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the ramayana (delivered at the shakespeare club, pasadena, california, january 31, 1900)

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THE RAMAYANA (Delivered at the Shakespeare Club, Pasadena, California, January 31, 1900) March 28, 2015 at 1:01pm (Delivered at the Shakespeare Club, Pasadena, California, January 31, 1900) There are two great epics in the Sanskrit language, which are very ancient. Of course, there are hundreds of other epic poems. The Sanskrit language and literature have been continued down to the present day, although, for more than two thousand years, it has ceased to be a spoken language. I am now going to speak to you of the two most ancient epics, called the Râmâyana and the Mahâbhârata. They embody the manners and customs, the state of society, civilisation, etc., of the ancient Indians. The oldest of these epics is called Ramayana, "The Life of Râma". There was some poetical literature before this — most of the Vedas, the sacred books of the Hindus, are written in a sort of metre — but this book is held by common consent in India as the very beginning of poetry. The name of the poet or sage was Vâlmiki. Later on, a great many poetical stories were fastened upon that ancient poet; and subsequently, it became a very general practice to attribute to his authorship very many verses that were not his. Notwithstanding all these interpolations, it comes down to us as a very beautiful arrangement, without equal in the literatures of the world. There was a young man that could not in any way support his family. He was strong and vigorous and, finally, became a highway robber; he attacked persons in the street and robbed them, and with that money he supported his father, mother, wife, and children. This went on continually, until one day a great saint called Nârada was passing by, and the robber attacked him. The sage asked the robber, "Why are you going to rob me? It is a great sin to rob human beings and kill them. What do you incur all this sin for?" The robber said, "Why, I want to support my family with this money." "Now", said the sage, "do you think that they take a share of your sin also?" "Certainly they do," replied the robber. "Very good," said the sage, "make me safe by tying me up here, while you go home and ask your people whether they will share your sin in the same way as they share the money you make." The man accordingly went to his father, and asked, "Father, do you know how I support you?" He answered, "No, I do not." "I am a robber, and I kill persons and rob them." "What! you do that, my son? Get away! You outcast! "He then went to his mother and asked her, "Mother, do you know how I support you?" "No," she replied. "Through robbery and murder." "How horrible it is!" cried the mother. "But, do you partake in my sin?" said the son. "Why should I? I never committed a robbery," answered the mother. Then, he went to his wife and questioned her, "Do you know how I maintain you all?" "No," she responded. "Why, I am a highwayman," he rejoined, "and for years have been robbing people; that is how I support and maintain you all. And what I now want to know is, whether you are ready to share in my sin." "By no means. You are my husband, and it is your duty to support me." The eyes of the robber were opened. "That is the way of the world — even my nearest relatives, for whom I have been robbing, will not share in my destiny." He came back to the place where he had bound the sage, unfastened his bonds, fell at his feet, recounted everything and said, "Save me! What can I do?" The sage said, "Give up your present course of life. You see that none of your family really loves you, so give up all these delusions. They will share your prosperity; but the moment you have nothing, they will desert you. There is none who will share in your evil, but they will all share in your good. Therefore worship Him who alone stands by us whether we are doing good or evil. He never leaves us, for love never drags down, knows no barter, no selfishness."

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  • 3/28/2015 THERAMAYANA(DeliveredattheShakespeareClub,Pasadena,California,January31,1900)

    https://www.facebook.com/notes/10153167007170132/ 1/7

    THERAMAYANA(DeliveredattheShakespeareClub,Pasadena,California,January31,1900)March28,2015at1:01pm

    (DeliveredattheShakespeareClub,Pasadena,California,January31,1900)

    TherearetwogreatepicsintheSanskritlanguage,whichareveryancient.Ofcourse,therearehundredsofotherepicpoems.TheSanskritlanguageandliteraturehavebeencontinueddowntothepresentday,although,formorethantwothousandyears,ithasceasedtobeaspokenlanguage.Iamnowgoingtospeaktoyouofthetwomostancientepics,calledtheRmyanaandtheMahbhrata.Theyembodythemannersandcustoms,thestateofsociety,civilisation,etc.,oftheancientIndians.TheoldestoftheseepicsiscalledRamayana,"TheLifeofRma".TherewassomepoeticalliteraturebeforethismostoftheVedas,thesacredbooks

    oftheHindus,arewritteninasortofmetrebutthisbookisheldbycommonconsentinIndiaastheverybeginningofpoetry.

