The Progressive Movement & World War I

Unit 9 & 10

The Progressive Movement

Timeline Roots of the Progressive Movement Aspects of the Progressive Movement

(Economic, Social, & Political) Progressive Presidents (Theodore

Roosevelt & Woodrow Wilson Essential Questions

1890 1893 1896 1899 1902 1905 1908 1911 1914 1917 1920

Sherman Anti-TrustAct Passed by Congress1820

The Jungle is Published 18th Amendment

Outlaws Alcohol

NAACP wasFounded 1909

19th AmendmentGives Women theRight to Vote

TIMELINE – Progressive Era

Roots of the Progressive Movement

Progressive Movement: actually a collection of many movements, but generally a term that described the years from 1890-1820, when Americans tried to improve many of America’s social problems.

Muckraker – Journalist that investigated social conditions and exposed government corruption

Magazines: Magazines

became popular at this time and some, like McClure’s, often supported the articles of muckrakers

Author: Upton Sinclair’s

The Jungle exposed the unsanitary conditions in the nation’s meat packing industry

Excerpt from The Jungle

That day they had killed about four thousand cattle, and these cattle had come in freight trains from far states, and some of them had got hurt. There were some with broken legs, and some with gored sides; there were some that had died, from what cause no one could say; and they were all to be disposed of, here in darkness and silence. "Downers," the men called them; and the packing house had a special elevator upon which they were raised to the killing beds, where the gang proceeded to handle them, with an air of businesslike nonchalance which said plainer than any words that it was a matter of everyday routine. It took a couple of hours to get them out of the way, and in the end Jurgis saw them go into the chilling rooms with the rest of the meat, being carefully scattered here and there so that they could not be identified – Upton Sinclair

Populist Connection Many of the ideas of

the Progressive Movement were born in the old Populist Movement

Each though they could cause great changes to society through their actions

Economic Issues:

Monopoly and Trusts:- Sherman Anti Trust Act: 1890 outlawed trusts- First indication of government regulation of big business

Child Labor:- reduced at first and then eventually eliminated- marked the beginning of the creation of mandatory public schooling for children

Consumer Protection:- Meat Inspection Act: set standards for meat packing cleanliness and federal inspections- Food and Drug Act: prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs

Social Issues:

The Urban Poor: Gap between the Rich and Poor expands

Water and sewage system improve helping to stop spread of disease

Building codes created for better housing conditions

Settlement Houses: located in working class areas, offer child care, education, job search help, and social activities for new immigrants

Women’s Rights Education (college excepting women) & Birth Control

(Family Planning Options) Suffrage (the right to vote):

Biggest issue for women Began in mid-1800s at Seneca Falls 1900s women pushed for an Amendment to the

Constitution of the US Role of Women in WWI changes many minds 1920: the 19th Amendment passed guaranteeing

women the right to vote

African Americans:

Booker T. Washington: promoted vocational training for African Americans to support them economically

WEB Dubois founded the NAACP; advocated for better educational opportunities for American Americans

Political Issues: Imperfect Democracy: reforms came about to make

America work democratic as compared with the ideal view of democracy

Solutions: Initiative: citizens can initiate legislation at a grass

roots level Referendum: public vote on proposed legislation

that originated through the public Recall: state voters can recall a elected official

based on a collective feeling of “no confidence” Direct Primaries: major political parties allow party

members to actively participate in the process by which candidates are selected to run for offices

Progressive Presidents

Theodore Roosevelt

Woodrow Wilson

Roosevelt

Trust Buster: Roosevelt worked

to end any types of monopolies: Felt their were

good trust that needed to be regulated and bad trusts that needed to be dissolved

Conservation: Newlands

Reclamation Act – money from the sale of public lands was used to pay for irrigation, dams, and land development projects

Wilson

New Freedom: the name given to Wilson’s progressive domestic policies Reduced tariffs on imported goods Led reform of the inept national banking

system Strengthened the Sherman Act to

combat trusts

Essential Questions

2. In what ways did the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson define the office for future Presidents?

- They began the precedents of having the government intervene on in business affairs on behalf of citizen protection

- They enacted social policies for the protection of society at large

3. Give examples of the governments increased resistance to “Laissez-faire” economics:

- Railroad regulations were the first important moves to regulate private businesses” effected with the public interests

