershi* $nd

Org$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent res*e"ti)e#! n$%e#! theMultifactor Leadership Questionnaire

>.


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3MLQ5 $nd Organisational Commitment Questionnaire 3O8Q5-

&1 M.3*;#/*,+ L%#-%+56= 7.%5*,#+% ML7J

Ater $n e;tensi)e #iter$ture re)ie' &n #e$dershi* in *re)i&us "h$*ter it '$s $rgued th$t &r

the *ur*&se & this rese$r"h, the Fu## R$nge Le$dershi* De)e#&*%ent The&r! is $ suit$#e

the&reti"$##! "&nstru"t & #e$dershi*- The MLQ '$s &r%u#$ted r&% the Fu## R$nge

Le$dershi* De)e#&*%ent The&r! 3B$ss A)i&, 10045- S& the MLQ is $sed &n the '&r( &

ren&'ned #e$dershi* the&rists #i(e B$ss, A)i& $nd =$%%$rin& 3A)i& B$ss,

10045- It h$s een i%*r&)ed $nd $#s& tested sin"e 10> 'ith the resu#t th$t %$n! )ersi&ns

& the +uesti&nn$ire h$)e een de)e#&*ed &)er the !e$rs - The MLQ t$(es the &r% & $

nu%er & st$te%ents $&ut the #e$dershi* st!#e & the indi)idu$#s eing tested- The

+uesti&nn$ire used in this stud! "&nt$ins 7> st$te%ents th$t identi! $nd %e$sure the (e!

$s*e"ts & #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs- E$"h st$te%ent "&rres*&nds t& &ne & the nine "&%*&nents

& tr$ns&r%$ti&n$#, tr$ns$"ti&n$# &r #$isse/9$ire #e$dershi* $"t&rs- The tr$ns&r%$ti&n$#

#e$dershi* st!#e is di)ided int& ide$#i/ed "h$ris%$ti"

eh$)i&rs $nd $ttriutes- F$"t&rs re*resenting tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* in"#ude $ttriutes,

eh$)i&r, ins*ir$ti&n$# %&ti)$ti&n, indi)idu$#i/ed "&nsider$ti&n $nd inte##e"tu$# sti%u#$ti&n-

Jhi#e tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* st!#e is re*resented ! t'& $"t&rs "$##ed "&ntingent re'$rds

$nd %$n$ge%ent9!9e;"e*ti&n- M$n$ge%ent9!9e;"e*ti&n is $#s& di)ided int& M$n$ge%ent9

!9e;"e*ti&n9$"ti)e 3MBEA5 $nd M$n$ge%ent9!9e;"e*ti&n9*$ssi)e 3MBEP5- The MLQ

"&%*rises $ > *&int Li(ert s"$#e $nd the res*&ndents 'ere instru"ted during the

$d%inistr$ti&n & the +uesti&nn$ires ! the rese$r"her t& %$r( the %&st suit$#e $ns'er- The

s"$#e r$nges r&% 6 t& 7 $s e#&'C

6 9 N&t $t $##

1 9 On"e in $ 'hi#e

. 9 S&%eti%es

< 9 F$ir#! &ten, $nd

>


54/99

7 9 Fre+uent#! i n&t $#'$!s

&2 O+$#5#*,#3 C,44*4%* 7.%5*,#+% OC7J

Me!er $nd A##en 31075 initi$##! h$d *er"ei)ed $ dieren"e et'een t'& t!*es &

"&%%it%entC $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent $nd "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent- Ae"ti)e "&%%it%ent

indi"$tes $ sense & e#&nging $nd e%&ti&n$# $tt$"h%ent t& the &rg$ni/$ti&n $nd "&ntinu$n"e

"&%%it%ent e%*h$si/ed the *er"ei)ed "&sts & #e$)ing the &rg$ni/$ti&n- A##en $nd Me!er

310065 suse$ intr&du"ed $ third "&%*&nent & "&%%it%ent, n&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent, 'hi"h

re#e"ted the *er"ei)ed ig$ti&n t& re%$in 'ith the &rg$ni/$ti&n- S"$#e ite%s &r

%e$suring $e"ti)e, n&r%$ti)e $nd "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent 'ere se#e"ted &r in"#usi&n in

the s"$#es $sed &n $ series & de"isi&n ru#es th$t t&&( int& "&nsider$ti&n ite% end&rse%ent

