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The Reestablishment of English 13th century A Social and Cultural History of English Dr. Stephan Gramley WS 09/10 Presenters: Saskia Bante, Johannes Ehrenwerth

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Page 1: The Reestablishment of English 13th century of English (13… · The Reestablishment of English 13th century A Social and Cultural History of English Dr. Stephan Gramley WS 09/10

The Reestablishment of English13th century

A Social and Cultural History of EnglishDr. Stephan GramleyWS 09/10Presenters: Saskia Bante, Johannes Ehrenwerth

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Historical Background

Political Changes after the Norman Conquest

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Separation of France and England• 1204: Loss of Normandy after marrying Isabella of Angoulême in 1200 

• Philip raises question of allegiance

• English nobility has to relinquish most estates in France

• 1214: Battle of Bouvines– John allied himself with Otto IV of Germany and Count Ferrand of Flanders against Philip Augustus of France →Battle of Bouvines in 1214.                                     

– Philip prevailed, took prisoners and land. John had to face the nobility and tell them that land was lost → nicknames like 'lackland' and 'soft sword'.

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The Anglo‐Norman Empire 

The kingdom under Henri II Plantagenêt (1154‐1189)

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Magna Charta

• 1215: John and his barons sign Magna Charta

– Rebellion of barons led to meeting at Runnymede. 

At the meeting, Magna Charta was signed.

• Culmination point: 1244

– Louis XI made the French nobility decide:

– Give up land in England and stay in France

– Stay in England and do not return to France

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Magna Charta

• Originally “Magna Charta Libertatum” – “The great Charter of Freedoms”

• Written in Latin• Defined rights to justice and 

recorded many customary legal practices for the first time

• Attempted to define ‘good lordship’

• Ensured rights of barons, limited John's  (the king’s) power

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Magna Charta

• Early version of modern law; constitutional

• In a constitutional monarchy the king rules under the law

• Of no real practical use during the Middle Ages, but it was a strong symbol against unlimited powers

• Re‐issued several times; its provisions still exist today

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French ReinforcementsSouthern French Domination

King John (1199‐1216), married to a woman from southern France (Isabella), invited foreigners to England and provided them with important officese.g. Peter des Roches: Bishop of Winchester, chancellor, justiciar

During reign of his son Henry III (1216‐1272), who was French on his maternal side, three great inundations of foreigners poured into England.

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Influx of foreigners

1233: Henry (by the advice of Peter des Roches) dismissed native officers of his court from their offices and appointed French men to take their places. Left them in charge of all the counties and baronies.

1236: Henry married Eleanor, daughter of Count of Provence; many of the queen’s relatives came to England and were richly provided for, e.g. Boniface was made Archbishop of Canterbury

1246: Henry provided for his half‐brothers and their followers from Poitou and promoted marriages of their family members to English nobles

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The Reaction against Foreigners and the Growth of National Feeling

• Consequence of Henry's policy of giving power to French relatives

• “England for the English” – Hubert de Burgh (regent over England before Henry became king, was made justiciar for life)

• Opposition to foreigners unified the English nobility and middle‐class and made the King less and less prestigious.

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Opposition of the Church

Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, in 1252:

“The church is being worn out by constant oppressions; the pious purposes of its early benefactors are being brought to naught by the confiscation of its ample patrimony to the uses of aliens, while the native English suffer. These aliens are not merely foreigners; they are the worst enemies of England. They strive to tear the fleece and do not even know the faces of the sheep; they do not understand the English tongue, neglect the cure of souls, and impoverish the kingdom. ”

(qtd. in Baugh and Cable 2002:133)

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Provisions of Oxford (1258)

• Henry was threatened with excommunication.• A 15‐member privy council (a body of officials and dignitaries chosen by the British monarch as an advisory council to the Crown usually functioning through its committees) was established.

• It was selected by the barons to advise the king and oversee his entire administration.

• Revolutionary: the crown had to accept the power of parliament for the first time. 

• In 1261, Henry obtained a papal dispensation to extricate himself from the Provisions.

• The Provisions were written in Latin, French, English.

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The Barons’ revolt (1258‐67)

• Simon de Montfort was the leader of the rebellious Barons’forces.

• The rebels captured southern England by 1263.• 1264: Battle of Lewes ‐ King Henry was defeated and taken 

prisoner by Simon de Montfort's army (beginning of “war”).

• Simon de Montfort called a Parliament where for the first time not only knights, but representatives from the burhs (boroughs) attended.

• In 1265: Battle of Evesham: Simon de Montfort was defeated and killed; power was restored to King Henry.

• In 1267, Henry and the barons agreed to peace according to conditions stated in “Dictum of Kenilworth.”

