the reformation - an overview
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Powerpoint of ReformationTRANSCRIPT
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THE REFORMATIONAn Overview
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BACKGROUND TO THE REFORMATION
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NORTHERN EUROPE IN THE 1500S
• Northern Europeans had much uncertainty in their lives o Most were poor and life could be violent o Changing economy to urban, market-based economies o Wealth distributed unequally
• With the printing press, Renaissance humanist ideas spread o Return to classical education o Emphasis on social reform
• Used humanist ideas to question the Church
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CHURCH ABUSES• Catholic Church increasingly caught up in worldly affairs
o Popes competed with Italian princes for political power o Popes fought wars to protect Papal States against invasions by
secular rulers o Fought to expand own interests
• Popes were leading lavish lives, supported the arts, and hired artists to beautify churches o To finance, Church increased fees for services (marriages,
baptisms, etc.) and some clergy sold indulgences o Indulgence: Pardon for sins committed during a person’s
lifetime
• Many Christians, mainly northern Europeans protested these Church practices
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PRE-REFORMATION REVOLTS• John Wycliffe
o 1300s England o Systematic attack on Church o Used sermons and writings to call for change o After death, followers met in secret to keep
Wycliffe’s movement alive
• Jan Hus o Born 40 years after Wycliffe in the current Czech
Republic o Led reform movement o Executed for reform
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GERMAN REFORMATION
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MARTIN LUTHER• German monk and professor of theology
• Led protest against Catholic Church in 1517 o Near Wittenberg, Germany, Johann Tetzel, a priest, set up
pulpit ▪ Offered indulgences in return for paying money to
rebuild the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome ▪ Claimed indulgences would assure entry into heaven
for the payer and his dead relatives
• Wrote the 95 Theses in Wittenberg, Germany in response to Tetzel o Arguments against indulgences
▪ Indulgences had no basis in the Bible ▪ Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory ▪ Christians can only be saved through faith
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RESPONSE TO 95 THESES• Copies of Luther’s 95 These printed and distributed across Europe
• Caused debate
• Church asked Luther to recant (give up his views)
• Luther refused – created new doctrines
• Luther urged Christians to reject the authority of Rome • Believed Church could only be reformed by secular (non-Church) authorities
• 1521: Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
• 1521: Charles V, new Holy Roman emperor, requested Luther at the diet of Worms • Diet = assembly of German princes • Charles V ordered Luther to recant; Luther again refused; Charles V declares Luther
an outcast
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LUTHER’S TEACHINGS AND IDEAS• Luther’s Beliefs
o All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible
o Translated parts of Bible into German so ordinary people could read and study it
o Wanted every town to have school for children to learn to read the Bible
o Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints
o Simplified rituals of mass and focused on sermon
o Allowed clergy to marry
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SPREAD OF LUTHERANISM• Luther’s beliefs spread throughout Germany and Scandinavia due to the printing press • By 1530, Lutherans used the term “Protestant” (name for those who protested papal
authority)
• Support of Lutheranism o Some Clergy
▪ saw it as answer to Church corruption o German Princes
▪ Throw off rule of the Church and Holy Roman emperor and chance to seize church propertyin their territories for their own purposes
o Some Germans ▪ Feeling of national loyalty
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PEASANTS’ REVOLT• 1524: Revolt Across Germany
o Peasants hoped to gain Luther’s support for social and economic change
o Called for an end of serfdom and demanded other changes in their livelihoods
o Became violent as revolt intensified
o Luther denounced revolt
o Nobles suppressed rebellion with Luther’s support ▪ Tens of thousands of peasants killed ▪ Thousands became homeless
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PEACE OF AUGSBURG• 1530s-1540s: Charles V tried forcing German princes back into Catholic Church
• Several brief wars ensued
• 1555 – Peace of Augsburg
o Settlement between Charles V and German princes
o Each prince decided which religion, Catholicism or Lutheranism, would be followed in his land
▪ Lutheranism: most northern German states
