the psychedelic review, 1 (1963)

8/13/2019 The Psychedelic Review, 1 (1963)

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PSY CHEDELI CEVIEW

Vol I June 963 No

C_ntent s

Editoria l ............................................... S

Statement of Purpose .................................... S

CAN THIS DRUG ENLARG EMAN 'S MIND? ...................... Gerald H eard ?

THE SUBJECTIV E AFTER -EFFECTS O FPSYCHEDELIC EXPERIENCES: A Summary of FourRecent Questionnaire Studies .............. Th e Editor s 18

THE HALLUCINOGENIC FUNGI O F MEXICO:


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Journey to the East, Western philosophers have written of experi-ences w hich go beyond our everyday shadow y perception and disclosewith startling force a direct vision of reality. The quest for this ex-

perience and the awareness of its implications is far more highlyEDITORIAL developedin the East than in the West; hence the program has often

been stated in term s of unifying the E astern and Western approaches.The age -old issue of freedom vers as control has entered a new Discerning men have stressed over and over that we have much to

stage in our era. Many critics have described and denounced the pre- learn from the two great cultures of the East: India with its highlyvailing external control of our activities and resources, and particu- differentiated practical understanding of different states of conscious-

larly the ideological indoctrination and psychological manipulation ness; and China with its superbly developed sensitivity to the corn-to which we are subject through the mass media. Modern science plexities and nuances of social interaction.

has discovered a nd developed a vast repertoire of te chniques which The synthesis of consciousness-expanding substances, which wecan be used to control and manipulate mind and behavior. The que s- regard as one of the most out standing a chievements of technologicaltion: Who controls the co nt ro ller ? becomes espe cially crucial when society, has now provided us with a mean s for t ranscending and over-man's freedom of consciousness i s at stake, coming many of the di stortions whi ch operate in the ver y society

We can no longer ac cept the notion of a value-free s cience or that has brought about such substances. It i s now po ssible to affirmespouse a naive optimism with regard to scientific and technological the general character of our social techno cracy without succumbing

progress. We need to complement our techni cal skill in controlling to it s t ot al itari an demands. The creati on and furtheran ce of internalthe external world with a corresponding developme nt of our inner freedom for large number s of people through the intelligent use ofresources. The adulation of sheer te chnique, scientifi c and economic- psychedelic sub stances are now a practical reality. Julian Huxle y hastechnologi cal accomplishment s, organizational skill and bureaucratiza- predicted that the further evolution of man will not be biologi caltion lead to the sa crifice of the unique i ndividual and to the reje ction but will take pla ce in the no61ogical or p sychic dime nsion. He ha sof the val id ity of subject ive experien ce. The intuitive, comprehensi ve, drawn an analogy between the exploration of outer spa ce and thedirect awareness of the essential unity of phenomena, and a sense of exploration of in ner space on the basis of the re cent advances inthe interrelatedness of sel f and world, have been neglected and al- the pharma cology and chemist ry of consciousness.

lowed to suffer. Cessation of function leads to atrophy of organ. These modern substan ces are but the synt het ic equi valents ofThere are, however, many groups within our culture who are mi nd-changing plant s and potions that have been known for thou-

trying to call ma n back to himself. In psydhology, for instance, there sands of years. Through them we now have powerful aid s on theis a trend which plead s for a humanistic revolution , away from inward journey, a new key to the doors of perception, new acces s to

behaviorism and biological-drive models toward a consideration of the ancient problems of identity and reality. We therefore take a svalues and self-directed goal s in human motivation. There i s the our motto the saying attributed to Hera clitus: You would not findpowerful existe ntial orientation both in philosophy a nd in psychiatry, out the boundaries of the psyche, even by traveling along every path;which is beginning to make an impact in our so ciety with its call so deep is its measure and mea ning.for authentic existence, personal freedom, indi vi dual responsibi lity

and self -determinatio n. The unique individual is being rediscovered A systematic study needs to be made of the variou s ways, an cientand the legitimacy of subjective experience affirmed, and modern, which man has used to expand his consciousness. Many

Such a return to a n inward orientation is not by any mean s religions have used sacred foods in their central rites. In this issue,new. Throughout history there have been attempts to reestabli sh R. Gordon Wasson's article on the sacred mushroom o f Mexico tellsthe kind o f direct relationship to the world whi ch is celebrated in the of his rediscovery of this central element i n Mexican religious life. Inmyths of Paradise. Fr om Plato's parable of th e cave to H esse's subsequent issues we hope to publish reviews of our present knowl-

2 edge of naturall y occurring psychedeli c substances and plants.3


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What can m odern scienc e tell us ab out consdousness-expancli ng Plato on the use of consciousness-altering d rugs, whe re he proposestechniques ? A review of the literature on the pharmacology of the a kind of psychological immunization. This idea has much relevan cepsychedelic substances appears in this issue. Since this literature to the current controversy over the psy chotomimetic prop erty of

is vast, only studies on the chemical and biochemical level are re- psychedelic substances.viewed; subsequent papers will review physiological and psycho- Each issue will also include publication of one or two subjectivelogical aspects. Others are planned on the effects of deprivation on accounts of transcendent experiences, spontaneous or induced. Theseconsciousness -- fasting, sensory isolation and sleep deprivation, will come from a wide variety of sources, from artists, writers, sci-Hypnosis, autogenic training, yoga breathing, zen meditation are entists, laymen, students and teachers. The aim is to make availableother examples of Western and Eastern methods for altering con- to the general reader first-hand accounts of the kinds of experiencessciousness and controlling the mind. which the articles in this journal dis cuss. George Andrews' An-

Historical studies are needed tracing the evolution of interest in nhilating Illumination is an account in poetic form of an experiencealtered states of consciousness and the role this has played in the with m escaline.evolution of culture. Gottfried Benn's essay in this issue is a first Our lead article, by Gerald Heard, appears in Horizon Ma ra aneattempt to sketch a historical picture. Other essays are planned on [Vol. V, No. 5, May, 1963] and is reprinted by permission. Thethe history of psychiatric research with psychedelic substances; on accompanying declamatory statements, pro and c on, by Dr.

changing cultural attitudes toward mysticism and psychosis; and on Sidney Cohen and the Southern California Psychiatric Society, re-relatedhemes, spectively, reomitted.Mr. Wasson's article, The Hallucinogenic Fungi of Mexico:

Philosophical studies exploring the epistemological and meta- An inquiry into the Origins of the Religious Idea among Primitivephysica l im plicatio ns of increased f lex ibility of consc iousness a reneeded. Alan Watts' essay on the philosophical pr oblems arising out Peoples, is presented in its complete version, except for the Appen-of the possibility of in creased control over mind delineates one of dix listing the Mexican hallucinogeni c mushrooms. It is taken fromthe major themes. Psychological studies are planned, attempting to the Harvard Botanical Museu m Leaflets, Vol. 19, No. 7, 1 961.explore problems in personality structure, motivation and perception, The Editors invite suggestions and ideas for The P sychedelicusing insights derived from psychedelic experiences. Also, descrip- Review .ti on s o f p sy ch ed el ic e xp er ie nc es in p sy ch olo gi ca l te rm s a nd a tte mp ts tod ev is e n ew m od el s f or c om mu nic at in g a lte re d st at es o f c on sc io us ne ssw ill be discus sed. We p resent, in this is sue, a sum mary of four rece nts tudi es o f the sub ject ive a ft er -e ff ec ts o f psychedel ic d rug- experi ences.Original r esearch reports and theoretical articles on different aspectsof psychedelic researc h will appear in future issues.

In the lives and w ork of artists and w riters and in the aestheticsph ere in g ene ra l, v isio na ry e xp erien ce h as o fte n pla ye d a sig nifica ntrole. In the 1 9th Century French Symbolist movement, for example,the consum ption of hashish w as pervasive and influential. M any in-dividual artists from T homas D e Q uincey to W illiam B urroughs haveused drugs in one way or another to shape their creative vision.S tudies of the associations betw een dru gs and cre ativity are antici-pated.

T he classical literature describing the interior journey will bedis cussed and rev iew ed. In this issue w e p resent a b rief ex tract from

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"Can ThisDrug Enlarge. .n t ave o, Man' s Mi d?"n the alteration and expansion of cons ciousness. The di scovery of

the psychedelic substance s such as LSD, psilocybin and mescalinehas been a major contributing factor in thi s development. Scientists Narcotics numb i t. Alcohol unsettles i t.and scholars from di verse area s as well as man y laymen have recog- Now a new che mical cal led L SD has e mer ged with pheno menalnized the importanc e of these substances as pow erful tools for th e powers o f intensifying and changing it _ whether for good or i llexploration of cons ciousness and th e production of visionary experi- is a subject of hot debate .ences. The effects of psychedeli c substan ces pose fascinat ing prob-lems for me dical and psychological research and have far-reachin g GERAL D HEARDim plications for m any issues in the sciences and the hum anities.