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Linguistic Developments

The Reemergence of English in

Public Life

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The Re‐emergence of English starting   around 1250

By this time, the separation of English nobles from their estates in France had been more or less completed. The English royal house  (Plantagenet  dynasty)  retained  its  links  with  the French, especially  through  intermarriages among  the French and English nobility. 

The earlier  influx of  foreigners  from  the south of France under Henry  III  had  delayed  the  spread  of  English  among  the nobility.  Edward  I  (1272‐1307)  is  considered  to  be  the  first English king of the Plantagenet Dynasty with a good command of English.

With the growing resentment towards the French  influence  (cf. Barons’ Revolt), English was used more and more  generally in the upper classes. Knowledge of French as a vernacular was declining.

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Nevertheless, French was still in use. Predominantly in the law courts, public negotiations, local administration and later also in Parliament. Custom required bills or petitions to be in French.

At this time, […] the adoption of French words into the English language assumed large proportions. The transference of words occurred when those who know French and had been accustomed to using it expressed themselves in English. (Baugh and Cable 2002: 135)

Declension and conjugation and gender were often found to be incorrect or peculiar; writers made mistakes in gender such as using le before  a woman’s name and la before a  man’s.

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The Character of French in England

And Frensh she spak ful faire and fetishly, After the scole of Stratford atte Bowe,For Frensh of Paris was to hir unknowe.

(Chaucer; qtd in Baugh and Cable 2002: 141)

Anglo‐French not considered to be “good” French; [It] was possibly a mixture of various northern French dialectalfeatures, but with Norman predominating, and under the influenceof English linguistic tendencies, it gradually developed into something quite different from any of the continental dialects. 

(ibid.)

French as a spoken language was becoming increasingly artificial.

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Attempts to retain French Language

Monasteries adopted regulations forbidding the novices to use English in school and required all conversation to be in French.

Parliament decreed in 1332 that all lords, barons, knights, and honest men of good towns should exercise care and diligence to teach their children the French language.

There were manuals for learning French as it was taught to the children of the upper classes. This shows that their native language must have already been English at that time.

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French cultural ascendancy

French as a language still had prestige and was seen as an object of cultivation, representing chivalrous society in its best form.

French was used by the educated and in high society but was a matter of culture and fashion rather than an economic or political necessity as it had been before.

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Continental literary models

Throughout the 13th and 14th centuries French served as the literary language in England and was generally written under the patronage of the court. 

At the time when French was best understood by the upper classes; they drew upon continental French literature, which was supplemented by French poetry written in England. The French tradition of verse  (rhyme and meter) was adopted. 

Latin served as the language of written communication and record due to its fixed and international character. 

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English literatureEnglish literature between 1150‐1250 was almost exclusively 

religious or didactic/admonitory. (Latin Christian tradition) 

From 1250 there was a growing body of literature in English, which is concomitant with the spread of English among the upper classes. 

Types of literature that had appeared in French before now appeared in English. The most popular type at this time is the romance.

Adaptations and translations from French began to be made. Religious literature continued to be produced but there was a growing body of secular literature as well. 

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Cursor Mundi

This is a very long poem (~30,000 lines) from the north of England written around 1300.

It treats universal history, relates the history of the world from the creation to the day of doom.

At that time French rhymes could be found everywhere but this poem was meant to be for the people who “na Frenche can.”

The large number of extant manuscripts proves its extreme popularity

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Þis ilk bok es translateInto Inglis tong to redeFor the love of Inglis lede,Inglish lede of Ingland,For the commun at understand.Frankis rimes here I redComunlik in ilka sted;Mast es it wroght for Frankis man,Quat is for him na Frankis can?In Ingland the nacion,Es Inglis man þar in commun;Þe speche þat man wit mast may spede;Mast þarwit to speke war need.Selden was for ani chancePraised Inglis tong in France;Give we ilkan þare langage,Me think we do þam non outrage.To laud and Inglish man I spellÞatg understnades þat I tell.

This same book is translatedInto the English tongue to be readFor the love of the English language,The English people of England,For the common people to understand.French rhymes here I readCommonly in the same places; Most is written for French men,What is for him who no French can (speak)?In the nation of England,English men are there in common;The speech that one knows most may spread;Most necessary it is to speak with it.Seldom was by any chance,The English tongue praised  in France;Let us give to each their language,I do not think we do them any outrage.To the ignorant and English man I writeWho understands what I say.

(Prologue, II, ll. 232‐250, qtd in Baugh and Cable 2002: 138f)

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Arthur and Merlin

A romance written in the beginning of the 14th century and not later than 1325.

Riʒt is, þat Inglische Inglischevnderstond,

þat was born in Inglond;

Freynsche vse þis gentilman,

Ac everich Inglische can.

Mani noble ich have yseiʒeÞat no Freynsche couþe seye.

Right is that English people understand the English language 

that were born in England; 

Gentlemen use French, 

As everybody knows English. 

Many nobles I have seen 

That no French could speak.