The ReformationThe Reformation1517-15631517-1563

By 10By 10thth century, Roman Catholic Church had come to century, Roman Catholic Church had come to dominate religious life in Northern and Western Europe. dominate religious life in Northern and Western Europe.

However, the Church had not won universal approval. Over However, the Church had not won universal approval. Over centuries, many people criticized its practices. They felt that centuries, many people criticized its practices. They felt that

Church leaders were too interested in worldly pursuits. Church leaders were too interested in worldly pursuits. People continued to criticize it and prompted by actions of one People continued to criticize it and prompted by actions of one

man, that criticism would lead to a rebellion.man, that criticism would lead to a rebellion.

Reformation – 16Reformation – 16thth century movement for century movement for religious reform leading to the foundation religious reform leading to the foundation of churches that rejected the Pope’s of churches that rejected the Pope’s authorityauthority started by Martin Luther in 1517 when he started by Martin Luther in 1517 when he

posted his posted his 95 Theses95 Theses ended with the Catholic ended with the Catholic Council of TrentCouncil of Trent in in

15631563

Causes of the ReformationCauses of the Reformation

SocialSocial – humanists and secularism (aided by – humanists and secularism (aided by printing press) led people to question the printing press) led people to question the churchchurch

PoliticalPolitical – leaders viewed the Pope as a – leaders viewed the Pope as a foreigner who had no real authorityforeigner who had no real authority

EconomicEconomic – people become jealous of the – people become jealous of the church’s wealth and hated paying church taxeschurch’s wealth and hated paying church taxes

ReligiousReligious – the church had become corrupt – the church had become corrupt

Early Calls for ReformEarly Calls for Reform

People had come to expect higher standards of People had come to expect higher standards of conduct from priests and church leaders.conduct from priests and church leaders.

Bible’s authority over clergy’s stressedBible’s authority over clergy’s stressed Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More are vocal Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More are vocal

critics of the Churchcritics of the Church Reading religious works, European form their own Reading religious works, European form their own

opinion about Church.opinion about Church.

Atmosphere ripe for rebellion….Atmosphere ripe for rebellion….

Martin Luther (1483-1546)Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a monk and a teacherwas a monk and a teacher

Believed faith alone was the key to salvationBelieved faith alone was the key to salvation

In 1517 protested the selling of In 1517 protested the selling of indulgencesindulgences by the Catholic by the Catholic churchchurch Indulgence: a pardon releasing a person from punishment due to a sinIndulgence: a pardon releasing a person from punishment due to a sin

Friar raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral by selling indulgencesFriar raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral by selling indulgences Indulgences not supposed to affect God’s right to judge but Friar gave people the Indulgences not supposed to affect God’s right to judge but Friar gave people the

impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into Heaven.impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into Heaven.

In response, wrote the In response, wrote the 95 Theses95 Theses to attack those who sold to attack those who sold indulgences (“pardon-merchants”)indulgences (“pardon-merchants”)

started the started the ReformationReformation

95 95 Theses

Led to a founding of Christian churches that did not accept Pope’s authority.

Luther’s TeachingsTeachings

Luther went beyond just criticizing indulgences.Luther went beyond just criticizing indulgences. He wanted full reform of the Church and based He wanted full reform of the Church and based

his teachings on 3 main ideas:his teachings on 3 main ideas: People can win salvation only by faith in God’s People can win salvation only by faith in God’s

forgiveness. “Good works” were not needed.forgiveness. “Good works” were not needed. All teachings of the Church should be based only All teachings of the Church should be based only

on the Bible.on the Bible. All people of faith are equal. Priests are not needed All people of faith are equal. Priests are not needed

to interpret the Bible.to interpret the Bible.

Reactions of Reactions of the Churchthe Church

Initially Church viewed Luther as a rebellious monk Initially Church viewed Luther as a rebellious monk who needed to be punished by his superiors.who needed to be punished by his superiors.

But as Luther’s ideas became more popular, the Pope But as Luther’s ideas became more popular, the Pope realized this monk was a serious threat.realized this monk was a serious threat.

Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate Luther in Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate Luther in 1520 unless he takes back statements.1520 unless he takes back statements.

