the potential of greenhouse gas reduction from clean...
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THE POTENTIAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION
FROM CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN
SEAFOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY
NANTIRA DUANGKAMFOO
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
(TECHNOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT)
FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY
2011
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This thesis could not successfully complete without the kindness of
advisor’s team. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my major
advisor, Assoc. Prof. Chumlong Arunlertaree for his invaluable advice and guidance
of this thesis. My co-advisors, Assoc. Prof. Sayam Aroonsrimorakot and Asst. Prof.
Jaruwan Wongthanate for all of comments and good suggestion. I am deeply grateful
to Asst. Prof. Soontree Khuntong for her invaluable advice and her patient
proofreading towards the completion of this independent study
I would like to specially thank for all of seafood processing industries, for
their helpful answers in the questionnaire.
Finally, my graduation would not be achieved without best wisher from my
office, Thai Auto Conversion Co.,Ltd., for scholastically opportunities and financial
support. And last, special thanks to my parents and my friends for their help and
encouragement until this study completed.
Nantira Duangkamfoo
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Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / iv
THE POTENTIAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION FROM CLEAN
DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN SEAFOOD
PROCESSING INDUSTRY
NANTIRA DUANGKAMFOO 5136556 ENTM/M
M.Sc. (TECHNOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT)
THESIS ADVISORY COMMITTEE: CHUMLONG ARUNLERTAREE, Ph.D.
(FISHERIES), SAYAM AROONSRIMORAKOT, M.Sc. (TECHNOLOGY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT), JARUWAN WONGTHANATE, Ph.D.
(GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to estimate the potential for greenhouse gas
reduction from the implementation of Clean Development Mechanism projects in the
seafood processing industry in Thailand. The objective was to estimate the potential
for biogas generation, the volume and value of electricity generation, and the volume
and value of greenhouse gas reduction in Certified Emission Reductions in the seafood
processing industry, from anaerobic and aerobic wastewater treatment systems in areas
such as canned fish, seafood processing, and freezing. The results from 91 factories
taking part in seafood processing show that there is a potential biogas generation
capacity of 52,102,193 m3/year, equivalent to electricity generation of 62,522,632
units/year, and 104,162,705 Baht/year, a carbon dioxide equivalent reduction of
351,223 ton CO2eq/year, and a value of 164,786,767 Baht/year.
KEY WORDS: GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION / CLEAN DEVELOPMENT
MECHANISM / SEAFOOD PROCESSING / CERs
94 Pages
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Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. Thesis / v
การศกษาศกยภาพของการลดการปลอยกาซเรอนกระจกภายใตเงอนไขการด าเนนโครงการกลไกพฒนาทสะอาดของอตสาหกรรมอาหารทะเล THE POTENTIAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION FROM CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IN SEAFOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY นนทรา ดวงค าฟ 5136556 ENTM/M วท.ม. (เทคโนโลยการบรหารสงแวดลอม) คณะกรรมการทปรกษาวทยานพนธ: จ าลอง อรณเลศอารย Ph.D. (FISHERIES), สยาม อรณศรมรกต M.Sc. (TECHNOLOGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT), จารวรรณ วงคทะเนตร Ph.D. (GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)
บทคดยอ
การศกษาศกยภาพการลดการปลอยกาซเรอนกระจกภายใตโครงการกลไกพฒนาทสะอาดของอตสาหกรรมอาหารทะเลในประเทศไทย เพอประเมนคาของการผลตกาซชวภาพ ปรมาณและมลคาพลงงานไฟฟา ปรมาณและมลคาของการลดการปลอยกาซเรอนกระจก จากน าเสยของอตสาหกรรมอาหารทะเลทงระบบบ าบดน าเสยแบบไมใชอากาศและใชอากาศ เชน โรงงานผลตปลาท โรงงานแปรรปอาหารทะเล อาหารทะเลแชแขงและอนๆ ผลการศกษาอตสาหกรรมอาหารทะเล 91 แหงไดปรมาณการเกดกาซชวภาพ 52,102,193 ลกบาศกเมตรตอป คดเปนการเกดเปนพลงงานไฟฟา 62,522,632 หนวยตอป เปนมลคาทงสน 104,162,705 บาทตอป ส าหรบปรมาณและมลคาของการลดการปลอยกาซเรอนกระจกคอ 351,223 ตนคารบอนไดออกไซดเทยบเทาตอปและ 164,786,767 บาทตอป ตามล าดบ 94 หนา
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CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iv
ABSTRACT (THAI) v
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES x
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and justification 1
1.2 Objective of the study 3
1.3 Conceptual framework 4
1.4 Scope of the study 5
1.5 Definition term 5
1.6 Expected result 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Greenhouse gases 7
2.2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 10
2.3 Kyoto protocol 15
2.4 Clean Development Mechanism 17
2.5 Biogas 35
2.6 Food processing industrial in Thailand 41
2.7 Relevant research 45
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Population and sample size 49
3.2 Method 49
3.3 Analysis and interpretation 53
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CONTENTS (cont.)
Page
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Collection data 54
4.2 Production analysis and wastewater production rate 57
4.3 The estimation of biogas 61
4.4 The electricity production 62
4.5 The estimation of volume and value of CERs 66
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions 72
5.2 Recommendations 73
REFERENCES 76
APPENDICES 82
Appendix A Value in the calculation of seafood processing industry 83
Appendix B
Appendix B-1 The calculation of biogas generation 84
Appendix B-2 The calculation of electricity generation 85
Appendix B-3 The calculation of electricity value 86
Appendix B-4 The calculation of greenhouse gas reduction 87
Appendix B-5 The calculation of greenhouse gas reduction in 89
form of CO2 equivalent
Appendix B-6 The calculation of CERs value 90
Appendix C The questionnaire 91
BIOGRAPHY 94
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2-1 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential 8
2-2 Annex I countries and commitments for reduction of Greenhouse gases 13
2-3 Non-annex I countries 14
2-4 Host countries and number of CDM registered projects on Dec. 7,2007 21
2-5 Project approved 23
2-6 Benefits from The Clean Development Mechanism project 34
implementing to Thailand
2-7 The composition of biogas 36
2-8 The properties of biogas 36
2-9 Opportunity of international trading of Thailand 44
2-10 Food processing industrial on 2001 45
4-1 The number of data in the each province of seafood processing industry 55
4-2 The wastewater treatment system of seafood processing industry 56
4-3 The calculation of the material utilization ratio of seafood industry 58
4-4 The calculation of wastewater production rate of seafood processing industry 59
4-5 The production of seafood processing industry analysis 59
4-6 The production of seafood processing industry analysis 60
4-7 The calculation of biogas production of seafood industry 61
4-8 The biogas production of seafood industry 61
4-9 The calculation volume of generating electricity 62
4-10 The calculation value of generating electricity 63
4-11 The volume and value of electricity, by aerobic and anaerobic 63
wastewater systems
4-12 The electric generating of seafood processing industry analysis 64
4-13 The summary production analysis of 91 seafood industries. 65
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LIST OF TABLES (cont.)
Table Page
4-14 The calculation CH4 from seafood processing industry wastewater 67
treatment.
4-15 The greenhouse gas emission reduction from wastewater treatment 68
system of seafood processing industry in form of ton CO2/year
4-16 The value of greenhouse gas emission reduction from wastewater 68
treatment system of seafood processing industry.
4-17 The reduction of CH4 and CERs value from wastewater treatment 69
system of seafood processing industry.
4-18 The potential of electricity generated and greenhouse gas emission 70
reduction of seafood processing industry
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2-1 Greenhouse Gases in the atmosphere 9
2-2 Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere 10
2-3 Methane concentration in the atmosphere 10
2-4 The relationship of the different parties involved and the 18
benefits are illustrated
2-5 The Clean Development Mechanism project cycle 19
2-6 Fixed dome digester 39
2-7 Floating drum digester or Indian digester 39
2-8 Plastic covered ditch or plug flow digester 40
2-9 Thailand ranking of international trade 2001 42
4-1 The summary data of sent, returnable and no return 54
4-2 The wastewater treatment system of seafood processing industry 57
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Chemical substances
CH4 Methane
CO2 Carbon dioxide
HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons
N2O Nitrous oxide
PCFs Perfluorocarbons
SF6 Sulfur hexachloride
Institution
EFE Energy for Environment Foundation
EIT Economies in Transition
EPPO Energy Policy and Planning Office Ministry of Energy
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
ONEP Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning
TGO Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public
Organization)
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Others
B0 Maximum methane produce capacity of wastewater
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CDM EB Clean Development Mechanism Executive Board
CERs Certified Emission Reduction
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
DNA Designated National Authority
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)
GHGs Greenhouse gases
GWP Global Warming Potential
MCF Methane conversion factor
PDD Project Design Document
SS Suspended Solids
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TJ Terajoule
TKN Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Units
°C Degree Celsius
Kcal Kilocalorie
Ktoe Kilo Ton Oil Equivalent
KW Kilowatt
m2
Square meter
m3
Cubic meter
MJ Mega joule
MtCO2e Metric Tonne Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
MW Megawatt
pH power of Hydrogen ion
ppb Part per billion
ppm Part per million
ton CO2 eq Ton Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and justification
Greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature of the earth’s surface due to
the presence of an atmosphere containing gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation
and trap energy from the sun. Greenhouse gas (that have six types of anthropogenic
greenhouse gas emission as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide
(N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PCFs) and sulfur hexachloride
(SF6) [1]) is the clause of greenhouse in Kyoto Protocol. Almost greenhouse gases
generate from human activities; burning fossil fuels, agriculture, livestock and
industries. The live style was changed from naturalism to socialism while volume of
energy consumption was increased such as fuel and electricity. In addition, the impact
of greenhouse gases are heat waves and periods of unusually warm weather, sea level
rise and coastal flooding, glacier melting, arctic and antarctic warming, spreading
disease, earlier spring arrival, plant and animal range shifts and population declines,
coral reef bleaching, downpours, heavy snowfalls and flooding, droughts and fires,
changing of environment and ecosystem, increase in the frequency and severity of
storms.
Greenhouse gas volume at atmosphere were more increased especially
carbon dioxide; in 1930 carbon dioxide concentrate was not over 300 ppm but in 2005
carbon dioxide concentrate increased to 381 ppm and tendency more increase in 2009.
In 2003, The United States Department of energy’s Carbon Dioxide Information
Analysis Center (CDIAC) reported about carbon dioxide emission from the top five
countries; United States Virgin Islands 121.3 tons/person, Qatar 63.1 tons/person,
United Arab Emirates 33.6 tons/person, Kuwait 31.1 tons/person, Bahrane 31
tons/person and another big countries; U.S.A. 19.8 tons/person, Australia 18
tons/person, Canada 17.9 tons/person, Russia 10.3 tons/person, Japan 9.7 tons/person
and Thailand 3.9 tons/person.
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To solve the problem, the United Nations has launched the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change for control and decelerate greenhouse
effect, which the ultimate object is “to achieve a stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at the the level that would present dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system” that provides the outline of global
action plan to mitigate adverse effect on the atmosphere [2].
The Kyoto Protocol was designed to further strengthen the provisions of
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and introduced flexible
mechanisms that would allow a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the most
cost-effect, efficient and sustainable manner.
The Clean Development Mechanism is one of three mechanisms from The
Kyoto Protocol that provide Annex I countries and Non-annex I countries. The
opportunity to joint implement project can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
contribution to Non-annex countries. The Clean Development Mechanism is offered
channeling foreign investment to those countries to promote sustainable development
and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change CDM-Executive Board annual report of 2009 there is 1,899 registered
the Clean Development Mechanism projects such as China, India, Brazil, Mexico,
Malaysia [3].
Thailand is a Non-annex I country that can participate in the clean
development mechanism project. The one of implementation is biogas project to
replace fuel in the factory and then can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. There are
many industries that can apply the Clean Development Mechanism project protect
implementing such as cassava starch, palm oil, alcohol, food and pig farm [4]. That
projects have high Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand
loading so it cluases high cost of wastewater treatment and bad smelling around
community site. The most important cause of global warming is methane releasing to
atmosphere which is potentially greater than carbon dioxide for 25 times. Wastewater
utilization can promote sustainable energy by anaerobic treatment to gain biogas
which can replace fuel and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
However, Thai government by Ministry of Energy proposes policy about
energy saving and reduction fuel consumption by promoting biogas project with SMEs
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with government sector or other industries. Ministry of Energy will provide budgets
and technological support to the private sectors who are interested in this project.
Now, there were many successful members who continued operation. This research
are to study the potential of seafood processing industry to implement the Clean
Development Mechanism project for biogas production because this industry has high
amount of Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand loading.
Ministry of Energy focuses on achievment of the Clean Development Mechanism
project on a great number of Thailand industries toward the high amount of biogas,
electricity, greenhouse gas reduction and value of certified emission reduction.
1.2 Objectives of the study
1.2.1 To analyze the potential of seafood processing industry in Thailand
toward the production of biogas and greenhouse gas reduction.
1.2.2 To analyze the potential of seafood processing industry in Thailand
toward volume and value of energy generation.
1.2.3 To analyze the potential of seafood processing industry in Thailand
toward volume and value of Certified Emission Reduction.