*r&*&rti&ns, ite%9t&t$# "&rre#$ti&ns, dire"ti&n & s"&ring $nd "&ntent redund$n"! 3A##en

Me!er, 10065-L$ter Me!er, A##en $nd S%ith 31007


55/99

< 9 Agree

7 9 Str&ng#! Agree

&8 DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

T$#e 7-< #ists the de*endent $nd inde*endent )$ri$#es 'hi"h $re *$rt & this stud!- Three

se*$r$te %e$sures & &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent 'ere used $s de*endent )$ri$#es- Th&se

%e$sures $re the $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent , "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent $nd n&r%$ti)e

"&%%it%ent s"$#e & the O8Q- $ri$#es %e$suring Fu## R$nge Le$dershi* eh$)i&rs 'ere

"&nsidered se*$r$te#!- The sus"$#es &r these )$ri$#es $re "&nt$ined in the MLQ F&r% >-

I-%=%-%* V#+#3% D%=%-%* V#+#3%

>>


56/99

&" D#*# C,33%/*,

A""&rding t& B#ess $nd Higs&n9S%ith 3.6665 there $re three "&%%&n %eth&ds & d$t$

"#e"ti&n, n$%e#!, inter)ie' , &ser)$ti&n, $nd +uesti&nn$ires- A""&rding t& Se($r$n 3.6665

+uesti&nn$ires $re the %&st ei"ient d$t$ "#e"ti&n %e"h$nis% *r&)ided the rese$r"her

(n&'s e;$"t#! 'h$t is re+uired $nd h&' t& %e$sure the )$ri$#es & interest- Questi&nn$ires

"$n e $d%inistered *ers&n$##!, %$i#ed t& the res*&ndents &r sent thru e#e"tr&ni"$##! %edi$

de*ending &n the situ$ti&n 3Se($r$n, .6665- D$t$ g$thering '$s "&ndu"ted )i$ se#9

$d%inistered sur)e! +uesti&nn$ire -the %e$sure%ent instru%ent n$%e#! sur)e! +uesti&nn$ire

'ere distriuted t& $## %$nu$"turing &*er$t&rs & P$n$s&ni" Energ! M$#$!si$ Sdn Bhd in

:u#i% :ed$h- Additi&n$##! the $**r&)$# & the P$n$s&ni" Energ! M$#$!si$ %$n$ge%ent

$**r&)$# "&)er #etter 'hi"h e;*#$ins the &@e"ti)e & the stud! 'i## e $tt$"hed t& &r%$#i/e

the +uesti&nn$ire sur)e! $nd $#s& t& enh$n"e the res*&ndent "&niden"e in *$rti"i*$ting in

this stud! rese$r"h- Beside the $**r&)$# "&)er #etter r&% the %$n$ge%ent & the P$n$s&ni" ,

the +uesti&nn$ire 'i## $#s& e $""&%*$nied ! "&)er #etter r&% Uni)ersit! Ut$r$ M$#$!si$

>?


57/99

The t&t$# +uesti&nn$ire & 1.6 '$s e distriuted $nd '$s "#e"ted in < 'ee(s r&% the

distriuti&n d$te -

-

&? D#*# A#3


58/99

J

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

0 I*+,-./*,

The *re)i&us three "h$*ters re)ie'ed the #iter$ture *ert$ining t& #e$dershi* st!#e $nd

e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent- This "h$*ter des"ries the rese$r"h %eth&d&g! used in this stud! t&

test the h!*&thesis $nd the r$ti&n$#e ehind it- The *&*u#$ti&n, s$%*#e $nd the s$%*#ing

$**r&$"h is des"ried- Fin$##!, $ rie des"ri*ti&n & the re#e)$nt st$tisti"$# te"hni+ues used in

the stud! is $#s& *r&)ided- The "h$*ter $#s& in"#uded the rese$r"h &n *&*u#$ti&n $nd s$%*#e

the instru%ents used $nd their res*e"ti)e re#i$i#it! $nd )$#idit!, the *r&"ess & d$t$