Luther refuses to take back his statements and is Luther refuses to take back his statements and is excommunicatedexcommunicated

Luther’s rights of Church membership are taken awayLuther’s rights of Church membership are taken away

The Emperor’s OppositionThe Emperor’s Opposition Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor

Devout Catholic and opposes LutherDevout Catholic and opposes Luther Summons Luther to Worms to recant statements – Luther Summons Luther to Worms to recant statements – Luther

refusesrefuses

Charles V issues Charles V issues Edict of WormsEdict of Worms (1521) (1521) Declares Luther a heretic and outlawDeclares Luther a heretic and outlaw

No one in empire was to give Luther food or shelter – all his books were No one in empire was to give Luther food or shelter – all his books were to be burnedto be burned

Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony helps Luther – Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony helps Luther – shelters him for a yearshelters him for a year

German princes support Luther’s ideasGerman princes support Luther’s ideas

LutheransLutherans

Luther returns to society in 1522 and Luther returns to society in 1522 and discovers many of his ideas are already discovers many of his ideas are already being put into practice.being put into practice.

Instead of continuing to seek Catholic Instead of continuing to seek Catholic Church reforms, Luther and followers Church reforms, Luther and followers begin a separate religious group – known begin a separate religious group – known as Lutherans.as Lutherans. Lutherans: members of a Protestant church Lutherans: members of a Protestant church

founded upon the teachings of Martin Lutherfounded upon the teachings of Martin Luther

ProtestantsProtestants

Many German princes supported Lutheranism whether Many German princes supported Lutheranism whether by genuinely sharing Luther’s beliefs or selfish by genuinely sharing Luther’s beliefs or selfish reasons such as a good excuse to seize Church reasons such as a good excuse to seize Church property and assert independence from Charles V.property and assert independence from Charles V.

Princes sign a protest against the Pope – became Princes sign a protest against the Pope – became known as known as ProtestantsProtestants Protesting Princes = ProtestantsProtesting Princes = Protestants

ProtestantProtestant – a member of the Christian church – a member of the Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformationfounded on the principles of the Reformation Christians who belong to non-Catholic churchesChristians who belong to non-Catholic churches

Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each

German state would be decided by its rulerGerman state would be decided by its ruler

Charles V went to war with princes determined Charles V went to war with princes determined they were to remain Catholic.they were to remain Catholic.

Finally weary of fighting agree on Peace of Finally weary of fighting agree on Peace of AugsburgAugsburg Princes of Germany agree that each ruler would Princes of Germany agree that each ruler would

decide the religion of his own areadecide the religion of his own area Applied to Catholics and Protestants bothApplied to Catholics and Protestants both

Early Christian Church

Roman Catholicism

Eastern Orthodoxy

Protestantism Calvinism

Anglicanism

Lutheranism

Episcopalian

Baptist

Methodist

Pentecostal

Reformed

Presbyterian

Division of the Christian Church

Roman Catholic - 21%

Protestant - 23%

Independent Christian -28%

Unaffiliated Christian -14%

Non-Christian - 14%

King Henry VIII and the King Henry VIII and the TudorsTudors

Catholic church soon faced Catholic church soon faced another great challenge to its another great challenge to its authority in England but for authority in England but for

political and personal reasons – political and personal reasons – not religious. not religious.

King Henry VIIIBrother Arthur

Son of Henry VII

•Brother Arthur was married to Catherine of Aragon

•It was arranged to help in an alliance with Spain

Daughter of Queen Isabella and Ferdinand

They were married in November of 1501. Henry VIII was 10 at the time.

SO GUESS WHAT NOW!?!?

Henry VIIIMarried Catherine of Aragon who 24 when she married Henry who was just 18

She was pregnant by 1510 but it was still born daughter

The next child was a boy but died 52 days later.

Catherine then had a miscarriage, followed by a short-lived son.

Then gave birth to a daughter Mary.

After that Catherine was out of child baring years and didn’t have a male heir. THIS UPSET HENRY SO….

DIVORCED!!

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Was a devout Was a devout Catholic at heartCatholic at heart

Even wrote an attack Even wrote an attack back to Martin Lutherback to Martin Luther In recognition of In recognition of

Henry’s support – Henry’s support – Pope gave him title Pope gave him title “Defender of the Faith”“Defender of the Faith”

Catherine 42 years old – Catherine 42 years old – Henry wanted to divorce Henry wanted to divorce her and take a younger her and take a younger queen due to need/desire queen due to need/desire for a male heir.for a male heir.

But Church law did not But Church law did not allow divorce but Pope allow divorce but Pope could annul (set aside) could annul (set aside) Henry’s marriage if proof Henry’s marriage if proof that it had never been legal.that it had never been legal.

