the pursuit of perfection: vice or virtue in judaism?the pursuit of excellence vs. the quest for...

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1 Dr. Benzion Sorotzkin, Psy.D. Clinical Psychologist Brooklyn, NY www.DrSorotzkin.com [email protected] THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION: VICE OR VIRTUE IN JUDAISM? * Chazal exhort us to strive for ever higher goals. It says in ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืจื‘ื”) ื›ื’: ื( ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“, ืžืชื™ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘. - (When will my deeds equal those of my forefathers)? Likewise, the concept of shleimus ( " ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช" ), which can be translated as perfection, is also an honored goal in chazal. On the other hand, clinical experience and research indicates that perfectionism is often associated with serious emotional disorders (Blatt, 1995; Flett & Hewitt, 2002; Sorotzkin, 1985, 1998) which, in turn, eventually results in lower levels of achievement. This paper will briefly review the psychological literature on perfectionism, examine Yiddishkeitโ€™s attitude toward perfection, some common misconceptions and misapplications of this concept, and the impact of the above on frum patients and therapists. PERFECTIONISM In a comprehensive review of the literature on โ€œthe destructiveness of perfectionism,โ€ Blatt (1995) states: The research literature on perfectionism has grown remarkably in the past decade. Numerous empirical investigations... provide consistent evidence that perfectionism is a multi-dimensional construct that can have an important role in adaptive and maladaptive functioning, including a wide range of disorders, especially depression and suicide (p. 1005). Regarding specific diagnostic categories, perfectionism has been associated with obsessive-compulsive disorders, where the person seeks perfection with regard to self-control; * An earlier version of this paper was published in the Journal of Psychology and Judaism, Vol. 23 (4), 1999, pp. 179-195. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association on May 9, 1996, in NYC and at the Nefesh Conference, May 21-25, 1998 in Spring Glen, NY.

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Page 1: THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION: VICE OR VIRTUE IN JUDAISM?THE PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE vs. THE QUEST FOR PERFECTION In order to explain the pathology of perfectionism, we need to distinguish

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Dr. Benzion Sorotzkin, Psy.D. Clinical Psychologist

Brooklyn, NY www.DrSorotzkin.com

[email protected]

THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION: VICE OR VIRTUE IN JUDAISM?โˆ—

Chazal exhort us to strive for ever higher goals. It says in ืœืคื™ื›ืš ) ื:ื›ื’(ืจื‘ื” ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•.ืžืชื™ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ - (When will my deeds equal those

of my forefathers)? Likewise, the concept of shleimus ( "ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช" ), which can be translated as perfection, is also an honored goal in chazal. On the other hand, clinical experience and research indicates that perfectionism is often associated with serious emotional disorders (Blatt, 1995; Flett & Hewitt, 2002; Sorotzkin, 1985, 1998) which, in turn, eventually results in lower levels of achievement. This paper will briefly review the psychological literature on perfectionism, examine Yiddishkeitโ€™s attitude toward perfection, some common misconceptions and misapplications of this concept, and the impact of the above on frum patients and therapists.

PERFECTIONISM In a comprehensive review of the literature on โ€œthe destructiveness of perfectionism,โ€ Blatt (1995) states:

The research literature on perfectionism has grown remarkably in the past decade. Numerous empirical investigations... provide consistent evidence that perfectionism is a multi-dimensional construct that can have an important role in adaptive and maladaptive functioning, including a wide range of disorders, especially depression and suicide (p. 1005).

Regarding specific diagnostic categories, perfectionism has been associated with obsessive-compulsive disorders, where the person seeks perfection with regard to self-control; โˆ— An earlier version of this paper was published in the Journal of Psychology and Judaism, Vol. 23 (4), 1999, pp. 179-195. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association on May 9, 1996, in NYC and at the Nefesh Conference, May 21-25, 1998 in Spring Glen, NY.

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with narcissism, where the individual needs to see himself as perfect (Miller, 1996); and with depression, which is often a reaction to the failed attempt to achieve perfection (Blatt, 1995). Sarno (1998) has also attributed chronic back pain and other somatic conditions to the stress associated with perfectionistic tendencies. Elsewhere (Sorotzkin, 1998), I have discussed how perfectionism is especially prevalent among religious patients, particularly adolescents. Much attention has recently been paid in the frum community to those youngsters who act out their emotional distress by rebelling against yiddishkeit. I contend that perfectionism is, in effect, an internalized version of the same phenomenon. Rather than rebelling, these youngsters react to their feelings of failure, rejection and disappointment by trying to be perfect, in a desperate attempt to gain the recognition and acceptance that they lack and so desperately crave. In recent times, a new awareness of the dangers of perfectionism can be found among mechanchim. In fact, a recently published sefer on chinuch issues devotes an entire chapter to this issue.1

WHATโ€™S WRONG WITH TRYING TO BE PERFECT? A common objection I hear from patients or their families, when I suggest that they are suffering from โ€œperfectionismโ€ is: โ€œWhatโ€™s wrong with trying to be perfect?โ€ Being ambitious, competitive and striving for ever-higher spiritual goals are seen as positive attributes by frum patients. It is assumed by most frum people, that the chazal that states that being ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื• (happy with oneโ€™s lot) is one of the ) ื•:ืื‘ื•ืช ื•(ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื "ืž (a prerequisite for acquiring Torah knowledge) refers only to ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช (temporal possessions). In regard to ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช (spiritual acquisitions), being happy with what one has already achieved is seen as a negative trait at best, or a fatal defect in oneโ€™s spiritual makeup at worst.

THE PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE vs. THE QUEST FOR PERFECTION In order to explain the pathology of perfectionism, we need to distinguish between the pursuit of excellence (Hamachek, 1978) and the quest for perfection (Sorotzkin, 1985, 1998). People with healthy self-esteem can be motivated by a positive desire to excel in a particular pursuit. They would typically view this pursuit as a process where each step is experienced as a positive ego-enhancing event bringing them closer to their ultimate goal.2 They are comfortable

ื›ืคืจ , "ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•"ื ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช "ืฆ ืจื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื™ื˜"ืขื ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื’ื”(ื” "ืชืฉืก, ื"ื—" ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“: ืžื›ืœ ืžืœืžื“ื™"ืกืคืจ 1

. 174-198' ืขืž)" ืคืจืคืงืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื(ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœื "ืคืจืง , )ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืื ืฉื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœืœ ืจื‘ ืฉืžื— "ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ืจืขืง, "ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืืžืจืชืš ื›ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœืœ ืจื‘ืฉืฉ .... " -) 'ืงืœื“' ืขืž, ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš(ืื”ืœ ืจื—ืœ ืกืคืจ ื‘ 2

, ื•ืืœ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• โ€“' ืงื ื“' ื•ืฉื ื‘ืขืž .ื”ืฉืœืœ ืค ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืœ"ืืข, ืฉืžื—ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื—ืช ืžื”ืฉืœืœืžื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื ื ืคืœื“ื‘ืฉื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืคืขื ื”ืขืจื”[... ืงื•ื ื” ืืœื ืœื™ื™ืงืจ ื›ืœ ืžืขืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื

ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ( ื“ืจืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘]. ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฉื ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืืš ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉืื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ื•ืœื’ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ืื—ืช. ื—ืจืฆื• ื‘ืกืœืขื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ [ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจืงื™ืข ืฉื”ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ืœืช (ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื— ื•ืขื“ืชื• ) ื:ืงื•ืจื— ื˜ื–' ืคืจ, ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ

ืืœื ื“ื•ืงื ืžืœืžื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ , ื›"ืชื•ืขืœืช ื› ืŸื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื˜ืขื ื“ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื’ื“ ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืชื›ืœืช ืื™" โ€“ )ื› ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืชื›ืœืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ืช"ื•ื.] ืคื˜ื "ื’ืจื•ื‘ ".ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื ืžื”ื‘ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคืชืื ื‘ืœื™ ืขืžืœ, ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื›ืœืช ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ืื—ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ื•ื˜ ื

ื› ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื—ืžืช ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื• "ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืื— - "ื™ื–ืขืฃ ืœื‘ื•' ื•ืขืœ ื”, ืื•ืœืช ืื“ื ืชืกืœืฃ ื“ืจื›ื•" โ€“) ื’:ื™ื˜(ืžืฉืœื™

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with their humanness and, therefore, accepting of inevitable personal and environmental limitations (Pacht, 1984), even while exercising their will power and sense of motivation to improve and excel. The perfectionistโ€™s drive for success and accomplishment may seem, on the surface, very similar to that of the healthy โ€œstriver for excellence.โ€ However, the underlying dynamic of perfectionism is very different. There are pervasive feelings of shame (Miller, 1996; Sorotzkin, 1998) which induce a compensatory drive for grandiosity and perfection. Since perfection is necessary to negate deep pervasive feelings of defectiveness, anything less than total perfection is experienced as a humiliating defect and a narcissistic injury. In contrast to the โ€œstriver for excellenceโ€ who is motivated primarily by a wish for success, the perfectionist is driven primarily by the fear of the humiliation of failure (Blatt, 1995; Sorotzkin, 1985, 1998). It is important to emphasize that these distinctions are difficult to spot, since patients rarely spontaneously volunteer to speak about their grandiose/perfectionistic tendencies. In fact, most often they are only dimly aware of it - if at all. At most, they are aware of the resulting symptoms - e.g. being overly anxious about their performance, procrastinating and feeling depressed.

