the races of afghanistan (1880) by surgeon-major h. w. bellew
TRANSCRIPT
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XJB
TKO B _ I KAGJKE C _ XKE
K DTCBA KOOIREX IA XJB ^TCEOC^KF EKXCIE_
CEJKDCXCEG XJKX OIREXTS
FKXB IE D^BOCKF ^IFCXCOKF HRXS X LKDRF
OKFORXXK
XJKOLBT _^CEL KEH
O I
FIEHIZ= XTR DEBT KE H OI
\ K f f
.cyjtr
rosbrubh ;
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O C O O ` K =
^DCJXBH
S
XBKILBT D^CEZ @
OI
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^ T B A K O B
XJ ` ke f~ so rcp t a tjb aiffiwceg drcba koo iue t ia tj b
rko bs ia Kagjkecstke wks wrct tbe k t Lkduf air tjb
`ist pkrt katbr t fcb hutcbs ia tjb hk y wbrb ivbr keh k t
ih h cetbrvk fs ia fbcsu rb arice iaacockf duscebss wctj tfcb
vcbw ti cts trkes e~ csscie ti Begfkeh air pudfcoktcie
d u t akffceg cf f ks c t h rbw ti z ofisb ke h dbceg idfcgbh
ie tjk t kooiuet t fbkvb Lkduf air Cehck ie scol
fbkvb ` y purpisb oiufh eit db okrrcbh iut.
K eh eiw ie krrcvk f ce Cehck acehceg `ysbfa uekdfb
ti rbvcsb tj b tbxt i r befkrgb c t k s C sjiu fh wcsj ti hi
dy tj b cetrihuotcie ia ~ e u o ff usbauf ke h cetbrbst ceg
` kttb r wjcoj c s kvkcfkdfb C jkvb tji ug jt c t khvcskdfb
t i drceg tj b wirl ti tjb eitcob ia tjb pudf co wctjiut
aurtj br hbfky rk tj br tjke cehbacectbfy pistpieb c ts
kppbkrkeob ti ke ueobrtkce auturb. K eh fclbwcsb
auffy sbescdfb ks
C
k` ia t f ~ b eoie~pfb tbebssia tjb
wirl keh cts sjirtoi`cegs stcff k s bvb ets kr b prigrbss-
ceg wct;; rkpch strchbs ce tjb oiuetry wct;; wjisb
pbipfbs c t hbkfs keh c t cs ia c`pirtkeob tjk t tj b
sud mbot sfciufh db bkrfy driugfct ti tj b eitcob ia tjb
tjcel ceg pudfco fckvb hbb`bh ct prbabrkdfb ti fbt
tj b diil gi airt;; ce ct s ceoi`pfbtbebss ce tjb jipb
t f ~ e t t `ky hcrbot kt tbetcie keh aurtjbr bequcry eh
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^TBAKOB
rbsbkroj ceti tj b ektciukf pboufckrctcbs ia tj b sbv brk f
rkobs trbktbh ia sceob
C
dbfcbvb tjkt air tjb pbkob k e h
sbourc ty ia i u r Cehcke B`pcrb tjby `ust brb v br y
fieg db beriffbh k` ieg tjb f cs t ia c ts vkrcius su dm bo ts
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O I E X B E X _
OJK^XBT
C
OJK^XBT
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X J B KAGJKE
OJK^XBT ;;;
JC_XITS
I A XJB
KAGJKE_
OJK^XBT CQ
DDCXC_JTBF XCIE_ WCXJ KAGJKEC_XKE
OJK^XBT
Q
_JBD KFC
OJK^XBT QC
XJB ^KXJKE
OJK^XBT QCC
OJK^XBT QCCC
OBK^XBT
CZ
XJB LJKXXKL
OJK^XBT Z
XJB HKHCOB
OJK^XBT Z C
XJB G J C ~
OJK^XBT ZCC
XJB XKMCL
OCCK^XBT ZCCC
Xero
CCkzkekJ
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X J B T K O B _
K A G J K E C _ X K E .
OJK^XBT C
CEXTIHROXITS
Eiw
tj k t iur kr`cbs krb ce pissbsscie ia L keh kjk r k e h
Lkduf-tjb bkrfcbr ke h fktb r okpctkfs rbspbotcvbfy ia tj b
fkpsbh Hurrkec B`pcrb keh
ks
rbgkrhs tjb fkt tbr tjb sbkt
ia givbre`bet ia tj b suoobbhceg Hu rrkec Tufws tj kt cs ti
sky tjb okpctkfs ia tjb _khhizkc _jk js ke h D krklzkc Krecrs-
tj b qubstcie krcsbs wj kt krb wb ti hi w c tj tjb oiuetry
jbrbtiairb givbrebh ari` tjbsb sbkts ia kutji rcty ke h fkttb rfy
c e tj b pissbsscie ia tjb T ufbr sbktbh k t L kduf.
Xjb qubstcie cs ieb wjcoj `ust dbairb vbry Cieg
db
kesw brbh d y tj b figco ia kooi`pfcsjbh akots oiesbqubet i e
tjb stbre hb`kehs ia ebobsscty `irb tjke ia `brb pifcoy.
A i r jkvceg ks wb jkv b eiw hieb oi`pfbtbfy hbstriybh tj b
ku tji rc ty ke h givbre` bet ia tjb tyrketfius krch trbkojbrius
H urr ke c Tufbrs wjisb piwbr ct jk s dbbe iur pifcoy ti `kce-
tk ce keh s t rbegtjbe hur ceg tjb pks t qu kr tbr ia k obe tury c t
cs eiw ceorbhcdfb tjkt wb sjbff hbfcdbrktbfy kdkehie tjb
vke tkgb griueh gkcebh cgeirb tj b grbk t hkegbr wb jkvb eiw
tjbrb dy stkvbh iaa keh fbkvb tjb oiu etry k prby
t i
ce tbrekf
kekrojy ke h k prczb t i tjb a crst bxtbrekf khvbeturbr .
Ct
cs
bqu kffy ceoi`prbjbescdfb tj k t wb sjiufh kgkce oi``ct tjb
aiffy ia rbsti rceg tj b hbstriybh g ivbre` bet ia tj b K`crs-
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;
CEXTIHROXCIE
ia rufbrs wji jkvb suoobsscvbfy privbh tjb`sbfvbs akctj fbss
ti tjbcr begkgb`bets trbkojbrius ce tjbcr hbkfcegs k e h
jistc fb ce tjbcr oiehuot tiwkrhs tjb Drct csj Givbre`bet.
Xj b itjbr kf tbrektcvb cs ti kh` cecstbr tjb oiuetry iursbfvbs
bctjbr hcrbotfy ir tjriugj tj b `bhcu` ia ektcvb kgbeoy ue h b r
iu r iw e supbrvcscie. Krch
ce
tjb dbfcba tj kt tj cs c s tj b rbs-
piescdcfc ty wjcoj wb ` ust siiebr ir fktbr tkl b upie iu r-
sbfvbs vbetu rb ti iaabr ti tj b eitcob ia tj b pudfco tj b
aiffiwceg drcba kooiuet ia tjb prceocfdkf ektcies cejkdctceg
Kagjkecstke dy wky ia k s`kff oietrcdutcie tiwkrhs pri-
pbr fy uehbrs tkehceg tjbc r sbvbrkf t r cdbs keh tjbc r h cv brsb
ektciekf cetbrbsts keh pifctcokf tbehbeocbs.
X jb pifctcokf `bksurbs cect cktb h k t _c` fk dbairb iur kvbe g-
ceg kr` y orissbh tjb dirhbr i e c ts r cgjtbius brrkeh ke h w jcoj
driugjt tjb Hurrkec K` cr ce ti tjb Dr ct csj ok`p kuh pfkobh
jcs okpctkf ce tjb jkeh s ia tj b Drctcsj Gbebrkf-keh tjcs w ctj-
i u t ippisctcie air tjb hb` iestrr~ tcie khb k t Ojkrksyk ie
tj b 1 tj Iotidbr dy k jkstcfy oiffbotbh rkddfb cs ei t ti db sbrc-
iusfy oieschbrbh c e tj b fc g j t ia k e baairt t i hbabuh tjb octy-
p u t us ce pissbsscie w ctji ut sbrcius rbscstkeob ia ei t iefy tj b
pbrsie ia tj b K` cr du t ia jcs vks t stirbs ia ` cfctkr y `ue ctcies
-gues dy tjb jue hrbh rcafbs dy tj b tjiuskeh okrtrchgbs d y
tjb `cffcie keh piwhbr dy tjb tie. C e akot d y iur ueippisbh
`kroj
ti
Lfrduf wb lei olbh hiwe w jk t wb jkh ducft up--tjb
piwbr ia tjb K` cr ivbr k oiesifchktbh lceg hi` < ke h w b
hbstriybh w jk t wb jkh jbfpbh ti orbktb-vkst stirbs ia w k r
`ktbrckf.
Keh kf f tjcs ei t k `i` bet tii siie. Ai r wb eiw le iw
air
k
obrtkcety w jk t wks i efy suspbotbh dbairb tj k t tj b ieb
wks eu rturbh c e tj b hbbpbst trbkojbry ti jcs pudfcofy pfbhgbh
kffckeob ke h ar cbehsjcp ke h tj k t tjb itjbr wks hcfcgbetfy
ceorbksbh ari` hky t i h ky air tjb ip pi rtu c~ cty i db bxpbehbh
kgkcest us. D ut c t cs ei t ` y idmbot c e tjbsb pkgbs ti hcs-
ouss tj cs sudmbot eir yb t tj b oiehu ot ia iur ipbrktcies ce
Kagjkecstke.
Xjbsb tipcos oke db ` irb oi evbecbe tfy keh
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CEXTIHROXCIE
khvketkgbiusfy hbkft w ctj jbrbkatbr wjb e tjb jcstiry ia
tjb prbsbet keh prbobhceg ok`pkcges ce tjcs oiuetry oi`bs
t i db w rcttb e ks tjb acekf cssub ia k qu krtb r ia k obetu ry ia
pifctcokf rbfktcicfs wctj tj b Hu rrke c rufbrs ia Kagjkecstke.
t cs `irb ti iur prbsbet purpisb ti oieschbr wji tjb
pbipfb krb wctj wji` uehbr tj b oi`prbfcbescvb tbr` Kagjke
wb krb eiw driugjt ceti hcrbot oietkot ke h wji` c t wcf f brb
vbry fieg db iur cebvctkdfb huty ti givbre
s
sudmbodq ia iur
Ceh cke B` pcrb. Ia tjb ebobsscty ia tjcs cssub ia iur pkst
ke h prbsbet hbkfcegs wc tj tj cs oiuetry tjbrb cs ei fiegbr k e y
khvketkgb ce df celceg tjb oievcotcie. Keh tjb siiebr w b
hbofkrb iur wcff tj b `irb p ri` ptfy wcff tj b pbipfb koobpt
tjb sctuktcie keh kooi``ihktb tjb`sbfvbs ti tfcb ebw rbgc`b
ia Drctcsj rufb mustcob keh pritbotcie.
C e tjb oi`pisctcie ia tj b Kagjke ektcie tjbrb krb ` ke y
oiehctcies akviurkdfb ke h khvketkgbius ti tjb pbkobkdfb k e h
sbou rb bstkdfcsff`bet ia iur rufb ca w b iefy sbt kdi ut tj b
w ir l w ctj bkrebst ke h cetbf fcgbet purpisb.
eh
tjb ofub
kpprbocktcie ia tjbsb oiehctcies wcff db tjb oruockf tbs t ia
i u r suoobss ir ak cfurb.
Ks k e k ch tiwkrhs krr cv ceg k t k oirrbot muh pbet ie tj cs
kf f- c`p irtket qubstcie k e bequcry cet i tjb ircgce ke h btjeco
kaacf~ ctcbs ia t j b vkrcius pbipfbs oi`pisceg tj b oi`pfbx
Kagjke ektciekfcty-kpkrt ari` tj b cejb rbet cetbrbst ia tjb
sudmbot c tsbfa-`ky pbrjkps k t tj b prbsbet mueoturb privb
usbauf . Xj b bequcry wcff k t tj b sk`b t c` b ` klb ofbkr ti t j b
rbkhbr tjb prc`b okusbs ia tjb kekro jy ke h cestkdcf c ty wjcoj
jk vb ojkrkotbrczbh tj b jcstiry ia tfcb o iue try bvbr sceob c t
b`brgbh ari` k pisctcie ia sudirhcektcie ti ct s ebcgjdiurceg
b`pcrbs ie tj b schb ia ^brsck ke h Ce hc k rbspbotcvbfy ti ieb ia
kdsifutb cehbpb ehbe ob ue hbr e ktc vb sivbrbcges-okusbs wj coj
iwb tjbcr ircgce ti tjb hcvbrsc ty ia rkob ke h tjb ketkgiecs`
ia trcd kf cetb rbs ts k`ieg k jbtbrigbebius ke h dkrdkrius
pbipfb wji jkvb dbbe iefy driugjt tigbtjbr ks k ektciekfc ty
d y tj b koochbet ia pisctcie ke h tj b di eh ia k oi``ie rbfcgcie.
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;4 CEXTIHROXCIE
Dbairb betbrceg upie tjcs bequcry,
ct
cs ebobsskry t i prbh
`csb-fbss k s k j ce t ti tj b okptcius orctco tjk e
s
k e kpifi,ky
t i tjb bkrebst stuhbet-tjkt tjb wirl jks dbbe w rct tbe ai r
tj b `ist pk rt ari` `b` iry k t ihh cetbrvkfs ia fbcsurb
ari` iaacockf hutcbs hurceg tjb oiursb ia tjb prbsbet ok`pkcge
c e Lkduf, keh , w ctj tjb bxobptcie ia si`b eitb-diil `b`i-
rkehk wjcoj jkppbebh ti jkvb k t jkeh, wc tjiut tcf `bkes
ia rbabrbeob ti kutffirctcbs air hk tbs be h hbtkcfs. X jb kooiu et
cs, tjbrbairb, ebobsskrcfy ia k drcb a keh su``kry ek turb d u t
suoj s c t cs, jiwbvbr, t ru st tj k t c t wcff db aiueh ti b`dihy
su 2 o cb e t ceair`ktcie-`uoj ia wjcoj cs betcrbfy ebw, keh,
si akr k s k` kwkrb, eiw air tj b acrst tc`b pudfcsjbh, dbceg
tj b rbsuft ia pbrsiekf bequcrcbs k e h rbsbkroj hu rce g sbvbrkf
ybkrs' sbrvcob ie tj b K agj ke Arietcbr-ti bekdfb tj b gbebrk f
rbkhbr ti uehbrstkeh tj b ` utu kf rbfkt cies tiwkrhs bkoj itjb r
ke h tiw krh s iursbfvbs ia tj b sbvb rkf hcstce ot pbipfbs oi`-
prcsbh c e w jk t c s leiwe t i us s tj b Kagjke e ktciekfcty.
A i r tj b purpisbs ia tjcs beq ucry c t wcff suaacob ti oieschbr
ks Kagjkecstke kf f tj kt rbgcie wjcoj cs diuehbh ie .tjb ei rtj
dy tjb Ixus, ke h ie tjb siutj dy Dkfiojcs tke e tjb bks t
d y tjb `chhfb oiursb ia tj b Cehus, keh ie t jb wbst d y tj b
hbsbrt ia ^brsck. Xj b cejk dctk ets ia tj b krbk tjus hbacebh
krb eit k uectbh ektcie ia tjb sk`b stiol ke h f cebkgb eir
hi tjb y pissbss tj b sk`b pifct cokf cetbrbsts ke h tr cdkf k -
ectcbs. Ie tj b oietrkry, tj b y oiescst ia hcaabrbet rkobs, k e h
hcvbrsb ektciekfctcbs, wct r cvkf cetbrbsts keh ketkgiecst co
k` jctcies ks tiwkrhs bkoj itjbr.