"#e"ti&n, "$*turing $nd $n$#!sis the "$#"u#$ti&n & 8r&n$"h2s A#*h$ "&ei"ient $nd the

h!*&thesis testing- This "h$*ter $#s& *resents $nd dis"usses the resu#ts & the "&rre#$ti&n

$n$#!sis & the rese$r"h h!*&thesis $nd the $ssess%ent & the re#i$i#it! & the rese$r"h d$t$-

Des"ri*ti)e st$tisti"s '$s used t& su%%$ri/e +u$ntit$ti)e d$t$ $nd re#$ti&nshi*s 'hi"h $re n&t

$**$rent in the r$' d$t$- This 'i## he#* t& inter*ret $nd underst$nd the resu#ts etter-

>


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1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TARGETED SAMPLE

11 R%5=,5% +#*%

T&t$# & 1.6 su&rdin$tes 'ere t$rgeted r&% $ *&*u#$ti&n & $**r&;i%$te#! 1>6- A t&t$# &

0. +uesti&nn$ires 'ere "&%*#eted $nd returned, resu#ting in $ res*&nse r$te & 4? - Fin$##!,

resu#ting in t&t$# s$%*#e si/e & 0. su&rdin$te r$ters-

T$#e 7-1 C De%&gr$*hi" D$t$

>0


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FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY

Male 53 57.61 Malay 30

Female 39 42.39 Nepalese 44

Indian 18

FREQUENCY

CUMULATIVE

FREQUENCY

38 38

54 54

FREQUENCY

CUMULATIVE

FREQUENCY

4 4

61 65

24 893 92

0 92

FREQUENCY

CUMULATIVE

FREQUENCY

CUMULATIVE

PERCENTAGE MEAN STD DEV

< 6 months 46 46 50

6 - 9 months 10 56 60.97

10-13 months 15 71 77.27

14 months 21 92 100

47.83

19.56

50

10.87

16.3

22.83

YEARS OF WORKING IN THE ORGANIZATION

PERCENTAGE

4.35

66.3

26.09

70.65

96.74

58.7 100

AGECUMULATIVE

PERCENTAGE

4.35

!IN"#$

MARITAL STATUS

3.26

0

PERCENTAGE

< 20 yea%s

21 to 30 yea%s

31 to 40 yea%s41 to 50 yea%s

51 yea%s

100

100

CUMULATIVE

PERCENTAGE

41.3

RACE

32.61

PERCENTAGE

41.3M&''I$(

GENDERPERCENTAGE

De%&gr$*hi" d$t$ '$s "#e"ted in )$ri&us $s*e"ts $nd T$#e 7-1 *resents the su%%$r! &

the de%&gr$*hi"s resu#ts- These st$tisti"s sh&'s th$t -4 'ere sing#e -

2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Des"ri*ti)e st$tisti"s $re used t& su%%$ri/e the +u$ntit$ti)e d$t$, en$#ing *$tterns $nd

?6


61/99

re#$ti&nshi*s t& e dis"erned 'hi"h $re n&t $**$rent in the r$' d$t$ -The *ur*&se & these

te"hni+ues is t& su%%$ri/e &th )$ri$i#it! $nd the "enter & d$t$- A""&rding t& Se($r$n

3.666C


62/99

RESULTS OF THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS

As %enti&ned *re)i&us "h$*ter, the h!*&theses & the stud! "&n"erned 'ith est$#ishing $

re#$ti&nshi* et'een #e$dershi* st!#e $nd e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent- The re#$ti&nshi* et'een

#e$dershi* st!#e $nd &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent '$s in)estig$ted using Pe$rs&n 8hi9S+u$re

$n$#!sis- This *r&)ided "&rre#$ti&n "&ei"ients 'hi"h indi"$ted the strength $nd dire"ti&n &

