the psychology of individual & organisational health work-life balance dr baljit kaur rana...
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The Psychology of Individual & Organisational Health
Work-Life Balance
Dr Baljit Kaur Rana28/11/11
Faculty of Social Sciences, Division of Psychology, [email protected]
Lecture Outline Definitions of Work-Life Balance (WLB) Nature of the Problem WLB Business Case & Diversity Factsheets: stress, time, equality, WLB perceptions,
productivity, right to request leave and flexible working
Investors in People (IiP) – culture, strategy, action, effectiveness
HCIMA Checklist Challenging Organisational Culture & Introducing
Change Theories/Models
What on Earth…
…is ‘Work-Life Balance’?
Work-Life Balance is having
over
you work.
You have the right to a fulfilled life
of work…
Work-life balance benefits…
and society.business……the individual…
Definitions (cont.)
“WLB is the ability to balance the demands of working at Sears, and the demands of one’s personal life, and having success and satisfaction with both. In addition, there needs to be an understanding that the balance changes driven by personal ad hoc circumstances and life stages, and by changes in one’s job or career” (Sears)
The obligatory ‘definition’
It’s about having some control and choice over
how, when and where we work so we can achieve a relationship between paid work and the rest of our lives that we’re happy
with.
Work Life BalanceHow it changes the norm
The Norm:– Long hours– Family comes second– Male dominated world of work– 9 to 5 working pattern
WLB Change Agent– Flexible work and hours– Childcare– Contented life style
Nature of the Problem
Why the big debate?
Achieving work-life balance means different things to different people.
Nature of the Problem
The option to work from home The option to work flexible hours The ability to finish work at a set
time The ability to work reduced hours The option to take unpaid
parental leave The option to take a career break Childcare support within the
organisation
Nature of the Problem
Why the big debate?
Improving work-life balance is seen as a possible solution to some of the current
problems faced by industry.
Nature of the Problem
Social Changes vs Work Expectations
“Eight hours for work, eight hours for play, eight hours for what we will.”
Nature of the Problem
Why the big debate?
Businesses need to retain their operational effectiveness.
Nature of the Problem
Why the big debate?
Social issues such as equality are interwoven with WLB arguments.
The Issues
Time Stress Perceptions Equality Productivity Diversity
From the point of view of the…
• Employee
• Employer
The UK has a diverse population.Businesses with a diverse workforce are likely to attract a wider customer base.
The WLB Business Case & Diversity
The UK has a diverse population.Businesses with a diverse workforce can provide a more tailored service to meet individual needs.
The WLB Business Case & Diversity
The UK has a diverse population.Businesses with a diverse workforce can provide the greater flexibility demanded by customers.
The WLB Business Case & Diversity
Support for diversityBetter staff morale and performanceReduced absenteeism and staff turnover
•Improved customer satisfaction
•Better-motivated workforce
•More willing to contribute to business success
Case Study:
• Jobs• Pay• Job satisfaction
• Profit• Expansion• growth
• Value for money• Quality• happiness
Employee meets needs of the customer
Employer meets the needs of the customer
Employee meets needs of the employer and vice-versa
Case Study:
•Increased sales to disabled people
•Increased overall customer satisfaction
•Enhanced brand
•Improved staff retention & productivity
Investors in People WLB Model
Helps shape and structure an organisation’s WLB solutions
Helps tie in current actions into an overall strategy
Includes measures to check the effect of the solutions being introduced
Helps you to build flexibility into solutions so there can be a culture of choice
Encourages creative thinking
Investors in People WLB Model
Based on four basic principles:
–Culture–Strategy–Action–Effectiveness
How is each of these relevant?
Investors in People WLB Model
Culture – the culture of the organisation creates an environment in which work-life balance is recognised and valued
Strategy – The work-life balance strategy is central to the organisation’s aims and objectives
Action – The organisation has successful work-life balance solutions
Effectiveness – The organisation can show that its work-life balance strategy is delivering positive results.
IIP WLB Model - Culture
Indicators under the cultural banner include:– Work-life balance is
central to the organisation’s value and how it works
– Managers take responsibility for the success of the work-life balance strategy
IIP WLB Model - Strategy
Indicators under the strategic banner include:– The work-life balance
strategy is developed to help the organisation achieve its aims and objectives.