Th e Psychedelic Review is designed to serve as a forum for Since earliest times man has f elt impulses to rise above his ever y-the exchang e of information and ideas ab out these issues. It will day self and achieve either some higher insi ght or some release fro mpublish original res earch reports , scholarly and historical essays, ou t- mundane concern s _ or both . Western saints and E astern mysticsstanding phenomenological accounts of spontan eous or induced tra n- have s ubjected the mselves to strenuous spiritual exerc ises; others,scendent experiences, and reviews of rele vant pharmacologi cal and less dedicated, have re sorted to che mical aids, fro m the c eremonialother lit erature, wine of the ancients and the opiates o f the Orient to the sacra mental

The journal is published and sponsor ed by the International peyotl plant of A ztec t ribes and the social sti mulants of our o _n day .Federation for Int ernal Freedom (IFIF), an organization whos e In o ur ti me, moreo ver, ps ychologists and other st swlents of h ermanpurpose i s to encourage, support and protect research on psych edelic perceptions, fro m William Ja mes to Aldou s Huxley, have tried outsubstances. Th e basic long-rang e goal of IFIF is to work to in crease on t hemselves certain exp erimental drugs in an eff ort to induce statesthe individual's control over his own mind, thereby enlarging his that would lend extraordinary lucidity and li ght to the mind' s unco n-

scious and creati ve processes _ possibly even assist ance to these .internal freedom. Th e present journal is an attempt to contribut e to Today these newer dru gs _ mescaline, psilocybin, and the late st andthe rea lizat ion of this long-t erm obj ect ive, most potent of them, Ly sergic Acid Diethyla mide, or LSD _ are

Howe ver, the views expressed in articles published by The Psy - spreadin g so zoidely on a research basis that ma]or questions arechedelic Rev iew are solely the authors' and do not nec essarily reflect arisin g as to their effects a nd proper use .

the opinions of th e editors or of IFIF. Conversely , the contributors Their enemies call them mind -distorting dr ugs, and warn thatdo not necessari l y subscribe to the principles and purposes o f IFIF. their therapeutic values arc 'unpr oven, that they may upset even a

A word about th e title. The substances discussed here have be en nor mal person, and that they are already being abused for kicks .referred to b y many di ffer ent names, including psychotomimeti c, Their proponents prefer to call them consciousness -chan ging agents, hallucinog enic, consciousness-expanding and others. The term and argue that in selected cases, for individuals of stron g mental and p sychedelic, f irst p roposed by Humphrey Osmond , is der ived from creative powers, LSD may widen their zoindow on the world and o _the Greek and means mind-mani festing. St rict compl iance with the mselves as well . On the evidence so far, both sides seem agreedlinguistic protocol w ould have dictated the u sual intervening vowel that LSD is no t habit -for ming; numerous takers o f it report that the(o), but the present orthography is gaining wider acceptance, experience is a strenuous a nd exhaust ing ctne, to be repeated only af ter

much thought .Should man in any case put such a potentially dangerou s sub -

stance into his syste ml' It is claimed for LSD t hat i t is far less toxic

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THE PSYCHEDELI C REVIEW Can Th is Drug l _nlarge Man 's Mind?

than alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine At the same time one o f its leadi ngstudents and ad vocates, Dr . Sidney Co hen remar ks: It is quite po s- Of course man has had mood- changing drugs at his disposalgible that LSD at tracts certain unstable indi viduals in their search for millennia. First came al cohol, the great relaxan t; then opium,]:or some magical inter vention . Can trance -like i nsight produced b y the painkiller; then caffein e, the spur of the nervous s ystem; thenchemical s be the source of higher wisdo m and crea tivity, like a kind cocaine , hashish, and a s core of other less common vegetable extra cts.of Inst ant Zen f This remains unproven m especiall y since so man y And in the last few years a wid e variety of tranquilizer s has beenper sons coming back [rom LSD can describe their exper ience onl y as developed.inde scribable . They all , however, fall into one or the other of two classes.

One of those who can describe it best is the writer of the follow- They either weaken th e mind 's common-sense grasp of things, aslng article, t he distin guished philo sopher Gerald Heard, author o f does alcohol or opium , or t hey strengthen that grip , as does coffeeThe Eternal Gospel, The Doppelganger s, Is God in History ?, and or dexedrine. They d o not leave the mind uncl ouded and yet at theother books, and a leadin g student of psychic research , same time permit it to view things in quite all uncommonsensical

way. They d o not raise the mind t o high lucidity and yet at the same

What will men of the future consider the greatest achievements time make the w orld it views appear fraught with an intensity of

of our time? Releasing hydr ogen energy? Putting a man on the significance that everyday c ommon sense cann ot perceive.moon? Emending the a verage human life t o a century or more? In LSD , or Lysergic Acid Diethy lamide , however , a drug nowLast year Dr. Glenn T. Seab org, Chairman of the United States exists that can acc omplish all these aims. As Dr. Seab org and se veral

Atomic Energy C ommission, gave his f orecast of what he th ought medical auth orities cit ed i n these pages emphasi ze, it is certainly n otmight be our most revolutionary discoveries or advances in the next to be t aken l ight ly , and research h as only begun on its possibilitiesgeneration. Addressing the grad uating class of Northern Michigan as a therapeutic aid in psychiatry. For many who have taken it under

proper, controlled conditions, it has brought about an a stonishingCollege in his home state, he asked his l isteners to project themselvesenlargement of sensitivity and perceptiveness , and it may thus castforward to their thirtieth reunion in 1992, and selected fifteen items

on which to speculate. Fourteen of these -- ranging from the rea l- new light on the wellsprings of creativity.izing of space communications to capturing solar energy and the If you ask, Of what possible use is suc h a drug? or, What is theremaking of daily life by electronic computers -- deal t with physical difference between the effects of taking LSD and, say, hashish in aadvances, and thus with t he same objective that Francis Bacon had Ta ngier dive or opium in H ong Kong ? the answer might be gi ven in

put before the pristine scien ti st s of ten generations ago: t he relief terms of an early Franciscan, the ex-lawyer Jacoponi da Todi, whenasked the same wh at's the use questi on a fter he spoke of the ex-of man' s estate. The fifteenth, however, would not have occurre dto Elizabethan England' s wide-browed Verulam, or indeed to an y hilarating effect th at joining Saint Francis's company had o n him.researcher until the last dozen years. His resp onse was, a better order in all my living.

Not an opiate or a narcotic, LSD is a chemical able to pro duce P harmaceuticals that change and maintain human personality profound changes of consci ousness which , in healthily constituted

at any desired level, w as Dr. Seab org's definition of this maj or new pers ons, seem to le ave no untoward aftereffects. And while it can

possibility of power -- and, he was quick to add, of potential danger give an ecstatic experience , a t the same time it len ds an ext raordinarytoo. He was thinking of such recently introduced dr ugs as mesc aline, intensity of attention.psilocybin, and no doubt particularly of the phenomen al one knownas LSD, abo ut the uses of which much controversy is r aging today. You see and bear this world, hut as the artist and the music ian

sees and hears. And , much m ore import ant, it may also give far-Of them he we nt on to say: It m ay.., become necess ary to estab- reaching insights into one's own self and into one's relationship withlish new leg al and moral codes to gover n those wh o prescribe use others. Some t akers of it have even felt th at they had won an insightof these materials. Wh o should prescribe.., and under w hat con- into the n ature of the Universe and the purpose of Life. Theseditions, such a drug to a person in a position of high authority when

insights c an be remembered and, if the person wishes , can be incor-he is faced with decisions of great c onsequence? por ated into his or her everyd ay living to bring it a better order.8

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THE PS YCHEDELICREVIEW Can Th_ Drug Enla rge Man' s Mindl '

So here may be a major br eakthrough that meets the pr oblem of From what he has learned ab out this research , the subject is of courseletting in a free fl ow of comprehensi on beyond the everyday thresh old expecting a surprise. But during the first hour after swall owing theof experience while keeping the mind clear. And this seems to be tiny pills , he usually experiences n othing at all. He may feel s omeaccomplished by a confr onting of one's self, a standing outside one 's relief at finding himself remaining c ompletely n ormal , and perhaps

self, a dissolution of the ego-based apprehensi ons that cloud the sky a secret sense of super iority at the thought that p ossibly he is tooof the mind. str ong to give in to a drug that will take him away fr om reality. An

The dru g was disc overed by accident in 19 43. Dr. Albert H of- uncommonly able businessman , the head of a major corporation, whomann o f Sandoz Ltd. in Switzerland , while doing research with de- had much wished t o take LSD , in fact waited fully three and one-halfrivatives of the ergot alkal oids, somehow absorbed synthesized LSD h ours for something t o happen. Alth ough it is unc ommon forinto his system and f ound it to have surprising effects on conscious- LSD t o be so long in taking effect , the occasions on which this hasness. It was soon recognized as the m ost potent and reli abl e of the occurred have led s ome researchers t o speculate that the onset ofconsciousness-changing drugs. A remarkable fact ab out it is the the experience can be held at bay f or an extra h our or two by theextreme minu teness of the effectiv e dose. The optimum d osage m subject ' s unconsci ous nervousness or his suspicion that he mightthat which produces for the subject the most informative result s m have been given nothing more than an i nnocuous pl acebo.lies between 100 and 1 50 gamma ; and 100 gamma is appr oxi- Yet as the first hour wears away, quite a number of subjectsmately one ten-thousandth of a gram. (Mescaline , another of the bec ome convinced that they ar e feeling odd. Some, like the witches

consciousness-chan gers, ha s to be taken in a d osage four tho usand of Macbeth, feel a pri cking in their thumbs. Others -- and this, t oo,ti mes t hat of LSD to produ ce similar mental results , and in this is a common reaction to th e weird, th e uncanny, the numinousamount it doe s have physical effects on most subjects -- som etimes feel chill, with that ti ghtening, or horripilation , of the skin as, in th eunpleasant ones.) vernacular, a goose goes ov er one's grave. They rep ort, I am