โ€œChaimโ€3 was expressing his frustration over what he perceived as his lack of progress in therapy. I reminded him of his own occasional reports of progress and wondered why he resists keeping this fact in mind. After giving this question some thought, he responded: โ€œAs soon as I begin thinking about my progress, my mind immediately jumps to fantasies of perfectionistic, grandiose achievements, which just sets me up for great disappointment.โ€

The clinician can distinguish between the healthy and unhealthy forms of striving by investigating how the patient deals with his less-than-perfect performances. The healthy person can be satisfied, and even proud of a superior, albeit non-perfect, performance, while the perfectionist experiences it as a humiliating defeat and a narcissistic injury (Sorotzkin, 1985).4

Perfectionistic patients will often reject the suggestion that fear and other negative emotions motivate them. Rather, they insist that they truly enjoy what they are doing (e.g. learning Torah). It is only upon closer examination that it becomes clear that they are only enjoying avoiding the feeling of guilt and shame that they would experience if they were not learning. They are not capable of actually enjoying an activity or achievement for its own sake, since they will always be convinced that they are not doing it as well as they should. It is for this

ื•ืื– , ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืœืš ื›ืคื™ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื• ื•ืœื ืœืงืคื•ืฅืื“ื ื›ื™ ื›ืœ , ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื•. ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืžืช ืื•ืœืชื•, ืœืžื” ืœื ืกื™ื™ืขื”ื•' ื•ื–ื•ืขืฃ ืขืœ ื”, ืžืื“ ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื•

ืกื™ืœืฃ , ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืขืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื—ืžืช ืื•ืœืชื•, ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœืช ื”ืื“ื. ืœื›ืš ืœื ืกื™ื™ืขื•ื”ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•ืืš ื–ื” ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ืœืš ... ืœืš ืœื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื“ืจื›ื•ื™. ]ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ืืœื• ื•ืžืืจื™ืš ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื•) 'ืจื™ื–' ื‘ ืขืž"ื—(ืขืœื™ ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘[ืœื• ืœืžื” ืœื ืกื™ื™ืข' ื“ืจื›ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืขืฃ ืขืœ ื”

").ืขืฅ ืคืจื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืคืจื™"ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ' ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื•ื˜ื ืจ, ืžืืžืจื™ ืคื—ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืงื’ื ื‘ื•ืจืื” (3 Names and details in the case illustrations have been changed to preserve confidentiality

, ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืขื•ืฉื”ืฉื›ืŸ ื”, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื โ€“ 108' ื’ ืขืž"ื—, ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• 4ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื” . ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืขืจืš ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช

ื™ืฉ ืืš ืจืง ืื โ€“ืฉื’ื ืจืฉืขื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืช ', ืงืœื' ืขืž, ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืžื•ืกืจื•ื›ืŸ . (ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืื•ื” ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช"ื ื—"ืžื”ืžื›ืชืžืžื” ', ืจืกื’' ืขืž, ืฉืžื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ": ืžืฆื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช"ืขืœ ' ืžืืžืจ ืกื‘ ืžืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื•ืจืื”: ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ืจืกื•ืžืช

).ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื" ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช"ืฉืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืš ืขืœ ื”

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reason that they can be very successful at what they do and yet still feel depressed. Likewise, they often experience strong feelings of jealousy accompanied by profound anger at the successful person who makes them acutely aware of their own imperfections.

RELIGIOUS ISSUES Therapists who treat frum patients, report that these patients often use frumkeit as a defense, e.g. claiming that โ€œthe Torah requires me to be compulsiveโ€ (Sorotzkin, 1998; Wikler, 1982). Non-religious therapists, or those not knowledgeable of religious issues, are more likely to avoid dealing directly with the religious challenges brought up by their patients (Worthington et al., 1996). They will feel more comfortable suggesting that the patient discuss these issues with his Rov. While this has the advantage of preventing therapy sessions from turning into theological debates, there are also distinct disadvantages. For one, a sharp distinction between religious and psychological issues is an artificial one for most frum psychotherapy patients. Their psychopathology clearly colors their understanding, or lack thereof, of the Torah and chazal. By keeping religious issues out of therapy, this dynamic is never sufficiently explored. Even if the Rov to whom the patient turns is familiar and comfortable with psychological issues, in most cases the patient will not be as comfortable discussing details of his emotional life with the Rov as he would be revealing them to a therapist. Nonetheless, a frum therapist is certainly not a substitute for the patientโ€™s Rov. Rather, the therapist should help patients get more out of their relationship with their Rov, by helping them become more open and knowledgeable about themselves, especially in regard to the interplay between their frumkeit and psychological concerns.5 A religious therapist is more likely to address religious issues with religious patients, at least at some level (Worthington, et al 1996). Peteet (1994) discusses four levels at which the therapist can approach religious issue, ranging from โ€œacknowledge the [religious] problem but focus exclusively on its psychological dimension, to โ€œaddress the spiritual problem directly within the treatment through the use of a shared religious or spiritual dimensionโ€ (p. 237). In my practice, I try to fine-tune the level at which I deal with the frumkeit issues to the specific needs of each patient. Some patients rarely bring up frumkeit per se, even if their problems involve hashkafah issues. Others focus a great deal on hashkafah questions, especially if they feel that I am religiously similar to them. Discussing religious doctrine with a patient carries the danger of assuming the role of pastoral counselor. However, it also holds the opportunity to explore idiosyncratic distortions of religious beliefs. While for the most part I conduct therapy with frum patients by focusing on

5 Many perfectionists seek advice from their rov not out of a wish to clarify their religious obligations, i.e., the ' ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื” - rather they want someone to take responsibility for their behavior, in order to escape the wrath of a G-d they perceive as vengeful and capricious (see below under โ€œImage of G-dโ€).

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psychodynamic issues, I do not hesitate to discuss hashkafah and frumkeit issues if it is indicated.6 Frum patients bring up a wide range of religious issues relating to their presenting symptoms. This paper will focus on religious issues related to perfectionism, which I have found to be an underlying dynamic among many frum patients.

Image of Hashem As discussed above, the religious activities of perfectionists are motivated primarily by fear. This causes them, therefore, to be anxious, extreme, inflexible and lacking in perspective in their religious observances and to be overly concerned with how they are perceived by others (Worthington, 1996). An in-depth analysis of what is creating such fear usually uncovers a terrifying image of a capricious and vengeful G-d.

โ€œEli,โ€ a 20 year old yeshiva bochur, was referred with symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Among other things, shachris was taking him over four hours. He related that his Rebbi convinced him that indeed Hashem does not want him to take so long to daven or to be so anxious about his davening. But, in spite of these realizations, he was unable to daven any quicker.

Further analysis revealed that, although he accepted that Hashem wants him to daven quicker, he could not imagine that Hashem would forego a perfectly correct pronunciation of his davening. So, even though Hashem wants him to speed up his davening, if he mispronounced any of the words, there would be hell to pay (literally). Thus the Rovโ€™s well-intentioned efforts to help Eli - by telling him that Hashem wants him to daven faster - only added to Eliโ€™s pressure, since he was incapable of perceiving this as a dispensation. Rather, he experienced it as an additional requirement. As is often the case with perfectionistic/OCD patients, Eli perceived G-d as a bully )ืœ"ืจ( just waiting for his slightest misstep in order to severely punish him. He could only escape this fate by being so perfect that Hashem would not have a โ€œpretextโ€ to punish him.

Eli initially insisted that his image of a vengeful G-d was a normative belief in Yiddishkeit. I challenged the religious validity of his image. I suggested that his image of G-d as a vicious bully fit more with the understanding of the ancient idol-worshipers, who felt they had to appease their despotic gods, than that of our traditional understanding of worshipping our benevolent Creator. I showed him a passage from a history book written by a Rov:

Such was the ancient concepts of the gods... the world was populated by

numerous powerful, capricious and unseen creatures who controlled the destiny and fortunes of mankind, creatures who were spiritual only in the sense that they

6 In order for therapists to be able to identify their patientsโ€™ idiosyncratic beliefs and contrast them with authoritative, mainstream perspectives on religious issues, it is important that they review these issues with a knowledgeable rov.

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were invisible and immortal but were material in every other sense.... They could look benignly on human affairs or they could vent their anger... Men paid homage and brought sacrifices... in the fervent hope that the gods would be appeased and would not bring misery and sorrow to mankind (Rabbi Yaakov Yosef Reinman, 1995, pp. 18-29).

One of the major goals of therapy for this patient was to uncover how his image of a harsh and punitive G-d was shaped by the parental image rather than by normative religious belief. If one grows up with parents (the first and primary authority figures for all children) who are harsh, capricious and unfairly punitive then it is understandable that he will also come to see the ultimate โ€œAuthority Figureโ€ in the same light. The patient came to see that his image of Hashem did not accurately reflect traditional sources in chazal which emphasize that Hashem is benevolent and wishes us well.7

Psychic Determinism and Free Will Attribution of responsibility for the patientโ€™s problems, both by the patient and by the therapist, can have a substantial impact on the therapy process (Hayes & Wall, 1998). Frum patients (and their families) will often resist the therapistโ€™s attempts to put their negative behavior in the perspective of their past history, especially if it seems to them that the therapist is โ€œexcusingโ€ their negative behavior. They will often frame this resistance in religious terms, that chazal proclaim that a person has total free will (bechira), so that regardless how disadvantaged or abusive a personโ€™s life-situation was or is, this in no way limits his range of free-will. They will also employ the oft quoted phrase "ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ" (nothing stands in the way of the will โ€“ or โ€œif there is a will there is a wayโ€) as a means of denying the possibility that past history can limit a personโ€™s options in the present. This issue is especially problematic for perfectionists, since acknowledging limitations (internal or external) to oneโ€™s freedom of action is, in itself, experienced as a narcissistic injury.