▪ Catholicism: southern German states
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REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND
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ULRICH ZWINGLI
• Lived in Zurich, Switzerland
• Priest and admirer of Erasmus
• Stressed importance of the Bible and rejected elaborate church rituals
• Ideas were adopted by Zurich’s city council
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JOHN CALVIN• Born in France
• Trained as priest and lawyer
• 1536 – Published book about his religious beliefs and explained how to organize and run a Protestant church
• Shared many of Luther’s beliefs; however, had some of his own views o Preached predestination
▪ Idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation
o World divided into 2 types of people – saints and sinners
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CALVINISM IN SWITZERLAND
• 1541: Protestants in Geneva ask Calvin to lead community
• Calvin sets up a theocracy o Theocracy = government run by church leaders
• Geneva followers consider themselves a “chosen people” entrusted by God to build a truly Christian society o Stressed hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty, and morality o Faced fines or punishments for offenses
• Many Protestants viewed Geneva as a model community o Late 1500s, Calvinism spreads to Germany, France, the
Netherlands, England, and Scotland
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SPREAD OF CALVINISM
• Causes bloody wars of religion across Europe
o Germany: Catholics and Lutherans opposed Calvinists
o France: War raged between French Calvinists and Catholics
o Netherlands: Calvinists preached in countryside to avoid persecution
o England: Some Calvinists sailed to the America in early 1600s to escape persecution
o Scotland: Religious rebellion let by John Knox, Calvinist preacher, that eventually overthrew the Catholic queen
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ANABAPTISTS
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IDEAS OF ANABAPTISTS• Rejected infant baptism
o Argued infants were to you to understand meaning of accepting the Christian faith
• Some sought radical social changes o Abolish private property o Speed up the coming of God’s day of
judgment by violent means
• Took over Munster, Germany o Luther advised his supporters to join
Catholics in suppressing the Anabaptists ▪ Seen as threat on traditional order
• Most Anabaptists were peaceful o Called for religious toleration and
separation of church and state
• Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish trace religious ancestry to the Anabaptists
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ENGLISH REFORMATION
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HENRY VIII• King of England
• Originally against Protestant revolt o Pope gave him title, “Defender of the Faith,” for writing a
pamphlet denouncing Luther
• Married 18 years to Catherine of Aragon and had one child, Mary Tudor
• Believed stability of England depended on him having a male heir o In love with Anne Boleyn, a servant to the Queen o Thought if he could divorce the Queen and marry Anne, he
may be able to have a male heir
• 1527: Henry VIII asks Pope to annul (cancel) his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
o Pope refuses request because he did not want to offend Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, and nephew to Catherine of Aragon
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CHURCH OF ENGLAND• With no annulment from the Pope, Henry VIII took over the English church
• Guided by his chancellor, Thomas Cromwell, he had Parliament pass a series of laws o English church came under Henry VIII’s rule, no longer under the pope’s control
• Appointed Thomas Cranmer as first archbishop of the new church o Annuls king’s marriage and in 1533 Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn
• 1533: Anne Boleyn gives birth to daughter, Elizabeth
• 1534: Act of Supremacy passed by Parliament o Henry became “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”
• Many Catholics refused to accept Act of Supremacy o Executed for treason
▪ Sir Thomas More, great English humanist and served in Henry’s government, tried to resign in protest of Act ❖ Catholic Church later canonized him (recognized as a saint)
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CHURCH OF ENGLAND
• 1536 – 1540: Royal officials investigate Catholic convents and monasteries o Henry VIII orders them closed as they are “centers of immorality” and
seizes their land and wealth • Henry VIII gives some of the new land to nobles and high-ranking citizens
o Secures their support for the Anglican Church (new name of the Church of England)
• Anglican Church most similar to the Catholic Church o Henry VIII not religious radical and reject most Protestant doctrine o He kept most Catholic forms of worship o Difference from Catholic Church: 1) broke away from Rome and 2)