A good psy chiatrist , of course, must be the overseer of all L SD tremblin g -- but, putting out the ir hands , find them steady.research. He mu st, as did the physicians who train ed the volunteers In the second hour, however, most subjects enter upon a sta gefor the ascent of Mount Ev erest, have vetted the subject. He which can leave no doubt that a profo und change of consciousnessmust know wheth er this or that part icular psyche is likely t o function is occurring. For one thin g, the attendin g psychiat rist, or sitt er,satisfactorily at th ese rare altitudes. Then , a person inti matel y ac- can see that the pupi ls of the subject' s eyes are no w nearly alwaysquain ted with LSD should be at the side of the subject as he embark s dilated. This symptom is the first and often the on ly undeniable and

visible physical effect of LSD, and it gi ves t he physiol ogist almoston his journey. It should not be undertaken alone. A companion his only clue a s to which area of the brain is now bein g acted upon.

should be on call to a ct as an assistant -- for instan ce, to play musi c, For the center that c ontrols the pupil s' reaction to li ght is known,change the lighting, answer any questions, or write down any remarks and it lies dee p .the subject should wish recorded _ and also as a monitor, or ni ghtwatchman , so to speak, ready to report if p ossible trouble may be Durin g this second hour we can say that the subject is gaininglurking ahead (in which ca se the voya ge can be called off instantly altitude. H ove does he rec ord this heightening of consci ousness ? Byby administerin g a counteractin g chemical), far the most comm on remark refers to the growing intensification of

So, though the subject should not be intruded upon, he should color. Flowers , leaves, grass, trees, are seen with tremen dous vivid-not be left fi guratively or literally in the dark. The optimal circum- ness -- with the intensity that Van Go gh must have seen them , i ss tances are simple, tho ugh contrary to present clinica l and laboratory an often-used description. They seem t o pulse and breathe; in fact,protocol. For the ideal settin g is not a hospital or research lab, but even everyday , fixed objects around the room may take on flowin g,rather an envir onment that is neither aggressive nor austere, and in wavin g shapes , as if invested with some life f orce of their own.

Int ensi fication of s ounds, too (such as the singing of birds, thoughwhich he may feel at h ome, perhaps a quiet house surrounded by far away) , is often commented on with fascinate d surprise. Musicgarden.

frequent ly becomes an absorbin g delight even to the nonmusicalThe first sta ge under LSD is surprising in a paradoxical way.


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THE PSYCHEDELICREVIEW Can This Drug Enlarge Man's Mind?

while to the musical it has on occasion become almost unbearably valuation of all values, this double change of the vie w of one's sel fintense. Under LSD I asked that my favorite recording of my and one ' s view of nature, a hand is actually held out to the subject,favorite Beetho ven quartet (Opus 1 35) be played, one musical taker he will be able t o keep his bearin gs. If the subject uses thi s simplereported; but after a few minutes I had it turned off. Its emotions sea anchor, he may discover that he is not merely r iding the swellhad become too searing -- and besides, I had suddenly made the but has entered a condition of what until then may have been incon discovery that one of the instruments was playing ever so slightly ceivable. With his consciousness enlarged out of all bounds, he mayoff p itch. -- if all goes well -- find that he n o longer feels anxiet y abou t past

Another effect i s stranger and deeper. The subject feels that or future.

time itself -- time urgent, pressing, h urried , or contrariwise, time It is not that he has gone into amnesia. He can dearly recallslack , lagging, heavy on his hands -- is now in right time. When past concerns and future appointments; but he recalls them as a wisehe discovers what an ample store of unhastened attention he can gi ve guardian carries in his mind the affairs of his ward. His personalto all the rich content brought him by eye and ear, he finds it hard appetites, meanwhile, generally become suspended. Most pe ople nevernot to believe that somehow time has been stretched. But a glance eat or drink during the experience, though it may last a full day;at his watch tel ls him it is a new-given power of superattention that even constant smokers, while they may start with a cigarette, put itis allowing him to make such f ull use of every moment, down as soon a s they begi n t o cl imb. There is not the slightest

It is, however, in the next couple of hours that for most people repugnance to food and drink. It is simply that the subject feels the

the full power of the experience comes over them. Till then , how- appetites are irrelevant. Any sexual sensation, any eroti c fantasy orever absorbed, the subject has still been an observer. Now, although preoccupation, is nearly always reported as absent. So, for all it ssights and sounds, the artistic splendor of the w orld, and the magic liberating p owers, LSD remai n s noneuphori c: as the Greeks wouldof musi c may still amaze him , they are, as it were, the d&or , the say, it is eudaemonic -- a possession by the spirit of wholeness.scenery of a drama. N ow the whole outside world becomes a corn- After the se climactic hours, during which he may either haveposition that embraces and interfuses everything. And yet this eom- sat still and wordless while contemplating the myriad images borneposition, though constantly changing, i s also (strange paradox) all in on him, or conveyed volub ly to his companion or monitor whatthe whi le complete and instant in a fathomless peace. At this point he has seen and felt , the voyager returns gradually t o shore, some-one could say that he cro sses a watershed. In this all-pervading En- times dipping back into the tides of the far sea until the lingeringergy he feels around him , the subject realizes that he cannot be powers of the chemical disperse.

isolated. It i s flowing through him, as it flows through all that sur- In the Odysse y Penelope , the first hostess in recorded history,rounds h im. gives what one might call the fir st psychoanalytic interpretation of a

Here his experien ce with time goes still further. Time appears dream. The returning Ulysses, appearing in disguise and keepingto hav e stopped, d isappeared . W hat has now b efallen the v oyager his id entity concealed from her after his ten years' absence, q uestions

is not merely that he is on the high seas with his ship in a vast calm , her about a dream she has had concerning the fate of her exigentbut that the ship itself no longer seems distinct from the infinite suitors. She answers:

ocean. He stands outside of and apart from his familiar ego, all its Many end many a dreamis mereconfusionprotective barriers having been shed; and this can lead in some to a cobweb of no consequence atall .transcendent experience, while in others to a deep panic. To th ose Two Gates for ghostly dreams there are: one ga tewayfor whom their ego is their only possible self , the only possible mode of honest horn, and one o f ivory .of consc iousness , i t s d is appearance i s a k ind of dea th . Issuingby the ivorygate aredreams

It is here that the subject, however independent-minded, may of glimmering illusion, fantasies ,literally welcome a helping hand. Of all the senses , touch is naturally but those that come through solid polished hornmost firmly anchored in the material world. So it is the least liableto illusions. It has been found that i f at the moment of this trans- may be borne out , i f mortals amy know them .

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THE PS YCHEDELICREVIEW Can This Drug Enlarge Man's Mind r'

I doubt it came b y horn, my fear ful dream mtoo good to be true, that, [or my son and me . of opening up this other pas sage of percept ion, of keeping it open

What Penel ope is saying is that there are tw o categories , or for any length of time , or of doing it at will. H ow is this free flowchannel s, of subconscious insight: one, coming in thr ough the Gate of findings to be obtai ned ?of Horn, of things that may be b orne out (t hat is , having t o do We n ow recognize that our minds have , as oculists say of our

wit h event s, both present and future , in our actual live s) and the eyes , not one but a number of focal lengths. The aperture of ourother, through the Gate of Ivory, of apparentl y t he sheeres t fanta sy, understanding alters , in the way that we alter the aperture of ourAnd it is certainly recognized by all students of psychical res earch telesc opes and microscopes to bring objec ts into clear focu s at specificthat there is a deep current of the mind which brin gs to the surfa ce ranges. But, thou gh our minds do shift, thou gh our ran ge of per -(sometim es by way of dreams , but not necessarily always) raw data cepti on will at times chan ge gear, we cann ot make that shift deliber -

an incoherent babblin g, irrespon sible glossolalia, sufficiently con- ately, consci ously. Nor when it occurs can we hold on to it. Andfusing to justify th e epithet glimmerin g illusion , fantasies. Clue s when the most c ommon, as well as the most profound shift m thatas to t his second traffic, when they do appear, ar e ambiguous; symbol s from waking t o sleeping -- takes place, we are not able to observeare so fractured that for a lon g while they are q uite unrecognizable, it as we experienc e it. This problem has teased psycholo gists for

Here lies one reason why many decade s of modern psychical sixty years, and the greatest o f them, William James, saw that if itresearch int o thi s anomalou s traffic hav e produced such baffli ng and was tobe solved, the experimenter must use psychophysical mean sfrustratin g results. Another is that whereas the flow runnin g through on himself. He tried nitrous oxide as a means of enlargin g con-

Penelope ' s Gate o f Horn i s as constant and copious as th e daily sdousness, only to find that at a certain point communication ceased ,tides, the springs that feed the Gate of Ivory seem sporadic and and he came back murmurin g, The Universe has n o opposite.