BUT WAIT!!The Church said NO !!

So what do you do!?!? MAKE YOUR

OWN CHURCH!

1529 Henry VIII calls Parliament to order and asks it to pass a set of laws to end Pope’s power in England.

Henry VIII said he would create the Church of England with the Archduke of Canterbury as its head. And it was going to be a Protestant church. Introducing the Anglican Church

Now he can get a divorce and get remarried to his new Love…

Henry secretly marries Anne Boleyn in 1533 shortly after Parliament legalized Henry’s divorce.

1534 Henry’s break with Pope completed when parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy which called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the Pope, as the official head of England’s Church

Anne Boleyn !Wife #2

Why marry her?

Knocked UP!

Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn

She wasn’t really popular with the people She wasn’t really popular with the people Tried to have kids….had a girl Princess Tried to have kids….had a girl Princess

ElizabethElizabeth Tried two more times for the male heir…both Tried two more times for the male heir…both

died. (one was a boy)died. (one was a boy) Tried again…..no boy!Tried again…..no boy! Her enemies mounted….and she was Her enemies mounted….and she was

accused of conspiracy/treason sent to the accused of conspiracy/treason sent to the Tower of London.Tower of London.

What was her fate now that she was in the Tower of London

BEHEADED!

Jane SeymourJane Seymour

•Married Henry VIII within 24 hours of Anne’s beheading.

• She gave him a son in 1537.

•But died as a result of the birth about a week later.

•King Henry is said to have been very upset.

DIED!

Anne of ClevesAnne of Cleves•Henry waited 2 years before marrying again

• Married to get an alliance with France

•Though she was UGLY and told her often.

•Couldn’t take it anymore and …..

DIVORCED!

Kathryn HowardKathryn HowardDisaster from the outset?!?

He was 49 and she was 19!!!

ONE BIG PROBLEM!

She was arrested with lots of proof that she had…boyfriends

BEHEADED!

Katherine ParrKatherine Parr

Widow that remarried

Known for taking care of him in his later years

Henry died in 1547

SURVIVED!!!

Henry’s Problems…Henry’s Problems…

Henry VIII - EnglandHenry VIII - England

And now….And now….The rest of the familyThe rest of the family

Henry’s ChildrenHenry’s Children

Mary I –”Bloody Mary”

Elizabeth I – started American Colonies

Edward VI – king at a young age for only six years

Mary I (Bloody Mary)Mary I (Bloody Mary)Mary was the daughter of Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII and Henry VIII and Catharine of Catharine of

AragonAragon. . During her childhood, Mary During her childhood, Mary

was persecuted by Henry when was persecuted by Henry when he wanted to annul his marriage he wanted to annul his marriage

to her mother. to her mother. As Queen she attempted to As Queen she attempted to restore Catholicism, and she restore Catholicism, and she

married the young married the young PhilipPhilip from from Spain. Spain.

She also had more than 300 She also had more than 300 Protestants killed. Protestants killed.

None of these actions was None of these actions was popular with the now firmly popular with the now firmly

entrenched Protestant Englandentrenched Protestant England

Mary pressured Elizabeth to convert to Catholicism – she learned to go thru the motions

Mary turned against Eliz. anyway – saw her as a threat

She wanted a husband to play the necessary chivalric role; at this time Charles V offered his handsome 26 yr old son Philip (she was 37 and less attractive)

Spain was looking for an alliance w/ Eng. against France and hoped a re-Catholicized Eng. would help Spain against the revolt in the Netherlands

Mary and Philip had trouble conceiving a child…Philip decided to leave and pursue other kingdoms instead…and he came to favour Elizabeth over Mary as he thought it was better for the Habsburgs (w/o Eliz., the other successor was Mary, Queen of Scots, who would have allied with France)

Mary’s regime had failed, and was unpopular anyway with the 100s of burnings…

When Mary died peacefully, Elizabeth acceded to the throne peacefully – she was proclaimed in only 6 hrs. as having the “lawful right and title to the crown”

Elizabeth IElizabeth IThe red-haired daughter of Henry The red-haired daughter of Henry

VIII and Anne Boleyn, she VIII and Anne Boleyn, she became England’s greatest became England’s greatest

leader. leader.

She kept control of England by She kept control of England by refusing to marry anyone and refusing to marry anyone and

playing one noble against playing one noble against another – many hoping to marry another – many hoping to marry

the Queen. the Queen.

