The proto planetary disc, from which the earth is made,was composed of

H HydrogenHe HeliumN NitrogenO Oxygen

and other elements &simple molecules.

THE ATMOSPHERE IS IN CONSTANT TRANSITION

THE ATMOSPHERE1

As the gases collected around orbiting bodies, they formed new gas compounds,H2 Diatomic HydrogenO2 Diatomic OxygenCH4 MethaneNH3 Ammonia

CO Carbon monoxideCO2 Carbon dioxideH2O Water

GreenhouseGases

THE ATMOSPHERE2

From these gases came more complex organic compounds,including, carbon rings, helixes and amino acids.

OUTER PLANETSFurther from Sun

Out Gasing

H2 Escapes due to heat & gravity of sun,leaving an H2 depletedatmospere…

Out Gasing H2 remains from low temp & local gravity. It reacts with out gases, forming an H2 rich

atmosphere

INNER PLANETSCloser to the Sun

PlanetFormation

SunThe planetary disc dissipates under theinfluence of gravity and heat, condensinginto the sun, or around gas giants, exitingthe inner planets.

THE ATMOSPHERE3

Mantle

Ocean

Volcanic Rupture

SubductionZone

THE OUT GASING OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Out gasing from the interior of the geosphere blends in with theprimordial, planetary disc gases,to form the first atmosphere.

As rock-metals are heated and pressurized from the compressingplanet, they change in composition,releasing gases.

The gases are expelled throughvolcanic ruptures and geologicrifts. The force of gravity onEarth is such that it can hold themost gases in a gaseous state, w/in thenormal range of earth temperatures.

Gases released intoThe atmosphere

OUT GASING

Each of the gases of the Atmosphereplays a role in converting the sun’sEnergy into usable energyA. Oxygen is highly combustible

and chemically reactive.B. Nitrogen is much less so. The

ratio of about 4:1 preventsOxygen from being too reactive

C. As Hydrogen reduced, free Oxygen and Ozone (O3) could form, screening out ultra violet light.

D. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) absorbsinfrared light holding heat

E. Water Vapor gasifies and condensesholding and moderating weather by fluxing between liquid & gaseousstates in the presence of heat

F. Clouds (water & particulates)provide solar reflectivity (Albedo)

Nitrogen 78%

Oxygen 21%

Other 1.0%

“Other Gases”includesArgon, CO(n), SO(n), NO(n), CH(n), Water Vapor Particulates& Others Gaseouselements & compounds

SolarEnergy

Average Temp = 65 f

THE GAS MOSIAC

The atmosphere is comprised of6.0 quadrillion (6.0E+15) tons, or about 30 million tons / mi^2 of gasesthat surround the geosphere.A. The principle gases that make up

The atmosphere include Nitrogen c78% Oxygen c21% Argon c <1%

B. In addition there are other importantgases of lesser quantities including Carbon Dioxide (CO2) c 0.0003% Water Vapor (H2O) < 1%

C. The atmosphere acts as a fluid medium within which energy and chemicals can be transferredthat sustain life >> for example, Oxygenis taken from the atmosphere and combined with sugars for respiration,the key energy release process for living things—the by-product of Carbon Dioxide is used in Photosynthesis

“Other Gases”includes• Carbon Dioxide• Water Vapor• Nitrogen Compounds• Sulfur Compounds• Particulates• & Others Gases

Nitrogen 78%

Oxygen 21%

Other 1.0%

ATMOSPHERES COMPOSTION

The Atmosphere acts as a shieldaround the earth allowing only a narrow range of energy to reachthe surface.A. Ultra Violet light and other

high energy waves are reduced byreflection and dissipation

B. This stabilizes energy input fromthe sun so that the chemical processesof life can operate

C. It also screens the earth from space debris which would also disrupt the biosphere

D. In addition, the atmosphere acts tomoderate the fluctuating light wavesof the sun into a stable temperature.

E. The consequences of the dissipation, absorptionand reflection of the sun’s rays is that gasesin the Atmosphere undergo chemical changes,resulting in Atmospheric Chemical Cycles(including Ozone, Greenhouse, and Acid…

Reflected

HeatDissipated

Absorbed

ALBEDOSunlight

Atmosphere &Cloud Cover

ALBEDO PROCESS

Reflectedby clouds

Heat EnergyRadiated back

Captured by Greenhouse Effect

Absorbed

Sunlight Energy

Atmosphere &Cloud Cover

IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE

UV wavesCaptured by

Ozone

Oxygen prefers partnering as a diatomic (2) oxygen molecule.

As O2 is struck with UVc light from the Sun, the O2 breaks apart into free Oxygen.

The fee Oxygen combines with O2 and forms an unstable O3.

When Ozone (O3) is struck with UVb, it breaks the O3 into an O2 molecule and free Oxygen atom.

OZONE

SolarEnergy

Oxygen 21%

Nitrogen 78%

Other 1.0%

Average Temp = 65 f

A. Atmospheric Heat can be Expressed as an Equation which reads

Solar Energy + 78% N2 + 21% O2 + 1% Other Gases= Atmosphere Content + Temperature

B. The presence of “Other Gases” controls the absorption rate of heat from the sun

C. The light coming in is absorbed by the earthand radiated as heat.

D. The radiated heat is absorbed by “OtherGases (Greenhouse Gases)” and retained.

E. This process is called the Greenhouse Effect

“Other Gases”includesArgon, CO(n), SO(n), NO(n), CH(n), Water Vapor Particulates& Others Gaseouselements & compounds

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

Tropical

Sub-Tropical

Sub-Tropical

Mid-Latitude

Mid-Latitude

The energy from the sun over timeestablishes a pattern of weather referredto as climate. There are several factorsthat govern climate including

A. The more curved the earth based onlatitude, the more light is deflected,the less heat is available

B. The tilt of the earth on its axis movesthe intensity of light at any locationover the year causing seasons

C. Surface color and texture vary inhow much heat is retained

D. Ocean currents move warm & coldwater to varying locations

E. Topography influences wind andwater condensation patterns

Arctic

Arctic

Sub-Arctic

Sub-Arctic

23 degree tilt on axisfrom orbital perpendicular

CLIMATE

1. Light from the sunheats air causing itto expand

2. When light is less,the air cools & condenses resultingin large air massesof cooler hi pressure, dense air, and warm low pressure air.