#ine$r re#$ti&nshi*- De)&re $nd Pe"( 3100


63/99

T+#5;,+4#*,#3 L%#-%+56=

Pe$rs&n 8&rre#$ti&n

Sig-31 t$i#ed5

N

8&rre#$ti&n is signii"$nt $t the 6-61 #e)e# 31 t$i#ed5

6-667 is signii"$nt $s it is 6-6>

T#3% : C,++%3#*, %*%% T+#5;,+4#*,#3 L%#-%+56= #- C,*.#/%C,44*4%*

T+#5;,+4#*,#3 L%#-%+56=

Pe$rs&n 8&rre#$ti&n

Sig-31 t$i#ed5

N


6-1


64/99


6-110 is n&t signii"$nt $s it is 6-6>

T#3% ? : C,++%3#*, %*%% T+#5#/*,#3 L%#-%+56= #- C,*.#/%C,44*4%*

T+#5#/*,#3L%#-%+56=

Pe$rs&n 8&rre#$ti&n

Sig-31 t$i#ed5

N


6-66< is signii"$nt $s it is 6-6>

T#3% ! : C,++%3#*, %*%% T+#5#/*,#3 L%#-%+56= #- A;;%/*% C,44*4%*

T+#5#/*,#3L%#-%+56=

Pe$rs&n 8&rre#$ti&nSig-31 t$i#ed5

N



T#3% @ : C,++%3#*, %*%% L#55%> ;#+% L%#-%+56= #- A;;%/*% C,44*4%*

L#55%>F#+%L%#-%+56=

Pe$rs&n 8&rre#$ti&n

Sig-31 t$i#ed5

N



?7


65/99

T#3% 80 : C,++%3#*, %*%% L#55%> ;#+% L%#-%+56= #- A;;%/*% C,44*4%*

L#55%>F#+%L%#-%+56=

Pe$rs&n 8&rre#$ti&n

Sig-31 t$i#ed5

N


6-6.1 is signii"$nt $s it is 6-6>

T#3% 81 : C,++%3#*, %*%% T+#5;,+4#*,#3 L%#-%+56= #- A;;%/*%C,44*4%*

L#55%>F#+%L%#-%+56=

Pe$rs&n 8&rre#$ti&n

Sig-31 t$i#ed5

N


6-6. is signii"$nt $s it is 6-6>

?>


66/99

The regressi&n test resu#ts $nd des"ri*ti&n $re $s #&'s C

T#3% 82 : T6% +%$+%55, *#3% 56,5 *6% +%3#*,56= %*%% 3%#-%+56= 5*


67/99

T#3% 8& : T6% +%$+%55, *#3% 56,5 *6% +%3#*,56= %*%% 3%#-%+56= 5*F#+%

L%#-%+56=

00?1 082&

A-9.5*%- R2 00&&F V#3.% 1001S$;/#* V#3.% 0001

Ad@usted R.)$#ue is 6-6


68/99

INDEPENDEN

T

DEPENDANT(N,+4#*%

C,44*4%*)

SIGNIFICANCE

VALUE

T+#5;,+4#*,#3

L%#-%+56=

012 08@

T+#5#/*,#3L%#-%+56=

01!0 02?2

L#55%>F#+%

L%#-%+56=

00&1 0?!0

A-9.5*%- R2 0018F V#3.% 0&"S$;/#* V#3.% 0001

Ad@usted R.)$#ue is 6-61> 'hi"h indi"$tes 1-> & )$ri$nts in n&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent '$s

*redi"ted ! the "&%in$ti&n & the three #e$dershi* st!#es-

CHAPTER FIVE : DISCUSSION' RECOMMENDATIONS ANDCONCLUSIONS

81 INTRODUCTION

Ater *resenting the resu#ts & the rese$r"h in the *re)i&us &ur "h$*ter, the i%*#i"$ti&ns &

the resu#ts $re n&' 'i## e dis"ussed in the #ight & the #iter$ture re)ie'ed in the irst e'

?


69/99

"h$*ters & this rese$r"h- Rese$r"h #i%it$ti&ns $re identiied $nd i%*#i"$ti&ns & the rese$r"h

$re $#s& dis"ussed in this "h$*ter-

82 RELIABILITY OF THE FINDINGS

Be&re dis"ussing urther &n the rese$r"h indings 'ith *$rti"u#$r reeren"e t& the re#e)$nt

#iter$ture $nd *re)i&us rese$r"h, it is ne"ess$r! t& dis"uss the re#i$i#it! & the indings & this

rese$r"h- This rese$r"h &und the $)er$ge 8r&n$"h2s $#*h$ re#i$i#it! "&ei"ient &r the

MLQ instru%ent t& e 6-.., 'hi"h is "&nsidered g&&d- The *ur*&ses & this rese$r"h, the

MLQ instru%ent is dee%ed t& e $ re#i$#e %e$sure & tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi*,

tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* $nd #$isse/9$ire #e$dershi*- The $)er$ge 8r&n$"h2s $#*h$ re#i$i#it!