    ThenameofthepoetorsagewasVlmiki.Lateron,agreatmanypoeticalstorieswerefasteneduponthatancientpoetandsubsequently,itbecameaverygeneralpracticetoattributetohisauthorshipverymanyversesthatwerenothis.Notwithstandingalltheseinterpolations,itcomesdowntousasaverybeautifularrangement,withoutequalintheliteraturesoftheworld.

    Therewasayoungmanthatcouldnotinanywaysupporthisfamily.Hewasstrongandvigorousand,finally,becameahighwayrobberheattackedpersonsinthestreetandrobbedthem,andwiththatmoneyhesupportedhisfather,mother,wife,andchildren.Thiswentoncontinually,untilonedayagreatsaintcalledNradawaspassingby,andtherobberattackedhim.Thesageaskedtherobber,"Whyareyougoingtorobme?Itisagreatsintorobhumanbeingsandkillthem.Whatdoyouincurallthissinfor?"Therobbersaid,"Why,Iwanttosupportmyfamilywiththismoney.""Now",saidthesage,"doyouthinkthattheytakeashareofyoursinalso?""Certainlytheydo,"repliedtherobber."Verygood,"saidthesage,"makemesafebytyingmeuphere,whileyougohomeandaskyourpeoplewhethertheywillshareyoursininthesamewayastheysharethemoneyyoumake."Themanaccordinglywenttohisfather,andasked,"Father,doyouknowhowIsupportyou?"Heanswered,"No,Idonot.""Iamarobber,andIkillpersonsandrobthem.""What!youdothat,myson?Getaway!Yououtcast!"Hethenwenttohismotherandaskedher,"Mother,doyouknowhowIsupportyou?""No,"shereplied."Throughrobberyandmurder.""Howhorribleitis!"criedthemother."But,doyoupartakeinmysin?"saidtheson."WhyshouldI?Inevercommittedarobbery,"answeredthemother.Then,hewenttohiswifeandquestionedher,"DoyouknowhowImaintainyouall?""No,"sheresponded."Why,Iamahighwayman,"herejoined,"andforyearshavebeenrobbingpeoplethatishowIsupportandmaintainyouall.AndwhatInowwanttoknowis,whetheryouarereadytoshareinmysin.""Bynomeans.Youaremyhusband,anditisyourdutytosupportme."

    Theeyesoftherobberwereopened."Thatisthewayoftheworldevenmynearestrelatives,forwhomIhavebeenrobbing,willnotshareinmydestiny."Hecamebacktotheplacewherehehadboundthesage,unfastenedhisbonds,fellathisfeet,recountedeverythingandsaid,"Saveme!WhatcanIdo?"Thesagesaid,"Giveupyourpresentcourseoflife.Youseethatnoneofyourfamilyreallylovesyou,sogiveupallthesedelusions.Theywillshareyourprosperitybutthemomentyouhavenothing,theywilldesertyou.Thereisnonewhowillshareinyourevil,buttheywillallshareinyourgood.ThereforeworshipHimwhoalonestandsbyuswhetherwearedoinggoodorevil.Heneverleavesus,forloveneverdragsdown,knowsnobarter,noselfishness."

  • 3/28/2015 THERAMAYANA(DeliveredattheShakespeareClub,Pasadena,California,January31,1900)

    https://www.facebook.com/notes/10153167007170132/ 2/7

    Thenthesagetaughthimhowtoworship.Andthismanlefteverythingandwentintoaforest.Therehewentonprayingandmeditatinguntilheforgothimselfsoentirelythattheantscameandbuiltanthillsaroundhimandhewasquiteunconsciousofit.Aftermanyyearshadpassed,avoicecamesaying,"Arise,Osage!"Thusarousedheexclaimed,"Sage?Iamarobber!""Nomore'robber',"answeredthevoice,"apurifiedsageartthou.Thineoldnameisgone.Butnow,sincethymeditationwassodeepandgreatthatthoudidstnotremarkeventheanthillswhichsurroundedthee,henceforth,thynameshallbeValmiki'hethatwasbornintheanthill'."So,hebecameasage.