Xj b iefy oi``ie dieh ia uecie k`ieg tjb` cs tj k t ia
rbf cgcie, ke h ti tjcs tjb cr hbvitcie cs ia k akektco lceh, iw ceg
t i tj b dfcehebss ia tjbcr cgeirkeob keh tjb gbebrkf dkrdkrcs`
ia tjbcr siockf oiehctcie. t c s k hbvitcik, tii, wjcoj j k s
dbbe aistbrbh ke h stc`u fktbh ce ei s`kff hbgrbb-tjiugj e i t
kfw kys w ctj uecair` bkrebstebss ia rbspiesb-tjriugj t j b
prcbstjiih dy tjb pbrscstbet keh hbtbr`cebh baairts ia tjb
hq ` ceke t rkob,-ia tj b Hurrkec,--wji jk s iwbh tjb oie tceu keo b
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CEXTIHROXCIE ;?
ia jcs kutjirc ty keh piwbr ti i ur oiescstbet supp irt ce rbt ur e
air k pfbhgbh arcbehsjcp wjcoj j k k t fkst dbbe hcsoivbrbh ti
tj b wirfh ks akfsb ke h trbkojbrius ari` dbgceeceg ti beh.
X j b oijbscie, jiwbvbr, wj coj tj b s bvbrkf hcs tceo t rkobs
hbrcvb ari` tj b ceafubeob ia k oi``ie rbfcgcie cs ei t vb ry
stri eg ei r v bry hurkdfb, iwceg ti t j b ofksscacoktcie, si`bw jkt
uebqukf tjiugj c t db, ia tjb pbipfb uehbr tjb twi grbk t ke h
jistcfb sbots ce ti wjcoj tjb ojuroj ia @ujk``kh, lei we
d y tj b tbr` fsfk` (wjbeob @usfc`, pfurk f @usfc`ce, vuf i
@uskf`je, tj b ek` b air cts priabssirs), cs hcvchbh. C e it jb r
wirhs, iwceg ti tjbcr hcvcscie ce ti tjb irtjihix _u ee c ke h
t j b jbtbrihix _ jck. _i grbk t ke h si crrboieocfkdfb krb
t j b mbkfiuscbs k e h kec`isctcbs ia tjbsb tw i rcvkf sbots, t j k t
tj by hbstriy, t i k oieschbrkdfb bxtbe t , tjb strbe gtj itjbrwcsb
hbrcvkdfb ari` tjb priabsscie ia k oo`roie rbfcgcie. K e h
tj u s c t cs wb aceh tj k t tjb rbf cgcius bfb`bet kfieb akc fs oi`-
pfbtbfy ti hi`cektb tjb hcvbrgbeocbs ia rkob cest ceots keh
trc dk f cetbrbsts.
X i tj b ipbrktcie ia tjbsb okusbs oi`dcebh cs ti db kt trc -
du tbh tj b akot t j k t tj b Kagjke ektciekfc ty rb`kces k hcs-
ue ctb h kggfi`brktcie ia hcaabrbet rkobs, wjcoj kr b iefy fiisbfy
jbfh tigbtjbr, si fieg
s
ieb ir i tjbr ia tjb`, prippbh dy
bxtbr ekf kf fckeob ke h suppirt , cs `kcetkcebh ce k pisct cie ia
hi`cekeob ks tjb ruf ceg rkob . A i r tjb fks t juehrbh keh tj c r t y
ybkrs, `irb ir fbss, tjcs hi`ceket pisctcie jks dbbe jbfh
d y tj b Kagjke, ir, ks jb cs gbebrkffy s ty fbh ce rbabrbeob t i
jcs dbceg ia tjb rufceg rkob, tjb Hurrk ec keh c t cs ari` jc`
tj k t t j b oi`pfbx e ktciekfc ty, ks wbff ks tjb oiuetry c tsbfa,
jkv b rbobcvbh tjbcr ek`bs-Kagjke ke h Kagjke cstke.
X jb prceocpkf ektciekfctcbs w jcoj tigbtj br oi`pisb tj b
cejk dctke ts ia Kagjkecstke, krb tj b Kagjke, tjb ^ktjrce, tj b
Gjcfzkc, tjb Xtcm cl, ke h tj b Jkzkrkj. Xj brb krb dbschbs tjb
fbssbr ektciekfctcbs ia tj b Oj jr Ky`Ko ie tj b wbstbre arie tcbrs
kdiut Jbrk t , tjb Rzdkl ie tj b siutjbre dke l ia tjb Ixus,
ke h tjb Lkacr ie tjb siutjbre sfipbs ia J ceh u Lusj. Xjbsb,
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8
CEXTIHROXCIE
jiwbvbr bxbrocsb fcttfb
c
key ceafubeob ce tjb kaakcrs ia
tjb
oiuetry ks k wjifb keh ebbh eit eiw begkgb iur kttbetcie.
Fb t us priobbh ti eitcob s drcbafy s pisscdfb bkoj
i
tjb acrst
sbt
c e
ture.
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OJK^XBT ;;
XJ KAGJKE
X J B trkhctcies ia tjcs pbipfb rbabr tjb` ti _y rck s t jb
oiu etry ia tjbcr rbschbeob k t tjb t c`b tj by wbrb okrrcbh kwky
ce ti okptcvc ty dy Du lj tuek skr (Ebduojkhebzzkr) , keh pfketbh
k s oifiecsts ce hcaabrbet pkrts ia ^brsck k e h @bhck. ^r i`
tjbsb pisctcies tjb y, k t si`b sudsbqubet pbrcih, b` cgrktbh
bkstwkrh cet i tjb `iuetkceius oiu etry ia Gjir, wjbrb tjb y
wbrb okffbh d y tj b ebcgfcdiurceg pbipfbs Dk ec Kagjke k e h
Dk ec Csrkcf, ir oj cfhrbe ia Kagj ke ke h ojcfhrbe ia Csrkb f
C e oirridirktcie ia tj cs wb jkvb tj b tbstc`i ey ia tj b pri-
pjbt-Bshrks ti t jb baabot tj k t tjb tbe trcdbs ia Csrkbf, wji
wbrb okrrcbh ceti okptcvcty, sudsbqubetfy bsokpbh ke h aiueh
rbaugb ce tjb oiuetry ia ~ r s k r b ' t j ,wjcoj cs suppisbh ti db
chbetcokf w ctj tjb Jkzkrkff oiuetry ia tjb prbsbet hky, keh
ia wjcoj Gj ir air`s k pkrt. C t cs kfsi stktbtf ce tjb Xkdk-
ok tc Ekscrc-k jcstircokf wi rl wj coj oietkces, k`ieg it jb r
ceair` ktcie, k hbtkcfbh kooiu et ia t j b oiequbst ia tj cs oiue-
t r y dy Ojkegjcz Ljke-tjkt c e tjb t c`b ia tjb ekt cvb
_jkeskdc hyek sty tjbrb wks k pbipfb okffbh Dke c Csrkc f f cvceg
c e tj kt oiu etry, krch tj k t si`b ia tjb` wbrb bxtbescvbfy
begkgbh c e trk hb w ctj tj b oiuetrcbs kriueh.
Xj cs pbipfb wks sbttfbh ce tj b Gjir oiuetry , ti tj b bkst ia
Jbrkt , k t tjb t c`b tj kt @ujk``kh keeiueobh jcs `csscie
s
tj b ^ri pj bt ia Gih-kdiut
14?
K
H.
Keh c t wks t jb rb
t j k t Ljkfch-dce-Wkfch, k ojcba ia tj b Ourbsj trcd b ia Krkds,
ok`b ti tjb` wctj tjb t chcegs
ia
tjb edw ak c tj , keh ke
cevctkt cie ti mice tj b ^ripjbt's s tkehkrh. X jb brrkeh ia
tj cs K rkd kpistfb wiufh kpp krbe tfy su ppirt tjb vcbw jbfh
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;1
XJB
TKOB_ IA
KAGJKEC_XKE
dy si`b t j k t tjb Kagjke pbipfb wbrb ircgcekffy ia k e K rkd
tr cdb , keh jkh f celbh tjb c r air tuebs w c tj tjb Csrkbf ctbs ce
_y rck, ke h sjkrbh tjb fit ia tjb tbe tr cdbs wjcoj wbrb okrrcbh
kw ky ceti okpt cvc ty . Db tj cs ks c t `ky, tj b `csscie ia
Ljkfch wks eit w ctjiu t suoobss, air jb rbturebh ti tj b ^ ri -
pjb t, kooi`pkecbh d y k hbpu tktcie ia scx ir sbvbe rbprbsbet-
ktcv b `be ia tj b Kagjke pbipfb keh tjb cr aiffiwbrs
k` iue tceg ce kff ti sbvbety-scx pbrsies. Xj b ojcba ir fbkhb r
ia tjcs pkrty w s ek`bh Lkcs ir Lcsj.
Xj b trkhctcies ia tjb pbipfb gi ie t i tjb baabot tj k t tjc s
Lk cs ke h jcs oi`pkecies ai ugj t si wbff ke h suoobssauffy c e
tjb okusb ia tjb ^ripjbt , tj kt @ujk``kh, ie hcs`cssceg
tjb` ti tjbcr ji`bs, prbsbetbh tjb` w ctj jkehsi`b gcats ,
oi`pfc`betbh tjb` ie tjbcr drkvbry, ke h gcvceg tjb` j cs
dfbssceg airbtifh
gfircius okrbbr air tjbcr ektcie, ke h pri-
`csbh tj kt tjb t c t fb ia @ kfcl (ir lce g) sjiu fh hcstcegucsj
tjbcr ojcbas air bvbr. (X jb tbr ` @kfcl, c t ` ky db jbrb
eitbh, cs kpp krbe tfy pboufckr ti tj b Kagjke ektciekfc ty. K t
tjb prbsbet hk y c t cs tjb t c t fb ia tj b fiwbst grkhb ia eidcf c ty
k`iffg t j b Kagjke, tj b ^ktjDe, ke h tj b Gjcfzkc,-tjkt cs t i
sky, tj b ^ufrj ti-spbklceg rkobs. K ` ie g tj b ^brscke-spbkl-
ceg rkobs, tj b oirrbspiehceg tbr` cs Lkfccetkr k`ie g tjb
,
Xjmcl, keh @cjtkr k`ircg tjb Jkzkrkj, ke h Koskocf k`i eg
tjb X u rl tr cdbs ia Dkflj. C e bkoj oksb tj b tbr` scgecacbs
oj cb a ir bfhbr. )
K t tjb sk`b tc`b tjb ripjb t , k s k ` kr l
ia spbockf akviur ke h hcstceotcie , wks pfbksbh ti ojkegb t j b
Jb drbw ek`b ia Lk cs ti tj b Krk d ieb ia Kd hur Tksjch-
jb sbrvke t ia tj b trub guch b -keh, bxj irtceg jc` ti st rcv b
ce tjb oievbrscie ia j cs pbipfb, oieabrrbh ie jc ` tj b tctf b ia
^kjtDe, -k tbr` wjcoj tj b Kagjke diil-` klbrs bx pfk ce
ti db k _y rcke wirh scgecayceg t jb ru hhb r ia k sjcp, ks t j b
ebw prisbfytb wks jbeobairtj t i db tj b guch b ia jcs pbip fb
ce tj b wk y tj by sjiufh gi.
Ai r obeturcbs katbr tjcs pbrcih tjb jcstiry ia tjb Kagjk es
ks k hcstceot pbipfb cs cevifvbh ce `uoj idsourcty, ke h
t
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X
KAGJKE
7
wiufh sbb` tj k t
ct
wks ie fy si`b tj rbb
ir
aiir juehrbh
ybk rs kgi tj k t tjb cr prcbsts dbgku oieoiotceg gbebkfigcbs ke h
f~cs ti r cbs i gcvb air` k eh oijbscie ti tjb vbry `cxbh ektcie-
k f c ty wjcoj jkh k t kdiut tj k t t c`b griwe ce ti bxcstbeob ks
rbsuft ia tj b pifctcokf oievufbcies k e h hy eks tco rbvifutcies
wjcoj hurce g prbobhceg obeturcbs jeh mu`dfbh up tigbtjbr
wc tj ce tjb k rbk ia tjb oiuet ry eiw leiw e
s
Kagjkecstke
k
vkr cbty ia hcaabrbet rkobs si`b ia wjcoj
wbrb
ircgcukf
i r bkrfy iooupkets ke h itjbrs ebw-oi`brs.
K t wjkt pbrcih tj b Kagjkes ia G jir `ivbh airwkrh ke h
sbt tfbh ce tj b Lke hkjkr oiuetry wjcoj cs eiw tjbcr ji`b
cs
u ~ teiwe. Ct eppbkrs jiwbvbr ari` tj b wrctceg s ia tj b
bkrfy @ujk` `khke jcstirckes tj k t ce tjb acrst obetury ia tjbcr
brk-tjb sbvbetj -bcgj tj ia iurs-tjb privceo b ia _ cs tk e
`ks
iooupcbh
y
k e Crchcke pbipfb. K t tjk t t c`b tjb tbrr c tirckf
bx tbe t ia _cstke wks vbry `uoj wchbr tjke tjb rbs t r co tbh
fct tfb privceob ia tj b p rbsbet hky. K t
Ojkt tc`b _cstke ir
_kmcstke ks c t cs wrct tbe ce ektcv b diils oi`prcsbh
kff
t j b
oiue try ari` tjb jbkh wktbrs ia tj b Xkrek l keh Krgjkske
rcvbrs ke h tjb Xidk rkegb ia jcf fs ie t jb bkst ti tj b E cj
DkehFe rkeg b ia jcffs k e h H ksj tc Ecu` `bh-H bsbrt ia
Hbspkcr--ie tj b wbst ari` t j b vkffbys ia tjb Jbf`keh ke h
Krgjkehccd r cvbrs ie tjb eir tj ti tjb Ljimk K ` r j rkegb
ke h tj b Dkfiojcstke hbsb rt ie tj b siutj.
Ct oi`prcsbh ce
akot t jb Hrkegckek ke h Krkoj1sck ia tjb Grbbl wrctbrs . Xj b
air`br w ks katbrw krhs okffbh _cmcstke katbr tjb _ kl k _oytjckes
wji iooupcbh c t kdiut t jb a crst obetury ia iur brk ke h tj b
fkt tbr wks okffbh GkehjFr katbr tj b Ce hck e Gk ehj crk wji c t
sbb`s ivbrpiwbrbh k lceh rbh pbipfb c e p rcir pissbsscie si`
tc` b katb r t j b Grbbfo oiequbst.