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1.3 Conceptual framework
Seafood processing industry wastewater
(high volume of Chemical Oxygen Demand)
Clean Development Mechanism
Biogas from wastewater
Greenhouse gas emission reduction
Volume and value of electricity
Volume and value of greenhouse gas
reduction (CERs)
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1.4 Scopes of the study
1.4.1 To study the potential of greenhouse gas reduction of seafood
processing industry from wastewater treatment in Thailand 91 factories.
1.4.2 Seafood processing industry are category type 3; horsepower >50 or
manpower >50 refers to Department of Industrial Work [5].
1.4.3 The analyze potential of seafood processing industry will be done
according to list of Department of Industrial Works on December, 2009.
1.4.4 Seafood processing industries are manufacturing of cut open,
preserve, finish goods, distill and packaging.
1.4.5 The potential in greenhouse gas reduction of seafood processing
industry will be study from production capacity record of year 2009.
1.5 Definition term
1.5.1 Biogas is the by product gases from the anaerobic digestion of
organic matter in liquor and feed industrial wastewater.
1.5.2 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the mechanism
stimulating sustainable development and emission reduction projects in Annex I
countries to earn certified emission reduction credits, while giving industrialized
countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets.
1.5.3 Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) is the unit of greenhouse gas
emission reduction from the Clean Development Mechanism project activity. The
certified emission reductions are expressed in metric tons of carbon dioxide
equivalent. One unit of Certified Emission Reduction is equal to one metric ton of
carbon dioxide equivalent.
1.5.4 CERs value is the price of certified emission reduction (CERs),
calculated in term of Bath/ton carbon dioxide equivalent.
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1.6 Expected results
1.6.1 The potential of greenhouse gas emission reduction and value of
certified emission reduction, volume and value of energy generating from seafood
processing industry wastewater in form the Clean Development Mechanism project
implementing in Thailand.
1.6.2 Baseline for Government organization such as Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment, Ministry of Energy, Office of the National Economic and
Social Development Board etc. To plan about policy in the future and appreciate to the
Clean Development Mechanism project implement.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
The objective of this research is to study potential of greenhouse gases
reduction from the Clean Development Mechanism project implementing in seafood
processing industry in Thailand. This chapter is studied and reviewed the related
concepts and concerned knowledge in 7 topic as below;
2.1 Greenhouse gases
2.2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2.3 Kyoto protocol
2.4 Clean Development Mechanism
2.5 Biogas
2.6 Food processing industry in Thailand
2.7 Relevant researches
2.1 Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are gaseous components of the atmosphere that can
absorb infrared radiation. These gases are important in maintenance a constant
temperature on earth. There are six types of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions
that are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexachloride [1]. However, water
vapor, ozone and chlorofluorocarbon are greenhouse gases too.
Carbon dioxide is released during burning of fossil fuels such as oil,
natural gas and coal, wood and waste products. This burning of fossil fuels is the
major contributor to global warming.
Methane is emitted from the decomposition of biologically active waste in
municipal solid waste landfills, paddy field and livestock.
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Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as
well as combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.
Hydrofluorocarbons are used as a substitute for chlorofluorocarbons and
hydrochlorofluorocarbons in refrigerator machine and air condition.
Perfluorocarbons are emitted from semiconductor manufacture and
aluminum smelting.
Sulphur hexafluoride is used in electrical breakers, as well as magnesium
casting, sound insulation and semiconductor etching [6].
Table 2-1 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Potential
Greenhouse Gases Global Warming Potential
IPCC 1995 IPCC 2001 IPCC 2007
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1 1 1
Methane (CH4) 21 23 25
Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 310 296 298
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 140 - 11,700 12 – 12,000 124 - 14,800
Perfluorocarbons (PCFs) 6,500 - 9,200 5,700 – 11,900 7,390 - 12,200
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 23,900 22,200 22,800
Source: [7],[8]
Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas because
authropogenic activities cause an increase of greenhouse gas emissions from the
burning of fossil fuels and natural gases, livestock rearing and farming which are led
to increase concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide, the combustion from car
engines is contributed to the release ozone.
Methane is the main source of natural gas; from wetlands. The other
sources are generated from direct or indirect human activities, such as coal mining,
natural gas, petroleum industries, rice paddy, enteric fermentation, waste treatment,
landfill and biomass burning [9].
Nitrous oxide is another minor greenhouse gas. Its concentration in the
atmosphere is about 0.3 ppm that is rising about 0.25 percent per year. The main
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emission is associated with natural and agricultural ecosystems. Other emissions are
biomass burning and chemical industry.
Figure 2-1 Greenhouse Gases in the atmosphere
Source: [4]
These studies of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
are indicated greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that are rapidly increased in the last
200 years. Carbon dioxide levels have increased from 280 ppm in the year 1800 to 360
ppm in the year 2000. Methane levels increased more than doubled - from 750 ppb in
1800 to 1,750 ppb in 2000 and nitrous oxide is increased from 270 ppb in 1800 to 310
ppb in 2000.
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Figure 2-2 Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere
Source: [4]
Figure 2-3 Methane concentration in the atmosphere
Source: [4]
The Figure 2-2 is estimated future carbon dioxide concentrations in
atmosphere from a current level of 300 - 400 ppm., maybe over than 900 ppm in year
2100 and Figure 2-3 is estimated methane increasing from 1,750 ppb at current levels
to 3,500 ppb within the year 2100.
2.2 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
During 1980s, scientist evidence about the possibility of global climate
change led to growing public concern. By 1990, a series of international conferences
had issued for global treaty to address the problem. The United Nations Environment
Programme and The World Meteorological Organization responded by establishing an
intergovernmental working group to prepare for treaty negotiations. Rapid progress
Year
Year
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was made, in part because of work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
and by meetings such as the 1990 Second World Climate Conference.
In response of the United Nations General Assembly set up the
Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate
Change (INC/FCCC) and adopted the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change on 9 May, 1992 in New York.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change opened
for signature in June, 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) or known as the Rio Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janero,
Brazil. The convention received 155 signatures and entered into force on March 21st,
1994. The objectives is "to achieve a stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in
the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time frame
sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food
production is not threatened and to enable development to proceed in a sustainable
manner". The basic principles of The United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change objectives are reducing greenhouse gas emissions, providing financial
and technological support for sustainable development, exchanging of information
related to climate change, promoting the adaptation to climate change, providing
assistance to developing countries [2]. The commitment of the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change are requires all countries to report on their
greenhouse gas emissions and activities related to climate change. This is considered
of utmost importance as these reports that are used in meetings to evaluate the
performances of signatory nations.
Annex I countries have agreed to establish national policies and
undertaken measures to reduce climate change and limit anthropogenic greenhouse gas
emissions by establishing appropriate controls and providing "sinks" and "reservoirs"
for these gases. They have committed to reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gases, that are not governed by the Montreal Protocol, to 1990
levels by the turn of the century and will either accomplish this on their own or under
a joint effort.
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Parties to the Convention must establish national and regional policies for
responding to human-induced climate change, and provide "reservoirs" for the
removal of all greenhouse gases are not governed by the Montreal Protocol. They must
also propose measurment for adapting to the impacts of climate change, as well as
promote and cooperate in the development, use and transfer of technology and
mechanisms for the control, reduction or prevention of anthropogenic greenhouse gas
emissions in all sectors including energy, transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and
waste management. They are also required to cooperate in conducting scientific,
technical, technological, social and economic research and to develop appropriate
communication channels in order to promote the understanding and awareness of
climate change and reduce the uncertainties that exist with regards to its causes,
impacts, magnitude and frequency and the associated social and economic impacts of
the various response mechanisms.
Non-annex I countries are also required to prepare National
Communications reports and would be assisted financially. After receiving such
assistance, they need to submit their first or Initial National Communications report
within 3 years [10].
The commitments above are categorize the parties 2 groups to achieve the
objectives, which are Annex I countries and Non-annex countries.
Annex I countries
Representing economies that are well developed. That high emission rate
of greenhouse gas is important for the commitment that is assign them to establish
national policies and undertaken measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the
1990 level in 2000 and they had National Communication to their yearly report of
greenhouse gas emissions. Annex I parties consist of countries belonging the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and countries designed by
Economies in Transition (EIT).
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Table 2-2 Annex I countries and commitments for reduction of greenhouse gases
Country Target
(% of base year)
Country Target
(% of base year)
Australia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria*
Canada
Croatia*
Czech Republic*
Denmark
Estonia*
European Community
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary*
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Latvia*
108
92
100
92
92
94
95
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
92
94
110
92
92
94
92
Liechtenstein
Lithuania*
Luxembourg
Monaco
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland*
Portugal
Romania*
Russian Federation*
Slovakia*
Slovenia*
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine*
United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Iceland
United States of America*
92
92
92
92
92
100
101
94
92
100
92
92
92
92
92
92
100
92
92
93
Remark: * some EIT countries have different base year than 1999
** United State of America has not rarified the Kyoto Protocol # N.A.
Source: [11]
Non-annex I countries
Representing economies that considered to be underdeveloped or in the
process of developing.They had no commitment for reduction of greenhouse gases but
they were also required to prepare National Communication reports and had less
stringent inventory recording requirement. They had timeframe to report more flexible
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 14
than Annex I countries and would be assisted financially from Global Environment
Facility.
Table 2-3 Non-annex I countries
Country
Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola
Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Armenia Azerbaijan
Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados
Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia
Bosnia & Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Burkina Faso
Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde
Central African Republic Chad Chile China
Republic Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands
Costa Rico Cuba Cyprus Cote d’Ivoire
Democratic People’s Korea Congo Djibouti Dominica
Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt EI Salvador
Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Fiji
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Gabon Gambia
Georgia Ghana Grenada Guatemala
Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti
Honduras India Indonesia Iran
Israel Jamaica Jordan Kazakhstan
Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan
Loa Lebanon Lesotho Liberia
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Madagascar Malawi Malaysia
Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands
Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia
Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar
Namibia Nauru Nepal Nicaragua
Niger Nigeria Niue Oman
Pakistan Palau Panama Paraguay
Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Qatar
Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Rwanda Saint Lucia
Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Vincent & Grenadines Samoa San Mario
Sao Tome & Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 15
Table 2-3 Non-annex I countries (cont.)
Country
Erbia & Montenegro Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands
South Africa Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname
Swaziland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Thailand
Togo Tonga Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia
Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Uruguay
United Arab Emirates United Republic of Tanzania Uzbekistan Vanuatu
Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia
Zimbabwe
Source: [11]
2.3 Kyoto protocol
Beginning in 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change issued
a series of reports indicating that greenhouse gases which are being emitted into the
atmosphere in ever greater amounts due to human activities have the potential to cause
serious climate disruption. The greenhouse gases are expected to contribute an
accelerated warming of the planet with potentially dangerous interference in the
world’s climate system [12].
In 1992, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
commits its more than 167 parties to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in
the climate system. The objective of the Kyoto Protocol is the stabilization of levels of
greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere in order to stall global warming. The
Kyoto Protocol was first adopted in principle at a 1997; United Nations-sponsored
meeting held in Kyoto, Japan the purpose of regulating levels of greenhouse gases in
the earth’s atmosphere [12].
The Kyoto Protocol is the United Nation Framework convention on
climate change from Conference of the Parties in 1997. The commitments required
countries agree with reducing greenhouse gas emission to atmosphere. The main
required about reduce greenhouse gases emission to five per cent from 1990 within
2008-2012 but different in each countries. Greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide,
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 16
methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexachloride.
The Kyoto protocol establishes three mechanisms to assist in emissions reductions [1].
The Protocol requires each participating country to achieve its particular
emissions targets by the period 2008-2012, with evidence of demonstrable progress by
2005. Countries undergoing the process of transition to a market economy, such as
many Eastern European nations, were accorded some flexibility under the Protocol in
meeting their emission target deadlines. It is important to note that nations do not have
the same emission reduction targets under the Protocol. Instead, different groups of
nations have different targets. For example, Canada’s target is to bring greenhouse gas
emissions to six percent lower than what its emissions were in the year 1990. Most
European countries, by contrast are oblige to reduce their emissions to eight percent
below their 1990 levels.
Under the endorse nations of the Protocol are divided into two categories
as developed and developing nations. This distinction is based on economics, with the
developed nations or Annex I countries representing economies that are well
developed, such as Canada, Japan, Russia, and most European nations. The developing
nations or Non-annex I countries by contrast, represent economies considered to be
underdeveloped or in the process of developing, such as China, India, and the nations
of Africa and South America. Only Annex I nation have binding greenhouse gas
emission for funding greenhouse gas reduction project, while Non-Annex I countries
are currently exempt however, do have an important role to play in the Protocol’s
flexibility. The Protocol provides for three mechanisms [13].
2.3.1 Joint implementation (JI) as defined in article 6 of the Kyoto
Protocol, is a combined effort by Annex I countries to increase their reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions more than would otherwise occur under normal conditions
that allows to implement project that for reduce emissions or increase removals by
sinks in the territories. Emissions reduction units generated by such projects can then
be used by investing Annex I countries to help meet their emission targets.
2.3.2 Emission trading as defined in article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, is
the trading permits of greenhouse gas emissions for only Annex I countries. That
allows to purchase’s assigned amount units’ of emissions from other countries that
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 17
find it easier, relatively speaking, to meet their emissions targets. This enables
countries utilize lower cost opportunities to curb emissions or increase removals,
irrespective of where those opportunities exist, in order to reduce the overall cost of
mitigation climate change.
