the power of crop rotations · “one straw revolution.” seed stakes, etc. 9. livestock...
TRANSCRIPT
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THE POWER
OF CROP
ROTATIONS Dwayne Beck
DLRF
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www.dakotalakes.com
PNDSA CONFERENCE 2014
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Dakota Lakes Research Farm
• OWNED BY FARMERS
• BOTH IRRIGATION AND DRYLAND
• 100% LOW-DISTURBANCE NO-TILL
• PRODUCTION ENTERPRISE
PROFITS SUPPORT RESEARCH
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1970
Average Wheat Price
in 1970 was $1.37/bu.
The Average price of a
barrel of oil was $3.39
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In Minnesota where
tillage is king, it takes
slightly under 10 gallons
of diesel/acre for tillage,
seeding, and harvest.
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It takes the energy of 1
gallon of diesel fuel to
manufacture, transport
and apply 5 lbs of N
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If the Minnesota farmer
applies 150 lbs/acre of N,
the energy involved is
three times that used for
tillage, seeding, and
harvest.
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Eighty Percent of the
total input costs in
agriculture can be
traced directly to
energy at the present
time.
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120 years ago that was
essentially zero
In 120 years, it will have
to be zero again.
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Cold-Pressed Oil Results
DLRF 2009 Crop This is about 60 to 80 gal/acre
Species Seed Meal Oil
Percent
Oil
Canola (napus) 2390 1714 625 26%
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I AM A FARMER. I TAKE SUNLIGHT,
WATER, AND CARBON
DIOXIDE AND MAKE
THEM INTO PRODUCTS
THAT I CAN SELL.
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Sustainable.
No-till.
Regenerative.
Organic.
Zero Till
Direct Seed
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Cover Crops
Diversified Rotations
No till
The Key To Success
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Define Beautiful
Woman
or
Handsome Man
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Ethical Oil
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We spend lots of time
trying to define what we
SHOULD DO or NOT
DO and little time
focusing on where we
want to be.
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DETAILS NOT SYSTEMS
Consequently much of the
research and management effort is
devoted to optimizing a single
component (canola or corn
production) by using more and
more specialized treatments.
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Reaction not Action
Instead of acting to get
where we want to be, we are
reacting to keep from going
where we do not want to be.
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This is like trying to drive
down the highway by
looking at the edge of the
ditch. It works in a
blizzard but it is not
ideal.
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There is no better time
than now to define where
you want to be and where
you want the Pacific
Northwest and agriculture
to be 200 years in the
future.
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WHAT 30 YEARS OF
NO-TILL AND CROP
ROTATON WORK
HAVE TAUGHT ME
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REMEMBER THAT I
AM A SLOW
LEARNER.
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I HAVE LEARNED
MORE FROM
FARMERS THAN
THEY HAVE
LEARNED FROM
ME.
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I HAVE LEARNED
MORE FROM
OBSERVING
NATURE THAN BY
TRYING TO
CHANGE IT.
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1. NO-TILL IS JUST
ONE TOOL AMONG
MANY, THAT WE
USE TO HELP US
MANAGE OUR
ECOSYSTEM.
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Adopt A
Crop Production
System
Residue
Disease
Pests
Soil Moisture
Varieties
Weeds
Rotation
Tillage
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Adopt A
Crop
Productio
n
Syste
m
Residue
Disease
Pests
Soil Moisture
Varieties
Weeds
Rotation
Tillage
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Farming System Components
• Cultural Practices
• Technology
• Management
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CULTURAL PRACTICES
• TILLAGE
• ROTATION
• SANITATION
• COMPETITION
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IN NATURE
TILLAGE IS A
CATASTROPHIC
EVENT
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CULTURAL PRACTICES
• TILLAGE
• ROTATION
• SANITATION
• COMPETITION
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• Proper Intensity
• Adequate Diversity
• Stable/Sustainable Profitability
Crop Rotations
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ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES
• WATER CYCLE
• ENERGY FLOW
• MINERAL CYCLE
• COMMUNITY DYNAMICS
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2. Farmers and
Ranchers harvest
sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and water to
produce products we
can sell.
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Some of this is human food, we
need to be aware of nutrition
issues and off-site impacts.
If we want to eat beef, maybe
we should concentrate on
producing beef instead of corn
or barley that feeds beef in
feedlots.
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3. Weeds and diseases
are Mother Nature’s
way of adding
diversity to a system
that lacks it.
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Nature’s efforts to add
diversity can be
countered by adding
beneficial diversity to
the system.
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DIVERSITY IN CROP TYPE
•Diversity in seeding date.
•Diversity in rooting pattern.
•Diversity in root architecture.
•Diversity in residue type.
•Diversity in insect pests.
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DIVERSITY IN CROP TYPE
•Diversity in weed suppression.
•Diversity in micro organisms.