W ji tjb Cehcke pbipfb iooupyceg tj cs oiuetry k t tjb t c`b
ia t jc s Krkd cevkscie w brb wcff db `betciebtf prbsbetfy du t c t
sbb`s ofbkr tj by wbrb ei t tj b iefy cejkd ctkets tjbrbia d u t
sjkrbh c t wc tj tj b ektcvb ^brs cke keh itjbr c``cgrket t r cdbs
ia _oytjco ircgce. Ai r tj b privceob ctsbfa hbrcvbh cts ek`b
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: XJB DKOB_
I
KAGJKEC_XKE
ia _jlcstce, _kgcstke, _kmcsGe,
st t e
ari` tjb _kclk,
wj
wbrb pridkdfy t jb sk`b pbipfb ks tj b _Dlrc JO `uv krgk ` be -
tciebh ce tjb tkdfbs ia Hkrcus (sbb Tkwfcesie s J bri hi tus )
- _cclcc hwbffbrs ie tjb Jrc`tc ir K`G, wjcoj j y ari `
tjb bkrf cbst t c`bs dbbe tj b ek` b ia tj b fiwbr oiursb ia
tjb Ixus r cvb r < tjb fk t tbr tbr` dbceg tj b Grbbl air`
ia
Wkljsj , wjcoj c s tjb ek`b ia tjb R pp br Ixus kdivb t j b
picet wjbrb
ct
cs micebh dy tjb ^kemkj.
C t cs pridkdfb tjk t , ce tj b oiursb ia tj b rbpbktbh ` cfc tkry
bxpbhct cies okrrcbh dy tjb Krkds ari` tjb schb ia ^brsck
kgkcest _ceh, k vkrcb ty ia ebw rkobs wbrb driugjt cet i t j b
oiuetry air`ceg tjb siutjbre p krt ia tjb prbsbet Kagjkecs-
tke, c e h tj kt bxtbescvb ojkegbs ioourrbh ce tj b prbvciusfy
bxcst ceg fiokf hcstr cdutcie ia tjb cejkdctkets . C e tj b dbgce-
ece g ia tjb tb et j ob etu ry ia iur brk, tj b oi ue try ia ]rcduf-
c s t c e (tj b ifh ek`b ia tj b siutj bre jkfa ia Kagjkecstke, ks
L cdu f cs t ce wks ia c t s eir tjbre jkfa ) wks cejkdctbh dy k vkr cb ty
ia rkobs spbklceg hcaabrbet fkegukgbs, k e h bvbe k t tj kt t c` b
tjb Krkd w rctbrs w brb puzzfbh ks t i tjb cr ircgce keh chbetcac-
ok t cie
Xjcs dbceg si, wb ` ky oieofuhb tj kt tj b Kagjkes wj be
tjby khvkeobh ce ti Lkehkjkr , wjcoj tj by hch c e k f f pridk-
dcf c ty ks `cf c tkry oifiecsts uehbr tj b stkeh krh ia tjb K rkd
Ljtcfca, k t acrst jbfh tj bcr iw e d y airob ia kr`s, d u t grkh ukffy
dbceg ce tjb `ceirc ty k s ti eu`dbrs, dfbehbh w ctj tj b oie-
qubrbh pbipfb, ke h dbok`b kdsirdbh ce tj b gbebrkf pipufktcie
ia tjb oiuetry. Ks oiequbrirs, jiwbvbr, tj by rbtkcebh tjb cr
iwe ektciekf t c tfb , w jcoj ce t c` b dbok`b tj kt ia tj b oie-
qubrbh pbipfb w ctj wji`, d y cetbr`krrckgb, tj by chbetcacbh
tjb`sbfvbs. Xj cs vcbw cs supp irtbh dy tj b bvchbeob kaairhbh
dy tjbcr gbebkfigcokf tkdfbs, wjcoj, ct kppbkrs, wbrb iefy
oieoiotbh fieg obeturcbs katbr t jb K rk d oiequbst ia tj b
oiuetry, ke h tj b oievbrscie ia c ts jbtbrigbebius pipufktcie t
tjb ebw akc tj wjcoj si rkpchfy sprbkh ivbr ke h ojkegbh tj b
akob ia Ksck
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XJB
KAGJKE 3
Xjb acotcies ia tjb Kagjke gbebkfigcsts keh jcstirckes krb
kdsurh beiugj keh tjbcr akots wiehbrauffy hcstirtbh< dut air
tjb. okrbauf bequcrbr tjby jkvb tjbcr vkfub ks guchbs ti k rcgjt
oieofuscie. Xjus ari` tjb Lkcs kdivb-`betciebh wjisb
iwe trcdb wks ircgcekffy dut ke cescgecacoket pbipfb ks ti
eu`dbrs keh piwbr tjb Kagjke gbebkfigcsts hbrcvb kff tjb
^uljti-spbklceg pbipfbs ia Kagjkecstke pkrtfy dy hcrbot
hbsobet keh pkrtfy dy khiptcie ie kooiuet ia k sc`cfkrcty ia
fkegukgb keh siockf pifcty.
Lkcs tjby sky `krrcbh k hkugjtbr ia tjkt Ljkfch-dce-Wkfch
wji driugjt jcs pbipfb tjb acrst tchcegs ia tjb ^ripjbt keh jcs
hiotrceb keh dy jbr jb jkh tjrbb sies wji` jb ek`bh rbs-
pbotcvbfy _krkdke Dktke keh Gjurgjusjt. Xjbsb ek`bs krb
ia tjb`sbfvbs vbry rb`krlkdfb keh kt ieob kaairh k ofub ti
tjb oi`pisctcie ia tjb ektcie ari` ke btjeco picet ia vcbw
s
wcff db sbbe ce tjb aurtjbr oiursb ia tjcs trbktcsb.
Xjb Kagjkes ripbr-tjb Dkec Csrkcf ks tjby okff tjb`sbfvbs
ce spbockf hcstceotcie ti k;; itjbr hcvcscies ia tjb ektcie--ofkss
tjb`sbfvbs s tjb hbsobehkets ia _krkdke tjriugj jcs
twi sies _jk yace keh LjrcsjyGe.
Ari` _jk yace tjbrb
kprueg acvb ofkes tjb prceocpkf ia wjcoj cs okffbh _jbir8ec.
Ari` LjrcsjyGe tjbrb sprueg tjrbb ofkes ek`bfy Lkeh
]k`keh keh COkesc. Xjb Lkeh wks hcvchbh ceti tjb Ljkljc
keh Gjirc keh ceofuhbh tjb @kehker keh SGsuazkc ofkes.
Xjby krb kff eiw sbttfbh ce tjb ^bsjkwkr vkffby.
Xjb ]K@KEHbrb ircgcekffy sbttfbh ie tjb fiwbr oiursb ia
tjb Krgjks_e rcvbr keh ce ^bsjce ir Aisjkeg s ct wks k t
tjkt tc`b-:-3
J.
ir 1?> K. H.--okffbh. Xjby wbrb sudsb-
qubetfy iustbh dy tjb Xkrce trctb ia Kagjkes keh b`cgrktbh
ti @uftke ce fkrgb eu`dbrs. Dut tjbcr ojcba ofke okffbh
LjGsjgc ir Ljusjgkrc b`cgrktbh dy wky ia Gjkzec keh LG
duf ti tfcb Gjirdkeh keh khmiceceg vkffbys ia Jcehu Lusj keh
sbttfbh tjbrb. C e tjb tc`b ia tjb B`pbrir Dkdur `ist ia
tjb` kooi`pkecbh jcs kr`cbs ceti Cehck keh tjbrb aiuehbh
rcbttfb`bet k t LkkGr ebkr Fkjirb. _i`b ia tjb` rb`kcebh ce
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ZC
XJ
TKOB_ I KA[JKEC_XKC9.
tj b ^ b sj k ` r vkffby, wjbrb tjb vcf fkgb ia Ljwbsjgc ` kr l s
tjb cr prceocpkf sbtt fb`bet. Xjbrb krb st c f f ` key ia t jb ofke
ce Gjirdkeh ke h Li jcs tke ia Lkduf , wjbrb t j by
krb
eiw
leiw e d y tj b ek`b ia L jfcsjljrc ir Lrcojlcrf.
X j b LKE ~ Ckr fy b`cgrktbh ti Jceh ustke keh tjb H bll ke,
keh k rb ei t eiw leiwe ce Kagjkecs tke, tjiugj dy ` ` b ' tj b
_jcew&x-ckrb supp sbh t i dbfieg ti tj cs hcvcscie.
Xjbsb sbvbrkf trcdbs krb hcvchbh ceti eu` dbr ia ofkes
ke h sud-trcdbs, tj b ek`bs ia ` key ia wjcoj kr b hcs tceo tfy
ia Ce hc ke ircgce. X jb spbockf Kag jke trcdb, jiwbvbr, cs okffbh
Kdhhc k e h cs `irb oi``iefy le iw e sceob tj b tc`b ia Kj ` kh
_jkj-tjb acrst cehbp beh bet sivbrbcge ia Kagjkecstke ia tj cs
rkob-dy tj b ek` b Hurrkec . Xj b Hu rrkec oi`prcsb tj b
aiffiwceg ojcba hcvcscies ir ofkes, ek` bfy, _khhizkc, ^ip ufzkc,
DDrklzkc, Jkfklizkc, Kojklzkc, EGrzkc, Cs jfozkc, k e h L j cg -
wjec. 'C'jbcr ji`b k e h acxbh sbkt cs L keh kj kr privceob-tjb
air`br oiu etry ia tj b Oakehjjrk, wji, k t k e b krfy pbrcih sa
iur brk, sprbkh ceti tjb prbsbet Jkzkrkj oiu etry kfieg tj b
oiursbs ia tj b Jb f`k eh k e h Krgjkeh^d rcvbrs. @b` dbrs
ia bkoj ofke, jiw bvbr, kr b aiueh ce s` kff siocbtcbs sok ttbrb h
kf f ivbr tj b pfk ce oiuetry
u p ti Lkd uf keh Mk fk fkdkh, keh
tjby krb tjbrb sb t tfbh `istfy
ks firhs ia tj b sicf ir `cf c tkry
abiaabbs, tj b pbipfi ia tj b oi ue try, si akr s oieobres tj b kgrc-
oufturkf oi` `uecty, dbceg tjb cr tbek ets ir sbras.
X j b _ HHI] Cfke aurecsjbh tjb a crst cehbpbehbe t _jkjs,
ir lcegs, ia tj b H urr ke c hye ksty, k eh tjb Dhrkfrzkc aurecsjb h
tj b K `crs, ir hcotktirs. Xj b f ceb ia tjb _j kj s wks i vb r.
tj riwe
c e
tj b tj crh gbebrktcie, k atbr k pritrkotbh pbrcih ia
kekro jy krch oietbe tcie wjcoj drilb iu t c`` bhcktbfy katb r
tjb hbktj ia tjb a crst lc eg ke h aiuehbr ia tj b ektciekf cehb-
pbehbeob. Xj b fceb ia tj b K` crs, be tcrb fy iwceg ti tj b oie-
scstbe t suppirt ia tjb Drct csj Givbre`bet, jks rbkojbh
k
aiurtj suoobssir
ce
tjb pbrsie ia tjb eiw bvcffy eitircius
Skoacd Ljke.
W b `u st eiw r btu re ti tj b keobstir, k`ie g wjisb hbsobeh-
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XJ
KAkJdE
4
k e ts tjb Kagjkes ofkss tjb`sbfvbs, ek`bfy, _krkdke. Xj cs
ek`b cs bvchbetfy k oirruptcie, ir pbrjkps ektu rkf vkrcket
air` ia _u rykd kes -tjb sifkr ir riyk f rkob-eiw rbprbsbe tbh
c e Ceh ck dy tjb Trcgp1t. _c`cfkrfy tjb ek`bs ia jcs sies
Ljrcsjyfce keh _jkrmyfce, ke h ia jcs grkehsie _j birce c , krb
o fbkr fy o j k q b h ai r`s ia tjb oi``ie Tc mp t c t ke h Drkj`ke
pripbr ek`bs Lrcsjke, _u rmke, ke h _ jcvkrk` i r _jbirk`.
J iw tj b Kagjke gbebkfigy-`iegbrs ok`b ti khipt tj b
ek` b _krk dke wcff db uehbrstiih, ca wb rbabr ti tjb ketbrcir
jcs tiry ia tj b oiuetry
c e
wjcoj tjkt pbipfb sbttfbh ks oie-
qubrirs. C t `ks stktbh ce prbobhceg pksskgb tj kt , hur ceg tjb
acrst obetu ry ia tj b @ ujk`` khke brk-tjb -sbvbe tj ia iu r
iwe-tffb oiuetry ia _cstke, wjcoj k t tj k t t c`b c f~ofu hbh jb
prbsbet privceob ia Lke hkjkr, wks cejkdctbh dy k e Cehcke
pbipfb, wji`
ct
wks t jb pbrscstbfft baairt ia tjb K rkds ti oie-
qubr ke h oievbr t. Ke h wb leiw ari` tjb loi rhs ia j c s t i r y f
tjk t , kp krt ari` tjb trkesabr ir hcspfkob`bet ia pipufktcies
oiesbofubet up ie prcir crru ptci es ia _oy tjco jirhbs ari` t j b
eirtj-bkst, tjb rb tiil pfkob kd iu t tw i obeturcbs bkrfcbr, ir
hurce g tjb acatj k e h db gceuceg ia tjb scxtj ia iur brk, k vbry
piwbrauf b`cgrktcie ia k e Ce hck e pbipfb ard` tjb wbstbre
dk el ia tjb Cehu s ti tjb vkf fby ia tj b Jbf`keh ke h c t s t r c-
=du tkr y strbk`s, tiwkrhs k lcehrbh pbipfb kfrbkhy sbt t fbh
tjbrb.
Xjcs b`cgrkt cie b e re ssb wks iwceg, ct wiufh kppbkr,
ti tj b c r rupt cie ce ti tj b Cehus vkf fby ia t ffb Mk ts , keh Lkt t c ,
ke h itjbr _o ytjco trcdbs, w ji kdi ut tj kt pbrcih piurbh ivbr
tjb Jcehu Lusj .
X jb M k t s ke h Lktt c- tjb Oabtbs ke h O ktt c
ia Bu ripbk e ku tjirs-krb eiw fkrgbfy rbprbsbetbh c e tjcs sbkt
ia tjbcr bkrfy oiequbst c e tj b M k t (ir GGmkr s j b
cs
oi``iefy
sty fbh ) kgrcoufturkf pipufktcie ia tj b ^kffmkd, ke h cu tjb L kt t c
ia L kt t cw kr ir L kt t cykwkr .
C e ~ ag j k e cs tk e t jb M k t c s leiw e dy tjb ek`b ia Gjmkr,
wjcoj cs k Jc eh c tbr` bxprbsscvb ia jcs okffceg s k rbkrbr ia
o ttfb ke h jusdkeh`ke, keh j b cs aiueh ce t fcb grbktbs t
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XJB KAGJKE
4?
wbrb tjb Gkehkrcc, ke h tjbc r oiue try wks tj b G kehkr ck ia tj b
Grbbl kutjirs . Xj by wbrb tj b Gkehjjra, keh tjbc r oiuetry
tj b _ cehjc c Gkehjjrk ia tj b Jce hu wrc tbrs . Xjcs pbipfb
k e h tjbcr oiu etry wcff db eitcobh ` irb auffy jbrbkatbr , d ut
ct
` ky db stktbh jbrb tj kt tj b bkrfy b`cgrkets eit ircfy g vb
tji ek`b ia Gke hjfr , ir Lkehjjr , ir Lkehkjdr ti tjb pr c`b
sbk t ia tjbcr ebw sbttfb`bet ke h rufb, d ut kotukffy, si`b tb e
obeturcbs fktbr, sbe t k piwbrauf oifiey dkol ti t jb cr prc` ctcvb
ji`b. Tb ture b`cgrkets betcrb fy cgeirket ia tjb cr ` itjb r
oiuetry, keh, rbgbebrktbh dy Csfj`, trbkt ceg tjbcr lcehrbh k e h
airbcgebrs kfclb, w ctji ut hcstceotcie, k s oursbh ceachbfs k e h
Jcehus.