2.3.3 The Clean Development Mechanism as defined in article 12 of the
Kyoto Protocol, are provides for Annex I and non-Annex I countries the opportunity to
jointly to implement projects that reduce emissions in developing countries. The
certified emissions reductions generated can be use to help meet their targets.
2.4 Clean Development Mechanism
The Clean Development Mechanism was established under Article 12 of
Kyoto Protocol adopted by the Third Conference of the Parties to Framework
Convention on Climate Change on December 11, 1997. The Clean Development
Mechanism is one of three mechanisms established by the Kyoto Protocol to promote
sustainable development and reduces greenhouse gas emissions, while giving
industrialized nations with commitments in how they meet their emission reduction
target. The Clean Development Mechanism idea is to reduce of greenhouse gases with
Certified Emission Reductions. Under the Clean Development Mechanism
supplementary to domestic actions, an Annex I party is allowed to implement a project
for reduce greenhouse gases emissions, and in non-Annex I party for removes the
greenhouse gases by carbon sequestration or sinks. The implementation of the Clean
Development Mechanism projects must be approved by the host country and must lead
to sustainable development in the host country.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 18
Figure 2-4 The relationship of the different parties involve and the benefits.
Source: [13]
Thailand is classified as a non-Annex I party and is not obliged to any
emission reduction targets. Instead, Thailand is eligible to participate in the Clean
Development Mechanism as a host country, attracting environmentally friendly
investment from the governments and business sectors of developed countries.
Participation under Clean Development Mechanism scheme must be voluntary and
must be approved by all parties involved. In this way, Thailand can utilize Clean
Development Mechanism to promote the sustainable use of natural resources; reduce
environmental problems related to industry and urban areas; and promote sustainable
energy development.
Benefit of Clean Development Mechanism project implementation, can
reduced greenhouse gas emission in obligation in Annex I parties and in non-Annex I
also reduced greenhouse gas emission.
2.4.1 The Clean Development Mechanism project cycle
The carbon component of a mitigation project cannot acquire value in the
international carbon market unless it is submitted to a verification process designed
specifically to measure and audit the carbon component of the project.
Annex I Countries
CDM Project Owner
Technology provider
Host Country CDM EB
CERs $
CERs
GHG emission reduction
Letter of Approval
Sustainable Development
Clean technology $
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 19
According to the Marrakech Accords, the cycle of a Clean Development
Mechanism project has five fun-demented stages: identification and formulation,
national approval, validation and registration, monitoring and verification. The first
three are performed previous to the implementation of the project. The last two are
performed during the lifetime of the project.
Figure 2-5 The Clean Development Mechanism project cycle
Source: [13]
2.4.2 Type of Clean Development Mechanism projects
1) General Clean Development Mechanism project
2) The Clean Development Mechanism forestry project [2]
A forest is defined as minimum area of 0.05–1.0 hectares (500-
10,000 m2) with more than 10-30 percent crown cover and these trees must be the
potential to grow to a minimum of a least 2-5 meters.
- Afforestation means the conversion of land that has
never been a forest within the last 50 year to become a forested land by planting,
seeding or promoting of natural growth.
Identification and
Formulation
National Approval
Validation and
Registration
Monitoring
Verification and
Certification
Pre-Implementation of Project During Implementation
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Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 20
- Reforestation means the conversion of previously
forested land which had been altered, to return back to being forested land by planting,
seeding or promoting of natural growth. For the purpose of the first commitment
period, reforestation will be limited to land that is not a forest on 31 December 1989.
During the first commitment period, which is a period of five
years, Annex I countries can utilize credits from Clean Development Mechanism
Forestry Project to fulfill commitments by no more than 1 percent of greenhouse gas
reduction from the base year multiply by five.
3) Small-scale Clean Development Mechanism projects.
Small-scale Clean Development Mechanism projects are those
that will help to reduce the costs and decrease the time required for registration as a
Clean Development Mechanism project because of a more simplified procedure. There
are three types of activities that can be implemented as a small-scale Clean
Development Mechanism project.
- Renewable energy project with a maximum production
output of no more than 15 MW.
- Improvement of energy efficiency projects which can
reduce energy usage by no more than 15 GW-hr per year.
- Other types of projects that can lead to a reduction in
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and emit no more than 15,000 tons of carbon
dioxide equivalents.
- Small-scale afforestation and reforestation projects
absorb no more than 8,000 tons of carbon dioxide equivalents per year (any more
absorption will not be considered as a credit).
2.4.3 The situation of The Clean Development Mechanism
1) The situation of Clean Development Mechanism project
implementation in various countries.
There are 864 projects from 49 host countries that were
registered from United Nation Framwork Convention on Climate Change CDM-
Executive Board. Those projects were expected to reduce greenhouse gas emission
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 21
about 185,473,153 ton CO2 eq/year. India was the country most Clean Development
Mechanism projects were registered with 296 projects, 137 projects in China, 113
projects in Brazil and 98 projects in Mexico.
Table 2.4 Host countries and number of Clean Development Mechanism registered
projects
Host country Number of projects Average annual educations (ton CO2 eq)
Argentina
Armenia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Bolivia
Brazil
Cambodia
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Cyprus
Dominican Republic
Equador
Egypt
EI Salvador
Fiji
Georgia
Guatemala
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Israel
Jamaica
Lao
Malaysia
10
3
2
1
2
113
1
21
137
6
5
1
2
1
9
3
4
1
1
5
12
296
11
7
1
1
21
3,851,143
200,998
169,259
524
224,371
17,413,991
51,620
3,949,929
89,442,323
414,205
251,600
342,235
72,552
123,916
435,088
1,685,393
431,303
24,928
72,700
279,694
229,032
28,020,608
2,029,430
493,638
52,540
3,338
2,029,199
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 22
Host country
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Nepal
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
Qatar
Republic of Korea
Republic of Moldova
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Tunisia
Uganda
Tanzania
Uruguay
Viet Nam
Number of projects
98
3
3
2
3
1
1
5
1
8
14
1
16
3
12
4
5
2
1
1
1
2
Avg. annual Reductions(tonCO2eq)
6,634,124
71,904
223,313
93,883
456,570
1,496,934
1,050,000
118,702
278,904
869,032
359,718
2,499,649
14,352,204
47,343
2,259,864
109,619
638,686
687,573
36,210
202,271
9,787
681,306
Source: [3]
The first three high investor parties are United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The Netherlands and Japan.
2) The situation of Clean Development Mechanism project
in Thailand
The Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy &
Planning, is undertaking the establishing of a Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management
Organization that would act as the Designated National Authority for Clean
Development Mechanism project in Thailand. Office of Natural Resources and
Environmental Policy and Planing has drafted Clean Development Mechanism
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 23
procedure for review and the document required. Thailand’s trader had submitted 42
projects application to Clean Development Mechanism project. The Methodology
Panel by Executive Board by Bonn, Germany had approved 15 projects that can
reduce Greenhouse gases emissions and be continued at in the Project Design
Document.
Table 2-5 Project approved
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
1 Dan Chang Bio-
Energy Cogeneration
Project (DCBC)
Dan Chang Bio-
Energy Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
sugar cane
21 93,129 41
2 Phu Khieo Bio-
Energy Cogeneration
Project (PKBC)
Phu Khieo Bio-
Energy Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
sugar cane
21 102,493 41
3 Korat Waste To
Energy
Korat Waste to
Energy Co. Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
15 312,774*
310,843**
714,546**
*
3
4 A.T. Biopower Rice
Husk Power Project in Pichit, Thailand
A.T. Biopower
Co. Ltd.
Electricity from
paddy
25 77,292*
70,772** 100,678**
*
20
5 Rubber Wood
Residue Power Plant
in Yala, Thailand
Gulf Electric
Public Co., Ltd.
(Gulf) Thailand
Electricity from
Hevea
brasiliensis
25 60,000 20.2
6 Khon Kaen Sugar
Power Plant
Khon Kean
Sugar Industry
Public Co., Ltd
Electricity from
sugar cane
20 61,449 30
7 Wastewater treatment with Biogas System
in a Starch Plant for
Energy and
Environment
Conservation in
Nakorn Ratchasima
Sima Interproduct
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity and heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
20 31,454 1.8
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Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 24
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
8 Wastewater
Treatment with
Biogas System in a
Starch Plant for
Energy and
Environment
Conservation in
Chachoengsao
Sima
Interproduct
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
20 19,369 -
9 Surat Thani Biomass
Power Generation
Project in Thailand
Surat Thani
Green Energy
Co. Ltd.
Electricity from
oil cake
20 173,359*
106,592**
9.95
10 Natural Palm Oil
Company Limited – 1
MW Electricity
Generation and
Biogas Plant Project
Natural Palm
Oil Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
15 17,533 1
11 Northeastern Starch
(1987) CO.,Ltd. --
LPG Fuel Switching
Project
Northeastern
Starch (1987)
Co. Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
20 27,321 1
12 Chumporn applied biogas technology for
advanced waste water
management
Chumporn Palm Oil Industry
Public Co. Ltd.
Heat from Palm oil factory’s
wastewater
20 23,436* 23,448**
-
13 Surin Electricity
Company Limited
Surin Electric
Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
sugar cane
20 12,197 10
14 Jaroensompong
Corporation
Rachathewa Landfill
Gas to Energy Project
Jaroensompong
Co. Ltd.
Electricity from
landfill
20 47,185 1
15 Ratchaburi Farms
Biogas Project at Nong Bua Farm
Nong Bua Farm
& Country Home Village
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
pig farm’s wastewater
20 15,958 1.38
16 Ratchaburi Farms
Biogas Project at
Veerachai Farm
Electricity
product from
pig farm’s
wastewater
Electricity from
pig farm’s
wastewater
20 32,092 950 kW
17 Ratchaburi Farms
Biogas Project at
SPM Farm
SPM Feedmill
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
pig farm’s
wastewater
20 23,556 480 kW
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 25
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
18 Jiratpattana Biogas
Energy Project
Jiratpattana
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
20 46,758*
24,726**
1.4
19 Kitroongruang
Biogas Energy
Project
Thai Biogas
Energy
Company
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
25 19,578*
17,328**
1.4
20 Chao Khun Agro
Biogas Energy
Project
Thai Biogas
Energy
Company
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s wastewater
25 55,319*
48,167**
1.4
21 Cassava Waste To
Energy Project,
Kalasin, Thailand
(CWTE project)
Cassava Waste
To Energy
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
12 81,502*
87,586**
-
22 Organic Waste
Composting at
Vichitbhan
Plantation, Chumporn
Province, Thailand
Vichitbhan
Plantation
Co.,Ltd.
Organic
fertilizer from
oil cake and
wastewater
20 397,500 -
23 V.P. Farms Pig
Manure
Methanisation,
Methane Recovery
and Energy
Production Project
Foxsys Co.,Ltd.
with V.P.F
Group Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
pig farm
wastewater
10 38,067 2.16
24 Catalytic N2O
Abatement Project in
the tail gas of the
Caprolactam
production plant in Thailand
Thai
Caprolactam
Public Co.,Ltd.
Nitrous oxide
reduction
emission
25 168,887*
142,402**
-
25 Univanich Lamthap
POME Biogas
Project
Univanich Palm
Oil Public
Co.Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
25 47,673*
43,650**
952 kW
26 Power Prospect 9.9
MW Rice Husk
Power Plant
Power Prospect
Company
Limited
Electricity from
paddy
21 33,788*
35,367**
9.9
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 26
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
27 Biomass thermal and
electricity generation
project for Thai
Urethane Plastic
Thai Urethane
Plastic and
T.U.P. Energy
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
biomass
10 18,150 2
28 Siam Cement (Thung
Song) Waste Heat
Power Generation
Project Thailand
(TS5 Project)
Siam Cement
Energy Reserve
Electricity from
waste heat
20 25,373 7.88
29 Siam Cement (Ta
Luang) Waste Heat
Power Generation
Project Thailand
(TL5&6 Project)
Siam Cement
Energy Reserve
Electricity from
waste heat
20 44,138 16.65
30 Siam Cement (Kaeng
Khoi) Waste Heat
Power Generation
Project Thailand
(KK6 Project)
Siam Cement
Energy Reserve
Electricity from
waste heat
20 29,301 9.1
31 WWW Treatment with Biogas
Technology in a
Tapioca Processing
Plant at P.V.D.
International Co.,Ltd.
