the reformation comunicación y gerencia. problems with the catholic church political power: the...
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The Reformation
Comunicación y Gerencia
Problems with the Catholic Church
Political Power: The Church was focused on keeping/regaining its Medieval political powerHeresy: An opinion that conflicts with official church beliefs
All heretics are either excommunicated or executedSimony: Paying for a position in the clergyIndulgences: Paying money for sins to be forgiven without penanceCovenant of Works: Must continually do good deeds if you want salvation
Did not apply to higher clergy
Martin Luther95 Theses: List of 95 problems Luther had with the church
Nailed the list to the church door at Wittenberg
Salvation: How a soul is saved• Luther believed Jesus is the only way to salvation• Sola Fide: “Faith alone” (against the “Covenant of
Works”)• Sola Scriptura: “Scripture alone” is the truth; not
open to interpretation by priests
Priesthood of All Believers: Clergy are not better than any one else You do not need to pray through a clergy member Anyone can study the Bible or preach if he feels called
ResultsDiet of Worms: 1521
Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo XHoly Roman Emperor Charles V asked Luther to abandon his ideasLuther refused, and his writings were outlawed by the Church
ResultsDiet of Worms: 1521
Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo XHoly Roman Emperor Charles V asked Luther to abandon his ideasLuther refused, and his writings were outlawed by the Church
Peace of Augsburg: 1555• Charles V forced to compromise with German princes
who wanted to follow Luther’s new ideas• Each German ruler allowed to choose the religion of his
state• Most chose Lutheranism over the Catholic Church
SectsHenry VIII and the Anglican Church:
Henry was a devout CatholicWanted a divorce from his wife because she had not given birth to a son and she was getting too old to have children
Pope refused to grant the divorceHenry withdrew England from the Catholic Church
Created Church of England (Anglican Church) and was originally very similar to CatholicismHenry divorced two wives, beheaded two more, one died, and one outlived him; he only had one son (who died at age 16)
SectsCalvinism:
Influenced by Erasmus (Northern Humanist)Believed Church should be simple, not ornate; “4 walls and a sermon”
Predestination: God decided at the beginning of time who to save (“The elect”); must live by a high moral standard
Self-discipline: Lifestyle of the elect; completely dedicated one’s life to God’s wishes; no dancing, card playing, foul language, “showy” dress…etc
SectsHuguenots:
French Calvinists (France was mostly Catholic)Catholic monarchs feared the Huguenots
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572): Bloody civil war of French Catholics versus the Huguenots; Catholics massacred thousands of Huguenots
SectsHuguenots:
French Calvinists (France was mostly Catholic)Catholic monarchs feared the Huguenots
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572): Bloody civil war of French Catholics versus the Huguenots; Catholics massacred thousands of Huguenots
Edict of Nantes (1598): King Henry IV gave Huguenots freedom of worship and some political rights
Start of the Catholic Reformation
1530s: Catholic Church’s efforts to fix corruptions in the church and stop the spread of Protestantism.
Goals of the Catholic Reformation
Revive the Catholic faithCombat heresyOfficially define Catholic doctrineSlow/halt the spread of Protestantism
The Council of Trent1545-1563:
Defined official church positions on matters of doctrineOutlawed indulgences, increased pressure on clergy to behave better, and declared salvation is earned by obeying church rituals as well as faith.
Results of the ReformationBirth of several new churchesFixed many of the Catholic Church’s corruptionsLarge decrease in power of the Catholic Church in EuropeLarge increase of interest in education in EuropeIncreased power of national governments and decreased power of the Pope