".]ื‘ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•"ื” ื ื’ืœื” ืœืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• "ืฉื”ืงื‘) ื:ืฉืžื•ืช ื’(ืžืฉืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื™ ืœืžื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” , "ื‘ื™ื ืช ื”ืœื‘"ืจืืฉ ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ , ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื ืฅื”ืจื‘ ื™[ 7

ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ืืœื•ืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ , ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืืงื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืืฆืœื™ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”... - " ื›ื” ืชืืžืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ) "ื’:ื™ืชืจื• ื™ื˜(ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืื” ื•ืžืชื—ื›ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช , ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื–ื” ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืœื’ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•. ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฉืง ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ืฉืงื• ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ,ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘

ืœื™ืชืŸ ืคืชื—ื•ืŸ ืคื” ืœืžืฉื” ? "ืืœื•ืงื™ืš"ื•ืœืžื” ืืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ โ€“ืืœื•ืงื™ืš ' ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื” โ€“ื‘ :ื™ืชืจื• ื› ื™"ืจืฉืจืื” ื’ื .'ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืคื•ืฅ ื” ืฉื›ืจื ื• ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื• .ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื ืœื™ ืœื‘ื“ื™ื™ื—ืจื” ืืคืš ื‘ืขืžืš ืœื ืœื”ื ืฆื•ื™ืช ืœื ื™ื”' ืœืžื” ื”) ื™ื:ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘(ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉืืžืจ ืœืœืžื“ ืกื ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื’ืœ

. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื—ืกื“ ื—ื™ื ื... - "]ื‘ื ื™ืš ื—ื˜ืื•"ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืื‘ื•ืช "ืฉื”ืงื‘: ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืคื˜ 'ืขืœ ื”ื’ืž) [55' ื“ ืขืž"ื—(ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ืจืื” ืฉื’ื“ืจ ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ... ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ' ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจ... ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืžื“ืชื• ืžื“ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื“ื•ืงื ื™ืฆื—ืง... ื”ืจื™ ) ... 'ืงื ื“' ืขืž, ื™ื‘:ืชืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื–, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืžื ืฆืงื™( ืืžืช ืœื™ืขืงื‘ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘' ื•ืขื™. ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื–ื” ื—ืกื“ ื—ื™ื ื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ื’ื ืขืฆืžื”, ื“ื‘ืจ

ื› ื”ื•ื "ื›) .... 'ืขื˜' ืขืž, ื ื’:ื•ื™ืฆื ืœื, ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื‘(ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื‘ื” ื•ื‘... ืกื ื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืœืš ืœื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ' ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ .... ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื•ื ืฆื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•... ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืข ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืœืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื

ื”ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ "ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”"ื’ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘:ื› ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ"ืจืฉืจืื” ื’ื ....ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸืจื‘ื™ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• (ืžืชื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ]. 500ืคื™ โ€“ืค ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชื "ืข' ื‘ืชื•ืก" [ืžื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื“ืช ืคื•ืจืขื ื•ืช. "ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื' ื•ื‘ื’ืž, "ื•ืœื ื™ืขืฉื”

ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื•ืื™ื• ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ื” ื‘ืจื "ื”ืงื‘ืฉ, ืœ"ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ืกืจ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืžืœืฆืจ ื–ืฆ' ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื’.... -) 'ืฆื—' ืขืž' ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘, ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ โ€“ื” "ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื‘, "ื” ื•ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ"ื– ื‘ืœื ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื‘"ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื”:) "ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื”(' ืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื’ืž]ื•... [ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืฉืคืข ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื– ื”ืกื‘ื™"ืื•ืœื ื”ื’ืจื, ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ืœื ืืžืจ, "ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื•"ื™ ื“ื’ื•ื–ืœ "ืคื™ืจืฉ . ืฉื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื ื• ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื–ื™ืœื”... ื”"ื”ืงื‘

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I counter these arguments with the following. The idea of unlimited free-will regardless of circumstances (past or present) defies both traditional sources and logic. The Rambam clearly states that a โ€œืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉื ืฉื‘ื”โ€ (tinok shenishba - a Jew raised since infancy as a non-Jew) is not held responsible for violating Torah law ( ื’:ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืžืจื™ื ื’ ), so obviously we cannot be totally oblivious to history in attributing responsibility for behavior (i.e., free-will). The Rambam also makes it clear that merely informing a tinok shenishba that he is a Jew and that he is obligated to observe the mitzvos is not sufficient to take a person out of the category of tinok shenishba. Even the most radical proponent of unlimited free-will will concede the limits of free-will when presented with an actual extreme case of external pressure. Take, for example, a case where a child was raised by a โ€œreligiousโ€ parent who had beaten him viciously on a regular basis for many years until the child rebelled against religion. Would anyone claim that this child should be held equally responsible as would a child who grew up in an ideal setting?! Elsewhere (Sorotzkin, 1996), I have shown how - based on Rav Desslerโ€™s concept of โ€œpoint (or level) of free willโ€ (โ€œ111-120, ื"ื™ื”ื• ื—ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœ - โ€ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ) - Yiddishkeit recognizes that life circumstances can restrict a personโ€™s level of free will and subsequently, his degree of responsibility, (although Rav Dessler emphasizes that an element of ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, at some level, always remains).8 At the other end of the spectrum, while psychologists can often illuminate the meaning of a personโ€™s past behavior by exploring his history, they are much less effective in predicting future behavior. This is due to the unpredictable factors of will power and free will (Basch, 1978).

Balance and Perspective The most difficult task in treating perfectionistic and obsessive-compulsive frum patients is not in challenging specific distortions in their religious belief system. Rather it is in overcoming the superficial, non-contextual, perfectionistic (โ€œblack and whiteโ€) perspective with which they approach everything they do. With frum patients, it expresses itself most destructively in their religious observance only because that happens to be a major, important area in their lives.

ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืžืืžืจื™ "ื•ื‘" ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืชื’ืžื™ื"ื•ื‘. ืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืื• ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ" ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ"ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉ 8

ืืš ". ื›ืœ ืžืœื™ืŸ ื“ืขืœืžื ืœื ืชืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื ื‘ืจืขื•ืชื"ื‘ "ืชืจื•ืžื” ื“ืฃ ืงืก' ืค ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืคืจ"ื” ืžืืžืจ ืฉื’ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื–) ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกืคืจ ื ืจ ืœืžืื”" (ืœ"ื—ื–ืžืชื ืช ( ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™! ื ืจืื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืจืง ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืœื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืขื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช

ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• " .... ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื"ื ื™ืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืข) 'ื™ื—' ืขืž' ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘, ื—ื™ื™ืืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ "ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืข ืžื”ืคืชื’ื [ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช

ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• , ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ื— ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื”ื” ื”ืžืฆ"ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘. ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืŸ, "]ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸื ืžืฆื ื“ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ื— ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ .... ืชืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืœื‘ื“

ื› "ื. [ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื”, ]ื•ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืฉื›ืจ[ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ ื—ืคืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ , ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื•, ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•" ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ"ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉ

). 97' ื’ ืขืž"ื•ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• ื—', ืจื›' ื•ืขืž' ืจื—' ืขืž' ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘, ืชื ืช ื—ื™ื™ืื•ืจืื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ืž(!] ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ

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In their desperate attempt to see themselves as flawless, perfectionists will often disavow or โ€œsplit offโ€ their negative impulses and thoughts in a process termed โ€œthe vertical splitโ€ by Kohut (1971). Rather than just repressing or denying their negative impulses and actions (a โ€œhorizontal splitโ€) they disavow that aspect of themselves (a โ€œJekyll and Hydeโ€ syndrome9; i.e., โ€œI could never do such a thingโ€). This has the โ€œbenefitโ€ of making possible the illusion of self perfection since the person disavows the less-than-perfect parts of himself. However, when the negative impulse eventually asserts itself it does so without the moderating influence of the personโ€™s positive attributes, since they have been split off and are not experienced as parts of an integrated whole person (see Sorotzkin, 1998, Goldberg, 1999, and Orange et al., 1997).10 I try to convey to my patients Yiddishkeitโ€™s complex, sophisticated, and multi-layered approach to all areas of life. An example is Rav Desslerโ€™s concept of ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” (level of free will) discussed above which delicately balances the need for people to take responsibility for their actions with the necessity of recognizing that external events impact on their range of options at any given moment. Likewise, I point out that the daily activities of a frum Jew often involve negotiating an area of tension between two poles. On one end are lofty idealistic goals; while on the other end is a realistic acceptance of human nature. There are major risks in going too far in either direction.11 Overemphasizing the restrictions of reality can result in stunted ambition and a deficiency in the will to better oneself, while overemphasizing idealistic goals can result in grandiosity and perfectionism with its attending anxiety and depression and eventual burnout. A balanced attitude of striving for a realistic level of excellence, on the other hand, should not be seen as merely โ€œtoned downโ€ grandiosity and perfectionism. It is rather, a totally different attitude with different underlying dynamics (Sorotzkin, 1998). As a patient once put it quite insightfully; โ€œI used to try to become taller by floating; now I try to grow taller with my feet planted firmly on the ground.โ€12