    Andthisishowhebecameapoet.Onedayasthissage,Valmiki,wasgoingtobatheintheholyriverGanga,hesawapairofdoveswheelingroundandround,andkissingeachother.Thesagelookedupandwaspleasedatthesight,butinasecondanarrowwhiskedpasthimandkilledthemaledove.Asthedovefelldownontheground,thefemaledovewentonwhirlingroundandroundthedeadbodyofitscompanioningrief.Inamomentthepoetbecamemiserable,andlookinground,hesawthehunter."Thouartawretch,"hecried,"withoutthesmallestmercy!Thyslayinghandwouldnotevenstopforlove!""Whatisthis?WhatamIsaying?"thepoetthoughttohimself,"Ihaveneverspokeninthissortofwaybefore."Andthenavoicecame:"Benotafraid.Thisispoetrythatiscomingoutofyourmouth.WritethelifeofRamainpoeticlanguageforthebenefitoftheworld."Andthatishowthepoemfirstbegan.ThefirstversesprangoutofpitsfromthemouthofValmiki,thefirstpoet.Anditwasafterthat,thathewrotethebeautifulRamayana,"TheLifeofRama".

    TherewasanancientIndiantowncalledAyodhyanditexistseveninmoderntimes.TheprovinceinwhichitisstilllocatediscalledOudh,andmostofyoumayhavenoticeditinthemapofIndia.ThatwastheancientAyodhya.There,inancienttimes,reignedakingcalledDasharatha.Hehadthreequeens,butthekinghadnotanychildrenbythem.AndlikegoodHindus,thekingandthequeens,allwentonpilgrimagesfastingandpraying,thattheymighthavechildrenand,ingoodtime,foursonswereborn.TheeldestofthemwasRama.

    Now,asitshouldbe,thesefourbrotherswerethoroughlyeducatedinallbranchesoflearning.ToavoidfuturequarrelstherewasinancientIndiaacustomforthekinginhisownlifetimetonominatehiseldestsonashissuccessor,theYuvarja,youngking,asheiscalled.

    Now,therewasanotherking,calledJanaka,andthiskinghadabeautifuldaughternamedSit.SitawasfoundinafieldshewasadaughteroftheEarth,andwasbornwithoutparents.Theword"Sita"inancientSanskritmeansthefurrowmadebyaplough.IntheancientmythologyofIndiayouwillfindpersonsbornofoneparentonly,orpersonsbornwithoutparents,bornofsacrificialfire,borninthefield,andsoondroppedfromthecloudsasitwere.AllthosesortsofmiraculousbirthwerecommoninthemythologicalloreofIndia.

    Sita,beingthedaughteroftheEarth,waspureandimmaculate.ShewasbroughtupbyKingJanaka.Whenshewasofamarriageableage,thekingwantedtofindasuitablehusbandforher.

    TherewasanancientIndiancustomcalledSvayamvara,bywhichtheprincessesusedtochoosehusbands.Anumberofprincesfromdifferentpartsofthecountrywereinvited,andtheprincessinsplendidarray,withagarlandinherhand,andaccompaniedbyacrierwhoenumeratedthedistinctiveclaimsofeachoftheroyalsuitors,wouldpassinthemidstofthoseassembledbeforeher,andselecttheprinceshelikedforherhusbandbythrowingthegarlandofflowersroundhisneck.Theywouldthenbemarriedwithmuchpompandgrandeur.

    TherewerenumbersofprinceswhoaspiredforthehandofSitathetestdemandedonthisoccasionwasthebreakingofahugebow,calledHaradhanu.Alltheprincesputforthalltheirstrengthtoaccomplishthisfeat,butfailed.Finally,Ramatookthemightybowinhishandsandwitheasygracebrokeitintwain.ThusSitaselectedRama,thesonofKingDasharathaforherhusband,andtheywereweddedwithgreatrejoicings.Then,Ramatookhisbridetohishome,andhisoldfatherthoughtthatthetimewasnowcomeforhimtoretireandappointRamaasYuvaraja.Everythingwasaccordinglymadereadyforthe

