the progressive era 1901-1918 accompanying the economic growth of the united states were the old and...
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The Progressive Era1901-1918
Accompanying the economic growth of the United States were the old and new concerns
about the lives of many Americans. Progressivism came to define the works of
these reformers.
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Origins of Progressivism
• State reforms of the late 1800s (Greenback and Populist Party)
• Industrialization, immigration and urbanization
• Middle class Americans felt a need to adjust to changing times
• Lasts through the administrations of President Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson (1901-1917)
• Ends with U.S. entry into WWI
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Attitudes and Motives
• Once a rural population of farmers, now fast becoming industrialized with mixed ethnicities
• Middle class alarmed by power of big businesses and gap between rich and poor
• African-American plight in the South
• Women’s suffrage• Progressives were diverse:
Protestant church leaders, African-Ams., labor leaders, women
• CHANGE is needed!
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Who were the Progressives?
• Mostly middle class and urban dwellers
• This social class had steadily grown in the late 19th century
• White collar office holders along with lawyers, ministers and shopkeepers
• Worried about America and what could happen to democracy: unrest among the poor, excesses of rich and corruption in government
• Social Gospel
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What was the Progressives’ philosophy?
• Reform impulse was hardly new
• They way people thought and reasoned was challenged
• Charles Darwin• People should take a
pragmatic or practical approach to morals, ideals and knowledge not a fixed/changeless approach
• Experiment with new laws and ideas – More Democracy!
• Govt. as agency of human welfare
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The Muckrakers
• Before the public took action, it had to be well informed
• Newspapers and magazines published investigative stories
• T. Roosevelt called these reporters muckrakers
• Photojournalist Jacob Riis published How the Other Half Lives (1890)
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The Muckrakers
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The Muckrakers
• Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, exposed the conditions of the meatpacking industry
• Lincoln Steffens’ The Shame of The Cities, described in detail the corrupt deals that characterized big city politics
• Muckraking exposed inequities and educated the public
• Sensationalism tended to get out of hand
• Declines after 1910
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Voter Participation
• The cornerstone of Progressive ideology was democracy
• Advocated reforms to increase voter participation
• Secret ballot• Direct primaries• Direct election of senators (17th
Amendment – 1913)• Initiative• Referendum• Recall
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Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal
• TR believed the president should do more - set legislative agenda for Congress
• Activist, reform minded president
• “Square Deal” for all (labor and business)
• Trust-busting: “bad trusts” and “good trusts”
• Directed his attorney general to take antitrust action against Standard Oil
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Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal
• Enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act
• Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission
• After Upton Sinclair’s book the Jungle, Congress passed two regulatory laws:
• 1.) The Pure Food and Drug Act
• 2.) The Meat inspection Act
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Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal
• Conservationist• Perhaps his most lasting and
original domestic policy was his efforts to protect our natural resources
• Set aside 150 million acres of federal land to be protected
• White House Conference, established a National Conservation Commission
• U.S. Forest Service• TR increased power and
prestige of presidency
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William Howard Taft
• Roosevelt stepped down and Republican Party nominated Taft
• Taft will continue TR’s Progressive policies – trustbusting and conservation
• 16th Amendment (1913) authorized U.S. government to collect an income tax (Populist platform in 1892)
• Foreign policy – dollar diplomacy
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Socialist Party
• Third party developed in first decade of 1900s, dedicated to welfare of working class
• Called for more radical reforms then the Progressives
• Eugene V. Debs, was the party’s candidate in five elections
• Critic of business and champion of labor (Pullman strike)
• Seen by many as too radical• In 1912 Debs received
900,000 votes – 6% of total
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Election of 1912
• Taft renominated by Republicans
• Progressive (Bull Moose party) nominated T. Roosevelt
• Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson
• Came down to Roosevelt vs. Wilson
• Roosevelt called for New Nationalism
• Wilson pledges a New Freedom
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Election of 1912
• Republicans voters split their vote (Taft and Roosevelt)
• Wilson wins!• Like Roosevelt he believed a
president should lead Congress and appeal directly to the people for support
• He pledged to bring back fair competition in the economy
• Fought against “the triple wall of privilege” - tariffs, banking and trusts
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Woodrow Wilson’sNew Freedom
• Clayton Antitrust Act: strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act
• Federal Trade Commission: investigated “unfair trade practice”
• Federal Farm Loan Act – loans with low interest rates
• Child Labor Act – on interstate commerce products
• Underwood Tariff Bill – reduced tariff rates
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African-Americans in the Progressive Era
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African-Americans in the Progressive Era
• Largely ignored by Progressive presidents
• Thousands lynched by racist mobs
• Segregation still widespread• At turn of the century, roughly
9 out of 10 blacks lived in the South
• Population begins shifting North
• Jobs in northern cities• During both World Wars the
migration will increase
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Women, Suffrage and the Progressive Movement
• Anthony and Stanton passed the torch to next generation
• At first Wilson refused to support a national amendment, until late in his presidency
• NAWSA- Carrie Chapman Catt
• Nineteenth Amendment passed in 1920