Xj b b`cgrktcie ia tj b Sccsuazkc k e h @kj`keh, w ctj tj b
Ljkljc keh Gjirylljbf Kagjkes a ri` tjb Lkehkjkr pri-
vceob t i tj b ^bsj kw kr vkffby, wcff db hbsorcdbh aur tjb r ie.
Jb rb c t wcff suaacob t i cehcoktb tj b rbksie w j y tj b Kagjke
gbebkfigcst tiil tjb tbr` _krkdke air tjb ek`b ia tjb keobs-
tir ia t jb acrst ia tj b tjrbb ektcies irgcekffy sp rue g ari`, ir
rbabrrbh ti, tjb cr grb kt prigbectir Lkcs. _ury kdke s w ks t j b
hcst ceotcvb rkob t c t fb ia tjb Tjmph t pbipfb k`ieg wji` tj b
Kagj kes jkh dboi`b kdsirdbh, keh , cehbp behbe tfy ia ofke
hcvcscies ke h sud-hcvcscies, c t wks kfsi k t c t fb jbfh ce jcgj
rbspbot k`i eg tjb pbipfb ia tj b oiu etry k t tj k t tc`b. Aur
tdbr , ks c t ceo fuhbh k fkrgb ke h c`p irtket pipufkt cie, c t wks k
oievbecbet tbr` ti khip t ks ke keobstrkf tc t fb.
C t s khiptcie, jiwbvbr, ce ei w ky tbehbh ti lbbp kf cvb tj b
ircgce ir ceafubeob ia tjb tbr`, eir tjkt ia tjb pbipfb ti
wji` tjb t c t fb spbockf fy kppfcbh. Xjcs, pbrjkps, wks pk rt fy
iwceg ti tjb hcsgucsbh air` ia t jb wirh, d ut `istfy ti tj b
fbvbffceg ceafubeob ia tjb ebw rbfcgcie. t kppbkrs ari` k
oi`pkrcsie ia tjb ektciekf ojkrkotbr keh ousti`s ia tjb
Tcmpc c t s ia Cehck keh tjisb
ia
Kagjkecstke, ks rbprbsbetbh
dy tjb Kagjke , tjk t tjb rb c s k vbryrb` krfrkdfb sc`cfkrc ty
dbtwbbe tj b tw i pbipfbs. Ks air cestkeob ce tj b fkws
ia jispctkfcty, p ritbotcie ti tj b rbaugbb, bxkotcie ia vbegbkeob,
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8 XJ TKOB_
I KA[BKEC_XKE
mbkfiusy ia ab`kfb jieiur, tj b dritjb r dboi`crcg d y r c g j t
jusdkeh ia jcs hbobksbh dritjbr 'k wchiw, ke h itj brs w jc oj
k rb kfsi irhkcebh j y tj b @iskco oihb. s t i ek tciekf ojkr -
kotbr, tj b w krfclb spcrc t keh cesuaabrkeob ia oietrif, khh cotcie
t i vcobs keh hb dkuoj bry, cffstkdcfcty ia purpisb, prch b ia rkob,
mbkfiusy ia ektciekf jieiur ke h pbrsiekf hcgecty, k e h sp cr c t
ia hi`cebbr ceg krb pr b t ty `uoj k f clb ce t j b twi pbipfbs
ei w p krtb h ` irb d y D rk j` k ecs` k e h ~ u j k ` h k h k e c s `j k e
;)y brb tbrrctirckf hcstkeob. K pk rt ari` tjbsb kgkce, tj b rb
cs tj b vbr y strclce g pjyscigei`co rbsb`dfkeob, wjcoj cs
bvbe `irb prieiueobhfy ia tj b ?b w cs j typ i ce tj b Tscmpfct
ia Cehck t jke c t c s ce j cs h cs tket l ces`ke tjb Kagjke.
D y @ujk` `khkes ia Ksck @ceir ke h tjb W bstbre oiuetrcbs
tj b Kagjke cs usukf fy okf fbh _ u fb ` j c , kppkrbe t fy ari` tj b
suppisct cie tj kt j b hwbffs ie tj b _ufb`sce rkegb ia `iu et-
kces. Ca si, tjb ek`b cs `cskppfcbh, air tjbrb kr b e i Kagjke s
sbtt fbh ie tjkt rkegb. t wiufh kppbkr `irb pridkdfb tj k t
tjb ek`b cs oieebotbh wc tj tj b keocbet _ify`c ia _y r ck ,
wji k rb `bet ciebh d y Jbrihitus , ke h wji wbrb c e ifhbe
t c`bs `uoj `cxbh up wc tj tjb C s rkb f c t bs ce tjk t oiuet ry .
C t c s eit c`pridkdfb tj kt si`b ia tjbsb _ify`c wbrb k fsi
okrr cbh ce ti okpt cvc ty k fieg w ctj tjb Csrkbf ctbs , ke h tj k t
tjb y ` ky jkv b dboi`b ceoirpirktbh w ctj tj k t pbipfb, ke h
kooi`pkecbh tjb` ce tjbcr sudsbqubet wkehbrcegs, C e tj cs
oksb wb ` cgjt suppisb t j kt si`b ia tjb` wbrb k` ieg tj b
Kagjkes ia Gjir, k e h tj b suppisct cie wiufh bxp fkce tj b
`csscie ia Ljt~fch-dce-Wkfch ti tjbsb K agjkes, air t j b _ify ` c
wbrb k e K rkd pbipfb ia tj b sk`b rkob ks Ljkfch.
t
cs
pis-
scdfb, cehbbh, tj k t tj b _iCyrec ia tj b keocbets k e h tj b Kagjke
ia tj b `ihbres, wbrb ircgcekffy ieb ke h tjb sk`b pbipfb, ke h
tj k t tj b Dk ec Csrkcf wbrb `brbfy rbaugbbs k`i eg tjb`, air,
k t tjb t c`b ia tjbcr a crst sbtt fb`bet ce Gjir, tj by wbrb kfw kys
spilbe ia sbpkrktbfy
ks
Dkec Kagj&ekek e h Dk ec Csrcccf.
D y tj b pbipfb ia Cehck , ke h ia tj b Bk st gbebrkffy , tj b
Kagjke cs `irb oi``iefy leiw e d y tj b ek` b ^ktjrce, c e
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XJ KAGJKE 4 2
oi``ie w ctj kff itjbr ^ul jti-sp bklce g pbipfbs. _i` btc`bs
*
j b cs kfsi okffbh Tijcffk, d u t tjcs ek` b cs pripbrfy kppfcokdfb
iefy ti tjb tru b ^ktjcce, tj b ektcv b ia Tij (tjb J cgjfkehs),
tjb t rub Jcgjfkehbr , ks wcff db bxpfkcebh aurtj br ie ueh br
tj b jbkh ia ^ktj8e. K` iegst tjb`sbfvbs, ke h ce tjbcr iw e
oiue try, tj b Kagjkes rkrbfy, ca bvbr, okff tjb`sbfvbs dy tjbsb
ek`bs. Xj by krb sc`pfy Kagjge ir Kig jce, ks c t cs oi``iefy
prieiueobh, ia suoj ir suoj
k
o fke < i r tjby k rb Hurrke c ,
k tbr` wjcoj iefy ok`b ce ti usb w ctj tjb r csb ia tj b ektcie
t i k e cehbpbehbet sivbrbcge ty uehbr Kj`kh _jk j ce
;787
t cs tjb ek`b, tii, d y wjcoj tj cs pbipfb cs leiw e c e Ce hck ks
rbprbsbetceg k hcst ceot givbre`bet. Xj b Kagjkes kh ` ct
t j k t tjb y krb ^uljtfcek-tjb Jce hus tkec air` ia wjcoj
cs
-o
^ktjcce-dut tj by kr b okrbauf ce cescstceg i e tjb hcstceotcie
dbtwbbe Kagjke ke h ^ktjfce (ir ^ul jtc cek, tj b wirh ce usb
k` ieg tjb`sbfvbs). C e akot, ks t j b y sky, bvbry Kagjke c s
k
^u ljtf ce (scegufkr ia uljtf cek), du t bvbry ulj tGe,ir k tjDe,
cs e i t k e Kagjke. Xjb hcst ceot cie tj us `khb cs k vbry
pripbr ieb, air tjb twi pbipfbs krb ia hcaabrbet rkob keh
ircgce. X jb Kagjke cs k ^ktjfce `brbfy dbokusb jb cejk dcts
k ^ktjDe oiuetry , keh jks ti k grb kt bx tbet `cxbh w ctj c t s
pbipfb, ke h khiptbh tjbcr fkegukgb. X j b pbipfb ia tj b
oiuetry, ie tjbcr pkrt , jkvb khip tbh tj b rbf cgcie, ke h wctj ct
`key ia tjb `keebrs keh ousti`s ia tjb Kagjkes, tjiugj
`ist trcdbs stcff rbtkcf; obrtkce ke ocb et ousti`s pboufckr ti
tjb`sbfvbs, wjcoj jkvb survcv bh tjb cr oievbrscie ti CsfD`,
ke h sbrvb ks guchbs
ti
tji bfuochktcie ia tjb cr prbvcius jcstiry.
Xi betb r upie k e cevbstcgktcie ia tj cs sudmbot cs kf tigbtjbr
dbyieh tj b soipb ia tjcs trbktcsb. C t cs ieb, jiwbvbr, ia
kdsirdce g cetbrbst, ke h wiufh wb ff rbp ky t j b fkdiur ia rbsbkroj.
Ari ` w jkt jks dbbe s tk tbh, wb sbb tj k t tjb Kagjkes kr b
k hcstceot k eh pboufckr pbipfb k` ieg sbvbrkf itjbr pbipfbs,
wji tigbtjbr oi`pisb tj b `cxbh pipufktcie ia tj b oi uetry
wj coj cs eiw ek`bh katbr tjb` . Xj by okff tjb`sbfvbs Dkec
Csrkcf, ke h trko b tjb cr hbsobet ari`
ceg
_kuf (@kfcl Xfcffct)
H
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41
XJB TKOB_
IA
KA[JKEC_XKE
ce rbgufkr suoobsscie hiw e ti Lkcs ir Lcsj, tj b g rb k t
keobstir ia tjb cr ektcie ce Kagj kecstke.
Ia tjb c r eu`dbrs k t tj b prbsbet hk y ct cs hcaBouft ti ai r`
e bstc`ktb, tjiugj tj ce l c t p ridkdfb tj k t tjb y hi eit
bxobbh k `cffcie siufs, ca bvbe tjb y db si ` key .
X j b y j k v b
air `key obeturcbs bemiybh k jcgj rbputk tcie air tjb c r ` kr t ck f
qukfct cbs, ke h jkvb dbbe fkrgbfy b`pfiybh ce tj b kr`cbs
ia
bvbry oiequbrir cevkhceg Ce h ck ari` tjb eir tj-wbst ir wb st .
Eu`brius oifiecbs ke h dkriecbs ia tj bc r pbipfb krb t i db
aiueh sokt tbrbh kdiu t c e hcaabrbet pk r ts ia t jb Ceh cke pbece-
sufk , ke h tj by k t ieb tc`b-tjb tjc r tb be tj obetury--bstkdfcsj-
bh k hyeksty ia lcegs kt Hbjfc . Xj by jkvb r csbe ceti rb k f
c`pirtkeob, jiwbvbr , iefy wctjce tjb fks t obetury keh
jkfa ir si. K eh tjcs dy tjb koochbet ia tjbcr suhhbe k e h
uebxpbotbh diueh ti cehbpbehbeob keh tjb hi`ceket rufb
ia tjbcr oiuetry. k pbipfb tj by jkvb k fwky s dbbe bvc f fy
eitircius air t jb cr akctjfbssebs s, fkwfbssebss, trbkojbry, k e h
drutkfc ty, si `uoj si tj k t tj b skyce$ ~ a ~ j h eb-c`he- t j b
Kagjke cs akc tjfbss jks pkssbh cet i k privbrd k`ieg
bcgjdiurceg pbipfbs, keh , ihh fy beiugj, cs koleiwfbhgbh d y
tjb`sbfvbs t i db k t r u b o iu et, e i t i i e f y c e t j bc r h b k f c e p
w ctj tjb strkegbr, d u t k` ieg tjb`sbfvbs tii. i a kr k s t j b c r
jcstiry
ks
k e cehbpbehbet ke h ruf ceg pbipfb gibs tj by jkv b
obrtkcefy eit dbfcbh tjb ojkrkotbr ksscgebh ti tjb`. K
hk rl br rboirh ia `csg ivbre` bet, ia vcob, ia trbkojbry, ia
skvkgb orubfty, ke h ia ipprbsscie, tj ke ` krl s tjb okrbbr ia
tj b cehbpbehbe t Kagjkes, cs jkrh fy
ti
db aiueh ce tjb keekfs
ia ey itjbr cehbpbehbet st tb ia `ihbre t c`bs, ir ia t j b
sk`b pbrcih.
Fb t us gfkeob k t tjbcr jcs tiry a ri` tjb t c`b tjb y a crst
dbok`b le iw e ti tj b wirfh ks ke cehbpbehbet pbipfb uehbr
k lc eg ia tj bcr iwe rkob. t c s ei t k fieg pbrcih t i gi ivbr-
iefy ieb j uehrbh k e h tjcr ty-tw i ybkrs-keh tj b rbvcb w
drcba ke h jurrcbh ks c t ` us t ' ebobsskrcfy db, wc f f sjiw w j k t
tjby jkvb hieb keh wjk t t jby jk rb ei t hieb ai r t jb c r
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XJ KAGJKE 47
oiu etry keh tjbcr oi`pktrcits. A i r `ist ia tjb akots ke h
hktbs driugjt tigbtjbr ce tjb aiffiwceg su``kry kooiuet
`
cehbdtbh ti @koGrbgir's Gkzbttbbr ia Kagjkec.qtke-k
pbrabot `ceb ia ceair`ktcie rbgkrhceg tjkt oiuetry,
ts
trcdbs,
ts jcstiry, ct s gbigrkpjy, o., o.
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OJK^XBT ;;;
JC_XITS
IA XJ
KAGJKE_
KX
tjb dbgceeceg ia t jb fkst obe tury Kagjkecstke,
kt
t j k t
t c`b leiwe k Ljurkske k ^brs cke wirh s cgecayceg tjb B k s t
ir tjb Fbvket ia tjb ^brsckes) wots hcvchbh prbt ty bqukffy
dbtwbbe tjb @ugjkf ke h tj b ^brscke B`pcrbs,-tjkt cs ti
sky
Lkduf ke h Gjezec pbrtk cebh ti tjb air`br, keh Jb rk t k e h
Lk ehkjk r ti tj b fk t tbr . Ditj b`pcrbs jkh air fieg s t r cv be
air tjb pissbsscie ia tj b itjbr jkfa , keh Lk ehk jkr jk h rbpb kt-
bhfy pkssbh ari` tjb grksp ia ieb ti tj k t ia tjb itjbr. D i tj
Jbrk t keh Lkehkjkr jk tbh tjb ^brs cke ru fb , k s `uoj ie
kooiuet ia tj b bx cstceg hcaabrbeobs ia rkob, fkegukgb, k e h rbfc-
gcie, tjb ieb dbceg _u ee c ke h tjb itjbr _jcrc, ks ie koo iue t
ia prixc` cty ke h tjb hrbkh ia str cot rufb wjcfst tiwkrhs t j b
@ugjkf B`pcrb tjby fiilbh wctj abbfcegs ia kt tkoj`bet,
pk rt fy ie kooiuet ia rkob kBect cbs , pk rt fy ie kooiuet ia tr kh b
cetbrbsts , keh pkrt fy i e kooiuet ia rbfcgcius u ecty, k eh ti si` b
bx tbe t kfsi ie kooiuet ia hcstkeob keh tjb jipb ia
k
`cfh ke h
pritbotcvb givbre`bet.