9 From the famous novel by Robert Lewis Stevenson (1886). โ€œThe work is known for its vivid portrayal of the psychopathology of a split personality; in mainstream culture the very phrase โ€˜Jekyll and Hydeโ€™ has come to mean a person who may show a distinctly different character, or profoundly different behavior, from one situation to the next, as if almost another personโ€ฆ [Wikipedia].โ€

ื™ืขืงื‘ ] ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ) [ื—:ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืœื‘" (ื•ื™ืจื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืื“ ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืœื•"): "ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืชืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช "ืžื• -ืž' ืขืž, ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืฅ( ื‘ืืจ ืžื—ื•ืงืงื•ื‘ืกืคืจ 10ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืงื™ื•ื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ] ื•ืงืฉื”.... [ื”ืจื™ ื“ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจื โ€“ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืคื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืฉื• ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ... ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื›ื” ื ืฉื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ืขืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื•ื ืฉืžืช. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื™ื•ืชื™ื•ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžืงื•ืจ , ื“ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืจืื” ื”ืื“ื ืžื“ื” ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืื“, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ? ...ืฉืœ ืจืฉืขื•ืช... ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืฉืืจ ืขืฉื• ื‘ื“ืจื’ื” ื›ื–ืืช

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืขืฉื• ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ]ืฉ... [ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืคื™... ืืœื ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื... ืžื”ืืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื•ื ืฉืžืชื•, ืืžื™ืชื™ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื , ื”ืื“ื. ืœืคืจืฉ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ] ื’ื[ื•ื™ืฉ .... ืืœื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื, ืž ืœื ื ื‘ืข ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœืงื™ื™ื"ืž.. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื” ื ืฉื’ื‘

ื ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื• ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื“.... ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื•... ื™ืœื•ื“ ืืฉื”ื•ื™ืฉืืจ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืฉืง , ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืช ืœื—ื•ื“... ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืจืฅ, ืžืžื ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช

, ืœืคื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ. ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื’ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื"ื”ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืช ืชืจื™]ื•... [ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ืจืฉืข ืœื’ื‘ื... ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืขื•ื“... ื›ืœืœ. ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉื•ื ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื"ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืจืฆื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ืจื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื›ืื•. ื“ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื• ื—ื™

ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ). ื›ื–:ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื”, ื™"ืจืฉ( ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืชื•, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื• ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช[ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืฃ , ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช, ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืจืฉื™ืืฉ

.]ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื•ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ , ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื ื”ื˜ืจื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืขืœื™"): ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘"ืค ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”"ืข -" ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืžื•ืชื™"ื” "ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื“( ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช 11

... ืฉืื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื™. 'ืฉืœื ืชืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ, ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช': ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืžืจ.... ืžืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ืฉ ืœื“ื™ื™ืง [ ....ืื– ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืฉืคื” ื”ืฆื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจื•, ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืžืฆืคื” ืฉื™ืชืžืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช

.] ืกื•ืฃ ื–ื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื‘, ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื”ืจืื , ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• โ€“ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœ "ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื”

ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจื’ื ื•ื“ืจื’ื ื™ืขืžื•ืœ , ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืืจืฆื” ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื”ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ืกื•ืœื , ื”ื•ื] 'ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”[ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ โ€“ 25' ื ืขืž"ื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• 12ืืžื ื ื”ืžืชื—ื–ืง โ€“ 188-189' ื•ื‘ืขืž. ืืœื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื“ืจื’ื ืœื“ืจื’ื, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืžืžื˜ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืจืข

Page 9: THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION: VICE OR VIRTUE IN JUDAISM?THE PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE vs. THE QUEST FOR PERFECTION In order to explain the pathology of perfectionism, we need to distinguish

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Most perfectionists grew up in homes where religion was of an extrinsic (Worthington et al, 1996) and superficial nature (Sorotzkin, 1998), and so developing a broader, balanced and more nuanced perspective is quite a difficult task for them.13

I first met โ€œDovidโ€ when he was a 16 year-old Yeshiva student presenting with Oppositional Defiant Disorder and depression. One of the outstanding features in Dovidโ€™s parentsโ€™ attitude to his emotional difficulties was their overriding concern with, โ€œwhat will the neighbors say?โ€ when they became aware of Dovidโ€™s non-conformist behavior, and their distress over his disregard for his religious duties, without regard for the obvious underlying emotional disturbance. This distorted their perception of the severity of Dovidโ€™s various symptoms.

A startling example of this distortion was an urgent phone call from Dovidโ€™s father two months into the therapy. Dovidโ€™s condition had deteriorated significantly. He had dropped out of Yeshiva, and was spending most of the day in bed. He had withdrawn

, ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื—ื™ืฉ ืžื”ืจื”ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ืกื›ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื›... ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืœื™ื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืžืžื ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ...ื•ื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื—ื˜ื•ื.. ื•ื™ืชื—ืจื˜ ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื”ื•, ื• ืœื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ"ืื•ืœื™ ื—... ืช ืžื ืกื” ืื•ืชื•"ื•ืื ื”ืฉื™

For other examples of how competing religious imperatives define and refine each other - .... ื”"ื›ืืœื• ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื”ืงื‘) ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš(ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ... ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื": ืšืคืœืก ืžืขื’ืœ ืจื’ืœื™"', ืฉืขื•ืจ ื‘) ื‘"ื›(ื“ "ื— ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื“ืขืชืจืื”

.... ?ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืœื• ืœืงื™ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื” ื›ื–ื•, ื•ื”ืœื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืจื ื•ืื™ื•ืืืœื ... ื– ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื ืคืฉื•"ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžืขื•ื”, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช" ืœืฆื•ืจืš"ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ , ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช

ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ' ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืฆืจืš ืœื• ืœืื“ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื ืคืฉื•, ืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืคื™ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื• ื•ืชื›ื•ื ืชื•" ืœืฆื•ืจืš"ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ . ื”ื•ื" ืœืฆื•ืจืš"ื‘ื›ืœืœ , ืœื• ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ืชืคืืจืช ื”ืื“ื' ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฆืจืš, ืฉืจืง ืื– ืขืจื™ื ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื›ื—ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืฉืžื—ื”

ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืงืฉื” ื“ืจื›ื ื• ... ืืžื ื.... ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืœืชืขื ื•ื’ื™ื ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืงื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืช , ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืžืคืœืก ืฉื›ืœื• ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”... ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื“ืจื›ื•. ืžืื“

ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ืœื—ืฉื‘ , ืืžื ื ื›ืฉื ืชืขืžืง ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืงืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื”? ...ืื ื–ื”ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื“ืจื›ื•... ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ ื”ืœื... ืื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ืคืจื˜ ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื•ืœื—ืฉื‘... ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ

ื•ืืฃ ืื ื™ื˜ืขื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืœื ื™ืงืจื ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื .... ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืชืคืืจืช ื”ืื“ื' ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ื– ' ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื—ื™... ืจื‘ื™ืื›ื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื ืœืื“ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ืขื•ื– ื•ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืœืคื’ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ... ืœืฆื•ืจืš .... ื•ืฉืžื—ื”

ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœืขืœื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืžืขื˜ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ): 'ืขื' ืขืž, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื•ื˜ื ืจ( ืคื—ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืงื•ืจืื” ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืจืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื—ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช. ื‘ืœื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื”, "ื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™"ื”ืืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ

ืฉื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” , ื•ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“.... ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื”. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคืขืช ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ .ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืœื ืชื—ืœื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช

, ืฉื’ื ื”ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืชืืžืจ ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ"... ืืžืช"ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื›ืืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”) ...ืงื ื”- ืงื ื“' ืขืž ,ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงืžื ืฆืงื™(ืืžืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืจืื” ื‘, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืžื—ืคืฉื• ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœืจื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืชื—ื‘ื ืืฆืœื• ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืงืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ืจื“ืฃ ืžืชื—ื‘ื ืืฆืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ

? ื™ืงืจื" ืืžืช"ื”ื›ื™ ื–ื” , ืฉืžื“ืชื• ืžื“ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื“ื•ืงื ื™ืฆื—ืง:) ืฉื‘ืช ืคื˜(' ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื’ืž. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื—ืกื“ ื—ื™ื ื. ): ..55' ื“ ืขืž"ื—(ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• ื•ืจืื”

ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคืœื™ืื™ื ) ... 'ื™ื–' ืขืž" ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ"' ืžืืžืจ ื” ,ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ(ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื•"].... ?ื‘ื ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ืš["ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื› ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื ื›ื ืกื• ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ืจืš "ื•ืืขืค, ื ื™ืก ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืฆืจ ื”ืจืฉืข ืœื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื”ืืฉ ืœืฉื•ืจืคื ื‘ืืฉื”ืจื™ ืื•ืชื ื”ื›... ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ื—ื ื ื™ื” ืžื™ืฉืืœ ื•ืขื–ืจื™ื”