– The organisation takes account of all relevant parties when developing and communicating its work-life balance strategy.
IIP WLB Model - Action
Indicators under the ‘action’ banner include:
– Work-life balance solutions are developed and put into practice according to the needs of the organisation
– Work-life balance solutions take account of the needs of the individual
– Work-life balance solutions are effectively put into practice.
IIP WLB Model - Effectiveness
Indicators under the ‘effectiveness’ banner include:– The work-life balance
strategy and solutions improve the performance of the organisation.
– The organisation continually improves its approach to work-life balance.
HCIMA (Hotel Catering & International Management Association) WLB Checklist
Approach– Investigating the need– Commitment from the
top– Developing policies– Involve and
communicate
HCIMA WLB Checklist
Individual Working Patterns– Flexi-time / Staggered
hours / Time off in lieu– Compressed hours– Annualised hours– Part-time– Job sharing– Term time working– Temping / casual work
HCIMA WLB Checklist
Team Planning and Working– Shift working– Shift swapping– Self rostering
Place– Working from home
HCIMA WLB Checklist Breaks from work
– Maternity leave– Parental leave– Time off for dependents– Paternity leave– Adoption leave– Bereavement/compassionate leave– Career break– Sabbatical– Public/community service leave– Leave for religious festivals– Volunteering– Leave to support personal achievement
HCIMA WLB Checklist Flexible benefits
– Workplace creche / daycare centre– Childcare or eldercare vouchers– Use of company facilities (gyms etc)– Accommodation and staff dining– Pensions and health insurance– Re-location packages– Awards– Training and development
Employee Support– Counselling (stress, work issues, domestic issues,
health, finance, drug and alcohol problems)– Childcare information
The Work-Life Balance
The successful employer, private or public, has to deliver on all these. This means
involving staff in decisions about change making sure their needs and aspirations are considered winning their commitment to new ways of working One of the most essential ingredients in the organisation of
work is time: when we work for how long how we balance working time with time outside of work.
The Work-Life Balance (cont.)
These are difficult issues which we have to resolve in the UK:
British workers work the longest hours in Europe stress is the greatest cause of absence from work many organisations have not introduced family-friendly
working, despite encouragement from government and positive reports from organisations which have.
Family-friendly concerns are not the only consideration – finding the time for learning, or taking part in community life, are equally powerful motivators for balancing life at work with life outside
The Work-Life Balance
1 in 5 of all workers would like their life to be more balanced than is how but just don’t know how to manage it and twice as many workers would rather work shorter hours than win the lottery!
33% of 4000 job seekers would prefer to work flexible hours than receive an extra £1000 a year (DTI Poll)
Can a definitive picture be drawn of what a well balanced life looks like?
Is it more than policies and quality management? Is it more to do with individual personalities and attitudes –
the role of work in our lives?
The Work-Life Balance Why is it the case that men still get more balance than
women and are much more likely to have outside interests (sport, committees, charity work) and are much more likely to put work before their personal lives?
And women are much more likely to use their spare time for domestic work and childcare and are more likely to take their stress home with them?
Job satisfaction and supportive work environment that acknowledges life outside work leads to lower stress and happier workplace
Business case reasons for helping to become better balanced can’t be realised by concessions (e.g. flexible working) on own
The Work-Life Balance Management Today ‘Worklife Survey (1988) – for
many work high source of satisfaction (84% admitted making important personal sacrifices in pursuit of career)
Second Management Today Survey (2001) – achieving proper balance seen as entitlement and reflects changing contract between organisations and individuals
But workload pressure increased and number of managers feel been forced to put work before family life is slightly up
The Work-Life Balance
No one standard WLB policy that will suit every business – no such thing as WLB but different work-life balances with different parts of the jigsaw taking greater importance at different times in working lives
More secure organisation and less competitive environment, more latitude manager has to encourage employees to lead balanced lives
Challenging Organisational Culture
What is organisational ‘culture’? It is the set of policies, vales, beliefs and attitudes
shared by the organisation’s members. Values are fundamental principles that people
have regarding what is right or wrong, important or unimportant and so on.
