THE PRESIDENCYTHE PRESIDENCY

FOUNDING FATHER’S VIEWFOUNDING FATHER’S VIEW Accepted the need for a strong leader, but Accepted the need for a strong leader, but

did not want the president to become a did not want the president to become a tyranttyrant

Checks and Balances were placed upon the Checks and Balances were placed upon the presidentpresident Congressional overide of vetoesCongressional overide of vetoes Courts ability to invalidate a presidential actionCourts ability to invalidate a presidential action

Framers would not agree with the amount Framers would not agree with the amount of power the president has todayof power the president has today

They believed Congress should dominate They believed Congress should dominate the governmentthe government

CONSTITUTION AND THE CONSTITUTION AND THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

Article IIArticle IIFour sectionsFour sections

Vested executive powerVested executive powerEstablish control over foreign affairsEstablish control over foreign affairs

Commander in ChiefCommander in ChiefTreaty makingTreaty making

Responsibility to inform CongressResponsibility to inform CongressExecute lawsExecute lawsCovers impeachment proceduresCovers impeachment procedures

CONSTITUTION AND THE CONSTITUTION AND THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

QualificationsQualifications35 years old35 years oldNatural born citizenNatural born citizenResident of the US for 14 yearsResident of the US for 14 years

BackgroundBackgroundPrimarily governors, vice presidents, or Primarily governors, vice presidents, or

senatorssenatorsMajority lawyers, over 50, & ProtestantMajority lawyers, over 50, & ProtestantAll have been white & maleAll have been white & male

CONSTITUTION AND THE CONSTITUTION AND THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

SalarySalary President’s salary established by CongressPresident’s salary established by Congress Cannot be changed during a term in officeCannot be changed during a term in office 1999-$400,0001999-$400,000 $50,000 expense account$50,000 expense account BenefitsBenefits

White HouseWhite House Staff and servantsStaff and servants YachtYacht Air Force OneAir Force One Unrestricted travelUnrestricted travel Camp DavidCamp David Free medical careFree medical care Lifetime pensions (also for widows)Lifetime pensions (also for widows) Lifetime secret service protection (also for families)Lifetime secret service protection (also for families)

CONSTITUTION AND THE CONSTITUTION AND THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

AmendmentsAmendments2222ndnd Term Limit Term Limit

Framers set a four year term, but no limits Framers set a four year term, but no limits on how many terms a person could serveon how many terms a person could serve

Washington precedentWashington precedentException-FDR (12 years)Exception-FDR (12 years)

1951-limit of two elections or 10 years1951-limit of two elections or 10 years

CONSTITUTION AND THE CONSTITUTION AND THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

AmendmentsAmendments2525thth Disability & Succession Disability & Succession

Vice president appointmentsVice president appointments With Congressional approvalWith Congressional approval

Temporary disabilityTemporary disability Written declaration of disability to Pres. Pro Written declaration of disability to Pres. Pro

Tempore & Speaker-VP takes over until another Tempore & Speaker-VP takes over until another declaration receiveddeclaration received

Vice President and majority of cabinet can transmit Vice President and majority of cabinet can transmit a written declaration of a presidential disability to a written declaration of a presidential disability to same offices-VP takes over until President is able to same offices-VP takes over until President is able to produce a written declaration that no inability produce a written declaration that no inability exists. If there is a discrepency between the two exists. If there is a discrepency between the two groups, then Congress decides within 21 daysgroups, then Congress decides within 21 days

CONSTITUTION AND THE CONSTITUTION AND THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

AmendmentsAmendments 2525thth Disability & Succession Disability & Succession

Succession Succession Vice-PresidentVice-President Speaker of the HouseSpeaker of the House President Pro TemporePresident Pro Tempore Cabinet positions in order of creationCabinet positions in order of creation

Sec. of StateSec. of State Sec. of TreasurySec. of Treasury Sec. of DefenseSec. of Defense Attorney General (Justice)Attorney General (Justice) Sec. of InteriorSec. of Interior Sec. of AgricultureSec. of Agriculture Sec. of CommerceSec. of Commerce Sec. of LaborSec. of Labor Sec. of Health & Human ServicesSec. of Health & Human Services Sec. of Housing and Urban DevelopmentSec. of Housing and Urban Development Sec. of TransportationSec. of Transportation Sec. of EnergySec. of Energy Sec. of EducationSec. of Education Sec. of Veterans AffairsSec. of Veterans Affairs Sec. of Homeland SecuritySec. of Homeland Security