  • 3/28/2015 THERAMAYANA(DeliveredattheShakespeareClub,Pasadena,California,January31,1900)

    https://www.facebook.com/notes/10153167007170132/ 3/7

    ceremony,andthewholecountrywasjubilantovertheaffair,whentheyoungerqueenKaikeyiwasremindedbyoneofhermaidservantsoftwopromisesmadetoherbythekinglongago.Atonetimeshehadpleasedthekingverymuch,andheofferedtogranthertwoboons:"AskanytwothingsinmypowerandIwillgrantthemtoyou,"saidhe,butshemadenorequestthen.ShehadforgottenallaboutitbuttheevilmindedmaidservantinheremploybegantoworkuponherjealousywithregardtoRamabeinginstalledonthethrone,andinsinuatedtoherhowniceitwouldbeforherifherownsonhadsucceededtheking,untilthequeenwasalmostmadwithjealousy.Thentheservantsuggestedtohertoaskfromthekingthetwopromisedboons:onewouldbethatherownsonBharatashouldbeplacedonthethrone,andtheother,thatRamashouldbesenttotheforestandbeexiledforfourteenyears.

    Now,Ramawasthelifeandsouloftheoldkingandwhenthiswickedrequestwasmadetohim,heasakingfelthecouldnotgobackonhisword.Sohedidnotknowwhattodo.ButRamacametotherescueandwillinglyofferedtogiveupthethroneandgointoexile,sothathisfathermightnotbeguiltyoffalsehood.SoRamawentintoexileforfourteenyears,accompaniedbyhislovingwifeSitaandhisdevotedbrotherLakshmana,whowouldonnoaccountbepartedfromhim.

    TheAryansdidnotknowwhoweretheinhabitantsofthesewildforests.Inthosedaystheforesttribestheycalled"monkeys",andsomeofthesocalled"monkeys",ifunusuallystrongandpowerful,werecalled"demons".

    So,intotheforest,inhabitedbydemonsandmonkeys,Rama,Lakshmana,andSitawent.WhenSitahadofferedtoaccompanyRama,heexclaimed,"Howcanyou,aprincess,facehardshipsandaccompanymeintoaforestfullofunknowndangers!"ButSitareplied,"WhereverRamagoes,theregoesSita.Howcanyoutalkof'princess'and'royalbirth'tome?Igobeforeyou!"So,Sitawent.Andtheyoungerbrother,healsowentwiththem.Theypenetratedfarintotheforest,untiltheyreachedtheriverGodvari.Onthebanksoftherivertheybuiltlittlecottages,andRamaandLakshmanausedtohuntdeerandcollectfruits.Aftertheyhadlivedthusforsometime,onedaytherecameademongiantess.ShewasthesisterofthegiantkingofLanka(Ceylon).Roamingthroughtheforestatwill,shecameacrossRama,andseeingthathewasaveryhandsomeman,shefellinlovewithhimatonce.ButRamawasthepurestofmen,andalsohewasamarriedmansoofcoursehecouldnotreturnherlove.Inrevenge,shewenttoherbrother,thegiantking,andtoldhimallaboutthebeautifulSita,thewifeofRama.

    Ramawasthemostpowerfulofmortalstherewerenogiantsordemonsoranybodyelsestrongenoughtoconquerhim.So,thegiantkinghadtoresorttosubterfuge.HegotholdofanothergiantwhowasamagicianandchangedhimintoabeautifulgoldendeerandthedeerwentprancingroundabouttheplacewhereRamalived,untilSitawasfascinatedbyitsbeautyandaskedRamatogoandcapturethedeerforher.Ramawentintotheforesttocatchthedeer,leavinghisbrotherinchargeofSita.ThenLakshmanalaidacircleoffireroundthecottage,andhesaidtoSita,"TodayIseesomethingmaybefallyouand,therefore,Itellyounottogooutsideofthismagiccircle.Somedangermaybefallyouifyoudo."Inthemeanwhile,Ramahadpiercedthemagicdeerwithhisarrow,andimmediatelythedeer,changedintotheformofaman,died.

