the pyramids of giza. the hanging gardens of babylon
TRANSCRIPT
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The Pyramids of Giza
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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
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Statue of Zeus at Olympia
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Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
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The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
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The Colossus of Rhodes
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The Lighthouse At Alexandria
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The Great Barrier Reef
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What Do They Have In Common?
• All massive feats of construction/engineering
• All gone or in disrepair
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In the end, our society will be defined not only by what we create, but what we refuse to
destroy-John Sawhill 1999
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BIODIVERSITY
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General Definition: Sum total of the genetically based variety in the biosphere
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Different Measures of Biodiversity
• Species – how many different species
• Ecosystem – how many different habitats and communities
• Genetic – sum total of all of the different forms of genetic information currently carried by living organisms
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Diversity Exceeds Assessment
• Since Linnaeus’ Systaema Naturae was published in 1755, over 1.75 million species have been identified
• Old Estimate: 5-100 million may exist in the biosphere
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NEW ESTIMATE OF SPECIES BIODIVERSITY
• NEW ESTIMATE: 8.7 million
• 86% of terrestrial and 91% of aquatic undiscovered
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Life Can Live In The Most Extreme Habitats Found On Earth
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Life Can Be Incredibly Diverse In A Small Area
• In Brazil, 425 different tree species live in 2 square acres
• In Peru, 43 different species of ant live on ONE tree
• In Illinois, one gram of dirt may have as many as 1,000 species of bacteria
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Human reliance on high biodiversity is unmatched
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Yet, 50% of Earth’s Different Species Are At Risk of Extinction
• Extinctions are occuring at a rate 10 to 10,000 times faster than before
• Evidence suggests we are entering the 6th major extinction
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Extinction Is Natural?
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Extinction & Biodiversity
• Of the estimated 5 billion various species that have ever evolved, only 1% of them remain today
• The extinction of some species spurs the speciation and development of new lifeforms
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What Does It Mean To Be Extinct?
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All Gone…
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“Lazarus Species”
• Species once thought to be extinct that have reappeared after long periods of time
• Ex: Coelacanth, Black Java chicken
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“Elvis Species”
• A species that actually is extinct but appears to still exist due to “imitators”
• Ex: Komodo Dragon
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Neodarwinism & Extinction
• A species is extinct when all of the alleles in its gene pool have a frequency of 0.
• Under this definition, few species ever truly become extinct!
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Habitat Fragmentation
• The Earth’s terrestrial biodiversity is forced to live on 2% of its surface area
• Of 196,938,800 square miles of Earth, only 13, 785, 716 are rainforest
• Yet half of the terrestrial species on Earth live in tropical rainforests
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These Areas Are Known As Biodiversity “Hot Spots”
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The Measure of A Society
• “The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated”
– M.K. Gandhi
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New Zealand & The Brown Kiwi
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What is man without the beasts?If all the beasts were gone, man would die from a great loneliness of the spirit.For whatever happens to the beasts, soon happens to man.All things are connected.
-Chief Seattle
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The “Part” of the “Whole”
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14 Natural Divisions of Illinois
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Prairie
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Agriculture
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Deciduous Forests
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Illinois, Mississippi & DesPlaines Watersheds
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Unglaciated Moraine
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Lake Michigan Dunes
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Cypress Swamps
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Ozark Uplift
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Urban Environments
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Illinois’ Biodiversity Is Changing
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Today 0.01% Remains
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21,702 sq miles forests and wetlands in 1800’s
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5,646 square miles remain
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Where Did It All Go?
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MONOCULTURE
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Why is Illinois Monoculture an ecological risk?
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Lower Autotroph Diversity Means Less Consumer Diversity
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More risk from invasive species
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More Effort To Maintain Artificial Stability Of Monoculture
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History Tells Us That Monocultures and Low Biodiversity Are Recipes For Disaster
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Biodiversity Analysis (part 1)
• For table 1, sum all of the species in column 2 to determine the total biodiversity of Earth.
• Divide each individual # of species by this total to determine what % of the Earth’s total biodiversity is represented by each taxa (classification)
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Part 2
• To determine the biodiversity statistics for Illinois, sum the second column from table 2. This represents the total Illinois biodiversity
• Divide the estimated # of species by the total # of species. This should tell you what % of Illinois biodiversity belongs to each taxa
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Part 3: How much does Illinois contribute to global biodiversity?• To answer this question, take the
estimated # of species in IL for a given classification and divide by the estimated # of species (global).
• This value will suggest what % of the total # of species for a given taxa/classification can be found in Illinois.