P.V.D International
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
20 48,481* 50,663**
2.8
32 WWW Treatment
with Biogas
Technology in a
Tapioca Processing
Plant at Roi Et Flour
Roi-Et Flour
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
20 38,920*
40,276**
1.4
33 CYY Biopower
WWW treatment
plant including
biogas reuse for
thermal oil
replacement &
electric generation
Project,
CYY Bio Power
Co., Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
30 99,399*
97,468**
1.95
34 N.E. Biotech
wastewater treatment and power production
project
N.E. Biotech
Co., Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
30 50,951 0.96
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 27
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
35 Bangna Starch
Wastewater
Treatment and Biogas
Utilization Project
T & Papop
renewable
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
30 51,085*
41,701**
2.6
36 Siam Quality Starch
Wastewater
Treatment and
Energy Generation
Project in
Chaiyaphum, Thailand
Siam Quality
Starch Co.,Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
12 98,839*
98,372**
-
37 C.P.A.T tapioca
processing
wastewater biogas
extraction and
utilization project,
Nakhonratchasima
Province, Kingdom
of Thailand
Corn Product
Amadass
(Thailand)
Heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
30 149,975 -
38 Eiamburapa
Company Ltd. Tapioca starch
wastewater biogas
extraction and
utilization project,
Sakaeo Province,
Kingdom of Thailand
Eiam Burapa
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
30 114,262*
56,004**
2.2
39 Grid-connected
Electricity
Generation from
Biomass at Advance
Bio Power
Advance Bio
Power Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
eucalyptus
25 28,096 9.5
40 Grid-connected
Electricity
Generation from
Biomass at Bua Yai
Bio Power
Bua Yai Bio
Power Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
paddy
25 23,579 7.5
41 Green to Energy
Wastewater
Treatment Project in
Thailand (the project)
GreenTrue
Energy Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
15 29,876 978 kW
42 Biogas from Ethanol
Wastewater for
Electricity Generation
Bio Natural
Energy
Company Limited
Electricity from
Ethanol factory
’s wastewater
14 24,578 1,063
kW
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 28
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
43 TBEC Tha Chang
Biogas
Thai Biogas
Energy Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm and rubber factory’s
wastewater
25 54,497 1.4 MW
44 Thailand AEP
Livestock Waste
Management Project
Advance Energy
Plus Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
pig farm’s
wastewater
20 57,993 1.19
MW
45 TPI Polene Waste
Heat Recovery Power
Plant Project,
Thailand
Tpi Polene
Power Co., Ltd
Electricity from
waste heat of
TPI Polene
20 89,517 32 MW
46 Mungcharoen Green
Power-9.9 MW Rice
Husk Fired Power Plant Project
Mungcharoen
Green Power
Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
paddy
21 38,033 9.9 MW
47 Wastewater
Treatment with
Biogas System in
Palm Oil Mill at
Sikao, Trang,
Thailand
O Ta Ko
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
20 15,431 1 MW
48 Wastewater
Treatment with
Biogas System in
Palm Oil Mill at Saikhueng, Surat
Thani, Thailand
Thai Talow and
Oil Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
20 18,739 1 MW
49 Wastewater
Treatment with
Biogas System in
Palm Oil Mill at
Sinpun, Surat Thani,
Thailand
S.P.O. Agro
Industry
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
20 18,155 1 MW
50 Wastewater
Treatment with Biogas System in
Palm Oil Mill at
Bangsawan, Surat
Thani, Thailand
Thai Talow and
Oil Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil factory’s
wastewater
20 18,396 1 MW
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 29
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
51 Wastewater
Treatment with Biogas System in
Palm Oil Mill at
Kanjanadij, Surat
Thani, Thailand
Sang Siri Aro
Industry Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil factory’s
wastewater
20 18,359 1 MW
52 Eiamheng Tapioca
Starch Industry
Co.,Ltd. Tapioca
starch wastewater
biogas extraction and
utilization project,
Nakhonratchasima
Province, Kingdom of Thailand
Eiamheng
Tapioca Starch
Industry Co.,
Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
21 394,125 1.4 MW
x 2
Units
53 Bionersis Project
Thailand 1
Bionersis
(Thailand) Ltd.
Electricity from
landfill
10 71,474*
118,609**
2 MW
54 Green Glory
Wastewater
Treatment and
Electricity
Generation in
Suratthani, Thailand
Green Glory
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
12 17,132*
16,916**
500 KW
x 2
Units
55 Southern Palm Wastewater
Treatment and
Electricity
Generation in
Suratthani,Thailand
The Southern Palm (1978)
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
12 18,343* 18,622**
500 KW x 2
Units
56 Biomass gasification
for electricity
generation in Lop
Buri Province by
A+Power Co.,Ltd.
A+Power
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
Mimosa
30 6,240 0.9 MW
x 2
Units
57 Pitak Palm Wastewer Treatment and Biogas
Utilization Project
Pitak Palm Oil Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
15 12,116 1063 KW
58 Chok Chai Starch
Wastewater
Treatment and
Energy Generation
Project in Uthai
Thani, Thailand
Chok Chai
Starch Co., Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
15 60,826 0.45
MW
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 30
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
59 Avoidance of
methane emission
from the wastewater
treatment facility in
K.S. Bio-Plus Co.
K.S. Bio-Plus
Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
20 59,505 0.952
MW x 3
Units
60 T.H. Pellet
Wastewater
Treatment and Heat
and Electricity Generation in
Nakhon Ratchasima
T.H. Pellet Co.,
Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s wastewater
10 49,088 0.952
MW
61 Siam Cement (Kaeng
Khoi) Waste Heat
Power Generation
Project (KK3-5
Project)
Cementhai
Energy
Conservation
Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
heat waste
10 64,209 25 MW
62 Siam Cement (Thung
Song) Waste Heat
Power Generation
Project (TS46 Project)
Cementhai
Energy
Conservation
Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
heat waste
10 52,252 25 MW
63 Siam Cement (Ta
Luang) Waste Heat
Power Generation
Project, Khaw Wong
Plant (KW Project)
Cementhai
Energy
Conservation
Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
heat waste
10 50,033 18 MW
64 Siam Cement
(Lampang) Waste
Heat Power
Generation Project
(LP Project)
Cementhai
Energy
Conservation
Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
heat waste
10 26,784 12 MW
65 UPOIC Wastewater Treatment for Energy
Generation, Krabi
United Palm Oil Industry Public
Company
Limited
Electricity from Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
10 35,448 1.904 MW
66 Univanich TOPI
Biogas Project
Univanich Palm
Oil Public
Company Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
7 41,174 2.856
MW
67 Chantaburi Starch
Wastewater
Treatment and Biogas
Utilization Project
Chantaburi
Starch Power
Co., Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassavafactory’
s wastewater
15 41,034 0.950
MW x 2
Units
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 31
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
68 Advanced wastewater
management at Rajburi Ethanol Plant
Rajburi Ethanol
Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
Ethanol factory’s
wastewater
15 70,557 -
69 Thachana Palm Oil
Company
Wastewater
Treatment Project in
Thailand
Thachana Palm
Oil Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
15 28,052*
23,844**
1.063
MW x 2
Units
70 Boiler Fuel Switching
to Biomass at
Kamphaeng Phet
Factory, Ajinomoto
Thailand
Ajinomoto
Co.,(Thailand)
Ltd.
Heat from
Biomass
(paddy)
30 151,502 -
71 Biogas project,
Cargill Siam Borabu
Cargill Siam
Ltd.
Electricity from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
21 58,926*
52,881**
1.364
MW x 2
Units
72 Energy efficiency
improvement of Mae
Moh power plant
through retrofitting
the turbines
Electricity
Generating
Authority of
Thailand
(EGAT)
Increase
efficiency of
electricity
production by
Low Pressure
Turbine
(Retrofit) installation
13 29,041 300
MW
73 Srijaroen Palm Oil
Wastewater
Treatment Project in
Krabi Province,
Thailand
Srijaroen Palm
Oil Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
15 21,525*
20,429**
1.063
MW
74 Chaiyaphum Starch
Plant Wastewater
Treatment and
Energy Generation
Project in Thailand
Mama
Development
Co., Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
15 57,177 1 MW
75 Sangpetch Tapioca
Flour Wastewater
Treatment and
Energy Generation
Project in Thailand
Mama
Development
Co., Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s
wastewater
15 55,718 1 MW
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 32
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
76 Methane recovery
and utilization project at S. S. Karnsura Co.,
Ltd., Ubon
Ratchathani, Thailand
Thai Beverage
Energy Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
liquor
20 54,112 -
77 Methane recovery
and utilization project
at Athimart Co., Ltd.,
Buri Ram, Thailand
Thai Beverage
Energy Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
liquor
20 43,363 -
78 Saraff Biogas
Wastewater
Treatment and Biogas
Utilization Project
Saraff Biogas
Energies Co.,
Ltd.
Electricity from
oil cake’s
wastewater in
Biomass
thermal and electricity
generation
25 25,075 1.364
MW
79 Saraff Energy EFB to
electricity project
Saraff Energies
Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
oil cake
25 46,615 9.5 MW
80 Lam Soon
Wastewater
Treatment for Energy
Generation, Trang
Lam Soon
(Thailand) PLC.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
20 21,667 0.952
MW
81 Jaroensompong
Corporation
Panomsarakham Landfill Gas to
Energy Project
Jaroensompong
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
landfill
10 93,320 1.02
MW X
2 Units
82 New installation of
an environmental
friendly can
production line at
Bangkok Can
Manufacturing
Co.Ltd.,Thailand
Bangkok Can
Manufacturing
Co., Ltd.
Increase
efficiency of
energy usage in
canning
process(TULC)
25 834 -
83 Decha Bio Green
Rice Husk Power Generation 7.5 MW
Decha Bio
Green Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
paddy
21 29,620*
28,237**
7.5 MW
84 Chiang Mai Landfill
Gas to Electricity
Project
Dynamic
Energy Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
landfill
21 81,366 1.26
MW x3
U.
85 Bangkok Kamphaeng
Saen East: Landfill
Gas to Electricity
Project
Green power
Co., Ltd. and PS
Natural Energy
Co., Ltd
Electricity from
landfill
21 280,871 1.063
MW x 9
Units
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 33
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
86 Bangkok Kamphaeng
Saen West: Landfill Gas to Electricity
Project
Zenith Green
Energy Co., Ltd. and Progress
Energy Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
landfill
21 273,424 6 MW
87 Thaisaree Rice Husk
Power Plant Project
FoxSys Co.,
Ltd.
Electricity from
paddy
21 15,799 6 MW
88 Blue Fire Bio
WWtreatment&
biogas utilization Pro.
Blue Fire Bio
Co., Ltd.
Electricity and
heat from
Cassava
factory’s WW
15 58,079 1 MW
x2 U.
89 Application of Biogas
System in Palm oil
Factory Wastewater
Management by
Modern Green Power Co.,Ltd.
Modern Green
Power, Krabi,
Thailand
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
20 50,005 1.063
MW x 2
Units
90 Kangwal Polyester
Biomass to Energy
Project
Kangwal
Polyester
Co.,Ltd.
Heat from
paddy
20 30,462 -
91 Active Synergy
Landfill Gas Power
Generation Project
Nakhon Pathom
Active Synergy
Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
landfill
10 32,661 1 MW
92 S.K. Power
Wastewater Project
S.K. Power Co.,
Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s wastewater
15 61,712 1,416
kW x 2
Units
93 Trang Palm Oil
Wastewater
Treatment Project in
Trang Province
Trang Palm Oil
Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
15 23,630 1.063
MW x 2
Units
94 1 MW Sirindhorn
Solar Cell, Thailand
Electricity
Generating
Authority of
Thailand
Electricity from
sun shine
25 851.10 1 MW
95 KI Biogas Co., Ltd.
Wastewater Treatment for Energy
Generation, Nakhon
Ratchasima
KI Biogas
Co.,Ltd.
Electricity from
Ethanol factory’s
wastewater
15 71,745 1 MW
x 4 Units
96 ES Bio-Energy
Wastewater
Treatment for Energy
Generation, Srakaew
ES Bio-Energy
Co.,Ltd.
Heat from
Ethanol
factory’s
wastewater
20 103,240 -
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 34
No Project name Project
development/
Project design
consultant
Project detail Project
period
(Year)
GHG
reduction
(ton CO2/yr)
Electric
generation
(MW)
97 Wastewater
Treatment Project at Thaindo Palm Oil
Factory, Lam Thap,
Krabi Province,
Thaindo Palm
Oil Factory Co., Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil factory’s
wastewater
15 20,875 0.5 MW
x 2 Units
98 Univanich Siam
Biogas to Energy
Project, Thailand
Univanich Palm
Oil Public
Company Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
21 27,194 0.952
MW
99 VG Energy' s Waste
to Power at
Vichitbhan Palm oil
Co., Ltd.
VG Energy Co.,
Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil
factory’s
wastewater
20 66,801 5.6 MW
100 VG Energy' s Waste
to Power at Vichitbhan Plantation
Co., Ltd.
VG Energy Co.,
Ltd.
Electricity from
Palm oil factory’s
wastewater
20 48,678 2.8 MW
* Forecast greenhouse gas reduction volume in PDD as submit to TGO
** Greenhouse gas reduction volume as register with CDM EB
*** Greenhouse gas reduction volume as approved from CDM EB
Source: [4]
2.4.4 Benefits from the Implementation of The Clean Development
Mechanism projects to Thailand
Table 2-6 Benefits from Clean Development Mechanism implementing to Thailand
Environmental Benefits Economic Benefits Social Benefits
Local Level
- Preservation of environment in
the local area where project is
being implemented.
- Reduction in the amount of
waste generated by using it as a
catalyst for energy production.
- Reduction in the use of non-
renewable energy.
- Projects relating to renewable energy
will incorporate agricultural products
such as palm, coconut, sunflower,
jatropha as raw materials.
- Farmers will be able to sell waste
material such as sugarcane leaves, rice
husks and wood chips for use in CDM
projects.
- Benefits the local labor market.
- Improved quality of lives
from improved environmental
quality.
- Provides more choices in
conducting business practices
that are beneficial to the
environment.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 35
Environmental Benefits Economic Benefits Social Benefits
National Level
- Projects relating to renewable energy
will incorporate agricultural products
such as palm, coconut, sunflower,
jatropha as raw materials.