allowed use of English Bible
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EDWARD VI• 1547: Henry VIII dies
• One surviving male heir – Edward – becomes king of England at age 9
• Edward VI and advisors were devout Protestants
• Take steps to make England a Protestant country o Parliament passed new laws bringing Protestant reform
to England o Thomas Cramner – writes Book of Common Prayers – required
reading in all church services in country o Sparked uprisings; however, they were quickly suppressed
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MARY I
• Edward VI dies as a teenager and his half-sister, Mary Tudor, becomes Queen
• Mary I determined to bring Catholicism back to England
• Under her rule, hundreds of English Protestants, including Archbishop Thomas Cramner, are burned at the stake for heresy
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ELIZABETH I• 1558 – Mary I dies
• Throne passed to Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
• Determined the future of the Church of England
• Enforced series of reforms called the Elizabethan settlement o Policies were a compromise between Protestant and Catholic practices
▪ Church of England preserved much Catholic ritual and kept hierarchy of bishops and archbishops
▪ Monarch was “supreme governor” over spiritual matters in England ▪ Restored version of Common Book of Prayers, accepted moderate
Protestant doctrine, and allowed English to replace Latin in church services
• Compromises accepted by both Catholics and Protestants and ended the religious turmoil • England became a Protestant nation while keeping many Catholic
traditions
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CATHOLIC REFORMATION(COUNTER-REFORMATION)
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GIROLAMO SAVONAROLA• A Monk • One of first reformers of to try to change Catholic church
from withing • Late 1400s, preached fiery sermons against abuses of the
church • Called for the church to melt down gold and silver
ornaments to buy bread for the hungry and poor members of the church
• Convinced people to gather and burn their own jewelry and trinkets o Fire knows as the “bonfire of vanities”
• Pope Alexander eventually excommunicated him for spreading ideas the Pope thought were dangerous
• 1498 – executed in Florence
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Society of Jesus• Most influential new religious order to reform church • Also known as the Jesuit order • Founded in 1534 by Ignatius of Loyola
o Basque nobleman and former soldier o Father General of the order
▪ Ran Jesuits like a military organization ▪ Emphasized obedience to church above all
• 1539 – Pope approves order • Jesuits concentrated on education as means of combating
the Protestant Reformation o Established missions, schools, and universities
• With Jesuits’ effective organization, Catholic Church began to regain ground against Reformation
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COUNCIL OF TRENT• Pope Paul III convened Council of Trent in 1545
o Need to redefine the doctrines of the Catholic faith o Led by Italian cardinal Carlo Borromeo
• Series of reforms addressed the corruption of the clergy o Training of priests was regulated o Financial abuse was curbed o The sale of indulgences was abolished
• Declared salvation comes through faith and good works
• Stated the Bible is a major source of religious truth but isn’t the only source
• Council met on and off until 1563 Pope Paul III
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COUNCIL OF TRENT
• Pronouncements of Council of Trent meant there would be no compromise between Catholicism and Protestantism
• The council's bold action was a great boost to Catholicism
• Austria, Poland, and other parts of Europe returned to the Catholic Church.
• Catholics felt renewed energy and confidence
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THE INQUISITION
• Pope strengthened Inquisition to fight Protestantism • Inquisition = Church court set up during Middle Ages
• Used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy
• Prepares the Index of Forbidden Books • List of works considered too immoral or irreligious for
Catholics to read • Included works by Luther and Calvin as well as earlier
works by Petrarch and other humanists
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SPREAD OF CATHOLICISM
• Jesuits used renewed spirit to expand scope of church
• By 1700, they operated 669 colleges in Italy, Germany, and other places
• Many future leaders were educated in Jesuit schools o Order would have some influence over political
affairs • Worked in India, Japan, China, and other places
• Gained and passed along information about the cultures of other lands
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RELIGION IN EUROPE
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