•Diversity in harvest date.
•Diversity in beneficials.
•Diversity in ………MORE.
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The goal is to be
INCONSISTENT
in both sequence
and interval
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Weed Seed Survival on Soil
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Impact of Rotation & Low
Disturbance on Weed Seeds
Weed of Interest: Cheatgrass
Number of Weeds Previous: 10
Number of Seeds Per Weed: 100
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Rotation Interval Vs.
Weeds
-2.0E+06
0.0E+00
2.0E+06
4.0E+06
6.0E+06
8.0E+06
1.0E+07
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Years
Weed
s In
Millio
ns
1 Year Out
2 Years Out
2 In - 2 Out
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Rotation Interval Vs.
Weeds
-2.0E+06
0.0E+00
2.0E+06
4.0E+06
6.0E+06
8.0E+06
1.0E+07
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Years
Weed
s I
n M
illi
on
s
Continuous
2 In - 1 Out
2 In - 2 Out
2 In - 3 Out
2 In - 4 Out
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CHEAT GRASS EFFECTS ON WHEAT YIELDS
AS INFLUENCED BY
ROTATION, SANITATION AND COMPETITION
WINTER WHEAT-CORN-BROADLEAF ROTATION
CHEAT PRESSURE (TREATMENT IN THE BROADLEAF CROP)
ARAPAHOE
KARL 92
High Pressure
(No Burndown; No Post)
50.8
31.9
Medium Pressure
(Burndown; No Post)
65.7
64.8
Low Pressure (Burndown and Post)
65.6
77.1
DAKOTA LAKES RESEARCH FARM-1996
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Greenhouse Evaluation of ALS-resistance in
Cheat and Japanese Brome-Kansas 2007
Cheat Japanese brome
Susceptible Resistant Susceptible Resistant
population population population population
Product and Rate
(Oz/Acre)
Percent control
Olympus at 0.9 93 3 96 0
Maverick at 0.67 92 0 93 0
Beyond at 4 94 65 94 40
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Does it Work ? (Field Trial)
Long-Term Rotation Study
Cool and Warm Season Crops
No-Till : Herbicides - Weed Control
Weed Density After 12 Years
(No Herbicides – Number of Weeds / m2)
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94
40
7
0
25
50
75
100
W-CP W-C-CP Pea-W-C-SB
Weeds
(plts/m2)
Rotation Design < - > Weeds
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4. High disturbance
techniques increase
weed pressure and
cause tillage erosion.
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11
28
55
0
20
40
60
0 2 4
Depth in Soil (inches)
Live Seed (%)
Green Foxtail Survival in Soil
After 2 Years
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2 Crop
Rotation
4 Crop
Rotation
2 vs 4
Contrast
Tilled Site 225 44 1/5
No-Till
Site 94 7 1/13
Rotation – Tillage Interaction
(No Herbicides – Weeds / m2)
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• Tillage (disturbance) and Poor
Rotation gives 225 weeds/m2
• No-till and GOOD Rotation 7
weeds/m2
• That is 97% weed control
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IF TILLAGE WAS GOOD
AT ELIMINATING
WEEDS, THEY SHOULD
ALL BE GONE BY NOW.
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A
B
C
a) Uncultivated
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A
B
C
a) cultivated, medium-term
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A
B
C
b) cultivated, long-term
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5. Sanitation,
Rotation, and
Competition are the
primary methods of
pest control.
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Over-reliance on herbicides
leads to resistant weeds AND
maybe disease problems.
Using surfactants too
frequently may increase disease
issues.
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Pesticides are only part of
sanitation, rotation, and
competition.
Fertilizer placement and
residue distribution are part of
competition.
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Fertility Management • Some starter P with the seed.
• Other nutrients placed near row at seeding or on soil surface after crop canopy.
• broadcast fertilizer before or at seeding encourages weeds.
• Three key factors
– 1 Available Nutrient
– 2 Moisture
– 3 Roots
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6. Proper nutrient
cycling is an extremely
important factor.
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Ecosystems that leak nutrients for
extended periods become deserts.
Saline seeps are symptom of
improper nutrient and water cyc
ling.
Decreasing pH indicates leakage.
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7. Developing proper
water cycling
information is
important.
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Knowledge of the soil’s water holding
capacity characteristics is important.
Long-term rainfall data must be used.
Cover and forage crops are useful to
help fine-tune the system.
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http://websoilsurvey.nr
cs.usda.gov/app/
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ONIDA October 1.58
November 0.82
December 0.57
January 0.59
February 0.64
March 1.38
April 1.93
May 2.85
June 3.11
July 2.69
August 2.14
September 1.54
Annual 19.84
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Take the
E out of
ET
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ONIDA
Time Period
Total Precip
Fallow period
Crop Period
If 1/2 of normal
If 1 and 1/2 of normal
Long Fallow July to next Sept.