- Farmers will be able to sell waste
material such as sugarcane leaves, rice
husks and wood chips for use in CDM
projects.
- Benefits the local labor market.
- Products are generated by cleaner
production processes.
- Reduces the dependence on imported
energy.
- Benefits the national economy.
- Tax benefits from the trading of
CERs which can be used to offset the
costs of funding environmental
protection and energy conservation.
- Play a role in the
management of a global issue.
- Increases the negotiating
capability at the international
arena
Source: [4]
Thailand has voluntarily reduced Greengouse Gas emissions though the
implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism twenty four project have been
resisted at the UNFCCC Executive Board with an estimated total emission reduction
of 1.7 MtCO2e per year
2.5 Biogas
Compositions of biogas are Methane (CH4), Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) by anaerobic digestion of the organic technology.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 36
Table 2-7 The composition of biogas
Composition Percent
CH4
CO2
H2
N2
H2S
O2
50-70
30-50
0-1
0-1
0-1
0-1
Source: [14]
Normally, biogas can be used as energy. The properties of it should have
heat value, heat capacity, ignition velocity and others
Table 2-8 The properties of biogas
Property Value Unit
Heat value
Ignition velocity
Theoretical A/F ratio
Air burning temperature
CH4 ignition temperature
Heat capacity (Cp)
Density
21
25
6.19
650
600
1.6
1.15
MJ/m3
cm/s
m3a/m
3g
oC
oC
kJ/m3-
oC
kg/m3
Source: [14]
2.5.1 Factor of organic digestion and gas generator [15] 1) Raw Materials
Raw materials can obtain from livestock and poultry wastes
such as food-processing, crop residues, aquatic weeds, water hyacinth, filamentous
algae, seaweed and waste from the agriculture.
2) Influent Solids Content
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 37
Biogas is efficient if fermentation materials, the raw-material
ratio to water should be 1:1 in the slurry; this corresponds to a total solids
concentration of 8 - 11 per cent by weight.
3) Loading
The loading rate should be the weight of total volatile solids
(TVS) added per day per unit volume of the digester or the weight of TVS added per
day per unit weight of TVS in the digester, after that is normally used for smooth
operation of the digester. Higher loading rates have been used when the ambient
temperature is high.
4) Seeding
The seed material should be twice the volume of the fresh
manure slurry during the start-up phase, with a gradual decrease in amount added over
a three-week period. If the digester accumulates volatile acids as a result of
overloading, the situation can be remedied by reseeding, or by the addition of lime or
other alkali.
5) pH
Methanogenic bacteria grows and generates gas generation in
pH range for anaerobic digestion of 6.0 - 8.0; efficient digestion occurs at a pH near
neutrality.
6) Temperature
With a mesospheric flora, digestion proceeds the best at 30 -
40 oC; with thermophiles, the optimum range is 50 - 60
oC.
7) Nutrients
The most important nutrients are carbon and nitrogen. A
critical factor for raw material is the over all C/N ratio to maintain microbiological
activity in the digester that is crucial to gas generation and related to nutrient
availability.
Domestic sewage, animal and poultry wastes are examples of
enrich materials that provide nutrients for the growth and multiplication of the
anaerobic organisms. They are plenty of carbohydrate substances that are essential for
gas production. Excess availability of nitrogen leads to the formation of NH3, the
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 38
concentration of which inhibits further growth. Ammonia toxicity can be remedied by
low loading or by dilution. In practice, it is important to maintain a C/N ratio, by
weight, closed to 30:1 for achieving an optimum rate of digestion.
8) Toxic Materials
The toxic substances are the soluble salts of copper, zinc,
nickel, mercury, and chromium. The other such as, salts of sodium, potassium,
calcium, and magnesium may be encouraged toxic action. Pesticides and synthetic
detergents may also be troublesome to the process.
9) Stirring
When solid materials are not well shredded in the digester, gas
generation may be impeded by the formation of a scum that is comprised of these low-
density solids. The scum hardens, disrupting the digestion process and causing
stratification. Agitation can be done either mechanically with a plunger or by means of
rotational spraying of fresh influent. Agitation, normally required for bath digesters,
ensures exposure of new surfaces to bacterial action, prevents viscid stratification and
slow-down of bacterial activity, and promotes uniform dispersion of the influent
materials throughout the fermentation liquor, thereby accelerating digestion.
10) Retention Time
A normal retention time for the biogas digestion to be 2-4
weeks. And other factors such as temperature, dilution, loading rate are properly and
high temperature would influence reducing retention time.
2.5.2 Kind of biogas plant [16] Two kind of biogas plant are classified by operation function of raw
material and efficiency.
1) Slowly or waste plant
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 39
1.1) Fixed dome digester
Figure 2-6 Fixed dome digester
Source: [16]
1.2) Floating drum digester or Indian digester
Figure 2-7 Floating drum digester or Indian digester
Source: [16]
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 40
1.3) Plastic covered ditch or plug flow digester
Figure 2-8 Plastic covered ditch or plug flow digester
Source: [16]
2) Rapid or waste water plant.
2.1) Anaerobic Filter (AF) Microorganisms or
bacteria. The filter are stones, plastics fibers, bamboo, the bacteria grows on filter,
gases storage in plastic and protect sun shine by wood.
2.2) Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
that use sludge in pond to filter. Controlling by wastewater upflow, mini-sludge are
rise and overflow remained hard sludge in pond.
2.5.3 The benefits of biogas [16]
The benefits of biogas are increased energy saving, improving public
health and reduced emissions to the environment. The following are additional
potential benefits of biogas.
1) Biogas is renewable resource and can reduce emission and
energy saving.
2) Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by preventing methane
released into the atmosphere.
3) The production creates jobs and benefits of local
economy. Efficiency are lower than other fuel but it alternative energy. Biogas 1 m3
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 41
can change to;
- Heating 3,000-5,000 kcal can boil 130 kg. at temperature
20 oC
- Lamp 60-100 watt lifetime 5-6 hour
- Electricity generation 1.25 KW
- Use engine 2 horsepower lifetime 1 hour
- Family 4 persons can cook 3 time
4) It can reduce the cost of landfill.
5) Anaerobic digestion systems (non-landfill) can treat waste
naturally, reduce the amount of material that must be land filled, reduce waste odors,
and produce sanitized compost and nutrient-rich liquid fertilizer.
2.6 Food processing industry in Thailand [17]
Food processing industry is industry which gains raw material from
agriculture such as vegetables, domestic animal and fishery with technology in order
to comfortable consumption and preservation.
Food processing industry was started in the first of National economic and
social development plan (1961 – 1965) because of low capital and various kinds of
local raw materials to feed in process. Beginning of implement that required reduces
importing after that direction of food processing industrial emphasize to exporting.
Thailand is the fourteenth of food processing industrial exporting
from International Trade Statistics. The top three of food exports
are shrimp, pineapple and chicken.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 42
Figure 2-9 Thailand ranking of international trade 2001 [17]
Table 2-9 Seafood processing industry trading of 2009
Kind of food Dosmetic Export
Canning tuna/sardine 35,262.37 426,915.78
Frozen Shirmp 4,483.53 104,361.31
Frozen Fish
Frozen squid
10,381.24
1,608.41
39,658.87
23,938.94
Source: The Office of Industrial Economic [17]
2.6.1 Structure of food processing industrial.
The Federation of Thai Industries separate food processing industrial into
12 kinds of raw material [17]
1) Meat such as pork, beef, chicken
2) Fishery such as shrimp, fish, crab, shell etc.
3) Vegetable and fruit
4) Cereal and rice such as powder
5) Spices
6) Milk
7) Sugar
100
66.4
Exporter
195
countries
Thailand
3.5%
Total income
15 countries
export value
$289.95
billion
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 43
8) Beverage
9) Tea, coffee
10) Oil and lipid
11) Feed
12) Supplementary food
2.6.2 Production processing & technology
There are six kinds of technology in food processing industry;
1) Thermal process technology such as sterilization,
pasteurization, canning
2) Frozen and freezing technology (Temperature < -18 oC)
3) Dehydration technology
4) Fermentation technology such as pickling
5) Milling technology use in rice mill factory
6) Radioactivity and microwave
Technologies in Thailand food processing industry mostly use
basic technologies for example heating, boiling, retort pouch, oven. For high
technology need to import and only use in large industry for example Individual Quick
Frozen (IQF) for spiral frozen, freeze dry, spray dry
2.6.3 Safety food and quality controlling
For quality control and food safety in food processing, there are two
standard systems. [18]
1) HACCP : Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point was establishing
by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can analyze about hazard of microbe,
critical control point and contaminated protective. The system can reduce lead time
and production defect.
2) GMP : Good Manufacturing Practice
This is standard guide line to control production process about
quality and delivery. Main ideas are 1) general principle of food hygiene as umbrella
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 44
Good Manufacturing Practice about production packaging and keeping product 2)
specific Good Manufacturing Practice.
2.6.4 Producer structure
Department of Industrial Work (DIW) classified industrial size by capital;
small < 10 million baht, middle 10 – 100 million baht and large > 100 million baht.
There are 10,035 factories or 83.44%, 1,568 factories or 13.04% factories and 424 or
3.53%, respectively.
Table 2-10 Food processing industrial on 2001
No. Factory Total <10 10-100 >100
(Million baht)
Meat and meat product
1 Slaughter, meat preservation, meat product etc. 004(1-7) 627 514 76 37
Fishery
2 Canning fishery, freeze 006(1-5) 550 364 139 47
Vegetable and Fruit process
3 Canning vegetable and fruit 008(1-2) 572 374 169 29
Cereals and products
4 Powder, mill and seed grinding 009(2-6) 4,446 4,216 188 42
5 Bread and powder products 010(1-3) 1,679 1,499 146 34
Spices
6 Baking powder, fish sauce, monosodium glutamate,
shrimp paste 013(1-8)
482 407 65 10
Milk and products
7 Powdered milk, yogurt 005(1-6) 178 118 47 13
Sugar and candy
8 Syrup, sugar 011(1-7) 189 120 14 55
Beverage
9 Alcohol 016 62 13 13 36
10 Ethyl alcohol 017 8 2 3 3
11 Wine 018
7 5 2 -
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 45
No. Factory Total <10 10-100 >100
(Million baht)
12 Beer 019(1-2) 22 8 4 10
13 Drinking water, mineral water, soft drink 020(1-4) 296 212 57 27
Tea, coffee, coco
14 Tea leaf, coffee, coco, chocolate, candy 012(1-11) 485 402 66 17
Oil and lipid
15 Oil products, cheese 007(1-5) 318 225 68 25
Feed
16 Feed products 015(1-2) 643 413 196 34
Others
17 Ice 014 1,463 1,143 315 5
Total 12,027 10,035 1,568 424
Source: [17]
The raw material is important factor especially the location, for example, the
fishery industries are located in Songkla, Samuthsakorn, Samutsongklam because of
there are closed to marine. The fruit industries are located in Nakornpratom, Rayong,
Chantaburi, Chaingmai, Lampoon because there are many farms and plants.
2.7 Relevant research
Hincheeranan S. studied about the estimation of greenhouse gas emission
factor for an electricity system in Thailand, 2007. The range of carbondioxide
emission from power plant was 50% of operating margin (OM) and build margin
(BM) emission. For operating margin calculated by simple operating margin refered to
3 year electricity generation (excluded LC/MC power plant), and build margin was
calculated by carbondioxide emissions from new power plant that was 20% of all. The
result of calculated operating margin (2548-2550) was 0.5716 and build margin was
0.4398 (2550). Therefore carbondioxide emission of power plant in 2550 was 0.5057
tCO2/MW [19].
Utachkul U. researched the potential of greenhouse gas reduction from
Clean Development Mechanism implementation in cassava starch and palm oil
Copyright by Mahidol University
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industries in Thailand by collect data from Department of Industrial Work, The
Provincial Industry Office, Pollution Control Department etc. The potential of biogas
generation were analyzed to value greenhouse gas reduction and electricity generation.
From the results of 86 cassava starch and 53 palm oil mills; the value was agreed with
Certified Emission Reduction in cassava starch (28,956.81 ton CH4/year or equivalent
to 608,093.10 ton CO2eq/year) and the palm oil mill (57,899.27 ton CH4/year or
1,215,884 ton CO2eq/year) in equivalent carbon credit. The results from electricity
generated; the cassava starch (512,412,738.50 m3/year or 614,895,286.20 unit/year or
1,537.27 million baht/year) and the palm oil mill (106,095,782.00 m3/year or
127,314,938.40 unit/year or 318.29 million baht/year) [20].
Paepatung N. et al studied the assessment of palm oil mill effluent as
biogas energy source in Thailand. The trends of biogas potential from POME were
investigated by reviewing data, field survey, sampling analysis, BMP test, and
interviewing from 10 oil palm mills. The potential of biogas production in 2006 was
approximately 105 million m3
provided 60 million m3
of methane. The equivalent
energy content is approximately 84 ktoe, equal to 15 MW or 84 million liters for fuel
oil. The potential trend of biogas production in 2029 could be estimated for 420
million m3. The incentive of biogas production from palm oil mills was environmental
concern more than renewable energy concern, because energy sources were already
exceeded. The major problems included 1) lacking of alternative biogas systems 2)
lacking of information on performance and cleaning system 3) equipment and
generator engines were not suitable 4) there was no standard guideline/user manual for
the biogas engines. Therefore, system demonstration, financial support on biogas
technology research, suitable technology development, and biogas purification system
were needed [21].