    Immediately,atthecottagewasheardthevoiceofRama,crying,"Oh,Lakshmana,cometomyhelp!"andSitasaid,"Lakshmana,goatonceintotheforesttohelpRama!""ThatisnotRama'svoice,"protestedLakshmana.ButattheentreatiesofSita,LakshmanahadtogoinsearchofRama.Assoonashewentaway,thegiantking,whohadtakentheformofamendicantmonk,stoodatthegateandaskedforalms."Waitawhile,"saidSita,"untilmyhusbandcomesbackandIwillgiveyouplentifulalms.""Icannotwait,goodlady,"saidhe,"Iamveryhungry,givemeanythingyouhave."Atthis,Sita,whohadafewfruitsinthecottage,broughtthemout.Butthemendicantmonkaftermanypersuasionsprevaileduponhertobringthealmstohim,assuringherthatsheneedhavenofearashewasaholyperson.SoSitacameoutofthemagiccircle,andimmediatelytheseemingmonkassumedhisgiantbody,andgraspingSitainhisarmshecalledhismagicchariot,andputtinghertherein,hefledwiththeweepingSita.PoorSita!Shewasutterlyhelpless,nobody,wastheretocometoheraid.Asthegiantwascarryingheraway,shetookoffafewoftheornamentsfromherarmsandatintervalsdroppedthemtothegrounds

  • 3/28/2015 THERAMAYANA(DeliveredattheShakespeareClub,Pasadena,California,January31,1900)

    https://www.facebook.com/notes/10153167007170132/ 4/7

    ShewastakenbyRvanatohiskingdom,Lanka,theislandofCeylon.Hemadepealstohertobecomehisqueen,andtemptedherinmanywaystoaccedetohisrequest.ButSitawhowaschastityitself,wouldnotevenspeaktothegiantandhetopunishher,madeherliveunderatree,dayandnight,untilsheshouldconsenttobehiswife.

    WhenRamaandLakshmanareturnedtothecottageandfoundthatSitawasnotthere,theirgriefknewnobounds.Theycouldnotimaginewhathadbecomeofher.Thetwobrotherswenton,seeking,seekingeverywhereforSita,butcouldfindnotraceofher.Afterlongsearching,theycameacrossagroupof"monkeys",andinthemidstofthemwasHanumn,the"divinemonkey".Hanuman,thebestofthemonkeys,becamethemostfaithfulservantofRamaandhelpedhiminrescuingSita,asweshallseelateron.HisdevotiontoRamawassogreatthatheisstillworshippedbytheHindusastheidealofatrueservantoftheLord.Yousee,bythe"monkeys"and"demons"aremeanttheaboriginesofSouthIndia.

    So,Rama,atlast,fellinwiththesemonkeys.Theytoldhimthattheyhadseenflyingthroughtheskyachariot,inwhichwasseatedademonwhowascarryingawayamostbeautifullady,andthatshewasweepingbitterly,andasthechariotpassedovertheirheadsshedroppedoneofherornamentstoattracttheirattention.ThentheyshowedRamatheornament.Lakshmanatookuptheornament,andsaid,"Idonotknowwhoseornamentthisis."Ramatookitfromhimandrecogniseditatonce,saying,"Yes,itisSita's."Lakshmanacouldnotrecognisetheornament,becauseinIndiathewifeoftheelderbrotherwasheldinsomuchreverencethathehadneverlookeduponthearmsandtheneckofSita.Soyousee,asitwasanecklace,hedidnotknowwhoseitwas.ThereisinthisepisodeatouchoftheoldIndiancustom.Then,themonkeystoldRamawhothisdemonkingwasandwherehelived,andthentheyallwenttoseekforhim.

    Now,themonkeykingVliandhisyoungerbrotherSugrivawerethenfightingamongstthemselvesforthekingdom.TheyoungerbrotherwashelpedbyRama,andheregainedthekingdomfromVali,whohaddrivenhimawayandhe,inreturn,promisedtohelpRama.Theysearchedthecountryallround,butcouldnotfindSita.AtlastHanumanleapedbyoneboundfromthecoastofIndiatotheislandofCeylon,andtherewentlookingalloverLankaforSita,butnowherecouldhefindher.