Then he tried peyotl , the button cactus that grows alon g the Rioindeed caprici ous. No wonder then that psychoanal ysis , which con -fines itself to the masses of sea wrack brou ght up throu gh the Gate Grande and is used in the reli gious rites of Indians in the Southwest

asa sacrament lendin g lucidity -- only t o be daunted by the stumblin gof Horn and stranded on the beaches of our waking mind , attractssuch an army of deep-sea psychobiolo gists, while those who wait by block of severe nausea.the o ther water gate have but a few mi nnow s to show after nearly Leave chemicals aside for th e moment. Ther e is an otherthree generations of research, state of mind , known to and described by p oets as well as hi gher

Psychoanal ys is i s concerned mainly with man's conflicts between mathematicians and other scientific geniuses, in which a deeply in -his sexual ur ges and th e taboos imposed upon him by society, and si ghtful pr ocess can take place. The current president of India ,with the effects o f these conflicts on his everyday livin g. But the the philosopher Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, has termed this proc -traffi c we associate with the Gate of Iv ory deals with data ap - ess inte gral thought as a gainst analytic th ought -- the latter bein g

the inducti ve procedure whereby thr ough the patient gatherin g, analy-patently belongin g to those hi gher registers of the mind which veryfew researchers out sid e the psychical fi eld have even noticed. It is sis, and arran ging of data there w ould at last emerge a genera l l aw.true t hat mystics and saints ha ve reporte d, time and again, out -of- I ntegral thou ght is the art of the sudden insi ght, the bril li an tthis-world , indescribable experiences that did change their lives and hypothesis, the truly creative leap. To have truly original thought

the mind must throw off its critical guard, its filtering censor. Itbring a b etter order in their living. But these experiences came asthe resul t of many years of severe mental and physical discipline must put itself into a state of depersonalization; and from such his-carried out within a doctrinal frame of reference, which often brought tories as Jacques Hadamard's The Ps ycholog y of Invention in thethem to the brink of insanity. For many the experience was only a Mathematical Field we know that the best researchers, when con-brief flash. For some it came two or three times during a lifetime of fronting problems and riddles that had defied all solution by ordinarydiscipline. For instance Plotinus, so his biographer and disciple methods , did employ their minds in an unusual way, did put them-Porphyry tells u s, only three times in his long life of striving for it selves into a state of egoless creativity which permitted them toattained to the state. But until now there has been no other way have insights so remarkable that by means of these they were able

to m ak e th eir g re ate st a nd m os t o rig in al d isc ov er ie s.1415


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THE P S YCHEDELICR EVIEW Can This Drug Enlar ge Man's Mind f

Paracelsu s found that ther e was a ledge of the mind , free of of benefit . Intensi ty of a ttent ion is what all talented people must ob-a ll caut ion, to which win e could lift him; there , though unable t o tain or command if they are t o exercise their talent. Ab, otute atten-hold a pen , he could stil l dictate , until i ntoxication swept him int o tion -- as we kn ow from, for example , Isaac Newton 's and Johann

speechlessness. Descartes, sleeping on the floor with writing paper Sebastian Bach 's descript ions of the state of mind in which theybeside him , scrawled d own the in sights that flashed acr oss his mind worked -- is the most e vident mark of genius functi oning. On th ein a hal f-waking state, when the creative and criti cal levels of his other hand , the masterful Sigmund Freud remarked that psych o-brain wer e both working. Harve y, the discoverer of the circulati on analysis , even when exerci sed by himself , would not work with theof the blood, told his biographer Aubrey that if he stayed in a disu sed extreme neur otic because of the hypertr ophied ego-attention whichcoal shaft in total dark and silence , his uninterrupted mind w ould such a patient had sacrificed his life t o build up. The psych otic isreach a span it could not encompass above ground, when trying t o even more absorbed in his dist ortive, self-obsessed notion of real ity. think regardle ss of consequence ami d the wary , hostile medical Give , then, either of these victims of their own eg os stil l greaterworld of his day. Henri Poincar6 , the great French mathematician, capacity to at tend, and it is highly unlikely that they will do otherdescribed his subliminal processes of discovery in these words: It than dig still more deeply the ditch of their delusion and build moreis certain that the combinations which present themselves to the stubbornly the wall of their self-inflicted prison.mind in a kind of sudden illumination after a somewhat prolonged But for the truly creative person (and I refer specifically to

period of unconscious work are generally useful and fruitful .... that person capable of exercising integral thought ) LSD may beThis, too, is most mysterious. How can we explain the fact that , of some use. It could help him t o exercise integral th ought withof the thousand products of our unconscious activity, some are in- greater ease and facility , and at will. And for a number of sensitivevited to cross the threshold , while others remain outside ? (In his people willing to present themselves for a serious experiment in depth,classic study of poetic creation , The Road to Xanadu, John Living- LSD has shown itself of some help in permeating the ego , in resolvingston Lowes cited this passage as bearing on the deep movements of emotional conflicts , and in reducing those basic fears , the u lt imateColeridge'sown psyche.) of which is the fear of death. However, the practicalanswer to What

Can LSD provide any assistance to the creative process ? Even should be done about it? seems to be that LSD remain for the timewhen given under the best of conditions , it may do no more (as being what it is: a research drug, to be used with greates t care toAristotle said when appraising and approving the great Greek Mys- explore the minds of those who would volunteer to aid competentteries) than give an experience. Thereafter the subject must him- researchers by offering themselves as voyagers to the Gate of Ivory.self work with this enlarged frame of reference, this creative schema .

If he will not , the experience remains a beautiful anomaly, a gradu-ally fading wonder -- fading because it has no relevance to the

life of quiet desperation which Thoreau saw most of us living andw hich w e cannot help but live.

What, then, should be done about it? LSD is certainly one ofthe least toxic chemicals man has ever put inside his system. Com-

pared with a lcohol , nicotine , coffee -- our three great stand-bys -- itcould be called alm ost a docile m are as against these m ettlesom e stal-lions, so far as most people are concerned. Is it of any use withpsychotics? Most researchers doubt it. With the extreme neurotic?Again there seems to be considerable question. Although amongthese categories LSD appears to do no physical harm , cases of severeadverse psychological effects have been reported. It is the uniquequality of attention which LSD can bestow that will or will not he

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Tke Sub jective After-E _ects

music, paint ings, and exposure to sunlight in a garden setting . Usu-ally, the LSD was given to groups of three to five subjects. At leastone 'sitter' was constantly present who himself had experiencedLSD. Hal f the subjects were patients, i.e., undergoing some form ofpsychotherapy. The others were colleagues, psychotherap ists, lawyers,writers, etc. This study will be referre d to subsequently as th e Dit -manStud y.

(2) Sherwood, J.N., Stolaroff, M.J., and Harman, W.W., The

The S bie ti Aft Elf Psychedelic Experience- A New Concept in Psychotherapy.C V_ _ - _Ct5 J . Neurops ychiat .,1962,3, 370-375. And Savage, C., Harman, W. ,Fadiman , J . and Savage , E., A F ollow-up N ote on the Psyche-delic Experience , i n San ford M. Unger (Ed.) , PsychedelicDrug

of Psychedelic Ex periences: s heTherapY :early'4 inNeW 1964.Ao Personality Change . To be pub-A questionnaire over lapping much of the questi onnaire in the Dit-

A Summary of Fo ur Recent Questionnaire Studies man Study was used, and the results are presented together in Tables(1) and (g). All subjects had u ndergone the LSD experience 3 to14 months previously. All 96 subjects were paying patients. Subjectswere typically given 100-200 ta g of LSD plus 200-400 mg of me.sca-

The results presented below were extracted from four recen t line, individually, after intensive preparation. This preparation in-studies in which LSD or psilocybin was given t o vol unteer subjects cluded discussion of aims, of willingness to surrender o ld conc eptsand t he after-effec ts of one experience assessed by means of question- and p reconceived ideas, and o f the necessity for trust. All of thenaires. The studies selected are concerned only with sub jective claims, pre-treatment contacts aid in the development of these key factorsnot with objective ratings or indices. Studies of specific descriptions within the subject, willingness a nd trust, which a re essential to theof the content of psychedelic experiences are not included; the ques- movement into and most effective use of the psychedelic experiences. tionnaires were used to obtain from the subjects general evaluations The inhalation of a 30% COn and 70% oxygen mixture B is also usedof their experience and its effects, in the preparation, which gi ves the subject an op portunity to 'prac-

tice' the sort of surrender which will be called for on the day of theSubjects, methods and background of each of the four studies LSD session.

will be briefly described. Only a brief discussion is given of the tables The psychedelic session is held in the congenial su rroundings(the original pap ers may be consulted for more extensive evaluat ion).' o f a tastefully furnished room containing a tap e-and-record pla yerThe purpose of this summary is to present these strikingly similar console and various carefully chosen works of art. The subject

and in part hitherto unpublished data together in convenient form . spends a good fraction of the day lying comfortably on a couch(1) Dit man, K.S., Hayman, M. and Whittlesey, J .R.B. N ature and listening to music .... The therapist wil l usually initiate rather little

c onve rsatio n du rin g th e se ssion. T he subj ect is ordin arily en coura gedFrequency of Claim s Following LSD. J . Nervous & Mental alternately t o expl ore withi n , and to respond to stimuli in the outerDisease , 1962,134,346-3 52. environment (such as flowers , room furnishings, works of art, photo-

The data are based on 74 questionnaires returned by subjects graphs of close relations, etc.) .... The subject is urged to postponewho had been given 100 micrograms of LSD six months to three and analyzing his experience until after the session and to accept theone-half years previously. The LSD was given in a permissive but e xperi ence as it occurs without l abeli ng or evaluati ng. This studynon-treatment setting in order to compare the LSD experience with will be referred t o subsequent ly as the S avage Study . that of delirium tremens .... Our subjects received no intended (3) A survey of 194 questionnaire ret urns from the file of Dr. O scarpsychotherapy during th e LSD experience. In general, th e atmos- Janiger was presented by W. M. McGIothlin in Long -Lastingphere was relaxed and p ermissive, with the subjects well-protect ed Effects of LSD onCertainAttitudesin Normal #: An Experimentalfrom outside disturbances. They underwent the experience in a Proposal, a RA ND corporation reprint (1962).darkened room, and were allowed various sensory stimuli such as