ืž "ืž, ื•ื–ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ื—ืช ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื”, ืืžื ื ืขื ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืืฆืœ ืฉืื•ืœ: 'ืจื›ื—' ืขืž" ืžื™ื“ื•ืช"' ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื ื’... ืืจืฅ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• . ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื›ืš ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช... ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื•

It is my impression that, while in the past it was more common for people in the American Orthodox Jewish community to overemphasize the restrictions of reality, today there is a greater danger of youngsters striving for perfectionistic and grandiose goals. 13 Recently, some mechanchim have sadly noted that some contemporary religious people have a superficial and joyless approach to religious activities

ืกืคืจ . (ื ืชืง ื’ืžื•ืจ. ื•ื ืคืฉื ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื โ€“ืงื•ืœื ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืขืช ื—ืฆื•ืช , ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช, ืชื•ืจื”" ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืš"ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื , ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืืจื™ื” ืžื ื“ืœื‘ื•ื™ื" (ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืืš ืฉืžื—"ืจืื” ื’ื ืกืคืจ ). 'ืคื' ื– ืขืž"ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื . ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘" ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”"

. 54-56' ืขืž) ื–"ืชืฉื 

Page 10: THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION: VICE OR VIRTUE IN JUDAISM?THE PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE vs. THE QUEST FOR PERFECTION In order to explain the pathology of perfectionism, we need to distinguish

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totally from social interactions and a psychiatrist who had recently seen him, diagnosed him as โ€œpossibly schizophrenic.โ€ โ€œDovid has been leaving the Shabbos table in the middle of the meal to go to his room!โ€ his father told me with a tone of urgency. But, his concern was not about his sonโ€™s tendency to isolate himself. Rather, โ€œHow can he leave the table when he sees that we need him for a mezumen!?โ€ It is not surprising, then, that three years later, after Dovid was no longer keeping kosher or observing Shabbos, that he found himself struggling with the issue of wearing jeans instead of black pants! Congruent with his upbringing, this was a more momentous issue for him than observing Shabbos or keeping kosher etc.

THE TORAHโ€™S ATTITUDE TOWARD PERFECTIONISM

I often use sources from the Talmud and the Midrash to show my patients that an emotionally healthy and balanced approach to frumkeit is congruent with the Torah.14

Self Esteem vs. Humbleness Perfectionistic frum patients will often resist attempts by a therapist to enhance their self-esteem by claiming that the Torah mandates being humble. While a frum therapist can quote chazals that discuss the importance of self-esteem,15 this only confuses the patient who cannot understand how to integrate this with the sources that stress the importance of humbleness. The integration of seemingly contradictory thoughts and feelings (e.g. self-esteem and humility) is an especially difficult task for perfectionists (Sorotzkin, 1998). Instead, I present a concept that integrates self-esteem and humility. It is an idea based on a fascinating discussion (cited in Yalkut Lekach Tov, Vol. 2, p. 190) on the well-known Midrash that, โ€œAny talmid chochom whose internal virtues are not consistent with his external appearance is not a true talmid chochom.โ€ The Midrash deduces this from the construction of the 14 I also encourage them to discuss these issues with their Rabbeim, but only if they can be honest about themselves. Otherwise the advice they get is not likely to be appropriate for them.

: ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•, ื” ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื•ืชืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ"ื”ืงื‘.): ... ืœื–(ืžืฉื ื” ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ 15 ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื•... ืœื ืื˜ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื—ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื™ ื›ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื... ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื =ื™ "ืจืฉ. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื

ืจื‘ื™ (ืกืคืจ ืื”ืœ ืจื—ืœ . ืจ"ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื™ืก ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื”, ื”"ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื‘: ืžื–ื” ืœืžื“ื ื• ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ โ€“) 50' ืขืž, ื”"ื—(, ืจ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื”"ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื”, ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืื“ืื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืž โ€“' ืงื ื‘' ืขืž) ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš

ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ' ื ืฉื”ื™"ื–ื™ืข ื™ืŸ'ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื•ืœื•ื– 'ื”ื’". ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื™ ื•ืžื” ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื”"ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื™ืกื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ื”ืื“ื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ' ืฉืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™, ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืœื ืฅ"ื”ื™ืขื‘.... ื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื“, ืขื ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืชื•

ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื—ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก "... ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืžื” ืืขืฉื” ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื”"ืื‘ืœ , ื‘ืžืขืœืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืชืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื• :ื–ืจ ืฉืšืžืจืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื‘ืฉื ) ื”"ืชืฉืก, ื‘"ื‘(ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš .... ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช

ืžืื™ื’ืจื ืจืžื "' ืžืืžืจ ื ื”โ€“ )ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ(ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ' ืขื™ื•). 'ืคื‘ 'ืขืž(ื›ืš ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” , ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืœื ): 'ืžืืžืจ ื›ื—(ืœ ืฉื "ื•ื–. ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ื˜ืื›ื“ื™ " ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช"ืื™ืคื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉืช " ื‘ื“ื•ืชื›ื "' ื•ืžืืžืจ ื›ื—" ืœื‘ื™ืจื ืขืžื™ืงืชื

ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื›ืœ : "ื›ืชื™ื‘. ืืœื ื”ื ืืฃ ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื• ื›ื— ื•ืขื•ื– ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœื” ืžืขืœื”, ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ืืฉืขืจื™ "ื”ืกืคืจ ): 'ืจื›ื–' ื‘ ืขืž"ื—( ืขืœื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ..." 'ื•ื™ื’ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”:... "ืŸ ืฉื"ื•ืคื™ืจืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘, )ื›ื:ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื”" (ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืื• ืœื‘ื•

ื›ื“ ื”ืงืžื— ื•ืจืื” ...." ื”ืคืชื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ื›ื™ืจ ืžืขืœืชื• ื•ืžืขืœืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื•: "ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœ" ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืœื ืื• ืฉื™ื‘ื–ื•ื”ื• ื‘ื , ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื ืฆื˜ื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ื” ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื โ€“) ืงื˜-ืงื—' ืขืž, ืง"ืžื”' ืžื”ื“" (ื’ืื•ื”"ืขืจืš โ€“) ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™(

ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ... ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืฆืœื ืืœื•ืงื™ื ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืขืœ ืžืขืœืช ื ืคืฉื• ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ืช, ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืืœื™ื”ืื•ืฉื™ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžื™ , ื•ืฉื™ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื‘ื•ื ื• ื•ื™ืฉืชื•ืง, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ืฉืคืœ ืจื•ื— ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื

. ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื“ ื•ืœื ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื–ื”ืœื• ืฉื—ื˜ื

Page 11: THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION: VICE OR VIRTUE IN JUDAISM?THE PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE vs. THE QUEST FOR PERFECTION In order to explain the pathology of perfectionism, we need to distinguish

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Aron HaKodesh, which was shining gold both on the outside, and on the inside. Rav Goldwasser asks how we can learn the need for non-superficiality from the Aron when the Aron itself was not gold through and through, for it had a wooden core!? It would have been better to learn it from the solid gold Menorah. Rav Goldwasser explains that it is obvious that a talmid chochom has to have a respectable outward appearance (corresponding to the Aronโ€™s outer gold layer) with underlying humility (corresponding to the Aronโ€™s inner wooden core). The Midrash reminds us that under the wood the Aron also had another gold layer. This represents a personโ€™s core positive self-esteem. Thus, the personality of a talmid chochom can be seen as consisting of three layers. At the core, under the humility, is positive self-regard, since it is low self-esteem and excessive feelings of guilt that often leads to arrogance (Broucek, 1991; Miller, 1996; Sorotzkin, 1985).16 The final external layer is one of a respectful appearance. The challenge is to integrate these seemingly conflicting attitudes into one healthy person.

HASHEMโ€™S ATTRIBUTE OF JUSTICE VS. HASHEMโ€™S ATTRIBUTE OF MERCY As indicated above, most perfectionistic patients, due to their negative experiences with overly critical and punitive early life authority figures (Sorotzkin, 1998)17, are only able to relate to the stern and punitive aspect of Hashem, but not to His attribute of mercy and forgiveness. I try to help these patients develop a more nuanced perspective of the complex and multi-dimensional attributes of Hashem. This balanced perspective recognizes that Torah does indeed make demands on us, but Hashem is โ€œreasonableโ€ in what He expects of us and does give consideration to our circumstances.18 The purpose of feeling guilty is to motivate us to improve

ืค ื’ื•ืœื“ื•ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื•ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื’ืจื™:). ื™ื•ืžื ืขื‘(ื— "ื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ื‘ืจื• ืื™ื ื• ืช: ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื" ืžื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืชืฆืคื ื•" -ื™ื:ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื— 16

ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ , ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ? ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืžื”ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื•ืชื , ื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื•ืš, ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื™ื˜ื") ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘"ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ (ื™ืฆืคืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจื™ื ืชื•ืฉื™ื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ? "ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ื‘ืจื•"ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื ืจื‘ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื•ืงื ืžื›ืืŸ ืืช ืขื ื™ืŸ , ืฉืžื•ืงืฃ ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื• ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืชื•ื›ื• ืขืฅ... ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ื‘ืจื•

ื›ื™ " โ€“ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืขื ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™, ื— ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”"ืืžื ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืช: ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ื ืจื‘ื ื•ื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืœืคื ื™ื . ืžืกืชืžืœืช ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื‘, ืฉื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืชื” ืื•ืžืจืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื–ื•". ืœื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจืช

". ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื" โ€“ื•ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื ื•ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื• -ื›ืš ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืœืคื ื™, ืžืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘' ื” ืขืž"ื—ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• ืจืื” .... ืœื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืœ ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ"ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืกื‘ื ืžืกืœื‘ื•ื“ืงื” ื–ืฆ

ืชืกื‘ื™ืš (ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื›ืจืช ืฉืคืœืชื• ื‘ื ืขืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืชื’ืื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื— ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืกื•ื™ ื ืื” ืขืœ ืชื•ืš ื‘ื–ื•ื™ , ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืงืคื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืื•ืชื•: ... 33ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื ' ืืžืจ ืจ, ืžืฉืžืช ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืขื ื•ื” โ€“ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ื˜ื” ' ืขืœ ื”ื’ืž) 58' ืขืž, ืœื—ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื“"ื—, ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ(ืคืจื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืจ ื•ืจืื” ืกืค). ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช

ืœ "ื ื–ืฆ"ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื’ืจืข): ื—"ื‘ ืชืฉื "ื‘(ืž ืฉืš "ืžืžืจืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืž" ืฉืžื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”"ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ . ืชืชื ื• ืขื ื•ื” ื“ืื™ื›ื ืื ื, ืชืžื”ื ื™: "ืคื ื” ืืœ ืžืœื•ื•ื”ื• ื•ืฉืืœื•, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืžื” ื•ื›ืคื•ืฃ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื• ืขื“ ืœืžืื“, ื"ื”ื’ืจืข... ืœื”ืงื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื•ื•ืจืฉื ื™ืฆืื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ

ื•ื›ื™ ืกืœืงื ื“ืขืชืš ? ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื” ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”] ืฉืืœ ืืช[ื— ืื—ื“ "ืช! ?"ื›ืœื•ื ืœื ืจืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื•ื•ืจืฉื” ืžืขื•ื“ื ืื“ื ื›ืคื•ืฃ, ืžื” ื ืงื‘ืฆื• ื•ื‘ืื• ื›ื•ืœืื•ื“ืื™ : ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืžืจืŸ! ื•ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ" ื˜ื•ืขื™ื"ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื โ€“ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ "ืฉื”ื’ืจืข: ื ื ืขื ื” ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช"ื”ื’ืจืข... ื”ืขื™ื–ื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•]ืืœื• ืฉ[ืฉื”ื™ื• ... ืฉื‘ืคื•ืœืžื•ืก ืžื“ืคื™ืกื™ ืกืœืื•ื™ื˜ื ื•ืžื“ืคืกื™ ื•ื™ืœื ื, ื•ื”ืจืื™ื”, ื ื™ื“ืข ื–ืืช"ืฉื”ื’ืจืข

ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืขื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ โ€“ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ : ืืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื”ืื™ืŸ ื›... ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช"... ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจ" ].ืื•ืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœืžื” 22ื•ืจืื” ื”ืขืจื” . [ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœื•

ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื—ืœืฆื™ื”ื .... ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืจ): 58' ืขืž, ื–"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื , ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืืจื™ื” ืžื ื“ืœื‘ื•ื™ื(ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืืš ืฉืžื— ืกืคืจ 17ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื , ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ. ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืค( ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”ืกืคืจ . ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” โ€“ื•ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื—ืœืฆื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื

ืฉืœ [ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ โ€“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื ื•ืš ืฉื™ื“ื ืขืœ ื“ื•ืคืง ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืœื“, ืฆืจ ืžืื“. ื”ื•ืจื™ื): 'ืกื’' ืขืž, ื–"ืชืฉื  . ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื›ื•ื—ื™ ื•ืขืฆื ื™ื“ื™] ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื[ืื• ืกืชื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื™ , ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื“ืื’ื” ื•ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ]ื ืขืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื

ืื‘ืจืš ): 8ื”ืขืจื” ', ืจื˜ื–' ื ืขืž"ื—( ]ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ[ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืจืื”. ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ืชื™ื•] ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”= ื™ "ืจืฉ[ื” ื‘ื ื‘ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื "ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ - .ื– ื’"ืข 18ืืš , ื•ืกื™ื“ืจื• ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื“ืช ื•ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ]ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืš ืฉื ืคืกืง[ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืช ... ืง"ื•ืชื™ื ื” ืืช ืฆืขืจื• ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœื–ืฉ, ื‘ื ืœืจื‘ื™ื ื•

Page 12: THE PURSUIT OF PERFECTION: VICE OR VIRTUE IN JUDAISM?THE PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE vs. THE QUEST FOR PERFECTION In order to explain the pathology of perfectionism, we need to distinguish

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and not to overwhelm and emotionally paralyze us, since such feelings are more likely to induce further negative behavior.19 A powerful statement regarding the need for a balanced approach to guilt is found in the

)'ืงืœื’' ืกื™, ื"ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ(ืžื•ื•ืืœืื–ื™ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื " ื›ืชืจ ืจืืฉ" . The Keser Rosh discusses those who are distraught with guilt over ื—ื˜ืืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื - a frequent cause of emotional turmoil among frum adolescents. He criticizes those who quote from the Zohar regarding the severity of this sin and of the eventual punishment for it, yet neglect to quote the end of this same Zohar, which says that Torah study corrects this sin -- ) ืžืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื] ื"ืœื’ืจ[ื•ื”ืจืื” ืœื•

... ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื... ืžืฆืœืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืชื”]... ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”[ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื–ื”ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื‘ื™ืŸ .... ื–ื”.)ื•ื”ืกืคืจื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื–ืืช

In an extraordinary footnote in the ื›ืชืจ ืจืืฉ, the ืื•ื”ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื quotes the ืจื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ :

Those chasidim (stringent ones) who are stringent and state that there is no correcting this sin... they are the ones who induce an increase of sinning among us, and cause people to distance themselves from Hashem, since the sinner, when he hears that there is no repentance for this sin will abandon all attempts to improve himself. [These chasidim] cause the Shechinah to go into golus and rather than be called chasidim (stringent ones)

ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื : "ืจื‘ื ื• ื”ืชืื“ื ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืืจ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ื“ื ื•ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื

]. ื›"ืข....[ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื•ื ืงืคื™ื“ื, ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืœ โ€“ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื™ืœื” ! ?ื” ื“ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื“ื™ื ื ื‘ืœื ื“ื™ื ื"ื•ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื™ื“ ืงื•ื‘! ?ื•"ืค ื“ื™ืŸ ื—"ืขื ืคืฉ ื‘ ื–ื•' ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ืž". ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื ืคืขืœื• ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืืžืช, ื” ื•ืชืจืŸ"ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘. "ืง ื "ื‘ื‘' ื•ืื ืชืงืฉื” ืžื”ื’ืž

? ื”"ื”ืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื“ื ืื™ืฉ ื—ืกื“ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื“ืช ื•ืชืจื ื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื”ืคืกื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘): ื“:ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœื‘, ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืคื ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”(ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” . ืจืง ืฉื”ื—ื˜ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ืขื ืฉื•, ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ื ืงืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื•, ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ ืฉืžื™ื... -ื•ืชื™ืจืฅ

ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื™ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžืœืžืขืœื” , ื•ืื ื—ื˜ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ื–ื™ืง ื•ืคื’ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.. ืฉื›ืœ ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื“ืื” "ืงื‘ืข ื”ืงื‘ืžื” ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ , ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš, ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื’ื‘ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืœืžืขืœื”... ื•ืื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื•

ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ... ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ืื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžืื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื’ื•ืคื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•, ืฉืจ ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืืœื™ื•ื”ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื, ืœื•ืชืจื ื•ืชื˜ "ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืœ? ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืชืจื ื•ืช, ืœื”ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขืžื• ืื• ืœื”ืจืข ืœื•, ื”ื ื›ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื›ืš ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื”ืจืขื™ื. ื‘ื ืคืฉื•

ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ , ืืžื ื... ืžื•ื—ืœ ื•ืกื•ืœื—, ื” ืจื‘ ื—ืกื“"ืฉื”ืงื‘, ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœืืžืจ ื•ื”ื ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื”: ืฉืฉื•ืืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ืžื”ืฉืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืื›ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ , ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืœื”... ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ, ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืชื ื”. ืœื ืชื™ื ื” ื•ืžื—ื™ืœื”

ื›ืœ " ืžืขืชื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ... ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ, ืŸ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›. ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžื•ื—ืœ, ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื•ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื , ื” ืจื ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื"ื›ื™ ื”ืงื‘, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื›ืช ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื". ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื” ื•ืชืจืŸ"ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืงื‘

, ื” ืžื•ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ"ืื“ื ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืงื‘): 4ื”ืขืจื” ' ืง' ืขืž', ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ื( ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืคืชื™ืกืคืจ ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ .ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•... ื”ืฉืคืœื™ื ). ืžื” ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื” 336' ื’ ืขืž"ื•ื— 14' ื ืขืž"ื— ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื•ื•ืจืื” ื’ื ... (ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ

ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื" ื‘ื“ื•ืชื›ื "' ื•ืžืืžืจ ื›ื—" ืžืื™ื’ืจื ืจืžื ืœื‘ื™ืจื ืขืžื™ืงืชื"' ืžืืžืจ ื ื” )ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ(ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืจืื” ื‘ 19ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ [ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื™ืชืจ ... ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข: ืœ"ื•ื–. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ื˜ื" ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช"ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”

ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ... ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื˜ื, ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ]ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืชืฉืœ ื ืจ [ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ืžืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื” ]. 'ืงื™ื–' ืขืž', ืžืืžืจ ื›ื—... [ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื˜ื"ื•ืข, ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘

ื” ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืกืชื™ืจ.... ืื™ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื™ ืขืจืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ" ืื“ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘"ื›ื™ "... ืื“ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘" ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื] ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื , ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืื” ืžื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช โ€“) 263' ืขืž, ื“"ื—( ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื•ื•ืจืื” ].'ืงื™ื˜' ืขืž... [ืœืฉืคืœื•ืช

ื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืžืจื•ื“ ื ื’ื“ , ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืขื–ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืฆืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ. ืœื™ื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”- ืื™ โ€“' ืฉื›ื‘' ืขืž) ืœ"ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืš ื–ืฆ' ื’ ืจ"ื”ืจื” ืžื–ืงื ื™( ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื•ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ . ื”ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ื— ืืช ืงื•ืœ, ื•"ื‘ื•ืจืื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—

ื”ืจื‘ " ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”"ืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจ (ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ - ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ืจื™-ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืขืœ, ืฉืงื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื ืชืขื‘ื™ื ).ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•" ืื•ืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ"ืžื” ื•ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ืขืจื”' ืงื— โ€“' ืฆื”' ืขืžื– "ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื . ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืžืฉืœื™ืš ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืฉืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ ): ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ืื‘ ,ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ,ืคืจื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง(ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจืื”

ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืื•ืช ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื ...ื•ืœื–ื” ื ืฆืจืš ื’ืื•ื” ืฉื™ื“ืข ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ื— ื‘ืคืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”. ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืœื•ื .... " 'ื•ื™ื’ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”"ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ

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should more properly be called โ€œchaseirimโ€ (lacking ones) and their punishment will be very severe.20

AMBITION VS. SATISFACTION WITH ONEโ€™S LOT

As mentioned above, perfectionistic frum patients often feel that they are prohibited from being happy with their level of religious observance. They believe that the dictum of chazal that one needs to be satisfied with his lot in order to be successful in acquiring Torah knowledge ] ื”:ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื ืื‘ื•ืช ื•"ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืž" ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื•[" is referring only to temporal (gashmius) acquisitions. In regard to ruchnius aspirations, in contrast, unchecked ambitiousness, competitiveness 21 and striving for ever higher goals is the obligatory attitude. In fact, most meforshim state clearly that the importance of being satisfied with oneโ€™s lot applies to being satisfied with oneโ€™s ruchnius achievements as well.22 Likewise, regarding the obligation, mentioned in the beginning, to strive to reach the spiritual level of our forefathers )ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ) "ื”"ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืจื‘ื” ืคื›, ืžืชื™ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• "ืžืขืฉื™ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ , we see a tension between two poles. The meforshim make it

clear that we cannot actually expect to reach such high levels, still each person needs to strive to reach the highest possible level for himself.23

ื”ื ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืžืœื‘ื ืชื—ืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœ ... ืœ"ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื˜ื ื”ื–ื” ืจืืœื• ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืง... 20ื•ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืงืจืื™ื ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ , ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื”] ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื[ื•ืืœื• ', ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืื‘ื“ืชื™ ืื‘ื“ืชื™ ื›ื•, ื‘ืฉืžืขื• ืืœื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฆื™ ื“ื‘ืจ... ื”ืขื•ืŸ

. ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ืคื—' ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืž"ืงืก' ื ืกื™"ื—) ืžืžืจืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืคืœืขืจ" (ืงืจื™ื™ื ื ื“ืื’ืจืชื" ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ]. 'ื ื— ื”ืขืจื”. [ืื ื—ืกืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžืื•ื“ืฆื“ืงืช "ื•ื‘... ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœื” ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืงืจ ืฉืœื•... ื›"ืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื›"ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื– โ€“ 275' ื” ืขืž"ื•ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• ื—") ื™ื“ืื’ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”("

ื›ืชื‘ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื•ืœื‘ื”... ื™ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืœืœืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ... ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ]ื”): [ืงื ื•' ืกื™, 52' ืขืž, ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ" (ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง.... ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจืงืข ืคื•ืจื” ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืฉืžื”): 'ืคื‘' ืขืž, ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื™ืื“ื•, ื‘"ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉืž" (ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”"ื‘. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื ืจื’ืฉื™ ืืฉืžื”. ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ] ื—ื˜ืืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื[

ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช , ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš. ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื... ืจื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืกืžืš, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข. ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืžืฆื“ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื ื›ื™ืืฉื‘ืžืฉืš , ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื›ืš]ืฉ.. [.ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ื–ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจื™ื: ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื”. ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืœืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืขื ืขืฆืžื•

ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ... ื•ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื ื’ืžืœื™ื, ื™ื’ื™ืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื” โ€“ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืืš ืฉื•ื . ืœื—ื˜ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ืื”ื–ืžืŸ .ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืืฆืœื ื•

".ื™ืชืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืจืกื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›-ื”ืœื ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช"ืจืื” ืžืืžืจื™ ืขืœ 21 ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช] ื:ืื‘ื•ืช ื“" [ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื•"ืฉื "ื’ืจื‘ืฉื ื” โ€“' ืงื ื“' ืขืž' ื’' ืžื”ื“, ืกืคืจ ืื”ืœ ืจื—ืœ(ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš 22

ื•ื›ืžื• ". ืฉืžื—"ืืœื , ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ" ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื—ืœืงื•"ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ืœื™ืœื” , ]ื‘ืฉื ื”ืฉืคืช ืืžืช ,ืžืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคืื, ' ืงืกื–' ืขืž "ืขื˜ืจื” ืœืžืœืš"ื‘ืกืคืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘[, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืขื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ืš ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืืœืคื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื›ืกืฃ, ืฉืžื— ื‘ื• ื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืข ืžืžื ื•ืื“ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื " ืื•ื”ื‘ ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ืข ื›ืกืฃ"ืฉ

ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ' ืžืจืŸ ื”ื’: 426' ืขืž, "ืื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•"ื‘ืกืคืจ ื•. ื™ื•ืชืจื”ืจื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืชืขืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ืฉืžืขืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื“ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื— , ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืคืš"ื–ืฆืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืœื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ .... ื•ืชืœ ื‘ื™ืืจ ื“ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืจืง ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™"ื–ืฆื™ืŸ 'ืžื•ื•ืืœื–

' ื– ืขืž"ื— ,ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ( ืื•ืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœื•ื‘. ื ื™ื•ืชืืœื ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืงืื™ ืืจื•ื—... ืฉืื™ื ื ืืœื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื–ื‘... ื‘ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืชืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” , ื•ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืขืฆืžื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื›ืŸ ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ):ื•-ืฉืคื

ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืข , ื”ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื•ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืกื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื•. ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช, ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืข ืจืฆื•ืŸื›ืืฉืจ ื”... ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ื• ื•ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื

ืžืคื ื™ ) ื›ื:ืื‘ื•ืช ื“" (ื”ืงื ืื” ื•ื”ืชืื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื. "ื™ืกื•ื“ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ] ืจืขื•ืช[ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ ืืช , ืคืช ืื•ืชื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื•ืค, ื‘ืืฉืจ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ ืฉืงื˜ ื ืคืฉื™. ื‘ื• ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœื•ื

): 'ืจืœื˜-'ืจืœื–' ืขืž, ื"ืงื ื™ื ื™ื ื—, ืจื‘ื™ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ(ืžืชื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ . ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฉื ืื” ื•ืœืงื ืื”, ื”ื”ืชืžืจืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ื’ื” ืืœื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื— ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื• ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžื•ืขื˜] ื‘ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช" [ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื•"ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื” ืœื ืคืฉื• ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื” , ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืขืฆื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืœื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ]... 'ืจืœื–' ืขืž[ืืฃ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ , ืฉืžืฉื™ื’

).ื˜ื–- ื–' ืขืž, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘''ืชืฉืก, ืจื‘ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจื‘ืจื’ืž ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืชื•ืจืื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ... (ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืชื™ ) "ื”"ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืจื‘ื” ืคื›(ืœ "ื•ื–ื”ื•ื ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–): 'ื•ืžืืžืจ ืคื•' ืžืืžืจ ืกื–, ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื‘ื™ืฅ( ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจืจืื” 23

ืž ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื "ืž, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš... ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ ื•ืขืฆื•ื"... ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘: 184' ื’ ืขืž"ื— ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื•ื•ื‘]. 'ืฉืขื’' ืขืž[ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืขืจื›ื• ื•ืื– ].... 'ืจืฆื' ืขืž[ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœืฉื ื›ืš

]... ืฉ"ืขื™[ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื ืืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื“ื•ืงื , "ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืชื™ ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืขืฉื™ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื•ืชื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘"ืœ "ืืžื ื ืืžืจื• ื–

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Similarly, regarding the honored idea in Yiddiskeit of striving for โ€œshleimusโ€, that can be interpreted as perfection (but literally means wholeness). A closer look at how the concept is used in some seforim reveals a more realistic understanding. For example, Rabbi Mandelbaum

)ื–"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื , ืžื ื“ืœื‘ื•ื™ื. ื. ื”ืจื‘ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ, "ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ืืš ืฉืžื—"ืกืคืจ ), uses the term to describe someone who uses his potential to its fullest.24 Shleimus can also be understood as requiring that one take a balanced and harmonious approach to his religious devotion rather than overemphasizing one aspect of Torah observance at the expense of a different commandment.25 The necessity for both the idealistic pursuits of lofty goals and grounded realism is best symbolized by the Aron HaKodesh that contained both the broken first luchos and the second luchos. As explained by Rav Dessler (Michtav MeEliyahu, vol. 2, p. 30), the first luchos represent the lofty spiritual level of kedusha and purity that the Yidden aspired to, but which turned out to be beyond their reach and therefore had to be shattered. The second luchos were of a lower level of kedusha, more in keeping with the Yiddenโ€™s actual level of kedusha. While we have to function at our realistic level, we also keep the broken luchos in the Aron as a reminder of our lofty aspirations in order to maintain our motivation for continuous spiritual growth. It needs to be emphasized that the purpose of discussing these hashkafah issues in therapy is not primarily to convince patients to adopt a different hashkafic attitude. Rather, it is to bring out the point that their idiosyncratic religious understanding is a result of their personal psychological history that needs to be explored in therapy.