    Yousee,thisgiantkinghadconqueredthegods,themen,infactthewholeworldandhehadcollectedallthebeautifulwomenandmadethemhisconcubines.So,Hanumanthoughttohimself,"Sitacannotbewiththeminthepalace.Shewouldratherdiethanbeinsuchaplace."SoHanumanwenttoseekforherelsewhere.Atlast,hefoundSitaunderatree,paleandthin,likethenewmoonthatlieslowinthehorizon.NowHanumantooktheformofalittlemonkeyandsettledonthetree,andtherehewitnessedhowgiantessessentbyRavanacameandtriedtofrightenSitaintosubmission,butshewouldnotevenlistentothenameofthegiantking.

    Then,HanumancamenearertoSitaandtoldherhowhebecamethemessengerofRama,whohadsenthimtofindoutwhereSitawasandHanumanshowedtoSitathesignetringwhichRamahadgivenasatokenforestablishinghisidentity.HealsoinformedherthatassoonasRamawouldknowherwhereabouts,hewouldcomewithanarmyandconquerthegiantandrecoverher.However,hesuggestedtoSitathatifshewishedit,hewouldtakeheronhisshouldersandcouldwithoneleapcleartheoceanandgetbacktoRama.ButSitacouldnotbeartheidea,asshewaschastityitself,andcouldnottouchthebodyofanymanexceptherhusband.So,Sitaremainedwhereshewas.ButshegavehimajewelfromherhairtocarrytoRamaandwiththatHanumanreturned.

    LearningeverythingaboutSitafromHanuman,Ramacollectedanarmy,andwithitmarchedtowardsthesouthernmostpointofIndia.ThereRama'smonkeysbuiltahugebridge,calledSetuBandha,connectingIndiawithCeylon.InverylowwaterevennowitispossibletocrossfromIndiatoCeylonoverthesandbanksthere.

    NowRamawasGodincarnate,otherwise,howcouldhehavedoneallthesethings?HewasanIncarnationofGod,accordingtotheHindus.TheyinIndiabelievehimtobetheseventhIncarnationofGod.

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  • 3/28/2015 THERAMAYANA(DeliveredattheShakespeareClub,Pasadena,California,January31,1900)

    https://www.facebook.com/notes/10153167007170132/ 5/7

    Themonkeysremovedwholehills,placedthemintheseaandcoveredthemwithstonesandtrees,thusmakingahugeembankment.Alittlesquirrel,soitissaid,wasthererollinghimselfinthesandandrunningbackwardsandforwardsontothebridgeandshakinghimself.ThusinhissmallwayhewasworkingforthebridgeofRamabyputtinginsand.Themonkeyslaughed,fortheywerebringingwholemountains,wholeforests,hugeloadsofsandforthebridgesotheylaughedatthelittlesquirrelrollinginthesandandthenshakinghimself.ButRamasawitandremarked:"Blessedbethelittlesquirrelheisdoinghisworktothebestofhisability,andheisthereforequiteasgreatasthegreatestofyou."Thenhegentlystrokedthesquirrelontheback,andthemarksofRama'sfingers,runninglengthways,areseenonthesquirrel'sbacktothisday.

    Now,whenthebridgewasfinished,thewholearmyofmonkeys,ledbyRamaandhisbrotherenteredCeylon.Forseveralmonthsafterwardstremendouswarandbloodshedfollowed.Atlast,thisdemonking,Ravana,wasconqueredandkilledandhiscapital,withallthepalacesandeverything,whichwereentirelyofsolidgold,wastaken.InfarawayvillagesintheinteriorofIndia,whenItellthemthatIhavebeeninCeylon,thesimplefolksay,"There,asourbookstell,thehousesarebuiltofgold."So,allthesegoldencitiesfellintothehandsofRama,whogavethemovertoVibhishana,theyoungerbrotherofRavana,andseatedhimonthethroneintheplaceofhisbrother,asareturnforthevaluableservicesrenderedbyhimtoRamaduringthewar.

    ThenRamawithSitaandhisfollowersleftLanka.Butthereranamurmuramongthefollowers."Thetest!Thetest!"theycried,"SitahasnotgiventhetestthatshewasperfectlypureinRavana'shousehold."Pure!sheischastityitself"exclaimedRama."Nevermind!Wewantthetest,"persistedthepeople.Subsequently,ahugesacrificialfirewasmadeready,intowhichSitahadtoplungeherself.Ramawasinagony,thinkingthatSitawaslostbutinamoment,theGodoffirehimselfappearedwithathroneuponhishead,anduponthethronewasSita.Then,therewasuniversalrejoicing,andeverybodywassatisfied.