Xj b gfiry ia bkoj b`pcrb, jiwbvbr, jkh fieg dbbe ie t j b
wkeb jb stkdcf cty ia bkoj wks uehbr`cebh ke h bkoj w b e t
k t c ts iwe pkob-rkpch ce tj b ieb oksb, ke h sfiwbr c e tjb i tj br
-ti acekf hbstruotcie. K t tj b tc` b wb oi``beob ari`, t j b
Gjcfzkcs
ia
L keh kjk r dbgke ti sjiw si`b c`pktcbeob ia ^ br -
scke rufb, ke h suoobsscvb kr`cbs wbrb sbe t ti drceg tjb ` t i
idbhcbeob. X jb sbvbrcty ia tjb ^brscke gbebrkf ke h jcs triips ,
jiwbvbr, iefy bxkspbrktbh tjb pbipfb ti `irb oi`dcebh rbscst-
keob,
keh
ce ;7>7, tjb Gjcfzkcs risb ce ipbe rbvift uehbr tj bc r
ojcba @cr Wkcs, w ji lcffbh tj b ^brscke givbreir k e h hri vb
jcs triips ari` Lke hkjkr, ke h jc`sbfa kssu`bh tjb givbre-
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JC_XITS I A XJB KAGJKE_ 43
`bet
s
ke cehbpbehbe t rufbr . Xj cs kot wks tjb `ktoj tjk t
acrbh tj b fieg prbpkrbh trkce.
W ctjc e k sjirt hbokhb, tj b Kagjkes ia Jb rk t tjbrb oi`-
`ie fy okffbh Kdhtcfc) aiffiwbh tj b bxk`p fb ia Lkehkj kr, k e h
risb ce rbvift uehbr tjbcr ojcba Kskhuffk L jke , _khhi `c, wji
iustbh tjb ^brscke givbreir, keh jc`sbfa dbok`b cehbpbehbet
rufbr ia tjb privceob.
K e h si ` kttbrs s tiih ce W bstbre Kagjkecstke t cf f tjb ofisb
ia tj b acrst ocukrtbr ia t j b obe tury .
Kd iut tjc s t c` b tjbrb kppbkrbh ie tjb sobeb, ks Gbebrkf ia
tj b ^brscke kr`y , Ekhcr , tjb obfbdrktbh Xurlreke arbbdiitbr,
wji vbry siie koqucrbh k wirfh-wchb e itircb ty k s tj b rutj-
fbss oiequbrir ia ditj tjb ^brs cke ke h @ugjkf B`pcrbs. J b
bmbotbh tjb Gjcfzkcs keh Kagjkes, wji jkh ce tjb cetbrc`
ivbrrue ^ brsck, rboivbrbh J brk t , hrivb dkol tj b Tussckes, ke h
tjbe, hbpisceg jcs sivbrbcge, kssu`bh tj b oriwe jc`sbfa ce
;7?4. Acv b ybkrs fk tbr , Ek hcr _j kj tiil L kehkj kr ka tbr
pritrkotbh scbgb, rkzbh tjb gr ke h ifh oc ty t i tj b griueh,
pfiugjbh u p c ts cetbrcir , k e h ducf t k `bke sudstc tutb, wjcoj
j b okffbh Ekhcrkdkh, ie k fiw swk` py sc tb ie tjb pfkce
`cfb ir si ti tjb bkstwkrh.
W jcfst begkgbh ce tj b scbgb ia
L keh kjk r, jb befcstbh k strie g airob ia Gjcfzkcs ke h Kagjkes,
rkvkgbh tjb oiu etry kriueh, rbhu obh tjb pbipfb ti sudmbo-
tcie, ke h acekffy, ie tj b akff ia tj b octy, jb khvkeobh ti tj b
oiequbst ia Lkd uf ke h Ei rtjbre Ceh ck . Xbe ybkrs fk tbr
kgkce , ;787, tjb oiequbrir ia tj b ^kemkd ke h tjb kutjir ia
tj b `ksskorb ia Hbfjc wks kssksscektbh mu st ks j b rbkojbh tjb
^brs cke dirhbr fkhbe w ctj uetifh spicf , rbeiwebh ks tjb oie-
qubrir ia tj b kgb, ke h bxborktbh k s tjb r cvkf ia tjisb rutjfbss
soiurgbs-Ojkegjcz k e h Xy ` ur.
K eh eiw wb oi`b ti tjb rifb ia tjb Kagjke. I e jcs `kroj
ti
Cehck, Ek hcr jkh rkcsbh ueh br jcs s tkeh krh k strieg oie-
tce gb et ia Kagjkes. J cs pfke wk s tjcs.
J b irhbrbh k obesus
d y jiusbjifhs ti db tklb e ia bvbry tr cdb ce tjb oiuetry, ke h
tjb e irhbrbh obrtkce pbrobetkgb ari` bkoj ti mice jcs stk eh krh
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? XJB
T OB_
IA
KAGJKEC_XKE
k t kppicetbh pfkobs, auffy bqucppbh air t jb acbfh. Xj b beu ` bre-
t cie tjbe `khb cs tjb iefy bxcs t ceg kutj ir c ty air tj b pipufk-
t cie ia tjc s oiuetry, ke h cs s t c f f quitbh d y tj b pbipfb ks t j b
cehb x ia tjb strbe gtj ia tjbcr sbvbrkf t rcdbs.
K`ieg tjb Kagjke triips si rk csb h w ks k e ~ d h t f f c i dfb,
ojcba ia tjb _khhizkc trcdb. J cs ek`b wks Kje fkh L j ke ,
ke h jb micebh tj b oiequbrir 's s tkeh krh w ctj t oietcegbet ia
;> >>>
jirsb. Ie tjb rb tu re `kroj a ri` Cehck , Kj` kh L j k e
jc`sbfa w ctj k wbkl hbtkoj` bet ia jcs `be w ks c e kt tbeh keo b
ce tjb riykf ok`p, tjb du fl ia j cs oietcegbet dbceg ce rbkr c e
ojkrgb ia tjb trbks urb oieviy. K s siie ks jb jbkrh ia t j b
hbktj ia Ekhcr , keh leiwceg t jb jktrbh c e wjcoj tj b ^brs ckes
jbfh kf f Kagjkes, jb k t ieob afbh tj b ok`p w ctj jcs ` be keh
jkstbebh ti Lkehkjkr. I e krr cvkf tjbrb jb ok`b upie tj b
trbksurb oieviy wj coj wk.3 ce ojk rgb ia tj b rbst ia jc s oie tce -
gbet, ke h k t ieob sbczbh ct .
W ctj tjb wbkftj tju s airtuctiusfy koqucrbh j b diugjt ivbr
h f ' t j b prceocpkf ojcbas ia ditj Kagjkecstke ke h Dkfiojcstke,
ke h d y tjbcr uekec`ius oiesbet wks oriwebh lce g k t Lkehk,
jkr, ie
ke
bfecubeob ivbrfiilceg tj b pfkce ie wjcoj tj b pri-
sbe t o c ty s tkehs. J b c``bhcktb fy hcs`ket fbh Ekhcrkdkh, keh
aiuehbh tjb `ihbre octy, wjcoj jb ek`bh K j` kh _j kjr, i r
Kj` kh _jkjc, ke h `khb j c s okp c tk f ke h riykf rbschbeob. C t
cs `irb gbebrkffy le iw e dy tj b ek`b ia tjb ircgcekf okp ctkf
Lkehkjkr , ke h cs sk ch ti iooupy tj b vbry spit ie wjcoj tj b
khv beturi us Kagjke sbczbh tj b trbksurb oieviy-tjb koochbetkf
`bkes ia jcs bfbvktcie ti riykfty . Ct c s k db t t b r t iwe tjke
tjb wrbtojbh prihuotcie ia Ekh cr , k eh stkeh s ie tjb jcgj rikh
koriss k e ipbe pfkce, kdi ut twi `cfbs t i tjb ei rtj ia ct. K t
dbs t c t c s du t
k
piir oiffbotcie ia `u h-d ucft jiusbs ori w hbh
tigbtjbr wctjce airtcacbh wkffs, keh oietkcus dut
k
scegfb
ducfhceg ia krty kro jctb otur kf `brct-ek`bfy, tjb `k usifbu`
ia ct s aiuehbr jc`sbfa.
KJ@KH
LJKE
wks oriwebh lce g ce ;787 ks Kj`kh _jkj,
H ur rc Hurrde, ir ^b krf ia ^bkrfs, ke h tjb t c t fb cs skch t
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JC_XITS
IA XJB
KAGJKE_ ?
jk vb dbbe khi ptbh ari` tj b hcstceotcvb ousti` ia tj b Kdhccfc
t r cdb ia wbkrceg k s`kff pbkrf s tuhhb h rceg ce t jb r cg jt bkr.
C e tj b aiffiwceg ybk r j b tiil L kduf ari` tjb ^ brscke Giv-
breir, wji jkh dbbe fbat ce
ct
dy Ekhcr , keh tju s bs tkdfcsjbh
jcs ku tji rc ty c e tjb ji`b oiuetry. Xj b rbst ia jcs prispbrius
rbcge ia twbety-scx ybkrs wks iooupcbh ce ke ueobksceg
oiursb ia oiequbst ke h pfuehbr. J b rbpbktbhfy rbpfbecsjbh
j cs fbk ly oiaabrs d y suoobsscvb cevkscies ia C eh ck, rkcsbh tj b
e=f`b ia jc s ektci e ti
jcgj pctoj ia rbeiwe, ipbebh
okrbbr air tjb k` dct cie keh grbbh ia jcs ju egry keh fuxurcius
eidfbs dy airbcge oiequbsts, keh , k t jcs hbktj, fbat k e b` pcrb
bx tbehceg a ri` tjb _ut fb m ke h tjb Cehu s ie tjb bkst ti tj b
^brscke hbsbrt ie tj b wbst ri` tj b Ixuv ie tjb eir tj ti
tj b Krkd cke sbk ie tjb siu tj . J b jkh gkcebh s wcab air
Xy` ur, j cs sie ke h jbcr-kppkrbet , tjb hkugj tbr ia tjb Hbjf c
B`pbrir, ke h wc tj jbr g hiwry Fkjirb keh k f f ^kemkd.
K j` kh _jkj s okrbbr wks ieb ia oiequbst ke h pfuehbr
tjriug jiu t. Dire ke h drbh k sifhcbr, jb fcvbh ke h hcbh
sifhcbr. J b privchbh jcs rbst fbss k eh fkwfbss pbipfb w ctj
oiegbeckf b`pfiy`bet, keh ipbebh ti j cs a colfb k e h k`d ct cius
eidfbs rcoj acbfhs air tj b grktcacoktcie ia tj bc r hbscrbs. D u t
j b hch eitj ceg air tj b sudstketckf dbebac t ia jcs oiuetry.
J c s oihb ia fkw s ke h rbgufkt cies air tj b givbre` bet ia tjb
ji` b oiu etry wks k e chbkf `irb tjke k rbkf ieb. J cs pbipfb
k e h oiu etry rb`kcebh `uoj tjb sk`b ks tjb y wbrb dbairb,
w ct j tjb hcaabrbeob iefy tj k t tjb wbkftj keh pkgbketry ia
ebwfy-orbktbh oiurt kt trkotb h ` ke y ari` k pkstirkf keh wke-
hb rce g fcab t i ieb ia oiu rt btcq ub ttb ke h `irb sbttfbh jkdcts.
D u t ks k wjifb, tjb pbipfb
keh
oiuetry ce tjbcr rbspbotcvb
o i e h c t ci ~ ~ s b rb jkrh fy kaabotbh dy tjb ebw stk tb ia tj cegs .
X j b ieb oietceubh ti db tj b fkwfbss, rbstfbss, ke h k` dctcius
pbipfb, grbb hy air w bkftj w ctj iu t tjb fkdiur ia jiebstfy
bk rec eg c t , wjcoj tj by jkh kfw kys dbbe eitbh ti db-tjcs fkst
qukf c ty dbceg k t rk c t
c e
tjb ojkrkotbr ia tj b ektcie wjcoj
rbobcvbh k vbry piwbrauf c`pbtus dy tj b beir`ius r cojbs tjb y
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4
XJ TKOB_ IA KAGJKEC_XKE
koqucrbh ueh br tj b suoobssauf ke h rbpbktbh bxpb hctcies ia
tjb cr lceg. Keh tjb itjb r rb`kcebh uehbvbfipbh, w ctj iu t
rikhs, ke h w ctjiut sbou rcty air tjb trkvbffbr.
J@ H JKBCcbh ce ;77? ke h wks suoobbhbh d y tj b j bcr ia
jcs ojicob, jcs sboieh sie Xy ` ur. X jb acrst ko t ia tj b eb w
lce g wks ti p u t hiwe tj b ippisct cie ia jcs bfhbr dritjbr,
_ufb` e,d y pu t t ceg iu t j cs bybs. J b tjbe gkvb jc`sbfa u p
ti pfbksurb k e h tjb pkg bke try ia oi urt fcab, ke h fbat tj b givbre-
` bet ia tjb oiu etry ti jcs `cecstbrs ke h privceockf kh` cecs-
t rk tirs . J b ojkegbh tjb okpc tk f a ri` L kehkj kr ti Lkduf ,
ke h gbebrkffy sp bet tjb w cetbr k t ^bsjkwkr , wjcoj dbok`b
sirt ia sboieh okpctkf. X jb rbcge ia Xy ` ur wks oi` pfbtb
oietrkst ti tj k t ia jcs aktjbr. Xj b rbpbktbh `cfc tkry bxpbhc-
t cies ke h jkufs ia trbksurb, tj b rbst fbss kot cvc ty ke h oiestket
keebxktcies ia tbrrctiry, wjcoj ojkrkotbrczbh tjb air`br, eiw
gkvb wk y ti fuxu ry keh pkgbket ry k t ji`b, ti `ces trb fs k e h
dkykhbrbs, ti pcgbie-akeoy k e h oiol-acgjtceg. ^rivceo b k at br
privceob ia tj b oiequbrbh stktbs ou t kh rcat keh abff kw ky ari`
tj b ebwfy-rkcsbh b`pcrb. Acekffy tj b trbksury , akcfceg ti db
rbpfbecsjbh s jbrbtiairb ari` kdrikh, rke hry< hcsoietbet
dbok`b rcab, k e h tj b acrst scges ia tj b oi`ceg stir` dbgke t i
iw tjb`sbfvbs. X y` ur pbrsiekffy wk s hbspcsbh k ke baab-
`cektb vifuptukry, d u t jb wks ti fbrk tbh s tjb sie ia jcs
ak tjbr ke h tj cs ako t, `irb tj ke ke y itjbr, sjiws tj b jcgj
b s t c ~ e k t c ~ ~ ~e wjcoj Kj`kh _ jk j wks jbfh dy jcs pbipfb, air
jb cs eiw jkrh fy le iw e bxobpt dy ek`b, tj b oixe`itcies
keh usurpktcies ia suoobbhceg ybkrs jkv ceg a cxbh tj b ` cehs
ia tj b pbipfb ti irb rbobet jbribs, tji ug j ia ` bke br okfcdrb.