"&ei"ient &t$ined &r the MLQ d&es sust$nti$te the re#i$i#it! & the MLQ- A""&rding t&

B$ss $nd A)i& 310045 , the MLQ is )$#id $nd re#i$#e $nd h$s een used e;tensi)e#! -

8& DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS

The $&)e resu#ts suggest th$t $#th&ugh the re#$ti&nshi* is n&t str&ng ut there is $ *&siti)e

re#$ti&nshi* et'een the tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs $nd "&%%it%ent- This

suggests th$t #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs 'hi"h in))e ins*iring ui#ding trust, en"&ur$ging

"re$ti)it! $nd e%*h$si/ing de)e#&*%ent is s&%e'h$t *&siti)e#! re#$ted t& e%*#&!ee

"&%%it%ent- F&r $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent &r inste$d the stud! suggests th$t these #e$dershi*

eh$)i&rs $re *&siti)e#! re#$ted t& h&' e%*#&!ees ee# $&ut '$nting t& st$! 'ith the

"&%*$n!- F&r n&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent, the stud! $#s& suggests th$t the s$%e #e$dershi*

eh$)i&rs $re $#s& *&siti)e, th&ugh 'e$(#! re#$ted t& h&' e%*#&!ees ee# $&ut their

ig$ti&n t& st$! 'ith the "&%*$n!- And &r "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent, the stud! indi"$tes

th$t the s$%e #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs $re *&siti)e si%i#$r#! th&ugh %&re 'e$(#! re#$ted t& h&'

e%*#&!ees ee# $&ut their need t& st$! 'ith the "&%*$n!- Tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi*

eh$)i&rs h$)e $ 'e$( re#$ti&nshi* 'ith n&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent $nd "&ntinu$n"e

"&%%it%ent th$n 'ith $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent is $#s& $**r&*ri$te sin"e e%*#&!ees 'h& st$!s

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'ith $n &rg$ni/$ti&n e"$use the! ee# ig$ted t& d& n&t e;hiit the s$%e enthusi$s% $s

e%*#&!ees 'h& st$! 'ith $n &rg$ni/$ti&n e"$use the! '$nt t& st$! - As su"h,

tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs $re n&t $s str&ng#! re#$ted t& &th n&r%$ti)e $nd

"&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent $s t& $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent- A""&rding t& Me!er A##en, 1004 this

is $ "riti"$# e#e%ent t& $n &rg$ni/$ti&n $s $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent resu#ts in etter *er&r%$n"e

th$n n&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent $nd "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent- There '$s n& st$tisti"$##!

signii"$nt "&rre#$ti&n et'een tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs $nd $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent

$s 'e## $s et'een tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs $nd n&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent

The resu#ts indi"$tes $ 'e$(, ut signii"$nt $nd neg$ti)e "&rre#$ti&n et'een #$isse/9$ire

#e$dershi* eh$)i&r $nd $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent- The resu#ts suggest th$t this #e$dershi*

eh$)i&r 'i## h$)e $ neg$ti)e in#uen"e &n the $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent- The resu#ts $#s&

indi"$te $ 'e$(, ut signii"$nt, *&siti)e re#$ti&nshi* et'een tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* $nd

"&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent- This nistent "&rre#$ti&n suggests th$t #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs

in))ing e;"h$nge & re'$rds &r %eeting $greed &@e"ti)es, high#ighting *re%sissues ,

ign&ring *re%s &r '$iting &r *re%s t& e"&%e seri&us e&re t$(ing $"ti&n, %$! n&t

e re#$ted t& h&' e%*#&!ees ee# $&ut h$)ing t& st$! 'ith the &rg$ni/$ti&n-

A""&rding t& Me!er $nd A##en 310045 e%*#&!ees 'h& h$)e $ str&ng "&ntinu$n"e

"&%%it%ent 'i## st$! 'ith the &rg$ni/$ti&n, e"$use the! d& n&t '$nt t& #&se the

e&rt "&ntriuted &r e"$use the! thin( the! h$)e n& e%*#&!%ent $#tern$ti)es- F&r th&se