An attitude is a persistent inclination to feel and behave in a certain way towards a person or object.
More intuitive? “How are things done around here?”
Challenging Organisational Culture
Can culture be changed? Culture is the accumulation of the past, yet
the organisation needs to move forward. Change happens naturally over long time
periods. The introduction of a WLB policy may
require an organisation to make strategic and operational changes relatively quickly.
Challenging Organisational Culture
What sort of organisations cope with change more easily?
What is the answer to the question: How can we change people’s attitudes to WLB?
A good idea is to appoint ‘change agents’. What sort of people would be suitable?
What is the main cause of resistance to change?
Introducing Change
When introducing change, ensure that..– Employees see the reason for change– Employees understand why change is important –
how it will help them and the business– The people who need to be committed to the change
to make it happen are recognised– A coalition of support is built for the change– The support of key individuals in the organisation is
enlisted– The link between the change and other HR systems
(staffing, training etc) is understood.
Introducing Change When introducing change, ensure that..
– A means of measuring the success of the change is identified
– Plans are made to monitor progress in the implementation of the change
– Plans are made to keep attention focussed on the change– The likely need to adapt the change over time is
recognised and plans can readily be made and implemented for such adaptations.
Change processes, structures and systems first of all. This will force changes in behaviour which, in turn, will change attitudes.
People that embrace challenges and opportunities. If people feel they will be worse off than before. This happens
with poorly managed change
Combining work and family life theories
Sources of stress for dual-career couples – impact on well-being and occupational achievement greater for women
Dilemmas (Cooper & Lewis, 1994): Work overload as reflection of long hours and
‘workaholic syndrome’ Schedule incompatibility and inflexibility Spillover of stress/satisfaction from work into
family life, or vice versa Role conflict and identity
Combining work and family life theories
Effects on relationships Equity, time and energy – expectations of
spouse and perceptions of equality (housework, childcare, decision making)
Theoretical models of work-family interface – role of gender
Job demands model = how work can and does affect individual’s family life (Rushing & Schwabe, 1995)
Combining work and family life theories
Multiple roles/task overload perspective – 3 models:
Spillover theory (Bolger et al, 1995) = work and family experiences (time, behaviour, attitudes, personality) similar – family influences work (stress = negative conflict) or satisfaction (positive enhancement) and vice versa
Crossover (Barling, 1994) = one spouses role experiences at work/home can affect attitudes, role performance and emotions of other (e.g. parent-child interactions) – work demands intrude on family more easily for men
Combining work and family life theories
Compensation theory (Zedeck, 1992) = what’s provided by one setting makes up for what is missing in other
Segmentation theory = work and family spheres distinct so can be successful in one domain without affecting other (reverse to spillover) – more typical of men
Combining work and family life theories
Nature of conflicts between both domains and roles:
Time based conflict (Frone et al, 1997)
Strain-based conflict
Behaviour based conflict
Figure 1: The Quality Model for Work-Life Balance
POLICIES PROCESSES PEOPLE OUTCOMES
Time Flexibility Work organisation Role Models For Individuals
Location Flexibility Technology Inform/Educate/Consult/Empower
For the Organisation
Benefits and Support HR Systems Training For society/the
community
MeasurementBENCHMARKING AUDIT FEEDBACK REVIEW
ImplementationPLANS RESOURCES BEHAVIOUR SUSTAINABILITY
© Clutterbuck Associates 2003
Source: ww.barrymapp.co.uk/coaching/balance.html
References
DTI (2002), ‘Flexible working. The business case’; London: DTI Publication
Joshi, S et al (2002) ‘Work-Life Balance.A case of social responsibility or competitive advantage’ (www.worklifebalance.com)
Kandola, R; Fullerton, J (1998) ‘Diversity in Action. Managing the Mosaic’; London: CIPD.
Redman, T; Wilkinson, A (2009), ‘Contemporary Human Resource Management. Text and cases’; (3rd edition) FT Prentice Hall.
Rice, M (2002), ‘Balancing acts’; Management Today, Sept 2002, 52-57.
Torrington, D; Hall, L; Taylor, S (2008), ‘Human Resource Management’ (7th edition) FT Prentice Hall.