    Earlyduringtheperiodofexile,Bharata,theyoungerbrotherhadcomeandinformedRama,ofthedeathoftheoldkingandvehementlyinsistedonhisoccupyingthethrone.DuringRama'sexileBharatawouldonnoaccountascendthethroneandoutofrespectplacedapairofRama'swoodenshoesonitasasubstituteforhisbrother.ThenRamareturnedtohiscapital,andbythecommonconsentofhispeoplehebecamethekingofAyodhya.

    AfterRamaregainedhiskingdom,hetookthenecessaryvowswhichinoldentimesthekinghadtotakeforthebenefitofhispeople.Thekingwastheslaveofhispeople,andhadtobowtopublicopinion,asweshallseelateron.RamapassedafewyearsinhappinesswithSita,whenthepeopleagainbegantomurmurthatSitahadbeenstolenbyademonandcarriedacrosstheocean.Theywerenotsatisfiedwiththeformertestandclamouredforanothertest,otherwiseshemustbebanished.

    Inordertosatisfythedemandsofthepeople,Sitawasbanished,andlefttoliveintheforest,wherewasthehermitageofthesageandpoetValmiki.ThesagefoundpoorSitaweepingandforlorn,andhearinghersadstory,shelteredherinhisshrama.Sitawasexpectingsoontobecomeamother,andshegavebirthtotwinboys.Thepoetnevertoldthechildrenwhotheywere.HebroughtthemuptogetherintheBrahmachrinlife.HethencomposedthepoemknownasRamayana,setittomusic,anddramatisedit.

    Thedrama,inIndia,wasaveryholything.Dramaandmusicarethemselvesheldtobereligion.Anysongwhetheritbealovesongorotherwiseifone'swholesoulisinthatsong,oneattainssalvation,onehasnothingelsetodo.Theysayitleadstothesamegoalasmeditation.

    So,Valmikidramatised"TheLifeofRama",andtaughtRama'stwochildrenhowtoreciteandsingit.

    TherecameatimewhenRamawasgoingtoperformahugesacrifice,orYajna,suchastheoldkingsusedtocelebrate.ButnoceremonyinIndiacanbeperformedbyamarriedmanwithouthiswife:hemusthavethewifewithhim,theSahadharmini,the"coreligionist"

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  • 3/28/2015 THERAMAYANA(DeliveredattheShakespeareClub,Pasadena,California,January31,1900)

    https://www.facebook.com/notes/10153167007170132/ 6/7

    thatistheexpressionforawife.TheHinduhouseholderhastoperformhundredsofceremonies,butnotonecanbedulyperformedaccordingtotheShstras,ifhehasnotawifetocomplementitwithherpartinit.

    NowRama'swifewasnotwithhimthen,asshehadbeenbanished.So,thepeopleaskedhimtomarryagain.ButatthisrequestRamaforthefirsttimeinhislifestoodagainstthepeople.Hesaid,"Thiscannotbe.MylifeisSita's."So,asasubstitute,agoldenstatueofSitawasmade,inorderthattheceremonycouldbeaccomplished.Theyarrangedevenadramaticentertainment,toenhancethereligiousfeelinginthisgreatfestival.Valmiki,thegreatsagepoet,camewithhispupils,LavaandKusha,theunknownsonsofRama.Astagehadbeenerectedandeverythingwasreadyfortheperformance.Ramaandhisbrothersattendedwithallhisnoblesandhispeopleavastaudience.UnderthedirectionofValmiki,thelifeofRamawassungbyLavaandKusha,whofascinatedthewholeassemblybytheircharmingvoiceandappearance.PoorRamawasnearlymaddened,andwheninthedrama,thesceneofSita'sexilecameabout,hedidnotknowwhattodo.Thenthesagesaidtohim,"Donotbegrieved,forIwillshowyouSita."ThenSitawasbroughtuponthestageandRamadelightedtoseehiswife.Allofasudden,theoldmurmurarose:"Thetest!Thetest!"PoorSitawassoterriblyovercomebytherepeatedcruelslightonherreputationthatitwasmorethanshecouldbear.Sheappealedtothegodstotestifytoherinnocence,whentheEarthopenedandSitaexclaimed,"Hereisthetest",andvanishedintothebosomoftheEarth.Thepeopleweretakenabackatthistragicend.AndRamawasoverwhelmedwithgrief.