'h& d& n&t "$re $&ut 'h$t the! h$)e "&ntriuted int& the &rg$ni/$ti&n $nd 'h$t the! st$nd

t& g$in i the! re%$in 'ith the &rg$ni/$ti&n 'i## h$)e 'e$(er "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent-

There '$s n& st$tisti"$##! signii"$nt "&rre#$ti&n et'een tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs

$nd $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent $s 'e## $s et'een tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs $nd

n&r%$ti)e "&%%it%ent -The resu#ts indi"$te $ 'e$( ut signii"$nt $nd neg$ti)e "&rre#$ti&n

et'een #$isse/9$ire #e$dershi* eh$)i&r $nd $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent- The resu#ts suggested

th$t this #e$dershi* eh$)i&r 'i## h$)e $ neg$ti)e in#uen"e &n the $e"ti)e "&%%it%ent-

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The #iter$ture $#s& suggested th$t tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* gener$##! g$ins gre$ter #e)e#s &

e%*#&!ee u!9in, 'ith #e$ders en"&ur$ging e%*#&!ees t& $d&*t the &rg$ni/$ti&n$# )isi&n $s

their &'n, thr&ugh ins*ir$ti&n- Tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* h$s een &und t& h$)e $

signii"$nt *&siti)e re#$ti&nshi* 'ith e%*#&!ee "&%%it%ent the &rg$ni/$ti&n sh&u#d $tte%*t

t& de)e#&* this #e$dershi* st!#e $s "&%%itted e%*#&!ees $re %&st desir$#e- B! $d&*ting

*r&gr$%s th$t en"&ur$ge #e$ders t& de)e#&* tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* st!#e, the

&rg$ni/$ti&n 'i## e $#e t& i%*r&)e the "&%%it%ent #e)e#s & its e%*#&!ees- One & the

re$s&ns 'h! there is $ 'e$( "&rre#$ti&n et'een tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* eh$)i&r $nd

&rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent is due *r&essi&n$#s deri)e their re'$rds r&% in'$rd st$nd$rds

& e;"e##en"e -Pr&essi&n$#s $re "&%%itted t& the t$s( n&t the @& $nd t& their &*er$ti&n

st$nd$rds, n&t their &ss- And e"$use the! h$)e *$*er +u$#ii"$ti&n the! e$si#! %&)e r&%

&ne "&%*$n! t& $n&ther- The *rin"i*$# %&ti)$t&r &r $ *r&essi&n$# is t& h$)e $n interesting

@& $nd $ ee#ing & *r&essi&n$# $nd *ers&nne# gr&'th- A#th&ugh the! (n&' the! $re *$rt & $

te$%, ut the! sti## *reer the "&%*$n! t& h$)e "&niden"e in their "$*$i#ities s& th$t the!

"$n g$in gre$ter inde*enden"e-H$)ing dis"ussed the resu#ts & the rese$r"h $nd "&%%ented

&n the re#$ti&n t& the the&r!, it is $#s& ne"ess$r! t& dis"uss the #i%it$ti&ns $nd i%*#i"$ti&ns

$rising r&% the stud!-

8 IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

E%*iri"$# e)iden"e h$s su**&rt the )ie' th$t #e$dershi* st!#e "$n in#uen"e the

de)e#&*%ent & &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent- Findings in this rese$r"h suggest th$t

tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs $re *&siti)e#! re#$ted t& $e"ti)e, n&r%$ti)e $nd

"&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent- Findings $#s& suggest th$t tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs $re

*&siti)e#! re#$ted t& "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent- B&th tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# $nd tr$ns$"ti&n$#

#e$dershi* eh$)i&rs h$)e s$%e in#uen"e &n "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent- This "#e$r#! indi"$tes

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th$t tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# $nd tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs 'ere interde*endent $nd h$)e $n

inter$"ti)e ee"t &n "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent- B$se &n the situ$ti&n these t'& t!*es &