Ise W. studied potential of greenhouse gas abatement from waste
management and resource recovery activities in Australia. The result of carbon
abatement potential were 37.818 million tones of greenhouse gas (MtCOe) that could
be delivered through innovative resource recovery and improved waste management
practices. There was a need for further analysis on the potential carbon abatement
benefits of improved resource recovery and waste management activities, including
the economic benefits and costs of each option and their life cycle considerations [6].
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 47
Naksagul N.et al studied the production of biogas from coconut milk
wastewater by using 16.8 Litre effective volume laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic
sludge blanket (UASB). The synthetic coconut milk wastewater with the average
influent Chemical Oxygen Demand of 963 mg/l were fed and operated for 6 months
with the 4 HRT ranging between 16-28 h. The pH, Temperature, COD, TS, SS, TDS,
TP, TKN and Grease and Oil concentrations in synthetic coconut milk wastewater
ranged between 6.6-7.3, 29-32 0C, 636-1204 mg/L, 684-1372 mg/L, 352-653 mg/L,
210-428 mg/L, 4.47-4.90 mg/L, 10.64-47.6 mg/L and 175-260 mg/L, respectively.
Average biogas production was 195 L when 1 kg Chemical Oxygen Demand was
removed. Regarding to biogas composition, methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and
other gases were found at averages of 75.52%, 14.08%, 8.27% and 2.13%,
respectively. The relationship of gCOD removed and liter of biogas produced was Y =
1.565X0.265
(Y: biogas production (L/d) X: gCOD removed/d) with r2 of 0.61 [22].
Prasertsan S.and Sajjakulnukit B. researched about biomass and biogas
energy situation in Thailand. From the data in 1997 the amount of agricultural residues
was about 61 million ton/year. The promising residues were rice husk, bagasse, oil
palm and rubber wood; merely due to their availability at mills, which heat-power
cogeneration is feasible. Biomass resources are from industrial wastewater and live
stocks manure, which have potential of 7,800 and 13,000 TJ/year, respectively. The
high potential industries were starch, sugar, distillery and monosodium glutamate
production, respectively and for the livestock, cattle residues showed the highest
energy potential [23].
Yamchaong P. studied about noodle soup wastewater treatment and biogas
production by a conventional anaerobic digester. The result were two types; 1) about
efficiency of wastewater treatment in Chemical Oxygen Demand removal at the HRT
20, 25, 30 and 35 days was 83.01% , 87.17% , 89.72% and 88.91% . In BOD removal
was 89.36%, 90.40%, 92.28% and 91.41%. In TS removal was 58.54%, 61.88%,
65.13% and 63.36%. In TVS removal was 76.35%, 79.02% , 83.34% and 82.35% as
respectively. 2) The biogas production and composition at the HRT 20, 25, 30 and 35
was 0.118, 0.102, 0.127 and 0.103 m3/kgCODremoved or the equivalent of 1.531, 1.750,
2.684 and 2.498 m3 biogas/m
3feeding wastewater, respectively. Furthermore, the proportion
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Literature Review / 48
methane gas of the biogas was 36.43%, 43.50%, 46.64% and 35.92% respectively at
the same hydraulic retention time [24].
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc. (Technology of Environmental Management) / 49
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Population and sample size
Population: 111 seafood processing factories as following the list of the
Department of Industrial Work on December 31th, 2009.
Sample size: Type 3 factory by the Department of Industrial Work, are
>50 horsepowers and >50 manpowers of factory.
3.2 Method
3.2.1 Data collecting: collect primary and secondary data by questionnaire
from the following source as below;
1) Seafood processing factory
2) The Provincial Industry Office
3) Department of Industrial Work (DIW)
4) Pollution Control Department (PCD)
5) Consultants/biogas plant construction
6) The Energy for Environment Foundation
7) Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public
oganization)
3.2.2 Calculation
The production analysis, biogas production, volume and value of
electricity, volume and value of CERs will calculate the equations following.
1) Material utilization rate calculation
Material utilization ratio will calculate as the equation following.
Material utilization ratio = Total production capacity/Total raw material … (3-1)
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Nantira Duangkamfoo Methodology /50
2) Wastewater production rate calculation
For wastewater production rate will calculate by using production
capacity, raw material and wastewater volume from collection, as the equation
following.
Wastewater production rate = Total wastewater /Total production capacity
(ton of production)
Wastewater production rate = Total wastewater /Total raw material … (3-2)
(ton of raw material)
3) Biogas production calculation
Biogas production will estimate by using the biogas production rate and
volume of wastewater of seafood industries, as the equation.
Biogas (m3/year) = a (m
3/m
3) x b (m
3/year) … (3-3)
Where as:
Parameter Description Value/unit
a Biogas production rate from food
process industry wastewater
2.31 m3/m
3 wastewater
[24];[25];[26]
b Wastewater production of
seafood industry
m3/year
4) Volume and value of electricity calculation
- Volume of electricity generating
The electricity will be estimated from the volume of biogas from equation
above (3-3) as equation.
Electricity (unit/year) = Biogas (m3/year) x 1.20 (unit/m
3) … (3-4)
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Where as:
Parameter Description Value/unit
Biogas Biogas production of seafood industry m3/year
1.20 The generating electricity per 1 m3 of biogas 1.20 unit/m
3
[27]
- Electricity valuation calculation
Electricity value (unit/year) x price per unit (Baht/unit) … (3-5)
Where as:
Parameter Description Value/unit
Electricity Volume of generating electricity of food industry unit/year
Price per unit The price per unit of electricity 1.67 Baht/unit
[28]
5) Volume and value of CERs calculation
- Greenhouse gas emission reduction calculation
In this research the volume of greenhouse gas emissions reduction (CERs)
will be estimated by Clean Development Mechanism project that was implemented
and the greenhouse gas volume estimation, only methane will be estimated as equation
following.
CH4 reduction (kg/yr) = TotalCOD(kgCOD/yr) x B0(kgCH4/kgCOD) x MCF x c (3-6)
Where as:
Parameter Description Value/unit
Total COD Total COD per year of wastewater kgCOD/year
B0 Maximum methane produce capacity of
wastewater
0.25
kg/CH4/kgCOD
[8]
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Nantira Duangkamfoo Methodology /52
Parameter Description Value/unit
MCF Methane conversion factor that express what
proportion of the effluent would be anaerobically
digested
0.738
[29]
c Percentage of emission reductions 0.8
[20]
The amount of carbon credit will only calculate in relation to ton of carbon
dioxide equivalents. Thus the calculation has to calculate methane in from of ton of
carbon dioxide equivalents as the equation following.
CO2 (ton/year) = 23 x CH4 (kg/year) x 1 (ton) / 1,000 (kg) … (3-7)
Where as:
Parameter Description Value/unit
25 Global Warming Potential of methane 25 [8]
CH4 CH4 reduction from seafood industry kg/year
1/1000 The conversion factor of kg to ton 1 ton/1000 kg
- Greenhouse gas valuation calculation (CERs value)
CERs (Baht/year) = CO2 (ton/year) x d (Baht/ton) … (3-8)
Where as:
Parameter Description Value/unit
CO2 Greenhouse gas emission reduction from food
process industry in form of ton CO2/year
ton/year
d Price per unit of CERs 469.18 Baht/CERs
[30]
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3.3 Analysis and interpretation
- Biogas production (m3/year, m
3/ton production, m
3/ton raw material)
calculation and presentation.
- Volume of electricity (unit/year)
- Value of electricity (Baht/year)
- Greenhouse gas reduction (ton CO2eq/year, ton CO2eq of anaerobic
system/year, ton CO2eq of aerobic system/year, ton CO2eq/ton production, ton
CO2eq/ton raw material)
- Value of Certified Emission Reduction (Baht/year, Baht of anaerobic
system/year, Baht of aerobic system/year, Baht/ton product, Baht/ton raw material)
The data will be calculate by each formula as shown above and presented
with table and graph form.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Results and Discussion / 54
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
To study the greenhouse gases reduction potential from the Clean
Development Mechanism of seafood processing industries in Thailand was obtained
by using self-administered questionnaire and examine by gathering the primary and
secondary data. The results and discussion were presented in accordance with the
following topics:
4.1 Data collection
4.2 Production analysis and wastewater production rate
4.3 The estimation of biogas
4.4 The electricity production
4.5 The estimation of volume and value of Certified Emission Reduction
4.1 Data collection
The data of seafood processing industries were obtained from 111 plants
by questionnaire and examined; return 91 plants and no return 20 plants as shown in
Figure 4-1.
Figure 4-1 The summary data of collection
82%
18%
Copyright by Mahidol University
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Table 4-1 The number of data in the each province of seafood processing industry.
Province Mailed Returns No returns
Bangkok
Chacheurngchao
3
1
3
1
0
0
Chonburi 2 2 0
Chumporn 1 1 0
Jantaburi 2 1 1
Krabi 1 1 0
Nakornpatom 1 1 0
Prajinburi 1 1 0
Petchaburi 2 2 0
Ranong 1 1 0
Ratchaburi 2 1 1
Rayong 4 1 3
Samutprakarn 22 22 0
Samutsakorn 50 37 13
Satoon 1 1 0
Songkla 11 11 0
Suratthani 3 2 1
Tak 1 0 1
Trang 2 2 0
Total 111 91 20
Percentage 100 82 18
The data of seafood processing industries were collected 91 plants from
111 plants, equal to 82% returnable. The top three provinces in collected samples were
Samutsakorn, Samutprakarn and Songkla, respectively
Copyright by Mahidol University
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Table 4-2 The wastewater treatment system of seafood processing industry.
Province
Biogas system No biogas system (plant)
(plant) Activated sludge Aerator Stabilization
pond
Oxidation
ditch
Bangkok
Chachurngchao
1
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chonburi - 1 1 - -
Chumporn - 1 - - -
Jantaburi - 1 - - -
Krabi - 1 - - -
Nakornpatom - 1 - - -
Prajinburi - - - 1 -
Petchaburi - 2 - - -
Ranong - 1 - - -
Ratchaburi - 1 - - -
Rayong - - 1 - -
Samutprakarn 1 17 4 - -
Samutsakorn 5 24 8 - -
Satoon - 1 - - -
Songkla 2 6 2 - 1
Suratthani - 1 - 1 -
Trang - 2 - - -
Total 10 62 16 2 1
The collected wastewater treatment data from seafood processing
industries 91 plants were 62 plants of activated sludge, 16 plants of aerator, 2 plants of
stabilization pond, 1 plant of oxidation ditch and 10 plants of anaerobic system had
biogas generating.
Among the sampled factories, there were 81 factories used aerobic
wastewater treatment system (89%) and 10 factories that used anaerobic wastewater
treatment system (11%) which can produce biogas as shown in Figure 4-2.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 57
Figure 4-2 The wastewater treatment system of seafood processing industrial factories
The total of 111 self-administered questionnaires were mailed to the
sampled seafood processing industries. Ninety one filled-out questionnaires were
returned while 18 questionnaires did not return and 2 did not return due to their
businesses were closed. Therefore, the return rate was 82 percent. It was found that the
first three provinces with the highest number of seafood processing industries were
Samutsakhon, Samutprakan and Songkhla (37, 22 and 11 factories, respectively).
As the return rate of the mail questionnaires or electronic questionnaires
were found to be less than 100 percent, it revealed that this mail survey was quite easy
to administer for data collection since there was a high risk to get the high percentage
of returns. The return rate depended largely on the cooperation or interest of the
industrial factories. Therefore, the follow-ups were conducted by the researcher
through visit to the factories also.
4.2 Production analysis and wastewater production rate
The production analysis and wastewater production rate were calculated by
equations as shown below;
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Results and Discussion / 58
The material utilization ratio were calculated by using equation (3-1)
The material utilization ratio = Total production capacity (ton/year)
Total raw material (ton/year)
Table 4-3 The calculation of the material utilization ratio of seafood industry
factories
Parameter Description Value Source
Total production
capacity
Total production capacity of 91 plants 2,693,623
ton/year
From the data
collected
Total raw
material
Total raw material of 91 plants 3,210,517
ton /year
From the data
collected
The material
utilization ratio
The material utilization ratio of 91 plants
= Total production capacity
Total raw material
= 2,693,623
3,210,517
= 1 or 84%
1.19
1:1.19 or
84%
From the
calculation
by equation
(3-1)
Among 91 sampled seafood processing industrial factories, the total
production capacity was found to be 2,693,623 ton/year and the total raw materials
used were 3,210,517 ton/year, thus, the material utilization ratio was 1 : 1.19 or 84
percent of the raw materials.
The wastewater production rate were computed by using the equation (3-2)
Wastewater production rate = Total wastewater (m3/year)
Total production capacity (ton/year)
Copyright by Mahidol University
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Table 4-4 The calculation of wastewater production rate of seafood processing
industry factories.