1918


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THE PSY CHEDEL IC REVIEW Th e Subj ective lifter -Effec ts

Greater tolerance of others 40 75A sense of futility and emptiness 7 8 Improvement in income, living quarters and body-weight 15A frightening feeling that I might go Increased sex satisfaction 14

crazy or lose control of myself 3 8 TABLE (4)Sense of relaxat ion and freedom from anxiety Changes attrib uted to LSD

and tensi on 56 (Janiger Study )A better understanding of the cause and Item Percentag e

source of my tro ubles 41 (N = 194 )A set of new decis ions and new directions for Maj or objecti ve chan ges (in job, mari tal st atus, etc.) 16

my life 39 Posit ive change in interpersonal relat ions:A new sense of fun and enjoym ent 39 with co-workers and employees 4 3A sense of now knowing w hat life is all about 27 wit h acquaintances 41* Per centages are the totals of the two categories: Quit e a bit and Ver y Increased interest in:

muck social reform 18political and in ternational affairs 22

TABLE ( 3) anthropology 24Principal areas of clai med improve ment att ribut ed to L SD morals and eth ic s 35

(Ditman Stud y) Other universal concept s (meaning of life) 48Item Percenta g_ Positive change noticed by p erson closest 45

More abi li ty to rela x (N = 74) Changes in sense of values (money, status, human40 relationships, religion, etc.) 48More co mfort wit h people 37 Looking back on the LSD experience, it was:More initiative since LSD 36 a very pleasant experien ce 66Less anx iety 34 a very unpleasant experience 32Increase d interest in: so mething I would want to try again 74 :

Nature 38 a re ligious experience 24_Ar tMusic 34 an experie nce giving greater u nderstanding of

33 myself and others 61Changes in perspectiv e : an experienc e of lasting benefit 58

Deeper significance to th ings 46 LSD sh ould be used for:Things seem more real 4 0 becoming aware of one self 75Problems les s important 39 gaining new meaning to life 58Colors b righter 39 getting people to understand each other 4 2

Changes in a tt itude :

More tolerant 40 TABL E (5)More accepting of ideas 38 Subje ctive reactions to p _ilocybin

(Leafy Study )More broadminded 37 Item Percent ageess irri table 33

Changes in sense of values 47 (N = 98)Prob lems such as emotional , f inancial , d rinkin g, legal, 1) How supportive (relaxin g, warm, acceptin g) was the, total situation ?

etc., improved 3:_ Very sup portive /1622

23


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THE PSY CHEDELI C REVIEW The Subject ive After -Effects

Mildly supportive 22 with reports of lasting benefit. In the Ditman study , those who hadNeutral 10 a religious orientation, particularly those with a mystica l orientat ion,Mildly or v ery rejecting 11 claimed the m ost benefit from the e xperience and found it the most

2) Was the experiencepleasant? pleasant. These results suggest that perhaps s omething akin to aWonderful or ecstatic 32 religious conversion experience is taking place in some of the subjects.

Verypleasant 38 Table 3) lists the principalarea of improvementattributedtoO.K. 23 LSDntheDitmantudy.

Table (4) gives comparable figures from the Janiger study;Unpleasant or v ery unpleasant 73) Did you learn a lot about y ourself and the world ? most frequently reported changes occurred in interpersonal rela-

Tremend ous insights 23 tions and in values. 7 5% of all the subjects in this study indicatedLearned a lot 22 LSD shoul d be used for increasin g self-awareness.

Learned some thing of value 4: 3 Table (5) gives the results of the Leary study: 70% find theLearned nothin g 9 experience pleasant, 88% learn somethin g from it, 62% report thatMore confused 2 it c hanged their life, and 90% want to try it a gain.

4) Has the mushr oom experience chan ged you and On some of the questions it is possible t o col late t he result s

your life ? from all four studies. Thus the percenta ges reportin g a pleasant ex-Dramatically better 1 2 perience in the four studies are 7 2, 85, 66 and 70, or an avera ge ofChanged for better 50 73%. Percenta ges reportin g lasting benefi t o r chan ge are 50, 85, 58,No change 37 and 62, or an avera ge of 64%. Percenta ges wishin g to repeat theWorse I experience are 66, 89, 74, and 90, or an avera ge of 80%.

5) How ab out taking the mushr oom again under In three of the studies, an attempt was made to evaluate thetrustful, secure circumstances? lon gevity of these claims, i.e. , to what extent they are maintainedVery ea ger 56 after lon ger peri ods of time. In the Sava ge study, answers wereLike to 34 compared at f our time periods: less than three m onths after the LSDDon't care 6 session , three to six months, six to twelve months and over twelveRather not 4 months. The results indicatedthat felt benefittends to becomeap-

parent some time after the LSD experience and t o be susta ined fai rly

Discussion well over at least the first year following. In the Janiger study ,Table (1) shows that in both the Ditman and Savage studies, results were compared after: 0-100 days, 100- 389 days, and morea majority of the subjects claim that the experience was pleasant and than 389 days. Results indicated that there is a definite decrease ingave them increased awareness . 50% in the Ditman study and 8 5% claimed effect as a function of time, and that the decrement is sharp-in the Savage study report lasting benefit. The higher figures in the est during the first six months or so. Of individual questions , be-Savage study are probably attributable to the more intensive prepara- coming aware of self, changes in values , and claims of lasting bene-tions and to the conduct of sessions centered around the individual fit seem to be fairly resistant to erosion by time. In the Ditmansubject. The percentage of experiences reported to be harmful or study 16 alcoholic patients returned a second questionnaire, approx-

unpleasant is very small in both studies, imately three and one-half years after their original LSD experience.Table (2) reviews some of the descriptions which subjects They made fewer claims than they had on the first questionnaire.

consider appropriate to their LSD experience. Greater understand- About two-thirds still claimed periods of abstinence ranging fromlng of interpersonal relationships and a new way of looking at one to one and one-half years, as they had on the first questionnaire,the world are frequent in both samples. In the Savage study, and three-fourths of these alcoholics still claimed some lasting benefit awareness of God or a Higher Power or an Ultimate Reality is (fewer arrests , i ncreased self-understandi ng and est heti c interest).the most frequent item, and this is significantly correlated (r = .68)

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THE PSY CHE DELICR EVIEW

None of the Ss, however, had mainta ined their so br iety to the time

of the second que stionrmlre. The Hallucin ogenic Fungit shou ld be remembered tha t these four studies are a ll report sof subjective claims and need to be supplemented by studies of changes /e'_in objective behaviora l indices. Furthermore, in general, these posi- ,. l Mexico:five re sults do not agree with the majority of studies of psychedelicdrugs in the psychiatric lit erature. There are two kinds of studi es of An Inquiry Int o The Origins of The Religious Ideadrug-effects: those in which observa tions and eva lua tions are mad eby the research er-psychia trist, and those in which the subject reco rds Among Primiliv e Peopleshis own impressions and observa tions. The first kind of study tends R. GORDON WASSONon the whole to lead to negative eva luation -- the substances are seenas psychotomimetic,' p roducing d epersonal ization, space-time This paper wa s firs t given as the Annual Lecture of the Mycologica l So- distortions , etc. When subjects describe thei r own experiences, ciety o f America, Stillwater, Oklahoma , 1960. It is repri nted here, with thethey use phrases such as awa reness of higher rea lity, transcend- author' s permission, from the BotanicalMv. .te#mLea flets, Harvard University,ence of time and space , of what may be essentially similar sub jective 1961,19(7).effects. It is important to keep t his relativity of o bservations andlabels in mind, in evaluating these results. WH EN I RECEIVEDin Mexico your President 's invitation to speak

The Editors here today, I knew that your Committee h ad made an u nor thodoxchoice, for I am not a professional mycologist. A s the appointedhour approached my trepidation kept mounting, for I saw myselfan amateur about to be thrown to a pack of professionals. But yo urP resident's gracious introductory rem ark s, however unm erited, haveput me at my ease and lead me to hope that we shall all enjoy togethera mushroom foray of a rather unusual nature.

Those of you who do not kno w the story will be interested inlearning how it came about that my wife , who was a pediatric ian,and I, who am a banker, took up the study of mushrooms. She wasa Great Russian and , like all of her fellow-countrymen, learned ather mother's knee a solid body of empirical knowledge about thecommon species and a love of them that are astonishing to us Am er-icans. Like us, the Russians are fond of nature -- the forests andbirds and wild flowers. But their love of mushrooms is of a differentorder, a visceral urge , a passion that passeth understanding. Theworthless kinds, the poisonous mushrooms -- the Russian s are fond,in a way , even of them. They call these worthles s ones paganki,the little pagans , and my wife would make of them colorful center-pieces for the dining-room table, against a background of moss andstones and wood picked up in the woods. On the other hand, I , ofAnglo-Saxon origin, had known nothing of mushrooms. B y in-heritance, I ignored them all; I rejected those repugnant fungal

grow ths, expressions of parasitism and decay. B efore m y m arriage I had not once fixed my gaze on a mushr oom; not once looked at a