Summary Chazal encourage us to aspire to lofty goals, while recognizing human limitations. Those who are emotionally predisposed to perfectionism, due to a fragile sense of self, are likely to lose this balance and perspective. They may instead develop grandiose fantasies and make extreme religious demands of themselves, resulting in various emotional disorders. When these issues are discussed in therapy, the patient may resist by insisting that he is religiously required to think and behave in this manner. In spite of the risks involved in discussing religious issues in therapy, it is often clinically indicated with frum patients. A religiously similar and knowledgeable therapist can help the perfectionistic patient understand the psychological factors that shaped his idiosyncratic religious attitudes. I would like to conclude with a story that happened with the Steipler Gaon that illustrates some of the points made in this article.

' ืขืž, ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื•ืกืจืžืŸ(ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื•ืจืื” ]. 30' ืขืž ื‘"ืจืื” ื’ื ื—... [ื‘ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ืจื’ืชื... ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื•ืœื " ื•ืœื ืงื ื›ืžืฉื”"ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ื™ืง ื›ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืืฃ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืขื™ื“ื” , ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”' ื ื‘ื”ืœ"ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘): 'ืžื—

ืฉื›ืœ , ื"ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘.... .ื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆื“ืงืชื•"ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื“ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ื ืื“ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ืจื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืข. ื‘ืฆื“ืงืชื• . ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืคื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•', ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื• ื•ืœืคื™ ื›ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ ื”, ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ื™ืง ื›ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•

. ื"ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื•, )ื•- ื”' ืขืž, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืกื•ืจื•ืฆืงื™ืŸื‘ "ืžืืช ืฉ(ื "ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืจืช ื™ืฆื—ืงืจืื” ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจ 24ื‘ "ื— ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•, )ืžื•-ืž' ืขืž( "ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช"ืžืืžืจ , ืžืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืงื˜ืฅ" ื‘ืืจ ืžื—ื•ืงืง"ืกืคืจ ืž 10ืœ ื”ืขืจื” ืจืื” ืœืขื™ 25 ".ืชืžื™ื"ืœืš ืœืš ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ' ืคืจ, ืช"ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื•ืจืื” , )85' ื” ืขืž"ืจืื” ื’ื ื—(, "ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื“ืช ื”ืืžืช: "211' ืขืž

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The Steipler heard of a bochur who was trying to emulate the Steiplerโ€™s diligence by staying to all hours of the night learning and thus developing a schedule that turned night into day and day into night. The Steipler asked to speak to the bochur. At first, the Steipler cited chazals and stories from gedolim that actually supported this type of behavior and the bochur was elated. But then the Steipler reproached him: All this is true, butโ€ฆ - But there is a factor that needs to be the main consideration and trumps all other considerations โ€“ to be a normal person! In the past, explained the Steipler, this was normal behavior for serious learners, but today this is no longer normal, and therefore all your arguments and justifications are irrelevant and if you persist the end will be tragic!26

REFERENCES

Basch, M. F. (1978). Psychic determinism and freedom of will. International Review of Psychoanalysis, 5, 257-264. Blatt, S. (1995). The destructiveness of perfection: Implications for the treatment of depression.

American Psychologist, 50,1003-1020. Broucek, F. (1991). Shame and the self. New York:Guilford. Flett, G. L,. & Hewitt, P. L., (Eds.), (2002). Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. Wash. D.C.: American Psychological Assoc. Goldberg, A. (1999). Being of two minds: The vertical split in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press. Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology, 15, 27-33. Hayes, J. A. & Wall, T. N. (1998). What influences cliniciansโ€™ responsibility attributions? The role of problem type, theoretical orientation, and client attribution. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17, 69-74. Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. New York: International Universities Press. Maimonides, M. (1949). A. Hershman (trans.). New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. Miller, S. B. (1996). Shame in context. Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press. Orange, D., Atwood, G., & Stolorow, R. (1997). Woking intersubjectively: Contexualism in psychoanalytic practice. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. Pacht, A. R. (1994). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 39, 386-390. Peteet, J. R. (1994). Approaching spiritual problems in psychotherapy: A conceptual framework. The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 3, 237-245. Reinman, Rabbi Y. Y. (1995). Destiny. Lakewood, NJ: Olive Tree Press. Sarno, J. (1998). The mind-body prescription. New York:Warner. Sorotzkin, B. (1985). The quest for perfection: Avoiding guilt or avoiding shame? Psychotherapy, 22, 564- 571. Sorotzkin, B. (April, 1996). Bechira: How free is free will? The Jewish Observer, pp. 71-72.

ื•ืฉื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• , ื”ืคืš ืžืฉื›ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœื” ืœืžืฉื›ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื. ืœื—ืงื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืจื‘ื ื•ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืงืฉ 26

ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื•ืš : ืืžืจ ืœื• ื›ืžืžืชื™ืง ืกื•ื“. ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ. ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืžื•, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืจื‘ื™ื ื•. ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ืืฉื•ืžืข ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ! ?ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ืžื”ื• ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”... ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื›ืžืชื• ืืœื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื•ืž"ื”ืจืžื‘.... ืจืื™ืชื™

ืœืืžืฅ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื• ื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืช , ืชื ื ื“ืžืกื™ืข ืœื™ื”. ื•ืื•ืจื• ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืคืจืฉ ืžืคื™ ืจื‘ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื”, ืื ื•... ื—ื•ืœืฆื™ื ื ืขืœื™ื... ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ'': ืžืชืง ืฉื™ื—ื•ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ ...ื—ืฉื‘', ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืฉ'! ืงื•ื ื•

, ืืžืจ. ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืขื ื”ืžื’ืคื™ื'ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ืฆืœื” ืคื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื–! ืขื ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขืœื™ื, ืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืกืคืกืœ ืœืžื ื•ื—ื” ืงืฆืจื”, ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœืฆื™ื ืžื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืขืจื‘ , .)ืฉื‘ืช ืงื™ื‘(ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืจืื™ื” ืžื’ืžืจื ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ... ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื— ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžื’ืคื™ื

, ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื’ื“ ื™ื•ื ืœื‘ื’ื“ ืœื™ืœื”. ืœื—ืœืฅ ื ืขืœื™ื, ืžื™ืœื... ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœืฆื™ื ืžื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ืœืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืช , ืžื™ืœื... ืฉื‘ืช ืœืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืข , ื”ืœื ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ืจ. ื‘ื ื• ืœื“ืขืชื• ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืœืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื•ืžืฉืชืื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจ, ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืฉ ื•ืขื•ืœื– ...''!ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื”

ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ! ืื‘ืœ -ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ : "ืืš ื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ืจื‘ื ื•ืช !...ืœื•ืœื”ืฉืชืจืข ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืกืœ ื•ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ , ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืžื“ื ื•: "ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ !"ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™: ื”ืฉืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื

ื‘ื˜ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” , ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืš, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืš. ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื“ โ€“ื•ืœื›ืŸ : "ื•ืกื™ื™ื !"ืจืข ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืคืจื™, ืื–ื™ ื”ืœืžื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—, ืฉืื ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืŸ! ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘

ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืคืชื— . ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื. ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ืœืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ ืœื™ืœื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ืœื—ืœืฅ ื ืขืœื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื, ื•ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ื•ื ).74-75' ืขืž, ื”"ื‘ ืชืฉืก"ื‘, "ื”ื’ื“ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘!"... ("ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”

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Sorotzkin, B. (1998). Understanding and treating perfectionism in religious adolescents. Psychotherapy, 35, 87-85. Reprinted in Essential readings on Jewish identities, lifestyles and beliefs: Edited by Stanford M. Lyman. NY: Gordian Knot Books, 2003, pp. 191-207. Wikler, M. (1979). Fine-tuning: Diagnostic techniques used by Orthodox Jewish patients. Journal of Psychology and Judaism. 3, 184-194. Wikler, M. (1982). Another look at the diagnosis and treatment of Orthodox Jewish family problems. Journal of Psychology and Judaism, 7, 42-54. Worthington, E. L Jr., Kurusu, T. A., McCullough, M. E., & Sandage, S. G. (1996). Empirical research on religion and psychotherapeutic processes and outcome: A 10 year review and research prospectus. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 448-487.