The Practice of English Language

Teaching:Approaches, Methods,

Procedures and Techniques

What is?• APPROACH: an approach describes how we acquire language

knowledge and gives us guidelines about the conditions in which language learning will be successful.

• METHOD: putting approach to practice. Includes various procedures and techniques to support the approach.

• PROCEDURES: an ordered sequence of techniques. EX: First you do this…then you do that….

• TECHNIQUE: a type of activity, designed to support a procedure. EX: fill in te blanks.

Purpose and success depend on…

•DO THEY ACHIVE WHAT THEY SET OUT TO ACHIEVE?

APPROACHES

1. Audiolingualism

• Derived from Behaviorism• It based its theory in positive reinforcement

Stimulus-response-reinforcement• Focused on grammatical and lexical mastery of the

learned structures.• Does not focus on students creating their own rules.• Error making is not part of learning.

2. PPP (Presentation Practice Production)

• Teacher presents a situation that gives context to what is going to be taught.

• Students practice using reproduction techniques (individual or choral)

• Similarities with Audio-lingual drills.• Production comes when students make sentences on

their own using new language.• Critics argue that it is clearly teacher centered, and linear.

3. PPP and alternatives to PPP

• PPP can be used in different ways.• Keith Johnson offered the alternative of encouraging students

into immediate production.• Teachers can see if students have problems during production

and need to return o presentation or practice.• Donn Byrne suggests that teachers can decide at which stage

to enter the procedure.Presentation-practice-production

4. Communicative Approach• Dismisses the notion of language teaching focusing solely on grammar

and vocabulary• Students use/learn language forms in a variety of contexts• Believes in plentiful exposure to language will develop student’s

knowledge and skills. EX: realistic communication, role playing, etc.• Purpose of activities are creating desire to communicate EX: buy a

ticket, buy food, etc)• Focus on context rather than form.• Critics argue that there is uncontrolled range of language use.

5. Task –based Learning• Language is presented through tasks students must perform.• Structures are not the main focus but solving the task using learned

language.• After task is completed , then the teacher can discuss the language

learned.• Willis suggests 3 stages: pre-task, task cycle, language focus.• EX: conducting a survey to see the most common pets own by the students.• Critics worry about it not being L2 beginner levels or for young learners,

grading tasks.

6. Humanistic Approach

• Student centered classroom.• Students are encouraged to make use of their own lives

and feelings.

7. The Lexical Approach

• Believes that “language consists not only of traditional grammar and vocabulary but of multi-word prefabricated chunks “ (Lewis 1997:3)

• Fluency is the result of the acquisition of prefabricated items which help build any linguistic novelty or creativity.

8. Other popular approaches developed during the 1970’s and the 1980’s

CLL (Community Language Learning)

• Students decide what they want to talk about.• The facilitator stays outside the circle.• students stay in circle and facilitator provides the correct

statement if a student says something in their own language.

• Teacher’s role is to facilitate rather than to teach.

Silent Way

• Teachers say as little as possible.• The focus is that the learner himself discovers and creates

language.• Student centered.• Teachers model sound while pointing to a phonemic chart.• Teachers only use gestures or expressions to tell students

what to do.• Critics believe that teacher’s silence acts as a barrier

rather that an incentive.

Suggestopaedia

• Physical surroundings and atmosphere of the classrooms is important.

• Traumatic themes are avoided• Teacher-student sympathy is vitally important.• Suggestopaedia has 3 stages:• Oral reviewing-presentation of new dialogue-concert

session

TPR (Total Physical Response)

• Comes from the notion that L2 language learning is similar to that of the acquisition of language in children.

• Language is directed in form of commands and performing actions.

• Students respond physically to the language they hear.• Critics point out that this approach may only be helpful for

beginners.

Bibliography:

• Harmer, J. (2001) The Practice of Language Teaching, 3rd edition, US, Pearson Education.

• Council of Europe and European Commission (2001) Methodology in Language Learning T-kit, Strasburg, Council of Europe Publishing.