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THE P SY CHE DELIC REVIEW Th e Hallucinogenic Fung i of Mexico

mushroom with a di scriminating eye. Indeed , each of us, she and sought for mushr ooms in the proverbs of Europe, in myths andI, regarded the other as abnormal , or rather subn ormal , in our con- mythology, in legends and fairy tales, in epi cs and ballads , in historical

trasting responses to mushrooms, episodes, i n the obscene and scabrous vocabularie s tha t usuall y escapeA l ittl e thing , some of you will say , this difference in emotional the lexic ographer; in the writing s of poets and n ovelists. We w ereattitude toward wild mu shrooms. Yet my wi fe and I did n ot think aler t to the positive or negative value that the mu shroom vOCabularie sso, and we dev oted a part of our leisure hours for more than thirty carried , their mycophilic and myc ophobic c ontent. Mushr ooms areyears to dissecting it , defining it, and tracing it t o its origin. Such widely linked with the fly, the toad, the cock, and t he t hunderb olt;discoveries as we ha ve made , inc luding the red i scovery of the religious and so we studied these t o see what ass ociations they conveyed torole of the hallucinogenic mushr ooms of Mexico, can be laid t o our our remote forebears. Wherever we traveled we tried t o enter intopreoccupation with that cultural rift between my wife and me , be- contact with untutored peasant s and arrive at their kn owledge of thetween our respective peoples, between the myc ophili a and mycoph obia fungi -- the kind s of mushrooms that they distinguished , their names ,(words that we devi sed for the two attitudes) that divide the Ind o- the uses t o which they put them , and their em otional attitude towardEuropean peop les into two camps. If this hypo thesis of ours be them. We made trips to the Bas que country, to Lapland , to Fr ies-wrong, then it must have been a singular fal se hypothesis to have land , to the Provence, to Japan. We scoured the picture galleries and

produced the resul t s that it has. But I think it is not wrong. Thanks museums of the world for mushrooms and we pored over book s ont o the immense strides made in the study of the human psyche in archeology and anthropology.this century , we are now al l aware that deep-seated emoti onal atti tude s I would not have you think that we ventured into all the seacquired in early life are of profound importance. I suggest that learned paths without guidance. We drew heavily on our betters in

when such traits betok en the attitudes of whole tribes or peoples, the special fields that we were exploring. When we were delvin gand when those traits have remained unaltered throughout recorded into question s of vocabulary, when we worked out an original ety-history , and especially when they differ from one people to another mology for a mushroomic word , we were always within reach of aneighboring people, then you are face to face with a phenomenon of philologist who had made of that tongue his province. And so in allprofound cultural importan ce, whose primal cau se is to be discovered branches of knowledge. Some times it seems to me that o ur entire

only in the wel l- springs of cu ltural hi story, work has been composed by others , with us merely serving as rap-Many ha ve observed the difference in attitude to ward mushrooms porteur. Since we began to publish in 1 056, persons in all walk s of

of the European people s. Some mycologist s in the Engli sh-speaking life have come to us in increa sing numbers to contri bute informati on ,

world have inveighed against this univer sal prejudice of our race , and ofttimes the contributions of even the lowliest informants are ofhoping thereby to weaken it s grip. What a vain hope One doe s highest value , filling a lac una in our argument. We were amateur snot treat a con stit ut ional disorder by applying a band-aid. We our- unencumbered by academic inhibitions, and therefore we felt freeselves have had no de sire to change the Anglo-Saxon's attitude to range far and wide , disregarding the frontiers that ordinarilytoward mushr ooms. We view this anthropologi cal trait with amu sed segregate the learned disciplines. What we produced was a pioneer-detachment , confident that it will long remain unchanged for future lng work. We know , we have alway s known better than the critic s,students to examine at their lei sure, the fla ws in ours , but our main theme , which we adumbrat ed rather

Our method of approach wa s to look every where for references diffidently in Mushrooms Russia and Histor y in 1957, seems t o haveto mushrooms. We gathered the word s for mushroom and the stood up under cri ticism. If I live and retain my vitality , you mayvarious species in every accessible language. We studied their ety- see published over the coming years a series of volumes , to be calledmologies. Sometimes we rejected the accepted derivations and worked perhaps Ethnom ycological Papers, and, at the end of the road ,out new ones, as in the case of mushroom itself and also of 'chan- there may be a new edi tion of our original work , reshaped , simplified ,

terelle. We were quick to discern the latent metaphors in such wi th new evidence added and the argument strengt hened.words , metaphors that had lain dead in some cases for thousands of It would give me pleasure to enumerate the names of those toyears. We searched for the meaning of those figures of speech. We whom we are i ndebted , but how tedious the roll call would be for

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The Hallucino genic Fun gi of Mex icoTHE P SY CHEDE LIC R EVIEW

describing the Indian cultures of Mexico , had recorde d that certain

you who are obliged t o list en There i s one name, however, that in mu shrooms played a divi natory role in the religio n of the native s.this audience I mu st cite. For more than ten year s, we have been Simultaneou sly we learned that certain pre -Columbian stone artifact scol labora ting close ly with Profes sor Roger Heim , Membre de l'In sti- resembling mushrooms , most of them roughly a foot high, had beentut, and on all matter s mycological he ha s been our guide and teacher, turni ng up, usually in the h igh land s of Guatemala, i n increasin gFor these man y years, he has been the director in Paris of the Labo- numbers . For want of a better name , the archeologists called themratoire de Crypt ogamie and, even lon ger, editor of the Revue de mushro om stones, but not one archeologist had linked them withMycologie . More recently, he has also borne the burden of directin g mushrooms or with the rites described by the 16th century writersthe Mus6um National d'Hi stoire Naturelle, that renowned center in nei ghborin g Mexico. They were an eni gma, and mushr oom stonefor advanced t eachi n g and research in the biological studies, one of was merely a term of convenience. Some of these stone carvin gsthe glories of French culture. But t hese t itl es to academic di sti nct ion , carried an effi gy on the stipe, either a human face or an animal ,though themselves of the hi ghest order, do not tell you the story, and all of them were very like mushro oms. Like the child in theVast as i s his learnin g and his experience in field and laborat ory, Emper or's New Cl othes, we spoke up, declarin g t hat the so-calledsound as is his jud gment in the vexed problems that you myc ologists mushroom st ones really represented mushr ooms, and that theyface every day, formidable as he is in polemic, it is as a rare human were the symb ol of a religion, like the Cross in the Christian reli gion,being that I commend him t o you. Patient with the beginner, inspir- or the Star of Judea, or the Crescent of the Moslems. If we areing as a teacher, model of generosity toward others, prodigious ri ght -- and little by little the accumulatin g evidence seems to be inworker in field and laboratory , and classical stylist in the French our fav or -- then this Middle American cult of a divine mushroom,language, who could be more deli ghtful whether in his published this cult of God 's flesh as the Indians in pre-C ol umbian times call edwritings, or as correspondent, or as companion in the field ? In the it, can be traced back t o about B.C. 1 500, in what we call the Earlypresence of Ro ger Helm, the time-worn conflict between science and Pre -c lass ic peri od, the earliest peri od in which man was in sufficientthe humanit ies fade s away. One senses that the field of science for command of his technique to be able to carve stone. Thus we findhim is merely the New World that civilized man, the exponent of the a mushr oom in the center of the cult with perhaps the oldest con-humani ties , i s explorin g and assimilatin g. What guardian an gel had tinuous history in the world. These oldest mushroom stones areme in his keepin g when, after the Sec ond World War , I ascended technically and styl is tica lly among the finest that we have, evidencethe steps of his laboratory in Paris to meet him for the first time, a of a fl ourishing rite at the time they were made. Earlier still, it isstranger, an American, an i gnoramus in the complex, the vast, the temptin g to imagine countless generati ons of wooden effi gi es , mushexactin g disciplin e that you and he share to gether? At once he made ro omic symbols of the cult, that have lon g since turned to dust. Isme feel at home and it wa s not long before he was developin g en- not mycolo gy, whi ch someone has called the step-chil d of t he sci ences ,thusiasm f or our ethnomyc ologi cal inquiri es. Later he became our acquirin g a wholly new and unexpected dimension? Religion hasi ndi spensabl e and beloved part ner i n our Middle American forays, always been at the c ore of man's hi ghes t facul ties and cultural achieve-

I do not recall which of us, my wife or I, fir st dared to put ments, and there fore I ask y ou now to contemplate our lowly mush-room _ what patents of ancient linea ge and nobility are comin ginto words, back in the '40's, the surmise that our own remote an-

cestors , perhaps 4,00 0 years a go, worshipped a divine mushr oom. It it s wayseemed t o us that this mi ght explain the phenomen on of myc ophilia It remained for us t o find out what kinds of mushrooms hadvs. mycophobi a, f or which we found an abundance of supportin g evi- been worshipped in Middle Ameri ca, and why. Fort unat ely, we coulddence in phil ology and folkl ore. Nor am I sure whether our conjec- build on the experience of a few predecess ors in the field: Bias Pabloture was before or after we had learned of the r ole of Amanita Reko, Robert J. Weitlaner, Jean Bas sett Johnson, Richard Evansmuscaria in the religion of several remote tribes of Siberia. Our bold Schultes, and Eunice V. Pike. They all reported that the cult stillsurmise seems less b old now than it did then. I remember distinctly existed in the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca. And s o we went there ,how it came about that we embarked on our Middle American ex- in 1953. In books and articles we have described time and time a gainplorati ons . In t h e fall of 1952 we learned that the 16th century writ ers,