- Trust Busting Act: Sherman Antitrust

- Child labor laws and consumer protection laws were passed

World War I

Map Timeline US Imperialism World War I Essential Questions

1865 1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915

1867 – USPurchasesAlaska fromRussia

US Wins Spanish-America War 1898

Boxer Rebellion and Open Door Policy in China

1914 – PanamaCanal Finished

WWI in EuropeBegins 1914

US EntersWWI - 1917

Imperialism: Powerful nations taking over weaker regions in order to create conditions that benefit the powerful nations in some way – usually economically

Reasons for US Imperialism:1. Economic

- To get raw materials for industry- To create new markets for new

industrial products

2. National/Political- Naval bases were needed for an

expanding navy – sent to protect US trade interests- Expansion of Manifest Destiny to include expansion across the ocean

3. Social- Social Darwinism – many felt that Americans were obligated to bring the benefits of American society to other people and that American society was superior to others, and therefore had the right to dominate other societies

Opposition to US Imperialism

Many Americans, including prominent reformers, opposed US imperialism

They felt it went against the American ideals of human equality and self-government

Early Events of US Imperialism

1. Opening of Japan:- Commodore Matthew Perry negotiated a treaty with Japan to open two ports to US ships- Japan used this connection to expand industrially and militarily over the next decades

Open Door Policy/Boxer Rebellion:- US urged European nations to allow for an “open door” when considering outsiders trading with China- Influx of foreigners angered China- Chinese citizens known as Boxers attacked foreigners in China- Foreign armies came to defense of their citizens and defeated the Boxers

The Spanish American War

Causes: Underlying Causes: Many Americans saw

the Cuban situation as an opportunity to continue expansion and also save Cubans from Spanish control

Immediate Causes: Yellow Journalism: propaganda Sinking of the Maine: US ship sunk in Cuba;

public blames the Spanish even though it was never proven

The War:- US won in just four months

Results:- Cuban independence- US gained control of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico- US became recognized a more of a world power

Latin America

1.) The Monroe Doctrine

- Policy since 1823 that warned outside nations from getting involved in the Western Hemisphere

- It was seldom an issue until the 20th Century

Roosevelt Corollary: Interpretation by

Pres. Theodore Roosevelt of the Monroe Doctrine

He said the Doctrine required the US to act as an “international police power” in Latin America

“Big Stick” Policy

From Roosevelt’s famous quotation that the US would “Speak softly and carry a Big Stick” when considering issues in Latin America

This meant they would use diplomacy, but would consider military means to solve issues if necessary

Panama Canal: US negotiated the right to build a canal to

shorten the sea route to the Pacific Signed a 99 year lease with the nation of

Panama to operate the Canal

World War I

Europe’s War:- Militarism- Nationalism- Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

America Stays Out

1. President Wilson:- Presented the US as a Neutral Nation- Privately supported the “Allies”

2. Anti-War Movement:- Many Americans supported “isolationism” –

stay out of affairs of others- Others were against US involvement

altogether

America Joins the War

Submarines/Lusitania:- Germany’s “unrestricted” submarine warfare angered many Americans- The sinking of the British Ship the Lusitania, with American citizens on board, angered Americans

Zimmerman Telegram

The German foreign minister sent a message to Mexico, urging them to join Germany against the US in return for lands they lost to the US

The telegram was intercepted by the US and made public – this turned many Americans against Germany because of these sneak tactics

America’s Role in the War

Selective Service:- provided for a military draft- all men between 18 and 45 had to register

Doughboys:- nickname given to American soldiers

Modernization of War:- Machine guns, artillery, poison gas, airplanes, and tanks

Schenck vs. United States (1914)

Concerned with Freedom of Speech Supreme Court ruled that freedom of

speech could be restricted in times of war – if words presented a danger to society

Post World War I

Wilson’s Fourteen Points Peace Plan:- the name of President Wilson’s peace plan for after WWI- His ideas:

- Open diplomacy between nations, no more secret alliances- Control of the arms race- Freedom of the seas

- his ideas were ignored at the Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of VersaillesReparations:

- against Wilson’s plan, other Allied nations wanted the losers of the war to pay for Allied losses – nearly $56 Billion

League of Nations:- Though Wilson’s ideas were not implemented, he was happy that an organization of nations was created to try to prevent another world war from ever taking place

Rejections:- the Republican controlled Senate repeatedly defeated accepting the Treaty of Versailles, including having the US join the League of Nations

Return to Isolationism

Rejection of the League of Nations:- the rejection of the League of Nations by Congress was a sign that Americans wanted to return to the policy of isolationism – to stay out of European affairs

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928):- US and France agreed to renounce aggression and outlawed war

Essential Questions

1. Why could this phase of US imperialism be labeled a 2nd stage of Manifest Destiny in America?