Parameter Description Value Source
Total
wastewater
Total wastewater volume of 91 plants 22,555,062
m3/year
From the data
collected
Total production
capacity
Total production capacity of 91 plants 2,693,623
ton/year
From the data
collected
Total raw
materials
Total raw material of 91 plants 3,210,517
ton /year
From the data
collected
The wastewater
production rate
The wastewater production rate
= Total wastewater
Total production capacity
= 22,555,062
2,693,623
= 8.37
8.37 m3/ton of
production
From
calculation by
equation (3-2)
= Total wastewater
Total raw materials
= 22,555,062
3,210,517
= 7.03
7.03 m3/ton of
raw materials
From
calculation by
equation (3-2)
Table 4-5 The production of seafood processing industry analysis
Title Unit Min - Max Average Modality
Production capacity
Raw materials
Material utilization ratio
Wastewater volume
Wastewater production
rate
Wastewater production
rate
Ton/year
Ton/year
-
m3/year
m3/ton
production
m3/ton
material
12 – 912,000
60 – 948,000
17% – 100%
1,800 - 1,080,000
0.11 – 150
0.11 - 130
29,600
35,280
84%
247,858
8.37
7.03
12,000;14,400
18,000
100%
36,000
2.5
20.0
Seafood processing
industry
Plant 91
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Table 4-6 The production of seafood processing industry analysis.
Title Result Unit
Number of samples 91 plant
Production capacity 2,693,623 ton/year
Raw material 3,210,517 ton/year
The material utilization ratio 1 : 1.19 -
Percentage
Wastewater volume
84
22,555,062
-
m3/year
Wastewater production rate
Wastewater production rate
8.37
7.03
m3/ton of production
m3/ton of raw material
From the sampled 91 factories, the wastewater volume was found to be
22,555,062 m3/year with the wastewater production rate of 8.37 m
3/ton of production
and 7.03 m3/ton of raw material which means that one ton of productions and one ton
of raw materials caused 8.37 m3 and 7.03 m
3 of wastewater respectively. This biogas
production was agreed with water utilization volume of 8.9 m3/ton of the seafood [31].
All of 91 sampled seafood processing industrial factories were very
different in regarding to production process and production capacity. But it was found
that the minimal value of wastewater production rate was 0.11 m3/ton and the
maximum value was 150 m3/ton whereas the difference of the two values were quite
high due to the fact that some factories were only frozen seafood industry which
caused low level of wastewater volume. On the contrary, canning industry production
factories which need the complicated production processes that caused higher level of
wastewater volume. This finding was congruent with the study regarding wastewater
volume found in tuna production process. The wastewater volume was found to be
13.0 m3/ton of raw materials [32]. Therefore, the value of 8.37 m
3/ton of production
found in this study was only the representative of the mean of this study.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 61
4.3 The estimation of biogas
The biogas productions were estimated from wastewater capacity by
applying the equation (3-3) as shown below:
Biogas production (m3/year) = a (m
3/m
3) x b (m
3/year)
Table 4-7 The calculation of biogas production of seafood processing industry.
Parameter Description Value Source
a Biogas production rate of seafood
industry wastewater (m3/m
3)
2.31 m3/m
3 Appendix A
b Wastewater production of 91 plants
(m3/year)
22,555,062
m3/year
From the data
collected
Biogas
production
(m3/year)
The biogas production of 91 plants
= (a) x (b)
= 2.31 x 22,555,062
= 52,102,193 m3/year
52,102,193
m3/year
From
calculation by
equation (3-3)
Table 4-8 The biogas production of seafood processing industry.
Parameter Value Unit
Wastewater production
Rate of wastewater per ton of production
Biogas production
-Aerobic system
-Anaerobic system
22,555,062
2.31
52,102,193
44,440,385
7,661,808
m3/year
m3/m
3
m3/year
m3/year
m3/year
The biogas production of this study was estimated by using the average
biogas production derived from the studies of biogas production rate from foods
carried out was 2.31 m3/m
3 [24];[25];[26]. The calculation result of the total biogas
production was 52,102,193 m3/year. Besides this study, 7 factories with anaerobic
wastewater system could produce biogas of 7,661,808 m3/year. When comparison was
made between this value and the value from the calculation, the biogas production of
the factories with anaerobic wastewater treatment system was 14.70 percent therefore
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Results and Discussion / 62
the rest of 44,440,385 m3/year was 85.30 percent. This percentage was belonging to
the factories with aerobic wastewater treatment system whereas biogas could not be
produced, but if this system had been changed to anaerobic system, biogas will be
produced.
The potential of biogas production in seafood processing industries of this
study were agreed with the palm oil industries; 105 million m3/year of biogas [21].
Therefore, if the factory owners were promoted to realize the benefits of methane
which could be used as replaceable energy from fossil fuel, it can save the expense
cost of energy as well as lowering the expense for wastewater treatment. In seafood
industries biogas can be used in the production in boiling or steaming, etc. It will be
one alternative fuel lower the expense cost for energy. The study biomethanation
technology of seafood processing industry in Thailand by Thaibiogas project of
Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy, Thailand; found that only 21
million m3/year [33]. And found that the minimum factory area should be size of 400
m3 or above in order to produce worth while biogas to the investment [34]. It was
found that 51 samples of seafood factories had capably to produce biogas (56%).
4.4 The electricity production
The electricity volume and value were estimated from the volume of
biogas production by using equations (3-4) and (3-5) as shown below;
Electricity (unit/year) = Biogas (m3/year) x 1.20 (unit/m
3)
Electricity valuation = Electricity volume (unit/yr.) x price/unit (Baht/unit)
Table 4-9 The calculation volume of generating electricity.
Parameter Description Value Source
Biogas Biogas of 91 plants (m3/year) 52,102,193
m3/year
From
calculation by
equation (3-3)
1.20 The generating electricity per 1 m3 of biogas 1.20 unit/m
3 [27]
Electricity The electricity production of 91 plants
= 52,102,193 x 1.20
= 62,522,632
62,522,632
unit/year
From
calculation by
equation (3-4)
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 63
Table 4-10 The calculation value of generating electricity.
Parameter Description Value Source
Price per unit
(Baht/unit)
Price per unit 1.67 Baht/unit [28]
Electricity value
(Baht/year)
The electricity value of 91 plants
= 62,522,632 x 1.67
= 104,162,705
104,162,705
Baht/year
From
calculation by
equation (3-5)
Table 4-11 The volume and value of electricity, by aerobic and anaerobic wastewater
treatment systems
Parameter Value Unit
The volume of generating electricity
-Aerobic system
-Anaerobic system
The value of generating electricity
-Aerobic system
-Anaerobic system
62,522,632
53,328,462
9,194,170
104,162,705
88,845,218
15,317,487
unit/year
unit/year
unit/year
Baht/year
Baht/year
Baht/year
In assessing the volume and value of electricity produced biogas as shown
in Table 4-10 and 4-11, the rate of generating electricity from biogas at 1.20 unit/ m3
was used. According to the data of the Ministry of Energy [27], the volume of
generating electricity was found to 62,522,632 unit/year, the volume of generating
electricity from the aerobic wastewater treatment system was 53,328,462 unit/year and
from the anaerobic wastewater treatment system was 9,194,170 unit/year. The total
values of generating electricity was found to be 104,162,705 Baht/year, 88,845,218
Baht/year from the aerobic wastewater treatment system and 15,317,487 Baht/year
from the anaerobic wastewater treatment system. These values were calculated based
on the electricity rate of the large-size business by using Time-of-Day Rate : TOD,
and these types of the factories have used the pressure of 69 kilovolt and over. The
cost of the electricity was 1.67 Baht/unit [28] that excluded Float time or Fuel
Adjustment Charge (at the given time) and value added tax chart.
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Table 4-12 The electric generating of seafood processing industry analysis
Title Unit Min - Max Average Modality
The volume of electricity
The value of electricity
unit/year
Baht/year
4,990 -
2,993,760
8,313 –
4,987,604
687,062
1,144,645
99,792
166,253
Data from Table 4-12 showed that the assessment outcome were similar to
the data concerning wastewater volume and biogas production volume presented in
sector 4.1-4.2 whereas there was a big difference due to the same causes which were
production process and production capability. As it was evident that the minimum of
the volume of electricity was only 4,990 unit/year comparing to the maximal volume
of electricity of 2,993,760 unit/year while the minimal and the maximal values of
electricity were 8,313 and 4,987,604 Baht/year respectively. These findings showed
the big difference clearly.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 65
Table 4-13 The summary production analysis of 91 seafood processing industry.
Parameter Aerobic system Anaerobic
system Total
Total production capacity
(ton/year)
Total raw material
(ton/year)
Wastewater production
(m3/year)
Wastewater production rate
(m3/ton of production)
Wastewater production rate
(m3/ton of raw material)
Biogas production
(m3/year)
The volume of electricity
(unit/year)
The value of electricity
(Baht/year)
2,174,575
2,681,317
19,238,262
8.85
7.17
44,440,385
53,328,462
88,845,218
519,048
529,200
3,316,800
6.39
6.27
7,661,808
9,194,170
15,317,487
2,693,623
3,210,517
22,555,062
8.37
7.03
52,102,193
62,522,632
104,162,705
It was found that the outcome of the value of electricity was agreed with
the volume of wastewater production of the sampled seafood processing industrial
factories. The data showed that the factories with a high volume of wastewater
production will have a high capacity to produce biogas. On the contrary, the factories
with a low volume of wastewater production will have a low capacity to produce
biogas. This situation will also affect the volume of generating of electricity as well,
because the volume of wastewater production was used for assessing the volume of
biogas and electricity.
When comparing the seafood processing industrial factories with other
types of factories, for example, cassava starch factories where the volume of electricity
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Results and Discussion / 66
produced was 614,895,256 unit/year [20], the volume of electricity production from
the seafood processing industrial factories was less than of the cassava starch
industrial factories. But, there are many seafood processing industrial factories all over
Thailand and if these factories used the anaerobic wastewater system that can produce
biogas, high volume of electricity can be produced from these biogas. As the evidence
was found in the data survey by Thaibiogas project of Energy Policy and Planning
Office, Ministry of Energy of 66 seafood and canned food industrial factories that had
capacity to produce biogas, with the size of over 400 m3, it was found that there were
16 factories (25%) where biogas technology has been used while 50 factories (75%)
did not operate that technology [34].
Thus, if the promotion has been done strongly implement at by the
government and non-government organizations, Thailand will be able to possess
energy to replace fossil fuel that cause many types of pollution at the present time
including being able to lower the cost of wastewater treatment of the factory owners.
For each time of wastewater treatment, the factories have to spend electricity energy,
the cost of materials used for wastewater treatment, for example, chemical substances,
human resources, etc. which caused the higher cost of productivity investment.
4.5 The estimation of volume and value of Certified Emission
Reductions
The calculation of volume and value of Certified Emission Reductions
(CERs) from seafood processing industry with wastewater treatment system capacity,
if these factories would like to implement biogas system or the Clean Development
Mechanism project (CDM). The estimation greenhouse gas emission reduction used
equation (3-6);
CH4 reduction (kg/yr) = Total COD (kgCOD/yr) x B0 (kgCH4/kgCOD) x MCF x 0.8
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 67
Table 4-14 The calculation methane (CH4) from seafood processing industry
wastewater treatment.
Parameter Description Value Source
Total COD Total Chemical Oxygen Demand per year from
wastewater treatment of 91 seafood industries
= wastewater (m3/year) x 4.22 kgCOD/m3
= 22,555,062 x 4.22
= 95,182,362
95,182,362
kgCOD/year
From
collection
B0 Maximum methane producing capacity of
wastewater
0.25
kgCH4/kgCOD
[8]
MCF Methane conversion factor that express what
proportion of the effluent would be anaerobically
digested
0.738 [29]
0.80 The reduction of greenhouse gas emission from
baseline process, which was 80% or 0.80
0.80 [20]
CH4
reduction
Methane reduction
= 95,182,362 x 0.25 x 0.738 x 0.80
= 14,048,917
14,048,917
kg/year
From
calculation by
equation (3-6)
The result of the estimated calculation of the sampled factories’ capacity to
reduce greenhouse gas emission in the form of methane which was done by
multiplying Chemical Oxygen Demand value by the maximal value of methane
producing capacity of wastewater, methane conversion factor and the value of
greenhouse gas emission reduction was 14,048,917 kg/year. This value then can be
converted to carbon dioxide by the following calculation:
The estimation greenhouse gas emission reduction was calculated by using
the equation (3-7)
CO2 (ton/year) = 25 x CH4 (kg/year) x 1 (ton) / 1,000 (kg)
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Results and Discussion / 68
Table 4-15 The greenhouse gas emission reduction from wastewater treatment system
of seafood processing industry in the form of carbon dioxide (ton/year)
Parameter Description Value Source
25 Global warming potential of methane 25 [8]
CH4 Methane reduction from seafood processing
industry
14,048,917
kgCOD/year
From
calculation by
equation (3-6)
1/1000 The conversion factor kg to ton 1/1000 kg -
CO2 CO2 = 25 x 14,048,917 x 1
1000
= 351,223
351,223
ton/year
From
calculation by
equation (3-7)
The converted carbon dioxide from methane was found to be 351,223
ton/year. Regarding to the capability of greenhouse gas, capability of methane was
found to be 25 times of the capability of carbon dioxide [8]. After the value of carbon
dioxide volume has been calculated, the next step was to calculate the value of
greenhouse gas emission reduction of carbon dioxide in the form of Certified Emission
Reductions ton/year, as follows: The estimated greenhouse gas valuation was
calculated by using the equation (3-8)
CERs (Baht/year) = CO2 (ton/year) x price per unit of CERs (Baht/ton)
Table 4-16 The value of greenhouse gas emission reduction from wastewater
treatment system of seafood processing industry.