Cehbbh tjb bvbets ia tj b sjirt hbokhb ia Ekhcr _jkj 's rufb
ivbr tj cs oiuetry krb dbt tbr leiwe tjk e tjisb ia tj b auff
quk rtbr-obetu ry ia. tj b H urr ke c sivbrbcges' rbcge. X j b ieb
wks k oiequbrir wji hbstriybh ke h sudmugktbh, wji pfke tbh
^brscke givbreirs ia k oi` pkrktcvbfy ocvcfczbh stk` p, k e h w ji
rufbh
s
k e kutiorkt. Xj b itjbr wks tj b fbkhbr ia k dkeh ct t c ,
wji rkvkgbh keh pfuehbrbh, ke h wks sudsbrvcbet ti tj b wcf f
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JC_XITS
IA
XBB KAGJKE_
??
ia
jcs suppirtbrs keh aiffiwbrs. Xj b hbbhs ia tjb ieb krb
rb`b`dbrbh-ia tj b itj br airgittbe.
XS@RT
cbh c;;
;73?
katbr k rbcge ia tw be ty ybkrs, ke h fbat
soirb ir si ia sies, ke h k fkrgb r eu ` db r ia hku gjtb rs. Ia fccs
sies, ]k`fe wks givbreir ia Lkduf, Kdd8.s ia ^bsjkwkr,
L uj eh cf ia Lksj` cr, Ju` tcytce ia Lk ehk jkr, ke h @kj`tch ia
J brkt . Keh tj cs wkk kf f tj k t rb`kcebh ia tj b Hurrkec B` pcrb
ia K j` kh _j kj k t tjb hbk tj ia jcs suoobssir. C t wks `brbfy
tj b ekt cvb ir ^u lj t t ce oiuetry , w c tj Lksj`cr khhbh.
] @ EJ K J uoobbhbh ti tj b tjrieb tjriugj tjb suppir t
ia ^ctykehk Lj ke, tj b prc`b `cecstbr ia jcs aktjbr. Xj cs kdfb
krch kstu tb `cecstbr wks tj b sie ia tj b obfbdrktbh Jkmc Mk`D;,
Dkrklzkc , wji jkh dbbe tj b `ist kot cvb pkrt czke ke h sup-
pirtbr ia Kfc`kh _fckj wjbe jb wks acrst `khb lc eg ke h jcs
idmbot ce eiw tkt tceg ]k`1e ce jke h wks ti usb jc` ks pup pbt
wj cfst jb ` kturbh jcs iw e k` dctcius hbscges. ]k`je, jiw-
bvbr, jk h ei siiebr ksobuhbh tj b tjrie b tj ke jcs rcg jt wkq
oietbstbh d y Ju ` cyc ce k t Lkehkjkr , keh dy @kj`cch k t
Jbrkt . J b c``bhcktb fy `krojbh kgkcest Lkehk jkr keh rb-
huobh tjb air`br, ke h tjb e priobbhbh ti J brk t, wfcbrb jb wk s
airobh ti k oi`pri`csb iwceg ti rbdbff cie k t Lkduf. C e tj b
` chst ia tjbsb triudfbs, Kgj k @ujk``kh Lj ke, tj b aiuehbr
ia tj b prbsbet O1mtcr hye ksty , ok`b ti tj b tjrieb ia ^brsck ,
k e h , jkv ceg sbczbh LjurfcsDu, hb` kehbh tj b obsscie ia Dkflj ,
wjcoj st c ff ei` cekffy pbrtkcebh ti tj b Lkd uf Givbre`bet.
] k` fe , uekdfb ti rbscst, obhbh tj b privceob ce tjb jipb ia ` kl-
ce g k arcbeh ia tj b ^brpcke air t jb aurtjbrkeob ia jcs iwe
uftbrcir hbscges ie Ck h ck ir c t sbb`s ti jkvb dboi`b ofbkr
ti j c` tj k t tjb H ur rke c B`pcrb, aiuehbh ie tjb p fuehbr
ia Ce hck , oiufh ei t db l bp t k-giceg w ctjiut pbrcihcokf supp fcbs
ari` tj k t cebxjkurctcdfb siurob. W ctj tj b kfcbektcie ia
Dkflj ok`b tf cb rbvift ia t f ~ b kumkd, wf~ co f cwks ke kppkekgb
ia tj b B` pcrb k s hiwbr ia Xy ` ur s wcab, keoc ]k`Oe
w s
oie tbet ti kppicet Tkrcm ct _ce g ks jcs rufbr k t Fkjirb.
K t tjcs mu eoturb ^kykehtf Ljku, tfcb prc`b `cffcstbr,
F
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8
XJB TKOB_
IA
KAGJKEC_XKE.
a cehceg tjb `i`bet ippirtueb air hbtjrieceg tjb p u p p bt
wji` jb aiueh fbss afbxcdfb tj k e jb jkh rboliebh, be tbr bh
ce ti k fbkgub wc tj _jumf-uf-@ufl (tjb dritjbr ia ]k ` fe) ti
sbt jc` ie tj b tjrieb. Xj b pfit, jiwbvbr, wks hdoivbrbh
ti ]k`fe, wji airtjwctj bxboutbh ^kykehk Ljk e k e h j cs
abffiw oiespcrktirs. I e tj cs A kt j Ljke, tj b sie ia ^ ky ke hk ,
w bet ivbr ti tj b schb ia @kj`Gh, keh, w ctj kch hbrcvbh ari`
^brsck, sbczbh upie L ke hk jk r ke h cestkffbh @kj`Gh tj brb.
]k`oce, airsklbe d y jcs suppirtbrs, sb et k e kr ` y air t j b
rboivbry ia L kehkjkr, d u t c t hbsbrtbh ti @kj`Gh, wji, tj u s
strbegtjbebh, `krojbh kgkce st Lkduf, hbabktbh keh okptu rbh
]krecce
keh pu t iu t jcs bybs. Xjb dfceh `iukroj uftc` ktbfy
priobbhbh ti Fuhjckek, ke h tjb rb dbok`b pbesciebr ia t j b
Drctcsj Givbre`bet.
J kv ceg bstkdfcsjbh jc`sbfa
t
Lkduf, @kj`ach ebxt ~ b c z b h
^bsjkwkr ari` _jum8-uf-@ufl, wji afbh
t
jcs kpprikoj
hrbkhceg tj b vbegbkeob ia A k t j Ljke . Xj cs ioourrbh
t
t j b
oi``beob`bet ia tjb prbsbet obetury, ke h wks aiffiwbh
c`` bhcktbfy dy k rcsce g ia tjb G jcfzkcs ti oietbst tj b givbre-
` bet w ctj @kj`Gh. Xj by w brb hbabktbh d y A k tj Lj ke,
d u t rbviftbh kgkce ce tj b aiffiwceg ybkr, ke h suaabrceg
sboieh hbabkt sudschbh ce ti qucbt. @bkewjcfb @kj`ach j kh
rbturebh t i Lkduf, keh jb jkh ei siiebr turebh jcs dkol ie
^bsj kw kr, tj k e _jfcmcr, oiffbotceg jcs supp irtbrs ke h k oie-
schbrkdfb airob, krojbh kgkce st jc`, k e h ce ;:>?-tjb y bk r
tjb Bk st Ceh ck Oi`pkey tiil Hbjfc-okpturbh Lkd uf ke h c` -
prcsiebh @kj`Gh. W jcfst tjcs wks bekotceg k t Lkduf, tj b
Oocmcr L ceg ia ^brsck `khb k e kttb ` pt ti sbczb ie rkt, d u t
jcs givbreir ia L jurj cce, wji fbh tj b bxpbhctcie, w s
hbabktbh. Aiffiwceg tjcs, tj b Givbre` bet ia Cehck , kp prb -
jbescvb ia tjb `bhctktbh cevkscie ia Cehck
dy
Ekpifbie ce
oi-ipbrktcie w ctj Kfbxkehbr ia Tussck, hbochbh ie ipbeceg
rbfktcies w ctj _jk j _jumoc-uf-@ufl, ke h hbspktojbh B fp jc e-
stieb's @csscie t i ^bsjkwkr, wj brb tjb Drctcsj bev iy ` b t
tjb Hurrkec _ivbrbcge keh oieofuhbh
trbkty . Xjcs
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JC_XITS IA XJ KAGJKE_ 2
ioourrbh ce
;:>3
keh `krls tjb acrst hbkfcegs ia tjb Drctcsj
wctj tjb Kagjkes.
Ct
cs ourcius ti eitb tjb hcaabrbeob ce tjb ipcecie tjbe
air`bh
ia
tjcs pbipfb keh tjkt wjcoj cs eiw jbfh ia tjb`
katbr ke poqukcetkeob ia must sbvbety ybkrs. Xjb aceb jispc-
tkdfb oiurtbius keh ojcvkfrius Kagjke ia tjkt hky cs ti-hky
tjb priuh acolfb dfustbrceg keh trbkojbrius cetrcgubr ce
wji` tjbrb cs ei akctj keh ti rbfy ie wjisb wirh cs ti oiurt
hcskstbr. Xrufy tjb fkttbr-privbh dy hbkr-diugjt bxpbrcbeob
ie `irb tjke ieb iookscie-cs eit sjirt ia tjb `krl.
Aiffiwceg tjcs `b`irkdfb trkeskotcie kt ^bsjkwkr Aktj
Ljke hbsbrtceg jcs kffbgckeob ti _jum1 keh pursuceg tjb
k`dctcie ia jcs aktjbr pfittbh tjb rbstirktcie ia @kj Gh.
Jb baabotbh jcs bsokpb ari` prcsie keh mueotcie wctj jc`sbfa
k t Lkehkjkr keh tjbe
ks
Wkzcf< `krojbh wctj jcs pritbgb
kgkcest Lkduf. _jum1 wks hbabktbh keh airobh ti afy tjb
oiuetry keh katbr `key jkrhsjcps keh pbrcfius khvbeturbs
acekffy micebh jcs dritjbr ]k`8e k t Fuhjckek wjbrb jb kfsi
dbok`b k pbesciebr ia tjb Cehcke Givbre`bet-ia tjb Bkst
Cehck Oi`pkey.
Wctj tjb rb-bstkdfcsj`bet ia @kj`Gh k t Lkduf wctj Aktj
Ljke ks jcs prc`b `cecstbr tjb kacrcrs ia tjb givbre`bet
uehbrwbet k rb`krlkdfb ojkegb. Xjb `cecstbr wks lceg keh
tjb lceg wks k pk`pbrbh hbdkuojbb. Aktj Ljke eiw jkh
tjb gk`b jb jkh dbbe pfkyceg air ce jcs iwe jkehs.
Jb
lebw tjb ojkrkotbr ia jcs pbipfb wbff keh tiil okrb
t `klb
jc`sbfa pipufkr wckd tjb` dy ipbe-jkehbh
fc rhcty
keh tjb
air`s ia jispcthcty oi``ie di tj oiuetry. @bkewjcfb jb
wks eit ebgfbotauf ia jcs iwe cetbrbsts keh tjb ebobsscty ia
strbegtjbeceg jcs pisctcie keh tjbsb behs jb sbourbh dy hcs-
trcdutceg tjb `ist c`pirtket i tjbf keh privceockf
givbre`bets k`iegst jcs iwe sies keh khjbrbets. Xjb
pipufkrcty keh piwbr w w koqucrbh dy Aktj Ljke hch eit
bsokpb tjb eitcob ia @kj`Gh keh jb dbok`b mbkfiuk ia jcs
Wkzcr. Xjb tc`b jiwbvbr wks eit ippirtueb air ke ipbe
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?1 XJB TKOB_ IA KAIBKEC_XKE
ru pt ur b wctj si piwbrauf k sbrvke t, ke h tj b ` cstrustauf
lceg
dchbh jcs tc`b.
X jb ^brsck es jkh air si`b tc`b dbbe `bh-
h fce g ke h c e t r c g u c ~ ~ ge tj b kaakcrs ia J brk t, keh, ce ;:;1 j k h
gi t pissbsscie ia tj b pfkob. Ak tfc L j k e wks sbe t ti o fbk r
tffb` iut, wjcoj, w ctj jcs usukf giih airtuei, jb h ch vb ry
pri ` ptfy ke h baabotukffy. J c s suoobss, jiwbvbr, iefy ceorbks-
bh tjb be` cty ia @kj`tch, ke h riusbh tj b mbkfiusy ia j c s
sie Lk`rce .
C e ;:;: ie si`b trcvck f prbtbeob, jb wks `k hb prcsiebr
dy @kj`Gh keh jkehbh ivbr ti L k` rce , wji, ti prbvbet
aur tjb r ojkeob ia tj b `irb tjk e suspbotbh sojb`bs ia tj b
Wkzcr griwceg ti ` kturc ty , hbprcvbh jc` ia scgj t
y
tjrus t -
ce g k rbh-jit pc;; ce ti jcs bybs-ke ko t ia dkr dk rcty, wj coj,
c t cs skch, tjb skvkgb yiueg prc fcob oi``cttbh w ctj jcs iw e
jkehs.
I e
tjcs, kff tj b Dkrkl zkc ojcbas-dritjbrs k e h sies ia
A k tj Ljke-risb ce rbvift, k eh @kj`1h wks hrcvbe ari`
Lkd uf dy Hist @ujk``kh Ljke. Xjb augc tcvb `khb
stkeh k t Gjkzec, d u t uekdfb ti rbscst tjb
c`pbtuiscty ia jcs
pursubr, oietcuubh jcs afcgjt ti J br kt < du t, dbairb hi ceg si,
@kj`cch ke h Lk ` rce vbe tbh tjbcr j ktrbh ia tjb jbfpfbss
prcsiebr ce tjbc r jkehs dy pu t t ceg jc` ti hbktj wc tj tj b
`ist jirr cd fb tirturbs. X jb ` ~ cr h br ia Ak tj Lj ke rkcsbh
k stir` ia vbegbkeob, wjcoj sbkfbh tj b hii` ia tj b _khh izkc.
^ k tj L jk e skorcacobh jcs f cab ce tjb gk`b jb pfkybh air, d ut c t
wks eit fist, jcs ak`cfy tiil c t up, k eh wctj tj b sy` pktj y ia
tjb wjifb ektcie wie c t . Xj b Dkrklzkc ok`b ceti piwbr
ueh br Hist @ujk`` kh, wji, c e ;:41 bstkdfcsjbh j c`sbfa
t
Lkduf, wjcfst jcs dritjbr _jbrhcf jbfh Lkehkjkr.
Keh tjus buhbh tjb Hu rrkec B`pcrb.
C t risb up d y kooc-
hbet , ke h wbet hiwe dy `csrufb, ka tbr behurceg must tjr bb
soirb ke h tbe ybkrs. Xj b vcgirius rbcge ia ct s aiuehbr,
Kj` kh _jk j, wks k pbrcih ia k`dctcie, oiequbst, k e h
pfue hbr. X jb abbdfb rbcge ia jcs suoobssir
wks
ieb ia pfbk-
surb, pkrkfyscs, ke h hbofceb. Keh tj b uestkdfb rbcges ia tfcb
suoobbhceg oi`pbtctirs, ] k` ce , _jrcmD, ke h @kj` jh, wb rb
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JC_XITS IA
XJB
KAGJKE_ 7
pbrcih ia ke kroj y ke h hcsoirh ia trbk ojb ry ke h tirturb ia
oievufscies ke h hbktj . W ctj suoj k okrbbr ei b`pcrb oiufh
db bxpbotbh ti behurb.