24.67
W Wheat fallow W Wheat
Wheat Maturity to Corn Maturity
12.34
37.01
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Saline Seep
Formation
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COVER and FORAGE
CROPS
Cover and forage crops provide the opportunity to increase both intensity and diversity in situations where production of a grain crop would not be possible, would be unprofitable, or would be excessively risky.
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COVER CROPS
In humid environments (tall-grass prairie or wetter) the goal should be to have something growing at all times. In areas with a limited growing season this will require the use of cover crops and/or forage double crops.
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COVER CROPS
In subhumid, semiarid, and arid environments cover crops can be utilized to increase organic matter and biological activity.
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Irrigated Corn By Previous Crop
Wheat-Wheat-C-C-SB-SB rotation
2009 Dakota Lakes Res. Farm
Rotation N rate 0
lb
Yield
Bu/ac
N rate 36
Yield
Bu/ac
N rate 72
Yield
Bu/ac
N rate
108
Yield
Bu/ac
CC – lentil,
CVetch,
turnip
176.0 236.1 214.0 233.9
Nitrogen rate impact on yields
STN = 108 lbs/ac Yield goal = 220 bu/ac
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CATCH AND
RELEASE
NUTRIENTS
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COVER CROPS
If you get stranded in a rain on the back 40, do you drive home across the tilled field or the pasture?
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PROPER INTENSITY
Crop insurance regulations impact the risk associated with differing rotational intensities.
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8. There should be no
need to use a ground
engaging component ot
seed and fertilize
crops.
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Clay seed balls.
“One Straw Revolution.”
Seed stakes, etc.
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9. Livestock
integration will be
needed.
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Nutrient cycling.
Rotational flexibility.
It must be automated and multi-species.
Chance for young people to enter.
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10. Use of perennial
sequences or perennial
cover-crops will
probably be necessary.
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Nutrient cycling.
Rotational flexibility.
Building organic matter.
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Organic matter is the most
important factor in
determining the productivity of
a soil.
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“Soil organic matter and available water capacity.” Hudson,
B.D. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 49:180–194.
1994
A small amount of organic
matter by weight has a big
impact on pore space because
it only weighs 1/5 as much for
the same volume.
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“Within all textural groups, as
organic matter increased from
1 to 3%, the available water
capacity approximately
doubled. .
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When organic matter content
increased to 4%, it then
accounted for more than 60%
of total AWC
.
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Rotation Impact on W.Wheat
Dakota Lakes Research Farm Rotation Yield Precip*
Corn-Pea-WW 2006 60 7.9
SB-Corn-Pea-WW 2006 29
Corn-Pea-WW 2005 92 23.7
Sb-Corn-Pea-WW 2005 57
Corn-Pea-WW 2002 56 6.4
SB-Corn-Pea-WW 2002 28
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Corn-Pea-WW
Sb-Corn-Pea-WW
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Nutrients Lost by Removing Straw 75 bu/acre wheat or ½ of a 150 bu/acre corn crop
Nutrient Content in
Straw
Percent Lost
N 50 lbs/acre 100
P 5 lbs/acre 100
K 100 lbs/acre 100
CARBON 3000 lbs/a 100
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ORGANIC
MATTER MAKES
A DIFFERENCE.
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Adopt A
Crop Production
System
Residu
e
Disease
Pests
Soil Moisture
Varieties
Weeds
Rotatio
n
Tillag
e
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Wheat Health Management Cook and Veseth
Savings might be expected in the amount of
fertilizer and irrigation water used in a 3-
year rotation, because of the healthier,
more functional root systems of plants
grown in soil sanitized by the rotation.
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Wheat Health Management Cook and Veseth
Biological control of the soil and
residue-inhabiting pests of wheat is
accomplished by not growing wheat
……more frequently than every
second or third year.
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Wheat Health Management Cook and Veseth
A change in cultural practice…….may
not pay off in the first 1 or 2 years, but
it will pay off over time.
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Wheat Health Management Cook and Veseth
Each future wheat field is treated, to
the the extent possible, as an
ecosystem to be nudged rather than
shocked in a desired direction.
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Wheat Health Management Cook and Veseth
Crop rotation is probably the single
most critical factor affecting the health
and productivity of a future wheat
crop.
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Wheat Health Management Cook and Veseth
Crop rotation allows time for natural
enemies to destroy the pathogens of
one crop while……unrelated crops are
grown.
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Wheat Health Management Cook and Veseth
Choose a sustainable economic
approach that optimizes productivity
while taking maximum advantage of,
or at least not upsetting nature’s own
contributions to the health of the
crop……
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TAKE THE
E OUT OF
ET
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TAKE THE
‘T OUT OF
CAN’T
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A good treatment of
rotation types can be
found at:
www.dakotalakes.com
under publications
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www.dakotalakes.com