CONSTITUTION AND THE CONSTITUTION AND THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

ImpeachmentImpeachmentHouse of Representatives brings House of Representatives brings

charges against for misuse of powers charges against for misuse of powers or committing criminal actionsor committing criminal actions

If approved by majority of House, If approved by majority of House, senate sits as a jury to determine senate sits as a jury to determine guilt or innocenceguilt or innocence

2/3rds vote in the Senate is required 2/3rds vote in the Senate is required for conviction and removal from officefor conviction and removal from office

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Chief Justice of the Supreme Court serves as presiding judgeserves as presiding judge

ROLES & POWERS OF ROLES & POWERS OF PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

Chief ExecutiveChief Executive Enforcer of congressional laws, treaties, and federal Enforcer of congressional laws, treaties, and federal

court decisionscourt decisions Grant pardons, reprieves, and amnestyGrant pardons, reprieves, and amnesty Appoints federal officialsAppoints federal officials

Chief of StateChief of State Symbol of governmentSymbol of government Presides over important ceremoniesPresides over important ceremonies

Wreath at Tomb of the UnknownWreath at Tomb of the Unknown Calling astronauntsCalling astronaunts Throwing out first baseballThrowing out first baseball

Chief DiplomatChief Diplomat Greets foreign leadersGreets foreign leaders Attends summit conferencesAttends summit conferences Extends diplomatic recognitionExtends diplomatic recognition

ROLES & POWERS OF ROLES & POWERS OF PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

Chief LegislatorChief Legislator Proposes new legislationProposes new legislation Approves/vetoes lawsApproves/vetoes laws Rally countries behind legislative agenda (media)Rally countries behind legislative agenda (media)

Party LeaderParty LeaderNational advocate of his party’s platformNational advocate of his party’s platformCampaign for candidatesCampaign for candidatesActive in fundraisingActive in fundraisingAppoints party membersAppoints party membersSelects the party’s national committee chairSelects the party’s national committee chair Increases party support in CongressIncreases party support in Congress

ROLES & POWERS OF ROLES & POWERS OF PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

Foreign policy leaderForeign policy leaderAppoint ambassadorsAppoint ambassadorsFormulate international treatiesFormulate international treaties

Senate approval for bothSenate approval for bothExecutive AgreementExecutive Agreement

International understanding with another International understanding with another head of statehead of state

Do not require senate approvalDo not require senate approvalNot binding on succeeding presidentsNot binding on succeeding presidents

ROLES & POWERS OF ROLES & POWERS OF PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

Commander-in-ChiefCommander-in-ChiefMilitary is under civilian controlMilitary is under civilian controlPresident is top civilian generalPresident is top civilian generalMay dispatch troops or use military force as May dispatch troops or use military force as

deemed necessarydeemed necessaryGive order to use nuclear weaponsGive order to use nuclear weaponsCan not declare warCan not declare warWar Powers Act (1973)War Powers Act (1973)

Consult with congress before sending troops Consult with congress before sending troops overseasoverseas

Inform Congress within 48 hours after the dispatch Inform Congress within 48 hours after the dispatch of troopsof troops

Withdraw troops if Congress votes to do so after 60 Withdraw troops if Congress votes to do so after 60 days have passeddays have passed

ROLES & POWERS OF ROLES & POWERS OF PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

AddressesAddresses State of the UnionState of the Union

Most importantMost important Presidental agendaPresidental agenda Perspective and DirectionPerspective and Direction

National Budget messageNational Budget message Recommends federal expendituresRecommends federal expenditures

Annual Economic ReportAnnual Economic Report Analysis of economic trendsAnalysis of economic trends

Executive PrivilegeExecutive Privilege Withholding sensitive or secret information from Withholding sensitive or secret information from

Congress, the public, and/or the media on the grounds Congress, the public, and/or the media on the grounds of national security, confidentiality, or separation of national security, confidentiality, or separation principlesprinciples