3. When warmer low pressure air meetswith cool, hi pressureair, the differential pressures generatelocalized winds

5. The more dramatic the pressure/temp differentials,the greater the airinstability, and the more the weathervolatility.

4. Water from warmAir mass condensesIn the cool air massaround dust particles,forming clouds& causingprecipitation

HighPressure

HighPressure

Low Pressure

Low Pressure

wind

wind

WHEATHER

Oxygen prefers partnering as a diatomic (2) oxygen molecule.

As O2 is struck with UVc light from the Sun, the O2 breaks apart into free Oxygen.

The fee Oxygen combines with O2 and forms an unstable O3.

When Ozone (O3) is struck with UVb, it breaks the O3 into an O2 molecule and free Oxygen atom.

UVc

UVb

+ +

O2 + UVc = O + O

2 O + 2 O2 = 2 O3

2 O3 + UVb = 2 O2 + 2 O

OZONE PROCESS

UVc

+ +

O2 + UVc = O + O

UVb

Oxygen prefers partnering as a diatomic (2) oxygen molecule.

As O2 is struck with UVc light from the Sun, the O2 breaks apart into free Oxygen.

The fee Oxygen combines with a CFC and forms an unstable CFC Oxide.

When UVb strikes the CFC Oxide, it does nothing. The UVb simply passes on to the earth’s surface.

CFC INTERFERENCE

2 O + CFC = CFC O2 (CFC Oxide)

CFCO2 + UVb = null(CFC Oxide)

with Ozone Process

c 78% N2 c 21% O2 c 1% Greenhouse = c 65 degrees F

CO2 NO(n) CH3 H2O

Normal Blend of Atmosphere

c 75% N2 c 20% O2 c 5% Greenhouse = c 69 degrees F

Elevated Greenhouse Blend in Atmosphere

ReflectedHeat

radiated

ALBEDO

Sunlight

Blocked by Ozone

Radiated Heat is absorbed by

Greenhouse Gases

Sunlight reaching the atmosphere is either reflected or absorbed.Reflected light returns to space. Absorbed light is converted to heat. Heat radiating from the Earth is absorbed by the Greenhouse Gases in the Greenhouse effect. The greater the Greenhouse Gas concentration,The more heat that is absorbed and retained.

GREENHOUSE WARMING

Sources of Greenhouse Gas include:

Biotic RespirationCO2 given off while breathingNO(n) expiration from the soil CH3 from large animals

VolcanoesMt St Helen’s erupts with the force of a 20 kiloton hydrogen bomb, spewing clouds of “Other Gases” into the atmosphere

BurningForest & grass fires

Anthropogenic SourcesIndustrial PollutionEnergy Generation Automobile EmissionsAgricultural Fertilizers & Livestock

GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCES

POLLUT ION

OVER

CH INA

As the Atmosphere is heated it will nowbecome more chemically reactive

A. Water will combine with Nitrogen toform Nitrous Oxides

B. Water will combine with Sulfur to formSulfur Oxides

C. When combined with water these become acidic

D. Carbon Dioxide will combine with water form Carbolic Acid

Precipitation formed in the polluted atmosphere contains Water H2O Nitric Acid H2NO3 Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Carbonic Acid H2CO3

Many of these are corrosiveacids

ACID RAIN

H2O + NO2 = H2NO3H2O + SO2 + O = H2SO4H2O + CO = H2CO3

H2NO3, H2SO4, H2CO3

1. Acid Rain will fall on the earth’s surface changing the acid ph of all ocean and fresh water below it.

2. Rocks exposed to Acid Rain will erode and dissolve faster.

3. Acid rain in soil increases soil acidity which impacts plant species.

4. A perpetual change in the Ph of water alters the DNA of affected species.

5. Altered DNA increases mutation rates, stressing reproductive balance.

Acids (OH) are highly corrosive, even when diluted.

Deciduous

Coniferouswith no grases

with grasses

IMPACT OFACID RAIN

DNAn + X(OH) = DNAm

Sources of Acidic Additives to the Atmosphere include:

Biotic RespirationCO2 given off while breathingNO(n) expiration from the soil

VolcanoesMt St Helen’s erupts with the force of a 20 kiloton hydrogen bomb, spewing clouds of “Other Gases” into the atmosphere

Anthropogenic Sources (burning fossil fuels)Industrial PollutionEnergy Generation Automobile EmissionsAgricultural Fertilizers

SOURCES OF ACID POLLUTION

Pollution over India Bangladesh

The atmosphere shapes the biosphere byA. Acting as a reservoir for gases that are needed

to continue life activitiesB. Maintain weather and climatic conditions within

which the biosphere can continueC. Screening out harmful rays and stabilizing the

energy fluctuations of the sun’s energy output

The atmosphere shapes the hydrosphere byA. Regulating ocean temperaturesB. Releasing and absorbing different gasesC. Acting as medium for water vapor in the

the hydrologic cycle

The atmosphere shapes the geosphere through A. Acting as a reservoir for different gases B. Facilitating the Rock & Soil Cycles through

temperature variationC. Contributing to erosion of the topography

through weathering

Biosphere

Lithosphere

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere

SUMMARY