She kept religious wars down, She kept religious wars down, advanced exploration, became a advanced exploration, became a patron of the arts, and brought patron of the arts, and brought

England to the position of world England to the position of world power with the defeat of the power with the defeat of the

Spanish Armada.Spanish Armada.

Elizabeth I restored her kingdom to Protestantism after her sister Bloody Mary persecuted Protestants during her Catholic reign of England. 1559 Parliament set up Church of England (Anglican Church) with Elizabeth at the head – only legal church in England.

Establish state church that is moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might accept.

By taking this moderate approach, Elizabeth brought a level of religious peace to England.

Religion however remained a problem. Money was another problem Elizabeth faced. While the American colonies strengthened England

economically, they did not enrich the queen directly. Elizabeth’s constant need for money would carry over into the

next reign and lead to bitterness between the monarch and Parliament.

Protestant Reforms All OverProtestant Reforms All Over

Protestants taught that the Bible is the Protestants taught that the Bible is the source of all religious truth and that people source of all religious truth and that people should red it to discover truths.should red it to discover truths.

As Christians interpreted the Bible, new As Christians interpreted the Bible, new Protestant groups formed.Protestant groups formed.

Protestant ReformersProtestant Reformers

John Calvin

John Knox

Huldrych Zwingli

Protestant ReformersProtestant Reformers

Huldrych ZwingliHuldrych Zwingli – attacked the Catholic church and wanted – attacked the Catholic church and wanted members to have more control over servicesmembers to have more control over services

John CalvinJohn Calvin – said men and women are sinful by nature, – said men and women are sinful by nature, people cannot earn salvation, God has chosen those to save people cannot earn salvation, God has chosen those to save already (called the “elect”) – predestinationalready (called the “elect”) – predestination

John KnoxJohn Knox – followed Calvin’s teachings but called church – followed Calvin’s teachings but called church leaders presbyters (started the Presbyterian church) in leaders presbyters (started the Presbyterian church) in ScotlandScotland

AnabaptistsAnabaptists – believed that only people who were old enough – believed that only people who were old enough to choose to be saved could be saved – those baptized at birth to choose to be saved could be saved – those baptized at birth had to be “re-baptized” – believed in separation of church and had to be “re-baptized” – believed in separation of church and statestate Forerunners of Mennonites and AmishForerunners of Mennonites and Amish

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

John Calvin establishes John Calvin establishes CalvinismCalvinism

Calvinism: A body of religious Calvinism: A body of religious teachings based on the ideas teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvinof the reformer John Calvin

Doctrine of Predestination Doctrine of Predestination (God determines your fate)(God determines your fate)

Calvinism spread from Calvinism spread from Geneva to France, Scotland Geneva to France, Scotland and Netherlandsand Netherlands

PredestinationPredestination

We are sinful by nature and cannot earn We are sinful by nature and cannot earn salvationsalvation

only those chosen by God to be saved will be only those chosen by God to be saved will be saved (predestination)saved (predestination)

God has chosen these people already – we God has chosen these people already – we have no control over ithave no control over it

those who are chosen are called the “elect”those who are chosen are called the “elect” Believed ideal government was a theocracyBelieved ideal government was a theocracy

TheocracyTheocracy

a government controlled by religious leadersa government controlled by religious leaders rules are based on religious ideasrules are based on religious ideas usually the rules are very strictusually the rules are very strict

1541 Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to 1541 Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their city.lead their city. Strict rulesStrict rules

bright clothing and games were not allowedbright clothing and games were not allowed

Attend religious classAttend religious class Authorities imprison, excommunicate, or banish those who broke Authorities imprison, excommunicate, or banish those who broke

rulesrules If preached a different doctrine were burned at the stakeIf preached a different doctrine were burned at the stake

Calvinism SpreadsCalvinism Spreads

John Knox brings Calvinism to ScotlandJohn Knox brings Calvinism to Scotland Followers called PresbyteriansFollowers called Presbyterians

Presbyterians: members of a Protestant church governed by presbyters Presbyterians: members of a Protestant church governed by presbyters (elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox(elders) and founded on the teachings of John Knox

Church governed by laymen called presbyters or Church governed by laymen called presbyters or elderselders

Calvin’s followers in France called HuguenotsCalvin’s followers in France called Huguenots Hatred between 2 generally led to violence.Hatred between 2 generally led to violence.