Xj b Kagjke wji w ctj `usjrii`
griw tj risb ce ti tj b pisctcie ia tjb ezfceg rkob pissbssbh
eieb ia tjb qukfctcbs rbqucsctb ti tj b sctuktcie. D u t rbobe tfy
rbofkc`bh ari` k wcfh ei`khco fcab stc ff cffctbrk tb k e h
uepifcsjbh jb akc fbh ti kt tkoj ti jcs cetbrbsts tjb oipkrtebrs
ce
tj b sicf ti oieocfcktb jcs oi`pktrcits ke h ti-sbourb tjb cr
fiyk fty keh suppirt . J b stiih kfieb k` ch tj b vkrcius rkobs
wjcoj oi`pisbh tjb ektcie ivbr wjcoj jb jkh koqucrbh tj b
hi`cecie ke h jb aiugjt iu t jcs qukrrbfs k`iegst jcs iwe
pbipfb. J cs rbfktcies wctj jcs ebcgjdiurs wbrb vcokrcius
k e h uerbfckdfb ke h jb jkh ebctjbr tjb oiuetbekeob eir tjb
suppi rt ia b c tjbr tjb ^krk`iuet ^iwbr ia tjb Bk st ir ia tj k t
ia t j b W bst.
Keh
si
c t wks tj k t tjb Hu rrke c B` pcrb suel k eh h cs -
kppbkrbh du t eit si tjb H urr ke c rufb.
Xjcs `brbfy p=tssbh
ari` ieb ak`cfy ia tj b rkob ti keitjbr-ari` tj b _khhizkc
ti tj b Dkrklzkc . W ctj tjc s trkesabr ia rufb jiwbvbr tj br b
o=t`b k oi`pfbtb ojkegb ivbr tjb stktus ia tjb oiuetry. X jb
b`pcrb
jkh
pkssbh k w ky k e h wks rbpfkobh dy tj b prceocpkfcty.
Xj b _j kj gkvb wky ti tj b K`cr-tjb B`pbrir ti tjb ^rceob.
D u t dbschbs tjcs tjbrb w s k ojkegb ia
k
`irb eitbwirtjy
ke h c` pir tket ojkrkotbr. Xj b ji`b lceghi` w jcoj
` s
kff
tj k t rb`kcebh ia tj b b`pcrb ei fiegbr oirctceubh k e cetbgrkf
wjifb ~ol eiw fbhgceg jb obe trk f ku tji r c ty k t Lkduf.
I e
tj b oietrkry c t dbok`b spf c t u p ce ti tjb cehbpbehbet ojcba-
sjcps ia Jb rkt uehbr Bk ` rce-tjb fkst rbprbsbetkt cvb ia tjb
_khhizkc ak`cfy Lk ehk jkr uehbr _ffbrhcf ke h jcs dri tjb rs
micet pkrtebrs ce tj b givbre` bet-Lujehcf ket; Tkjcehcf e h
L kdu f uehbr Hist @ ujk``kh. ^bsjk`kr st c ff rb`kcebh c e
tj b jke hs ia _u ftke @ujk``ktf du t jb jbfh tjb pfkob iefy
ks givbreir ue hbr T ke mct _ceg wji hurce g tjb oieauscie
aiffiwceg ie tjb `urhbr ia
Aktj
Lj ke sbczbh L ksj` cr ce
: 3
ke h tjcs pfkob aiur ybkrs fktbr.
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:
XJB
TKOB_ I KAGJKEC_XKE
Wjbe Hist @ujk``kh tiil up tjb rb c` ia givbre ` bet
k t Lkduf-tjb rboigeczbh okp ctkf ia tj b oiuetry-jb ks su ` bh
tjb fbkhbrsjcp ia tj b hcvchbh ektcie, keh khiptbh tj b t c t fb ia
K`cr-tjb a crst K ` l ia Kagjkecstke. Xj b wirh ck k e K rkdco
ieb, ke h `bkes Oi``kehbr. C t wks acrst cetrihu obh
ks k
`cf c tkry t c t fb d y tjb L jf f c as uehbr tjb air` K`cruf-@u`cece,
ir Oi` `keh br ia tj b Akctjauf, k e h w s dbstiwbh upie
privceockf givbcei` wj i wbrb sudirhcektb t i tj b Ljcfccakt,
ir Okfcpjktb, ks `ist Buripbkes w rctb tj b wirh. _udsb-
qubetfy c t dbok`b khiptbh s k prceobfy t c t fb d y ' cehbpbeh bet
rufbrs ia tjb `ceir ktktbs wjcoj fiilbh ti t jb jbkh i a t jb
A k c t j s tjbcr pkrk`iuet piwbr. Keh fkt tbrfy ct o k ` b t i
okrry
w ctj c t k sbesb ia sudirhcektcie c e tj b rkels ia
sivbrbcgety.
W ctj tj b kssu`ptcie ia tjc s t c t fb Hist @ujk`` kh koqucrbh
eitjceg `irb tjk e k e koleiwfbhgbh prb-b`cebeob k`ieg tj b
fiokf ojcbas ia t jb oiue try irU wjcoj jb jbfh tj b okpctkf. J b
koqucrbh ei bx trk piwbr ir tbrrctirckf hi`cecie w ctj ct , air,
s
k ` kttbr ia akot , jcs kutj irc ty wks f c`ctbh ti Gjkz ec ie
ieb schb ia jcs okpctkf, ke h Mkfk fkd kh ie tj b itjbr.
W jcfst K agjkecstke wks dbceg tj u s pkrt c t ciebh dbtwbbe
tj b sies ia A kt j Ljke , tj b oiursb ia kaakcrs dbtwbbe .J b rk t
ke h ^brs ck h ch ei t ru e s`iitj fy< ke h c e
:?8 k
^brs cke k r` y
uehbr Kddkk @crzk, tjb sie ke h jbcr-kppkrbet ia A k t j
Kfc _jkj, tjb rbcgeceg O &m&r _ivbrbcge, ` krojbh kg kce st
Jbrkt , du t wks wctjhrkw e ie k oi`pri`csb wctj tjb csifktbh
L k` rfe . Kd iut tj cs t c` b _jumcc, tj b rbaugbb
kt
Fuhjckek,
sbbceg tj b hcs`b`dbrbh ke h hcsirgkeczbh s tk tb ia tjb o iu etr y,
sb t iut w c tj
k
fkrgb kr ` y ti rboivbr j cs fist lceghi`, k e h
`krojbh kgkcest Lkehkjk r. J brb Luj ehcf , jifhceg iut ,
su``iebh tjb kch ia Hist @ujk` `kh ari` Lkduf, k e h ie
jcs krrcvkf, _jumtc , dbceg hbabktbh w ctj tj b fiss ia `ist ia j cs
kr`y, wks airobh ti afy t i J b rk t. J c s eb pj bw L k ` h e ,
diwbvbr, ofisbh tj b gktbs kgkce st jc`, ke h tj b hcskpp icetbh
_ k h h ~ z k c
jkh
ti tu re dkol k eh aceh jcs wky koriss tjb _cs tke
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JC_XITS IA XJB KAGJKE_
?3
hbsbr t ti Ok f c t ir Lbf c t wjbrb Ekscr Ljk e gkvb jc` ksyfu`
ku h sbe t j c` ie t i Fuhjckek .
Xjcs v cotiry k t Lke hkjkr bs tkdfcsjbh tjb kutjir c ty ia tj b
Dkrklzkc wjcfst tjb oiehuot ia L k` rc e rbhuobh tjb okusb ia
tj b _khhizkc ti k jipbfbss oiehctcie ke h rkcsbh tjb jipbs ia
tjb ^brs cke
lceg
ce j cs u f t c`ktb vcbws rbgkrhceg Jbrkt .
Wjcfb tjbsb bvbets wbrb bekotceg ce Kagjkecstke A k t j Kfc
_jkj wks suoobbhbh
k
lc eg ia ^brs ck d y jcs grkehsie
@ ujk`` kh _fckj. Ke h jb cestcgktbh d y Gbebrkf _c`iecoj
t cfb Tusscke @cecs tbr k t Xbjrke `krojbh kgkces t J brkt ke h
fkch scbgb t i tj b airtrbss. Ct w ks gkffketfy hbabehbh dy tj b
gkrrcsie ueh br tj b guchkeob ke h beoiurkgb`be t ia Fcbut.
Bfhrbh ^itt cegbr wji jkppbebh ti db tj brb k t tjb t c`b.
@bkewjcfb ie tj b itjbr schb ia tj b oiuetry Hist @ ujk` `kh
sbet k e k r`y kgk ces t tjb _ cljs k t ^bsjkwkr ti rboivbr tj b
Ce hu s privceobs wjcoj tjby jk h tk lbe ari` tjb Lkdu f Givbre-
` be t wctj tjb oiesbet ia _jum8. Xj b Kagjke kr` y hbabktbh
tjb _ cljs k t Mk`r c ch ebkr tjb `iutj ia tjb Ljydkr du t s
Hist @ujk` `kh suspbotbh tj k t jcs suoobss `cgj t riusb tj b
mbkfiusy ia tj b Givbre` bet ia Firh Kuolfkeh jb behbkviurbh
ti s t rbegtjbe jc`sbfa dy oi``uecoktceg wc tj tj b Givbre`bet
ia Tussck wctji ut k t tj b sk`b tc`b obksceg jcs oirrbspieh-
beob w ctj tj b Givbre`bet ia Cehck.
Xjbsb tw i c` pir tket bvbets-tjb ^brscke scbgb ia J brk t
ke h tj b Kagjke hbabkt ia tjb _cljs ditj k t ippisctb behs
ia tjb lceghi` ia tj b Hurrkec--okusbh tj b D rctcsj Givbre-
` bet si`b kexcb ty keh ce ;:?7 _cr Kfbxkehbr D ur~rb swks
sbe t t i Lkdu f ks Drctcsj Beviy ti sbttfb kaakcrs dbtwbbe
Hist @ujk``kh ke h Tke m c t _ceg. Xjcs w s tjb a crst ce-
stkeob
ia
k
Drc t csj Bev iy dbceg ces tk ffbh k t Lkduf. J b jkh
e it dbbe tjbrb fieg w jbe tjbrb krr cvbh tiwkrhs tjb ofisb
ia tj b sk`d ybkr k Tusscke kg be t ek`bh Qctoivcoj. b
w`
k `ystbrcius cehcvchukf ke h kotbh ce k `ystbrcius wky.
J b t rkvbf fbh dy B b rk t keh Lkehkjkx keh ce tjb fk t t b r p fkob
`khb k t rbk ty wc tj t j b rufbr Lu jehc f Ljke ti hbabeh J brk t
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8 XJB TKOB_ IA K A G J ~ C _ X K E
ce tjb ^brscke cetbrbst . K t L k d u f jb
wks
si suoobssauf ce jcs
cutr cgubs t j k t jb hcvbrtbh tjb K` cr ari` jcs oietb` pfktbh
kffckeob w ctj tjb Drctcsj ketc bstrkegceg Hist @ ujk` `kh
ari` Durebs pbrsukhbh jc` ti drbkl iaa ebgitcktcies wctj
tj b Drct csj Beviy.
C e tjb `bketc`b tjb scbgb ia Jbrkt wjcoj jkh oietceubh
air tjrbb ir aiur `ietj s wctji ut `uoj suoobss w ks kdkeh ieb h
d y tj b ^brsckes c e oirfsbqubeob ia t jb kotcie ia tjb D rctcs j
afbbt ce tjb ^brscke Gufa keh Hist @ujk` `kh privceg
idhurktb tjb Drct csj Givbre`bet tiil
u p
tj b okusb ia _jumD -
uf-@ufl tj b rbaugbb k t Fuhj ckek s tjb rcgjtauf sivbrbcge
ia K agjkecstke keh hbochbh ie rbstirceg jc` ti jcs usu rpbh
tjr ie b ce tj b jipb ia jcs privceg fiykf kffy ke h baabotcvb
duaabr kgkcrcst tj b ^brsckes ke h Tussckes. K s acrst stbp
tiwkrhs tjcs priobbhceg tj b ak`ius Xrcp krt c tb X rbk ty w ks
oieofuhbh. _jumD ie jcs iwe pkr t `khb t rbk ty w c tj
Tk emc t _cug obhceg ti jc` kff tj b Ce hu s privceobs wj coj tjb
_cl js jkh tklbe ari` tjb Kagjkes keh T ke m c t ie jcs pkr t
kgrbbh ti ksscst tj b Drctcsj khvkeob ie Lk duf ti sbt _jum1
c e tjb pfkob ia Hi st @ujk``kh.
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OJK^XBT CQ
DTCX C_ J DBFKXCI^R _ WCXJ KAGJK^R C_XKE.
E
j b
acrst
hkys ia ;:?3 _jum8-uf-@ufl micebh tjb kr`y
ia tjb Ceh us uehbr _ cr M i j e (katbrwkrhs Firh) Lbkeb, keh
krrcvce g k t Lke hkjkr, katbr k vcotircius `kroj d y tjb Difke,
wks tjbrb oriwebh _j=~j,
ks
r cgjtauf jbcr ia tjb Hu rrkec
B`pcrb, ie tjb : tj @ ky, wctj grbk t pi`p keh obrb`iey.
C e tjb aiffiwceg `ietj, _jkj _jumc-uf-@efl `krojbh ari`
Lk ehkjk r tiwkrhs Lkd uf w c tj tjb Drc tc sj kr`y, wjcoj ie
tjb wky tjbrb tiil Gjkzec air jc` katbr
k
sjirt s cbgb keh
drcffcket ksskuft. I e tjb akff ia Gjkzec, Hist @ ujk` `kh
afbh dbyieh tjb J ce hu L usj, k e h tjb Drctcsj k r` y khvkeoceg
betb rbh Lkduf ce Kugus t, keh tjbrb sb t _jk j _ ju m c ie tjb
tjrieb ia jcs keobstirs
-
k
acrst grkehaktjbr. W ctj tjcs
drcffcket bxpfict wks sbourbh tjb acrst trcu`pj ia tjb Drctcsj
pifcoy. C t w ks s ji rt fcvbh, jiwbvbr, krch bfchbh c e hcskstbr.
A i r
k
t c`b kf f wb et s`iitjfy, ke h Drctcsj gifh ke h mustcob
wbrb `uoj kpprbocktbh d y tjb pbipfb. D u t prbsbetfy, i vc eg
ti tj b cehcsorbbt, k e h ue w krrk etk dfb cetbrabf.beob ia iu r
pifctcokfs, ke h tj bcr cgeirkeob ia tj b ojkrkotbr ia tjc s
ceh bpb eh bet pbipfb, si hcaabrbet c e bvb ry pkrtcoufkr ari` tjb
`bbl ke h orcegceg ektcv b ia Jcehu stke, k vbry `krlbh
ojkegb ok`b ivbr tjb kspbot ia kaakcrs.
Wb
jkh sb t up
k
lce g ie jb tjrieb ia jcs keobstirs w ctj
gvbrg kvkcfkdfb pi` p ke h pkrkhb, jkh hbofkrbh jc` sivbrbcge
i
tjb Hurrkec B` pcrb, keh tjbe k t ieob, tjriugj iur pifc tcokfs ,
hbecbh jc ` tj b bxbrocsb ia jcs fbgctc`ktb piwbrs, ke h bv be
tjw krtbh jcs wcsjbs ce ` kttbrs ia tjb ` ist tr cvcsf c`pirtkeob
? r r s r s ia mu hg ` be t, w jcoj, tj iu gj fcgjtfy oieschbrbh dy R_
A
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8 X J B
J K O ~ A KAGJKEC_XKE
wbrb ebvbrtjbfbss uedbkrkdfy gkffceg
ti
t fcb sbr~sct cvbebss e h
prchb ia k e Bkstbre lceg.