Executive OrdersExecutive Orders Directives or regualtions that have the legal Directives or regualtions that have the legal

standing of lawsstanding of laws

ROLES & POWERS OF ROLES & POWERS OF PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

VetoVetoWritten statement noting the Written statement noting the

presidential objections and delivers presidential objections and delivers the bill back to Congressthe bill back to Congress

Pocket VetoPocket VetoBill goes unsigned & Congress adjournsBill goes unsigned & Congress adjourns

ROLES & POWERS OF ROLES & POWERS OF PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

Molder of national opinionMolder of national opinionUse of mediaUse of mediaCoalition of the minoritiesCoalition of the minorities

Antagonize groups due to his decisionsAntagonize groups due to his decisionsEvents beyond controlEvents beyond control

President usually blamedPresident usually blamedNational economic managerNational economic manager

Prosperous economy expected by publicProsperous economy expected by publicBlamed for recessions or depressionsBlamed for recessions or depressions

CONSTRAINTSCONSTRAINTS JudicialJudicial

Judicial reviewJudicial review Public opinionPublic opinion

Publics view of presidential decisions can make Publics view of presidential decisions can make or break a presidencyor break a presidency

Congressional Congressional Blocking or diluting legislative packagesBlocking or diluting legislative packages Interfering with foreign policy agendasInterfering with foreign policy agendas Hold money for federal programsHold money for federal programs Legislative oversightLegislative oversight Block appointmentsBlock appointments

MediaMedia Presents to the public presidential imagePresents to the public presidential image

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

Established in 1939Established in 1939 White House Office (WHO)White House Office (WHO)

Main presidential advisorsMain presidential advisors Personal friends who helped him get electedPersonal friends who helped him get elected

Legal counselLegal counsel Press secretaryPress secretary Speech writersSpeech writers Appointment secretaryAppointment secretary Chief of StaffChief of Staff

Daily access to the presidentDaily access to the president Coordinates activitiesCoordinates activities

Prioritize policy objectivesPrioritize policy objectives Resolve bureaucratic conflictsResolve bureaucratic conflicts Assist with speech making Assist with speech making Handle the press corpsHandle the press corps Lobby congressional leadersLobby congressional leaders Protect the presidential imageProtect the presidential image

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

Types of advisorsTypes of advisors CompetitiveCompetitive

President may pit advisor against advisor in a struggle for President may pit advisor against advisor in a struggle for accessaccess

Conflicts not hidden from president, but encouragedConflicts not hidden from president, but encouraged Produce the best advise, and critical analysis of policiesProduce the best advise, and critical analysis of policies

FDRFDR CollegialCollegial

Stress consensus building, brainstorming, & equalityStress consensus building, brainstorming, & equality Groupthink-advisors begin thinking alike and value cohesian Groupthink-advisors begin thinking alike and value cohesian

over dissentover dissent Kennedy, Carter, ClintonKennedy, Carter, Clinton

HierarchalHierarchal Pyramid shape, tight chain of command structurePyramid shape, tight chain of command structure Information may be filteredInformation may be filtered

Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, BushEisenhower, Nixon, Reagan, Bush Multiple advocacyMultiple advocacy

Assignment of competing policy positions to different advisorsAssignment of competing policy positions to different advisors

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

Office of Management and BudgetOffice of Management and BudgetLargest agency in EOPLargest agency in EOPOriginially created in 1921 & renamed in Originially created in 1921 & renamed in

19701970Drafts the president’s annual budgetDrafts the president’s annual budget

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENTPRESIDENT

National Security CouncilNational Security Council Created in 1947Created in 1947 Advise the president with respect to domestic, foreign, Advise the president with respect to domestic, foreign,

and military policies relating to national securityand military policies relating to national security NSC membersNSC members

PresidentPresident Vice-presidentVice-president Sec. of StateSec. of State Sec. of DefenseSec. of Defense CIA directorCIA director Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Lead by the National Security AdviserLead by the National Security Adviser Council of Economic AdvisorsCouncil of Economic Advisors

Established under the Employment Act of 1946Established under the Employment Act of 1946 Three appointed economistsThree appointed economists Analyze the economy and submit findings to the White Analyze the economy and submit findings to the White

HouseHouse