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our later adventures, and some of you, surely, are fa miliar with them.So far as we know, we were the first outsiders to eat the mushrooms, have taken the mushroom a nd are disqualified by our subjective ex-the first to b e invited to p artake in the agap_ of the sacred mush room.* perience, and thos e who ha ve not taken the mushroom a nd a re dis-qual ified by their total ignorance of the subject As for me, a s impleI propose here this evening a new app roach , and will give you the layman, I am profoundly grateful to m y Indian frien ds for havingdistinctive traits of this cult o f a divine mushroom, which we have initiated me into the tremendous Mystery of the mushroom. In de-found a revelation, in the true meaning of that abused word, but sc ribing what happ ens, I shall b e using familiar phrases that ma ywhich for the Indian s is an every-day feature, albei t a Holy Mystery, seem to give you some idea of the bemushro omed state. Let meof their lives, hasten t o warn you that I am painfully aware of the inadequacy ofHere let me say a word parenthetically ab out the nature of thepsychic disturbance that the eatin g of the mushro om cau ses. This my w ords, any w ords, to c onjure up f or you an ima ge of that state.disturbance is wholly different from the effects of alc ohol, as different I shall take yo u now to the mon olingual villages in the uplandsas night from day. We are enterin g upon a discussion where the of southern Mexico. Only a handful of the inhabitants have learnedvocabu lary of the En glish language, of any European language, i s Spanish. The men are appalling ly given to the abu se of alcohol, butseriously deficient. There are no apt words in them to characterize in their minds the mushrooms are utterly different, not in degree,your state when you are, shall we say , bemushroomed. For hun- but in kind. Of alcohol they speak with the same jocular vulgarity

dreds, even tho usands, of year s we have thought about these thing s that we do. But about mushrooms they prefer not to speak at all, atin terms of alcohol, and we now have to break the bonds impo sed least when they are in company and especially when strangers, whiteon us by the alcoholic association. We are all , willy nilly, confined strangers, are present. If you are wise, you will talk about some -within the prison walls of our every-day vocabulary . With skill in thing, anything, else. Then, when evening an d da rkness come an d youour choice of words we m ay stretch a ccepted mean ings to cover are a lone with a wise old man or woman whose confidence you haveslightly new feeli ngs and thoughts, but when a state of mind is utterly won, bythe light of a candle held in the hand and ta lking in a whisper ,distinct, wholly novel, then all our old words fa il. How do you tell you may bring up th e subject. N ow you will le arn how the mush-a man bo rn blind wha t seeing is lik e ? In the present case, this is rooms are ga thered , perhaps before sunrise , when the m ounta in sideespe cially true because superficia lly the bemushroomed man shows is c aressed by the pre -dawn bree ze, at the time of the New M oon, ina few of the ob jective symptoms of one intoxicated, drunk. Now certa in regions only by a virgin. The mushrooms are wrapped in avirtua lly a ll the w ords describing the st a te of drunkenness, from leaf , perhaps a banana leaf, sheltered t hus from irreverent eyes , and i ntoxica ted (w hich, a s you know, means p oisoned ) thr ough the in some villages they are taken first t o the church, where t hey rem a in

scores of current vulgarisms, are contemptuous, belittling, pejora tive, for some time on the a ltar, in a ficara or gourd bowl. They are neverexposed i n the market-place but p ass from hand to hand by pre-How curious it is t ha t modern civilized man finds surce ase from ca rein a d rug for which he seems t o have no respect If we use by arrangement. I c ould talk to you a long time about the w ords used

to designate these s acred mushro oms in the l anguages of the variousana logy the terms suitab le for alcohol, we prejudice the mushroom, peoples that know them. The Aztecs bef ore the Sp aniards arrivedand since there a re few among us wh o have been bemus hroomed, ca lled them teo-nandcatl , God 's flesh. I need ha rdly remi nd you ofthere is danger tha t the experience will n ot be fairly judged. Wh a twe nee d is a vocabulary to describe all the m odalities of a Divine a disquieting p arallel, the design a tion of the Elements i n our Eucha-rist: Ta ke, eat, this is my B ody .... ; and a ga in, Gr an t us there -Inebriant. fore , gracious Lor d, so to eat t he flesh of thy de ar son .... But

These difficulties in communicating have played their part in there is one difference. The orthodox Christian must accept by faithcertain amusing situation s. Two psychiatrists who have taken the the miracle of the conversion of the bread into God 's flesh: that i smushroom and known the experience in its full dimensions have been what is meant by the Doctrine of Transubstantiation. By contrast,criticised in professional circles a s being no longer objective. Thu s the mushroom of the Aztecs carries its own conviction; every com-it comes about that we are all divided into two classes: those who municant will testify to the miracle that he has experienced. In the* Thiswas on thenight of June29-30,1955. language of the Maza tecs, the sacred nmshr ooms are c a lled 'nti t

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is'atho s. The first word , 'nti x, is a particle expressi ng reverence and p ast them in the market-pl ace, and they will know you, but you willendearment.* The second element means that which spring s forth. not know them. The judge in the town-hall may be the very manIn 1953 our muleteer had travelled the mountain trail s all his life you are seeking; and you may pa ss the time of day with him , yetand knew Spani sh, though he could neither read nor write, nor even never learn that he is your curandero .tell time by a clock's face. We asked him why the mushrooms were After all, would you have it any different ? What priest of the

called that which s prings forth. His answer , breathtaking in its Catholic Church will perform Mass to satisfy an unbeliever's curl-sincerity and feeling, wa s filled with the poetr y of religion, and I osity? The curandero who today, for a big fee, will perform thequote it word for word a s he gave it: mushroom rite for any stranger is a pro stitute and a faker , and his

El honguiilo viene pors i mismo, no se sabe de d6nde, insincere perform ance has the validity of a rite put on by an unfrocke dcomo el viento que viene sin saber de d6nde ni porqu& priest. In the modern world religion is often an etiolated thing, aThe little mushroom comes of itself, no one knows whence, social act ivity with mild ethical rules. Religion in primitive societylike the wind that comes we know not whence nor why. was an aw esome reality, terrible i n the original meaning of thatWhen we first went down to Mexico, we fe lt certain, my wife abused word, pervading all l ife and culminating in ceremonies that

and I, that we were on the tra il of an ancient and holy mystery, an d were forbidden to the profane. This is what th e mushroom ceremonyWe went as p ilgrims seeking the Grail. To this attitude of ours I is in the remote parts of Mexico.att ribute such succ ess as we have had. It has not b een easy. Fo r We often think of the mysteries of antiquity as a manifestationfour and a hal f centuries the rulers of Mexico, men of Spanish blood o f primitive religion. Let me now draw your attention to certain

or at least of Spani sh culture, have never entered sympathetically parallels between our Mexican rite and the Mystery performed atinto the ways of the Indians, and th e Church regarded the sacred Eleusis. The tim ing seems significant. In the Mazatec country themushroom as an idolat ry. The Protestant missionaries of today are preferre d season for consulting the mushroom is during the rains,naturally intent on teaching the Gospel, not on abso rbing the religion when the mushrooms grow, from June through August. Th e Eleu-of the Indians. Nor are most anthropologists good at this sort of sinian Mystery was c elebrated in September or early October, thething .... For more than four centuries the Indians have kept the season of the mushrooms in the Mediterranean bas in. At the heartdivine mushroom close to their hearts, sheltered from desecration of the Mystery of Eleusis lay a secret. In the surviving texts thereby white men, a precious secret. We know that today there are many are numerous refere nces to the secret, but in none is it revealed. Yetcuranderos who carry on the cult, each according to his lights, some Mysteries such as t his one at Eleusis pla yed a major role in Gree kof them consummate artists, performing the ancient liturgy in remote civilization, and thousands must have possessed the key. From thehuts before minuscule congregations. With the passing years they writings of the Greek s, from a fresco in Po mpeii, we know that th ewill die off, and , as the country opens up, the cult is destined to d is- initiate drank a potion. Then, in the depths of the night, he beheld

appear. They are hard to reach, these curanderos . Almost invariably a great vision, and the next day he was still so awestruck that h ethey speak no Spanish. To them, performing before strangers seems felt he would never be the same man as b efore. What the initiatea profanation. They will refuse even to meet with you, much less experienced was ne w, asto nishing, inaccessible to rational cog ni-discuss th e beliefs that go w ith the mushrooms and perform for you. tion.' * One writer in the 2nd century A.D., by name Aristides,Do not th ink that it is a question of money: 'no hicimos esto pot pulled the curtain as ide for an instant, with this fragmentary descril>-dinero , We did not this for money, said Guadalup e, after we had tion of the Eleusinian Mystery:spent the ni ght with her family an d the curandera Maria Sabina . Eleusis i s a shrine common to the whole eart h, and of all the divinePerhaps you will learn the name s of a number of renowne d curan - things that exi st among men,i t i sboth the mos t awesome and the mostderos, and your emissaries will even promise to deliver them to you , *For this and the fol lowing quotat ions see Walter F. Otto: The Meaning ofbut then you wait and wait and they never come. You will bru sh the Eleusinian Mysteries, published in The Mysteries, 1955, ed. by Joseph The superscript digits indicate the pitch of the syllable, t being the highest Campbell, Pantheon Books, Bollingen Series XXX , 2; pp. 20 et seq. Italics

o four. Th e initialapo strophe indicates a glottal stop. a re mine.

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THE PSYCHEDELIC REVIEW The Hallucino .qenic Fungi of Mexico

luminous. At what place in the world have more miraculou s tidings ecology of Greece and the Greek isles was differe nt from now. De-been sung, where have the dromena call ed forth greater emotion, forestation and ti le goats had not wrought the havoc of the inter-where has there beengreater rivalr y between seein g and hearin gr vening centuries. They had not left the m ountains naked to the sun.