    AfewdaysafterSita'sdisappearance,amessengercametoRamafromthegods,whointimatedtohimthathismissiononearthwasfinishedandhewastoreturntoheaven.ThesetidingsbroughttohimtherecognitionofhisownrealSelf.HeplungedintothewatersofSarayu,themightyriverthatlavedhiscapital,andjoinedSitaintheotherworld.

    Thisisthegreat,ancientepicofIndia.RamaandSitaaretheidealsoftheIndiannation.Allchildren,especiallygirls,worshipSita.Theheightofawoman'sambitionistobelikeSita,thepure,thedevoted,theallsuffering!Whenyoustudythesecharacters,youcanatoncefindouthowdifferentistheidealinIndiafromthatoftheWest.Fortherace,Sitastandsastheidealofsuffering.TheWestsays,"Do!Showyourpowerbydoing."Indiasays,"Showyourpowerbysuffering."TheWesthassolvedtheproblemofhowmuchamancanhave:Indiahassolvedtheproblemofhowlittleamancanhave.Thetwoextremes,yousee.SitaistypicalofIndiatheidealisedIndia.Thequestionisnotwhethersheeverlived,whetherthestoryishistoryornot,weknowthattheidealisthere.ThereisnootherPaurnikastorythathassopermeatedthewholenation,soenteredintoitsverylife,andhassotingledineverydropofbloodoftherace,asthisidealofSita.SitaisthenameinIndiaforeverythingthatisgood,pureandholyeverythingthatinwomanwecallwomanly.Ifapriesthastoblessawomanhesays,"BeSita!"Ifheblessesachild,hesays"BeSita!"TheyareallchildrenofSita,andarestrugglingtobeSita,thepatient,theallsuffering,theeverfaithful,theeverpurewife.Throughallthissufferingsheexperiences,thereisnotoneharshwordagainstRama.Shetakesitasherownduty,andperformsherownpartinit.Thinkoftheterribleinjusticeofherbeingexiledtotheforest!ButSitaknowsnobitterness.Thatis,again,theIndianideal.SaystheancientBuddha,"Whenamanhurtsyou,andyouturnbacktohurthim,thatwouldnotcurethefirstinjuryitwouldonlycreateintheworldonemorewickedness."SitawasatrueIndianbynaturesheneverreturnedinjury.

    Whoknowswhichisthetruerideal?Theapparentpowerandstrength,asheldintheWest,orthefortitudeinsuffering,oftheEast?

    TheWestsays,"Weminimiseevilbyconqueringit."Indiasays,"Wedestroyevilbysuffering,untilevilisnothingtous,itbecomespositiveenjoyment."Well,botharegreatideals.Whoknowswhichwillsurviveinthelongrun?Whoknowswhichattitudewillreallymostbenefithumanity?Whoknowswhichwilldisarmandconqueranimality?Willitbesuffering,ordoing?

    Inthemeantime,letusnottrytodestroyeachother'sideals.Wearebothintentuponthesamework,whichistheannihilationofevil.Youtakeupyourmethodletustakeupourmethod.Letusnotdestroytheideal.IdonotsaytotheWest,"Takeupourmethod."Certainlynot.Thegoalisthesame,butthemethodscanneverbethesame.Andso,after

  • 3/28/2015 THERAMAYANA(DeliveredattheShakespeareClub,Pasadena,California,January31,1900)

    https://www.facebook.com/notes/10153167007170132/ 7/7

    hearingabouttheidealsofIndia,IhopethatyouwillsayinthesamebreathtoIndia,"Weknow,thegoal,theideal,isallrightforusboth.Youfollowyourownideal.Youfollowyourmethodinyourownway,andGodspeedtoyou!"MymessageinlifeistoasktheEastandWestnottoquarreloverdifferentideals,buttoshowthemthatthegoalisthesameinbothcases,howeveroppositeitmayappear.Aswewendourwaythroughthismazyvaleoflife,letusbideachotherGodspeed.

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