Catholics massacre Huguenots in Paris in 1572Catholics massacre Huguenots in Paris in 1572 6 months long – approx 12,000 Huguenots killed6 months long – approx 12,000 Huguenots killed

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

Anabaptists accepted only adult members, and were Anabaptists accepted only adult members, and were persecuted in Europe.persecuted in Europe. Only baptized people old enough to decide to be ChristianOnly baptized people old enough to decide to be Christian If baptized earlier then re-baptized as adultsIf baptized earlier then re-baptized as adults Anabaptists from Greek word meaning “baptized again”Anabaptists from Greek word meaning “baptized again”

Many left for the Americas seeking religious freedom Many left for the Americas seeking religious freedom Seen as radical and persecuted by both Catholics and Seen as radical and persecuted by both Catholics and

Protestants.Protestants.

We get our ideas of separation of church & state and We get our ideas of separation of church & state and religious freedom from them.religious freedom from them.

Baptists, Mennonites, Amish…Baptists, Mennonites, Amish…

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation 1616thth century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to

make changes in response to the Protestant Reformationmake changes in response to the Protestant Reformation

Brought about because of the Protestant Reformation Brought about because of the Protestant Reformation While Protestant churches won many followers, millions remained true While Protestant churches won many followers, millions remained true

to Catholicism.to Catholicism. Helping Catholics to remain loyal was a movement within the Catholic Helping Catholics to remain loyal was a movement within the Catholic

Church reform itself.Church reform itself.

Goal – To re-establish the church (reform the church from within)Goal – To re-establish the church (reform the church from within) Done in three ways Done in three ways

Make Changes to the Church Doctrine Make Changes to the Church Doctrine Launch missionaries offensive to reclaim a large followingLaunch missionaries offensive to reclaim a large following Eliminate Church Abuses (indulgences & code of behavior)Eliminate Church Abuses (indulgences & code of behavior)

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation Pope Paul III calls the Council of TrentPope Paul III calls the Council of Trent

Council of Trent: meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, Council of Trent: meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformersProtestant reformers

Meetings of Bishops in Trent, ItalyMeetings of Bishops in Trent, Italy Meet to clearly define the Church doctrineMeet to clearly define the Church doctrine

Especially teaching on salvationEspecially teaching on salvation

Decided that salvation can not be accomplished Decided that salvation can not be accomplished by faith alone – but only by faith and works by faith alone – but only by faith and works togethertogether

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation

Council of Trent

Council of TrentCouncil of Trent

1545-15631545-1563 Catholic officials agreed to several statements of Catholic officials agreed to several statements of

the church:the church: 1-Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final.1-Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final. 2-Christians need both faith and good works to get 2-Christians need both faith and good works to get

to heaven.to heaven. 3-The Bible and the Church were equal religious 3-The Bible and the Church were equal religious

authorities.authorities. 4-Indulgences are valid expressions of faith, but 4-Indulgences are valid expressions of faith, but

selling them falsely is wrong.selling them falsely is wrong.

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation

Launched Inquisition to stamp out heresyLaunched Inquisition to stamp out heresy Introduced censorship to get rid of Introduced censorship to get rid of

humanist thinkinghumanist thinking Only Latin mass, Latin Bible Only Latin mass, Latin Bible

The InquisitionThe Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy – especially the prosecuting charges of heresy – especially the one active in Spain during the 1400sone active in Spain during the 1400s

led to chaos in the church – many leaders of the led to chaos in the church – many leaders of the church were put on trial as wellchurch were put on trial as well

Ignatius of Loyola

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation

The Society of Jesus - The Society of Jesus - JesuitsJesuits

All male missionaries of the All male missionaries of the Catholic Church Catholic Church

1540 - Founded by Ignatius Loyola1540 - Founded by Ignatius Loyola He was a leading Catholic reformerHe was a leading Catholic reformer

Absolute obedience to the Pope Absolute obedience to the Pope Wore Black robes and led a simple Wore Black robes and led a simple

lifelife Successful in Southern Germany, Successful in Southern Germany,

Bohemia, Poland, and HungaryBohemia, Poland, and Hungary

Legacy of the ReformationLegacy of the Reformation

left Europe culturally dividedleft Europe culturally divided Protestant churches flourish and the Protestant churches flourish and the

Catholic church is more unifiedCatholic church is more unified education became more importanteducation became more important did not change the role of womendid not change the role of women Catholic church lost political powerCatholic church lost political power monarchs gain political powermonarchs gain political power led to the Enlightenmentled to the Enlightenment