And then h e went on to speak of the ineffable visi ons that it had On the wo oded isles and in the forests of the mainland , there mustbeen the privi lege of many gen erations of fortunate men and w omen have been a wealth of mushro oms.to behold Let us consider p ossibili ties other t han the mushr oom. In th e

Just dwell f or a moment on that descrip ti on. How striking that Ma zatec country the Indians , when there are n o mushrooms, haveecourse t o alternatives. Thanks to the brilliant w ork of Dr. Albertthe Mystery of antiquity and our mushroom rite in Mexico are ac- H ofmann of Sandoz , the Swiss pharmaceutical firm, we are n owcompanied in the tw o societies by veils of reticence that , so far aswe can tell , match each other point for point l Our ancient writer s' sorting out and identi fying a wh ole series of ind oles that have re-words are a s appli cable t o contemporary Mexi c o as they were t o markable psychotr opic properties. As y ou all know , he has isolatedclassic Gre ece] May it not be significant that the Greeks were wont the acti ve agents in some of our Mexican mushr ooms , psilocybin andto refer to mushrooms as the food of the gods, brOrna thegn , and psilocin, two tryptamine derivatives and members of the indole familythat Po rphyrius is quoted as having call ed them nurslings of the of substances. He has d efned their molecular structure. The magicndoles are present in other plants used widely among the Indians ofgods, theotrrphos * ? The Greeks of the classic period were myco-phobes. Was this because their ancestors had felt that the whole Mexico. He has isolated and identified three of the active agents infungal tribe was infected by attraction with the holiness of some ololiuqui, the famous seeds , subject of many studies , that have longmushrooms and that they were not for mortal men to eat , at least been used in Mexico for their psychotropic properties.* In the Maza-not every day? Are we dealing with what was in origin a religious tec country the seeds of ololiuqui are one of the alternatives usedhen the sacred m ushroom s are not available. Im agine our surprise tabu? whenwebeganlookingfor theseseedsin quantitylast year,to dis-

In earliest times the Greeks confined the common European cover that the Zapotec Indians employ two seeds: in some villagesword for mushroom, which in their language was sp(h)rntlos or one, in others the other, and in some both. There is no question whichsp(h)dn g_, to the meaning sponge , and replaced it by a special seed was the ololiuqui of the Aztecs. It is a climbing morning-gloryword, vn tlk_s, for t he designation of mushrooms.: ]: Now it happens known to science as Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hallier filius.** The seedsthat the root of this word rn _ikgs in Greek is a homonym of the rootof the Gre ek word for My stery, mu . A bold speculation flashe s jezyk6w slowianskich,' in Materyaly i Prace Ko misyi Je sykowei /lkadern ilthrough the mind. The word for Mystery comes from a root that Umieietnosci w Krakowie, Cracow, 1(1): 167-176.) Since then some phil-means the dosing of the apertures of the body, the closing of the aslgistStohehaVeslavicdeclinedterm,tbutaCceptprofessorthishesiSRomanaSorejakobsonthaninPSsibilitY'aecenteSpeciallypers onaleyes and ears. If the mushroom played a vital and secret role in communication to me says: 'The etymol ogy of Holger Pedersen, the greatprimi tive Greek rel igi on, what c ould be more natural than that the Danish s pecialist in the comparative study o f Indo-European languages, seemsstandard word for mushroom would fall into disuse through a to me and to many other linguists, e.g., the distinguished Czech etymologistreligious tabu (as in Hebrew Yahweh gave way to Adonai ) V. Machek, as the only convincing attempt to interpret the fungal name ofand that the Greeks substituted an alternative fungal term that was the European languages. Not one single serious argument ba s been broughta homonym of mystery _ You can hear the pun , see the gesture , against Pedersen's attractive explanation, as Berneker defines it, and notone singledefensiblehypoth esisas beenbrou ghtto replace his one. Mum's the word , with the index finger over the mouth .... We * The Chemistry of Natural Products, paper read by Dr. Hofm ann, Au g. 18,

must remember , in considering this problem, that in antiquity the 1960,in the I.U.P.A.C. Symposium, Melbourne. Giambattista della P orta: Villa, 1592,Frankfort, p. 7 64 . **The best summary of the ololiuqu i li terature and pro blem is Richard Evan s$ Holger Pedersen in an early paper contended that the basic fungal words of Schultes' A Contribution to Our Knowledge of Rivea cor ymbo sa, the Nar -

Europe were i dentical: Old High German swamb, Slavic gomba , Lithuanian colic Ololiuqui of the Aztecs, Botanical Museum, Harvard University, 1941.lso see Humphrey Osmond's Ololiuqui: The Ancient Aztec Narcotic,9umbas, Latin [ungus, Greek sp(h)dngos, sp(h)dngl, and Armenian sung, Journalo[ Mental Science, July 1955, 101 (424]: 526-537. Dr. Osmon d re -sunk . (Published in Polish: 'Przyczynki do gramat yki por6wnawc ,zej port s on theeffect s of the seeds on himself.

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THE PSY CHEDELI C REVIEW The Halluci nogenic Fun#i of Mexico

cha nt. What you are seeing and what you are hearing app ear as o ne:scap e, the edifices, the ca rvings , the animals -- they look as though th e music assumes harmonious shap es, giving visual form to itsthey had come stra ight from the Maker's workshop. This newness of harmonies, and what you are seeing takes on th e modal ities of music

everything -- it is as though th e world had just dawned -- over- -- the music of the spheres. Where ha s there been greater rivalrywhelms you a nd melts you with its beauty. Not unnatu ral ly, what b etween seeing and bearing ? How appos ite to the Mexican experi-is happening to you seems to you freighted with significance, beside ence was the ancient Greek's rhetorical question All your senseswhich the humdrum events of everyday are trivial. Al l these thin gs are similar ly affec ted: the cigaret te with which you occasi onallyyou see with an immediacy of vision that leads you to say to yourself, break the tension of the night smells as no cigarette before had ever

Now I am seeing for the first time, seeing direct , without the inter- smelled; the glass of simple wa ter is infinitely better than champagne.vention of mortal eyes. (Plato tells us that beyond this ephemeral Elsewhere I once wrote that the bemushroomed person is poised inand imperfect existence here below , there is another Ideal world of s pace, a disembodied eye,in visible, incor poreal, seeing but not seen.Archetypes, where the original, the true, the beautiful Pattern of In truth, he is the five senses disembodied , all of them keyed to thethings exists for evermore. Poets and phil osophers for millennia height of sensitivity and awareness , all of them blending in to onehave pondered and discussed his conception. It is clear to me where another most strangely, until the person , utterly passi ve, become s aPlato found his Ideas; it was clear to his contemporaries too. Plato pure receptor , infinitely delicate , of sensation s. (You, being a

had drunk of the potion in the Temple of Eleusis and had spent the stranger , are perforce only a receptor. But the Mazatec communi -night seeingthegreatVision.) cants are also participants with the curandera in an extemporeAnd all the time that you are seeing these things, the priestess re ligious colloquy. Her utterances elicit spontaneous responses from

sings, not loud , but with authority. The Indians are notoriously not them, responses that maintain a perfect harmony with her and withgiven to displays of inner feelings -- excep t on these occasions, each o ther, building up to a quiet , swaying, antiphonal chant. In aThe singing is good , but under the influence of the mushroom you successful ceremony this is an essential element, and one cannot ex-think it is infinitely tender and sweet. I t is as thou gh you were hear - perience the f ull effect of the ro le of the m ushroom in the Indianing it with your mind 's ear , purged of all dross. You are lying on community unless one attends such a gathering, either alone or witha petate or mat; perhaps , if you have been wise, on an air mattress one or at mos t t wo other s trangers.) As your body lie s there in i tsand in a sleeping bag. I t is dark, for all lights have been extinguished sleeping bag, your soul is free, loses all sense of time, alert as itsave a few embers among the stones on the floor and the incense in never was before , living an eterni ty in a nigh t, seeing infinity in aa sherd. It is still, for the thatched hu t is apt to be some distance grain of sand. What you have seen and heard is cut as with a burin

away from the village. In the darkness and stillne ss, that voice hovers in your memory, never to be effaced. At las t you know wha t t hethrough the hut , coming now from beyond your feet, now at your ineffable is, and what ecstasy means. Ecstasy The min d harks backvery ear , now distant , now actually underneath you, with strange to the origin of that word. For the Greeks elestasis meant the flightventriloquistic effec t. The mushrooms produce this illusion also. of the soul from the body. Can you find a better word than that toEveryone experiences it, just as do the tribesmen of Siberia who have describe the bemushroomed state ? In common parlance, among theeaten of /lmanita muscaria and lie under the spell of their shamans, many who have not experienced ecstasy , ecstasy is fun, and I amdisplaying as these do their astonishing dexterity wi th ventriloquistic frequently asked why I do not reach for mushrooms every night.drum-bea ts. Likewise , in Mexico , I have heard a shaman engage in Bu t ecstasy is not fun. Your very soul is seized and shaken until ita most complicated percussive beat: with her hands she hits her tingles. After all, who will choose to feel undilute d awe, or to floatchest, her thighs, her forehead , her arms, each giving a different through that door yonder into the Di vine Presence? The unknowingresonance, keeping a complica ted rhythm and modulating, even syn - vulgar abuse the word, and we must recapture its full and terrifyingcopating , the strokes. Your body lies in the darkness , heavy as lead , sense.... A few ho urs later, the next morn ing, you are fit to go to

but your spirit seems to soar and leave the hut, and with the speed work. But how unimportan t work seems to 3_ou,by comparison withof thought to travel where it listeth , in time and space, accompanie d the por tentous happenings of that night

the psychedelic review, 1 (1963)

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