the potential of wetlands for treatment of marine ... · pdf filemote marine laboratory....
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THE POTENTIAL OF WETLANDS FOR TREATMENT OF MARINE AQUACULTURE EFFLUENTS
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AQUACULTURE TODAY
Fastest growing food producing sector worldwide
80% seafood consumed in the US imported
Half from foreign aquaculture!
US marine aquaculture only 1.5% domestic seafood supply
Growth potential, but…
Limited domestic industry due to environmental restrictions
Prohibitively high cost for appropriate sites currently
NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/SPO‐100
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MARINE AQUACULTURE:LIMITATIONS
Location, location, location
Seawater source
Cost of land
Competition for space too
Waste management
Recirculating aquaculture
Aids in moving inland to reduce:
Land cost
Resource consumption
Effluent Management is key!Mote Marine Laboratory
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LIMITATIONS:EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT
Discharge or reuse
Reuse research lacking
Resource conservation
Where to discharge?
Nutrient limitations
Need “eco‐friendly” filtration
Unit‐process approach
Aerobic/Anaerobic biological filtration
Natural‐type filtration
Constructed wetlands
Marine Aquaculture Research Center:Waste treatment systems
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CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS:EFFLUENT TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES
What is a constructed wetland?
Low cost treatment
Low maintenance too!
Wetland “types” based on water flow regime
Free water surface (FWS)
Subsurface flow (SSF)
Constructed wetlands effective “eco‐reactors” Loma Alta Shrimp Aquaculture
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CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS:
TYPES AND FUNCTIONS
FWS (“Lowland”)
Anaerobic sediments
Constituent removal area specific
TSS, BOD/COD, N, P
SSF (“Upland”)
Aerobic and/or anaerobic sediments
Convert and/or remove nitrogen species
Constituent removal
TSS, BOD/COD, PVymazal, 2007
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CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS:
PLANTS Role of plants
Medium for biofilm attachment
Gas transport to/from sediments through lacunal structure
Little direct nutrient removal or storage by plants
Selection based on:
Native species
Salinity
Flooding regime
Availability
Sleepy CreekMarshallberg, NC
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CASE STUDY:LOMA ALTA SHRIMP
AQUACULTURENEAR PORT MANSFIELD, TX
8.1 ha (~20 ac) shrimp farm
Mesohaline (3‐8 ppt salinity)
Produce 10‐15 MT Litopenaeus vannamei
13,600 m3 d‐1 (3.6MGD) effluent
7.7 ha (~19 ac) of constructed wetland
Constant recirculation
Constituent reductions:
TP: 31%, TSS: 65%, ISS: 76%
BOD < 9 ppm, TAN < 1.8 ppm, NO3‐1‐N < 0.42 ppm
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CASE STUDY:LOMA ALTA SHRIMP
AQUACULTURE
Using the k‐C* model
1st order removal rate eqn
Target levels (NPDES) could be attained when CW operated as recirculation filters
Pond SA : Wetland SA 12:1
New models
“Tanks in series” approach
C* still applies
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SUMMARY
Potential for effective nutrient removal prior to discharge
Low maintenance
Low cost – Requires full‐cost analysis
Accounts for environmental costs too!
Value added products
Internalizing environmental costs improves:
Marketing
Local ecosystems
Public relations
More high salinity research needed for marine aquaculture
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MARINE AQUACULTURE RESEARCH CENTER
Marine aquaculture effluent treatment
Evaluate new technologies
Model conventional treatment process
All studies replicated in triplicate
Goal: Prevent detrimental environmental impact on local waterways by marine aquaculture through effective waste management
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MARINE AQUACULTURE RESEARCH CENTER
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QUESTIONS