Katbr tjb betjrieb`bet ia _jkj _jum[ H ist @ujk` `kh
rbturebh ti Lkduf a ri` jcs ksyfu` wctj tjb rufbr ia L ju f`
keh tbehbrbh jcs sud`csscie ti tj b Drct csj Beviy. J b wks
sbe t iaa ti Ce hc k w ctj si`b ia jcs wcvbs ke h t w i ia jcs sies
ke h tjb y dbok`b pbesciebrs ia tj b Drctcsj G ivb re` bet.
Wctj tjb hbpirtktcie ia Hist @ujk``kh tj b `ist hke gbriu s
keh iefy sbrcius akotir ia jistcfcty wss rb`ivbh eh t j b
_j kj ekturkf fy fiilbh air tjb surrbehbr ia jc s lceg fy aueo-
t cies dy tjb Drctcsj Bevi y keh wks c` pktcb et air tj b hbpkr-
tur b ia tjb Drctcsj kr` y. Jcs wcsjbs jiwbvbr hch ei t s e ct
tjb vcbws ia tjb Drctcsj Givbre`bet kf tji ugj tjb bxp besb
ia `kce tkceceg tjb cr triips k t si grb kt k hcstkeob ari` tjb cr
dksb `ks dboi`b k qubstcie ia sbrcius pbrp fbxc ty. Kh hbh t i
tjcs tj b _j kj wks jc`sbfa s trkc tbebh air `bkes ti `bb t tj b
ojkrgbs ie jcs iwe givbre`bet. Xi idv cktb tjbsb hcBo uftcbs
`bksurbs wbrb sb t ie aiit ti rbhuob tj b _ tk tb pbescies ia tj b
_crhkrs ir Dkries-pbescies wjcoj jk h dbbe ircgcekffy grk etb h
air `cfctkry sbrvcob ti db rbehbrbh wjbebvbr tjb _jkj tiil
tjb acbfh.
Xjbsb ` bksurbs khiptbh wctj tj b idmbot ia rbhuoceg tj b
bxpbesbs ia tj b Drctcsj iooupktcie vb ry siie prihu obh
vbry hcsoietbetbh abbfceg k`i eg tjb Dkries ke h tj by ipb efy
bxprbssbh tjb cr hcsfiykfty ke h tjrb kts ia jistcfcty. X jb abr-
` bet k` ieg tjb eidfbs ke h ojcbas tju s orbktbh dy tjbsb
`bksurbs ia ;:8 w be t ie ceorbksceg k ff tjriug j tj b aiffiwceg
ybkr dut wbrb ce
k `ist bxtrkirhcekry `kuebr ebgfbotbh dy
iur jcgjbst iaacockfs tjiugj ct w s k t t jb t c`b wbff lei w e
tj k t tjb prcbstjiih wbrb ueusukffy bebrgbtco ce st cr r ce g u p
tjb pbipfb kgkcest us. C e tj cs s tk tb ia tj b pudf co `ceh tj b
Gi vbre` bet rbhuobh tjb kffiwkeobs ia tjb Gj cfzkc ojcbas ce
tj b oiuetry dbtwbbe Lkd uf keh Mk fkfkdkh. Xjby wbrb tj b
t cehbr tjb _jkj tjb `ktoj ke h tjb Drc t csj Beviy s t ru ol tj b
tw i tigbtjbr. Xj b spkrl
wks
okugj t up keh c``bhcktb fy
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DTCXC_J
TBFKXCIE_
WCXJ KAGJKEC_XKE. 8
du rst ce ti afk`b, wjcoj sprbk h
ks
k grbkt oieafkgrktcie
tjr iu gj kff tj b Gjcfzkc trcdbs ari` Lkeh kfckr ti Mkfkfkdkh.
jb Gjcfzkcs wbrb micebh dy tjb ebcgjdiurceg jcff-`be
ke h ei ` hb s, keh tjb oi``uecoktcies ia tjb Drc t csj kr` y
wbrb o u t iaa ie k ff schbs.
Xjb `kroj
ia
_kfb ti Mkfkfkdkh ari` Lkd uf ti ipbe tjb
rikh, ke h jcs gkffket hbabeob ia tj k t pfkob, krb ` kttb rs ia
jcstiry ke h priuh `b`irckfs. X jb sudsb qui qt oiursb ia
bvbets k t Lkduf , ke h tj b rb t rbkt ia tjb D rct csj er`y, ce
Mkeuk ry , ;:84 ie tjb pfcgjtbh wirh ia k skegucekry keh
eitirciusfy akctjfbss beb`y, krb kfsi ` kttbrs ia j csti ry < du t
w b wiufh akce pkss tjb` dy c e scfbeob, ke h oivbr tjb ` w ctj
tj b vbcf ia `iureceg. Iu tjb hbp krturb ia tj b Drct csj k r` y
ari` Lkduf, hcssbescies krisb ce tj b oiu rt ia tj b _jkff, ke h
j b wks ` urhbrbh.
X jb e aiffiwbh ^iffiol s kvbeg ceg kr` y. C t rbkojbh L kd uf
ce _bptb` dbr ia tj b sk`b ybkr, ke h wks tjbrb micebh d y
Ei tt s airob ari` L kehkjkr. I ur okptcvbs w brb rboivbrbh,
puecsj` bet wks ceafcotbh ie tjb oc ty, ke h tjb kvbegbh kr ` y
sb t iu t ie c t s `kroj
ti
Ceh ck ce tj b aiffiwceg `ietj. Xjb
drcffcket bxp ficts ia E i tt ke h ^iffiol sbrvbh ks skfvb ti
jbkf tjb wiuehbh prchb ia tjb Drct csj ektcie, ke h tjb ektcie
wcffcegfy koobptbh tjb vbegbkeob bxkotbh
ks
wcpceg iu t tj b
hcsgrkob ia iur hcskstrius rbtrbkt . C t wks eit si vcbwbh d y
tjb Kagjkes jiwbvbr, wji, okrbfbss ia fcab tjb`sbfvbs keh
koousti`bh ti sobebs ia hbk tj ke h hbstruotcie, iefy rb`b` -
dbrbh tj k t Drc t csj kr` y ok`b ti tjbcr oiuetry, rbtrbktbh,
ke h wks keecjcfk tbh ie tjb `kroj iut. C t c s tjb `b`iry ia
tj cs suoobs8 ia tjbcrs tj kt j ks oieacr`bh tj b` ce tjbcr j ku gj ty
prch b ia ektci ekf priwbss, ke h ce tjbc r dbfcba c e tfcbcr supbrci-
r c t y
ti
us k s ` cfctkry pbipfb< wjcfst, aur tjb r, ct jks ceorbksbh
tj bc r jk trb h ia us k s ceachbfs ke h kggrbsscvb airbcgebrs.
Ie tj b rbture ia tj b Drctcsj kr ` y ti Ceh ck, Hist @ujk`-
` kh wks rbfbksbh ke h airtjw ctj rbpkcrbh ti Lkduf, wjbrb jb
wks k t ieob rbob cvbh v c t j ipbe k r`s s K`cr. Lujehc f k t
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XDB TKOB_ IA KAGJKEC_XKE.
tj b sk`b tc`b rb turebh ti Lk ehkj kr ari` jcs rrsyfu`
ce
^brsck. W jcfst J ` kt rb`kcebh ce tjb jkehs ia Sk r @ ujk`-
`kh, wji jsh `urhbrbh Lk`;8e k t tjb t c`b tjb Drc t csj
kr ` y bvkouktbh Lkduf. Keh eiw kff Kagjkecstke wks c e t j b
jkehs ia tjb Dkrklzkc.
Wb ebbh eit aiffiw tjb oieausbh oiursb ia ak`cfy mbkfiuscbs
ke h oietbsts dbtwbbe Lkduf, Lke hkjkr, ke h J brkt eir ebbh
wb stip ti cequcrb ceti tj b rbksies tj kt cehuobh Hist @ ujk`-
`kh ti `kroj ti K t tiol ce k ch ia tjb _cljs kgkcest tj b
Drct csj c e tj b ^ke mkd ok`pkcge. C t wcff suaacob air iur pu r-
pisb ti stkt b tj kt ;)ist @ujk``kh, air tj b acrst bcgjt y bk`
katbr jcs rb ture
ti
Lk du f, wk.3 K ` cr ie fy ia tj k t privceo b
ari` Gjkzec ti Mkfkfkdkh . J b h ch ei t oiequbr j f l j t c f f
;:2;-tjb acrst st bp ce jcs sojb` b ia oiesifchktbh Kagjkecs-
tke. Xjrbb ybkrs fktbr , jb `khb ivbrturbs air k e kf fckeob
w ctj t jb Drctcsj G ivbre`bet, k e h tjbsb dbceg wbff rbspiehbh
ti, ce Mkeukry, ;:22, jb sbet jcs sie keh jbcr-kppkrbet ,
Gjufk` J yh kr Ljke, ti ^bsjkwkr, keh t rbk ty ia a rcbehsjcp
wks oieofuhbh tjbrb tjriugj tjb O i` `c~sciebr a tj b ^kemkd,
_c r Mi j e Fkwrbeob. C e Kugust ia tjb sk`b ybkr , Lu jehc f
hcbh k t Lkehkjkr, keh tjb K` cr, tjrbb `ietjs fk tbr, tiil tjb
pfkob ke h keebxbh c t ti jcs hi ` c~ ~c ie s. j cs sboieh s tbp
gkcebh, jb wks eiw kexcius ti sbourb J brk t kfsi, w jcoj wks
tjrbktbebh dy ^brsck, dut dbairb jb jkh tc`b ti krrkegb `kt-
tbrs, tjb ^brsckes tiil pissbsscie ia tjb pfkob. e tjcs Hist
@ujk``kh kppbkfbh ti tj b Drct csj Giv bre`b et air kch t
rboivbr tjc s c` pi rtke t arietcbr ia jcs lceghi`, k eh aiffiwceg
tj cs u p ok`b ti ^bsj kw kr, ke h tjbrb, c e tj b dbgceeceg ia ;:.27,
oieofuhbh k trbkt y wctj _ cr M i j e Fkwrbeob. _j irtfy katbr jcs
hbpkrturb, w kr wks hbofkrbh kgkcest ^brsck, ke h Fu`shbe s
`csscie
w q
sbe t ti L kehkjkr, wjbrb c t rb`kcebh air aiurtbbe
`ietjs k t tjb oiurt ia tjb jbcr-kppkrbet, J yh kr Ljke.
Katbr tj b bvkouktcie ia J br kt d y tj b ^brsckes, tj b pfkob
wks `khb ivbr ti _u ftke Ljke, Dkrklzkc, wj i wrts k e beb ` y
ia tjb K`cr ke h eitirciusfy pritbgh ia tj b _jkj. C e :2:
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DTCXC_J TBF XCIE_
WZXJ
KAGJKEC_XKE
2
jb rbobcvbh ke h jispctkffy betbrtkce bh tjb Tusscke bxpfirceg
bxpbhctcie uehbr @. L jke cli B Xjb K`cr , h cskppicetbh ch
jcs jipbs ia Jb rkt , tureb h jcs kt tbetci e
c e
keitjbr hcrbotcie,
ke h, c e ;313, keeb xbh Lueh uz, keh sbourbh tj b sud`csscie
ia Dkhklsjke , k tj c rh s tbp tiwkrhs t f ~ b i t f si fchk t ci~ia jcs
lceg hieU. J br kt i;;fy rb`kcebh ti oi`pfbtb ct , ke h tjcs pfkob
j b tiil ce ;:1? katbr k s cbgb ia tbe `ietjs. Xj b K` cr, dy
tj cs fkst vcotiry ia jcs fieg, ke h kotcvb, ke h khv beturi us fcab,
kttk ceb h tjb hbscrb ia jcs jb krt, oiesifchktbh Kagjkecstke.
A i r jcs suoobss jb wks cehbdtbh betcrbfy ti tjb kff ckeob k e h
su pp irt ia tjb Drctcsj Givbre` bet. Dud tjcs akot hch e it c e
ce k e y wky hrkw ofisbr tjb rbfkt cie: dbtwbbe tjb twi _tktbs.
I e tj b oietrkry, tj b K` cr ebvbr obksbh jcs vcgcfkeob ce
ofisceg jcs oiu etry kgkcest tj b Bu ripb ke eh wjcfst pfbkhceg
t j b jistcfcty ia j cs pbipfb kg kces t tj b rkob, fisd ei ippirtuec-
t y ia kdusceg tjb` jc`sbfa, keh ipbe fy beoiurkgbh jcs akektc1
prcbstjiih ce vcfcayceg tjb`. Jcs rbpbktbh, ke h kf`ist hyceg,
cemueotcie ti j cs jbcr-kppkrbet , _j br
Kfc
` s ti lbbp ie
giih tbr`s wctj tjb Dr ct csj ke h jifh a k t dy tjbc r k ff ckeob,
d u t ie ei kooiuet,
s
jb vkfubh jcs tjrieb, ti fbt ke Begfcsj-
` ke sb t aiit ce tjb oiuetry .
Hist @ ujk``kh wks ei t hbstcebh ti bemiy tjb aructs ia jcs
suoobss k t Jbrkt . J b hcbh tjbrb ie tjb 3tj Mueb, ;:1?, iefy
abw hky s katbr tjb pfkob abff cet i jcs jkehs. J cs sie, _j br
Kfc, w ji` jb jkh ei`cektbh jbcr-kppkrbet, kgkcest tj b
khvco b ia j cs eidfbs ke h `ist fiykf khj brbets, suoobbhbh ks
K` cr. J b jkh , c t cs t rub, oiesifchktbh lceghi` rbkhy
ti jkeh , du t wc tj c t wks ti oi`b tj b s ti r` tj k t jkh dbbe
prbhcotbh ie kf f s chbs air ybkrs 'pkst . ^brj kps c t cs wbff c t
w s
si, air _ jb r Kfc jkh Di tkst b air tj b tk` b fcab ia ji`i
givbre`bet, keh oiufh eit jkvb rbscstbh tjb dbet ia jcs
hbscrb air airbcge oiequbst jkh jb ei t dbbe A i r b sbrciusfy
begkgbh k t ji`b.
J b wks ebvbr pipufkr `ke.
K s k ojcfh jb
w s wky-
w krh ke h qukrrbfsi`b. Ks yi utj jb wks uehbr tjb rbs-
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1 XJB TKOB_ IA KAGJKEC_XKE
t r kc et ia okpt. cvc ty c e Ceh ck, d ut jcs sbfa csj ke h
wfcc`sy
tb`-
pbr prbvbetbh jcs hbrcvceg k e y dbebac t ari` tjb ou ft cvktbh
siocbty jb wks tjbrb driugjt cet i rbfkt cies wctj.
Ks k
` k e
ce jcs okpkocty ia Givbreir
ia
Gjkzec, jb koqucrbh ke bvcf
rbputk t cie< j cs ru fb wks jkrh, ke h jcs puecsj`bets wbrb
spctbauf ke h orubf wjcfst jcs tb`pbr wks suoj tj k t
ct
w k s
si`btc`bs tjiu gj t jb wks wrieg ce tjb jbkh. J b j kh a c ts
ia vcob keh pcbty kf tbrektbfy, wctj cetbrvkfs ce wjcoj jcs
dbst ar cbehs