#e$dershi* eh$)i&rs "$n e dis*#$!ed si%u#t$ne&us#! in &rder &r "h$nge t& &""ur in

"&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent- There&re,"#e$ders $nd %$n$gers %ight e $#e t& in"re$se

e%*#&!ees2 #e)e#s & "&ntinu$n"e "&%%it%ent ! i%*r&)ing &th tr$ns&r%$ti&n$# $nd

tr$ns$"ti&n$# #e$dershi* eh$)i&rs-

Org$ni/$ti&ns th$t re+uire their e%*#&!ees t& de)e#&* &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent sh$##

*r&)ide "&%*rehensi)e tr$ining th$t 'i## en"&ur$ge #e$ders t& e;hiit #e$dershi*

eh$)i&rs su"h $s ins*iring sh$red )isi&n ,ui#ding trust, en"&ur$ging "re$ti)it!,

e%*h$si/ing de)e#&*%ent, $nd re"&gni/ing $""&%*#ish%ents- Le$ders $#s& "$n *#$! $ re in

ui#ding "&%%it%ent ! $ssuring th$t the &rg$ni/$ti&n %$(es e&rt t& $ddress &th the '&r(

"&ntent $nd "&nte;t ! eng$ging in %$n$ge%ent *r$"ti"es t& %ini%i/e e%*#&!ee

$#ien$ti&n- In this e%*&'er%ent er$ e%*#&!ees ,#e$ders sti## need t& "&%%uni"$te t& their

su&rdin$tes the sense th$t the &rg$ni/$ti&n res*e"ts $nd )$#ues the "&ntriuti&ns th$t the!

%$(e-

88 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The indings in this stud! sh&u#d e )ie'ed 'ith "ert$in #i%it$ti&ns -One & the

#i%it$ti&n & this stud! '$s the #&' res*&nse r$te- Res*&ndents in P$n$s&ni"s 'ere n&t

$%i#i$r $nd (een in $ns'ering +uesti&nn$ires- An&ther #i%it$ti&n & the "urrent stud! re#$tes

t& the "h$r$"teristi"s &r de%&gr$*hi"s & the s$%*#e- The stud! '$s "&ndu"ted in P$n$s&ni"s

'$s &n e%*#&!ees 'h& h$)e '&r( 'ith the &rg$ni/$ti&n &r #ess th$n . !e$rs $s the "&%*$n!

'$s ne'#! &*er$ti&n$# - Resu#ts %ight h$)e een dierent i *er"ent$ges e%*#&!ees $re

)$ri&us in ter% & nu%er & !e$rs e%*#&!ed- Thus these indings in this rese$r"h %$! n&t e

gener$#i/$#e t& &ther %$nu$"turing "&%*$n! &r t& &ther t!*es & &rg$ni/$ti&ns-

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Gener$#i/$i#it! & the *resent indings sh&u#d there&re e e;$%ined in uture rese$r"h-

Des*ite these #i%it$ti&ns this stud! h$s "&ntriuted in e;tending the #iter$ture &n the )$ri$#es

$ss&"i$ted 'ith the de)e#&*%ent & &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent-

8" RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

As $r $s the s$%*#es $re "&n"erned *&ssii#it! & en#$rge%ent & the s$%*#e & the stud! in

&ther &rg$ni/$ti&n '&u#d e high#! desir$#e- In this %$tter si%i#$r studies $t &ther

%$nu$"turing "&%*$n! &r industr! '&u#d see% $**r&*ri$te- Further stud! sh&u#d $#s& e

"&ndu"ted t& deter%ine the &)er$## "&%%it%ent e;*erien"ed ! *r&essi&n$# e%*#&!ees-

P$n$s&ni"s sh&u#d $#s& *er&r% $ det$i#ed stud! t& e)$#u$te the e;$"t #e$dershi* st!#e

"urrent#! eing *r$"ti"ed s& th$t re#e)$nt tr$ining "$n e *r&)ided t& en"&ur$ge $ #e$dershi*

st!#e 'hi"h is "&ndu"i)e t& the de)e#&*%ent & &rg$ni/$ti&n$# "&%%it%ent-

8? CONCLUSIONS

The %$

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