Parameter Description Value Source
CO2 Greenhouse gas emission reduction in
the form of ton CO2/year
351,223 ton/year From calculation
by equation (3-7)
Price Price per unit of CERs 469.18 Baht/CERs [30]
CERs Certified Emission Reductions
= 351,223 x 469.18
= 164,786,767
164,786,767
Baht/year
From calculation
by equation (3-8)
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 69
By using the value of greenhouse gas emission reduction of 11.76 Euro $
per ton CO2/year, the price per unit of Certified Emission Reductions in accordance
with the market in December, 2010 [30], the rate of Euro Baht was 39.89 Baht: 1 Euro
[35]. The price per unit of Certified Emission Reductions was 469.18 Baht/CERs
therefore, the value of greenhouse gas emission reduction was 164,786,767 Baht/year.
Table 4-17 The reduction of methane and Certified Emission Reductions value from
wastewater treatment system of seafood processing industry.
Parameter None biogas
system
Biogas system Total
Wastewater production
(m3/year)
Total COD
(kgCOD/year)
Methane reduction
(ton/year)
Carbon dioxide equivalent
(ton/year)
CERs value
(Baht/year)
19,238,262
81,185,466
11,983
299,574
140,554,302
3,316,800
13,996,896
2,066
51,649
24,232,465
22,555,062
95,182,362
14,049
351,223
164,786,767
The assessment result of volume of greenhouse gas emission reduction
capacity in seafood processing industrial factories was found to be 351,223 ton CO2
eq/year, 299,574 ton CO2 eq/year and 51,649 ton CO2 eq/year of the factories with
aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment systems respectively. For the value, it was
found to be 164,786,767 bath/year, 140,554,302 and 24,232,465 bath/year of the
factories with aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment systems respectively. These
values were recognized as a quite high level. If these values could be really developed,
the country can be able to develop income from selling the volume of greenhouse gas
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Results and Discussion / 70
emission in the world market. Therefore, it is strongly to promote the seafood
processing industry to participate in Clean Development Mechanism project.
Table 4-18 The potential of electricity generated and greenhouse gas emission
reduction of seafood processing industry
Title Volume/value
Biogas generated (m3/year)
Biogas generated of anaerobic system (m3/year)
Biogas generated of aerobic system (m3/year)
Biogas generated of production (m3/ton)
Biogas generated of raw material (m3/ton)
52,102,193
7,661,808
44,440,385
19.37
16.22
Electricity generated (unit/year)
Electricity generated (Baht/year)
62,522,632
104,162,705
Greenhouse gas reduction (ton CO2eq/year)
Greenhouse gas reduction of anaerobic system (ton CO2eq/year)
Greenhouse gas reduction of aerobic system (ton CO2eq/year)
Greenhouse gas reduction (ton CO2eq/ton production)
Greenhouse gas reduction (ton CO2eq/ton raw material)
351,223
51,649
299,574
0.13
0.11
CERs value (Baht/year)
CERs value of anaerobic system (Baht/year)
CERs value of aerobic system (Baht/year)
CERs value production (Baht/ ton)
CERs value raw material (Baht/ton)
164,786,767
24,232,465
140,554,302
61.17
51.32
Table 4-18 was concerned with the summary of the study in regard to
biogas, electricity generated carbon dioxide volume, and greenhouse gas reduction of
91 sampled seafood processing industrial factories.
At present, the Clean Development Mechanism project in Thailand
approved 133 projects [36], almost that of cassava industry and palm oil industry but
not found of seafood processing industry so, need to the promote developing in
seafood processing industry to implementing this project. However, this technology
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 71
need high investment cost. If the promotion of this development will be done
seriously, it is necessary to get assistance from government organizations. Even
though Thailand has not had treaty for the reduction of greenhouse gas emission there
was more government organizations should start to be aware of the development this
project for replaced fuels usage and reduced greenhouse gas emission.
Therefore, the government organizations should enhance non-government
organizations knowledge about implementing the Clean Development Mechanism
program in order to help them understanding and awaring of the importance for
participation in the program. Later on, financial support should be supported by the
government organizations.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Conclusion and Recommendations / 72
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
5.1.1 Collection of data
The collection of this study was done by mailing 111 self-administered
questionnaires. The number of returns was 91 (82%). The highest number of returned
questionnaires was found from Samutsakhon, Samutprakan, and Songkhla Provinces.
The rest of the 20 questionnaires mailed out (18%), there were no responses from 2
factories that were closed while 18 factories did not respond.
In regard to the wastewater treatment system, of the sampled factories,
there were 81 factories that were found to have aerobic wastewater treatment among
these factories; 62 factories used the method of activated sludge, 16 factories used the
method of aerator, 2 factories used the method of stabilization pond while 1 factory
used oxidation ditch. And 10 sampled factories had anaerobic wastewater treatment
system.
5.1.2 Production capacity and wastewater production rate
It was found that the total production capacity of 91 factories was found to
be 2,693,623 ton/year, the total raw materials used was 3,210,517 ton/year, and the
material utilization ratio was 1 : 1.19 or 84 percent of the raw materials.
The total wastewater volume of all sampled factories was 22,555,063
ton/year and the wastewater production rate was 8.37 m3/ton of production and 7.03
m3/ton of raw materials.
5.1.3 The estimation of biogas
According to the estimation made, the total biogas production of 91
factories should be 52,102,193 m3/year, 7,661,808 m
3/year can be produced from the
factories with the anaerobic wastewater treatment system (15%) while the rest of
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 73
44,440,385 m3/year (85%) were the estimated biogas production of the factories with
the aerobic wastewater treatment system where biogas can not be produced but if the
wastewater treatment system has been changed to anaerobic system, biogas can be
really produced.
5.1.4 The electricity production
The estimated generating electricity volume of 91 factories was found to
be 62,522,632 unit/year in which the electricity production from aerobic wastewater
treatment system was 53,328,462 unit/year while the estimated electricity production
from anaerobic wastewater treatment system was 9,194,170 unit/year. Regarding to
this value of electrical generation, the total value was found to be 104,162,705
Baht/year, 88,845,218 Baht/year from the aerobic wastewater treatment system and
15,317,487 Baht/year from the anaerobic wastewater treatment system respectively.
5.1.5 The estimation of volume and value of CERs
The assessment of volume and value of greenhouse gas emission reduction
in the sampled seafood processing industrial factories showed that the greenhouse gas
emission reduction in the form of ton CO2/year was 351,223 ton/year, the volume of
greenhouse gas emission reduction capacity in the aerobic and anaerobic wastewater
treatment systems were 299,574 ton CO2 eq/year and 51,649 ton CO2 eq/year
respectively. In regard to the estimated value of Certified Emission Reduction, the
total value was found to be 164,786,767 Baht/year, 140,554,302 Baht/year and
24,232,465 Baht/year from the aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment system
respectively.
5.2 Recommendations
5.2.1 Recommendations from the results of the study
1. Collecting data by mailing self-administered questionnaires
to the sampled factories and waiting for the returns showed that the return rate was
quite low comparing to administering by the researcher. Therefore, this method of data
collection could not make the estimation of the number of returned questionnaires.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Conclusion and Recommendations / 74
This type of data collection had a high risk and the data received may not be adequate,
not be detailed enough, and did not serve the research objectives. This problem may be
due to the fact that the respondents did not understand the questions but they could not
contact the researcher for clarification therefore, they answered based on their own
understanding which may not serve the objectives set. This mail survey was different
from person-to-person interview in which the respondents can ask questions about the
questions or other problems that they may have. Therefore, some responses received
of this project were not clear or not complete.
Thus, the recommendation was to add the respondent’s name
and telephone number in the questionnaire so the researcher could contact the
respondent if the data received were not clear.
2. It was found that some data were not the data of the
specific period of time; for example, some factories gave the average data per year
while some gave the average data of the month that the data were collected. Thus, the
data should be checked for the completeness before processing for data analysis.
3. There were a various of the types of the industrial
factories, for example, canned fish factory, frozen seafood factory, seafood processing
plants, clam drying plant, cold storage, etc. therefore, these processes were different,
some factories had simple processes, for example, cold storage, clam-drying plant
while some factories had complicated processes, for example, canned fish factory,
seafood processing plant, etc. Then, the data collected were very different so the
means of the variables were only the representatives of the seafood processing
industry not for each specific type of production.
4. The results of this study were only the estimation of the
volume and values of the biogas, energy and greenhouse gas emission reduction from
wastewater treatment not included from waste, energy etc. and the data studied were
not the real data from the production of biogas or selling and buying in the market
Certified Emission Reduction. However, if the factories participated in the Cleaning
Development Mechanism program, the energy and the value of greenhouse gas
emission reduction can be made. The results of this study can be used for promoting
the participation in the Clean Development Mechanism Program in the future.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 75
5. It was found that the promotion of the Clean Development
Mechanism Program among the seafood processing industry was rare comparing with
other types of industries, for example, palm oil, cassava starch, etc. even though the
number of seafood processing factory was quite high. Therefore, Thai government
should support and promote the implementation of the Clean Development
Mechanism Program in seafood processing industries, as it was found in this study and
from the survey of Thaibiogas that there are many seafood processing factories with
high potential to produce biogas.
6. As it was found from this study that there were many
seafood industrial factories with potential to produce biogas but they have not started
yet. The main reasons for not implement the project in regard to biogas production
were the high cost of investment which may not be worthwhile with the high cost of
investment and the lack of knowledge and understanding about the implementing
process. Therefore, the government should promote and support the investment and
education program about biogas production.
5.2.2 Recommendations for further studies
1. The study should be done about potential for greenhouse
gas emission reduction in other types of industry that have a high volume of
wastewater production or Chemical Oxygen Demand, for example, alcohol
production, feed processing, sugar, slaughter house etc. where is the high number of
these types of industry were found in Thailand. The aim of this study should be to
investigate the feasibility as well as to promote the participation of the Clean
Development Mechanism Project.
2. For the next study, the scope of the study should be
extended to the utilization of biogas since there were many factories with anaerobic
wastewater treatment system could produce biogas but the gas has not been utilized
except for only solving the problem about the smell of wastewater. This meants that
greenhouse gas emission reduction has not been done. Therefore, the study should be
focused on utilization and the volume of utilization in order to be confident that the
industrial factories have really reduced greenhouse gas emission.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Conclusion and Recommendations / 76
3. For the up to date data should have re-study in every five year
because of the economic and politics are variable so, have an affect on industrial
direction. In order to plan for the Clean Development Mechanism project development
and promotion. And that conform to period of The National Economic and Social
Development Plan, Business Trade and Industrial census by The National Statistical
Office Thailand.
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 77
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Nantira Duangkamfoo Appendices / 82
APPENDICES
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Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 83
APPENDIX A
Value in the calculation of seafood processing industry
Parameter Calculation
value
Source value Source
Production capacity (ton/year) - 2,693,622.76 Collected data
Raw material (ton/year) - 3,210,516.56 Collected data
Wastewater (m3/year) - 22,555,062.00 Collected data
Biogas (m3/m
3) 2.31 0.1125
4.4675
2.35
[24]
[25]
[26]
The generating electricity - 1.20 [27]
The electricity price
(Baht/unit)
- 1.67 [28]
COD (kgCOD/m3) 4.22 - Collected data
B0 (kgCH4/kgCOD) - 0.25 [8]
MCF - 0.738 [29]
The reduction of GHGs
emission
- 0.8 [20]
Global warming potential of
methane
- 25 [8]
Price of CERs 11.76 EUR/ton Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management
Organization on December 2011
1 EUR = 39.89 Baht Bank of Thailand on 24 December 2010
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Appendices / 84
APPENDIX B-1
The calculation of biogas generation
Equaltion (3-3):
Biogas production (m3/year) = a (m
3/m
3) x b (m
3/year)
Parameter Description Value Source
a
(m3/m
3)
Biogas production rate of seafood
processing industry
2.31 Appendix A
b
(m3/year)
Wastewater production
- Aerobic system
- Anaerobic system
19,238,262.00
3,316,800.00
Collected
data
Biogas
generation
(m3/year)
Biogas generation
- Aerobic system
= 2.31 x 19,238,262
= 44,440,385.22
- Anaerobic system
= 2.31 x 3,316,800
= 7,661,808.00
- Total
= 2.31 x 19,238,262
= 52,102,193.22
44,440,385.22
7,661,808.00
52,102,193.22
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 85
APPENDIX B-2
The calculation of electricity generation
Equaltion (3-4): Electricity (unit/year) = Biogas (m3/year) x 1.20 (unit/m
3)
Parameter Description Value Source
Biogas
generation
(m3/year)
Biogas generation
- Aerobic system
- Anaerobic system
- Total
44,440,385.22
7,661,808.00
52,102,193.22
APPENDIX
B-1
1.20
(unit/m3)
The generating electricity per 1 m3
of biogas
1.20 (unit/m3) [27]
Electricity
(unit/year)
Electricity generating
- Aerobic system
= 44,440,385.22 x 1.20
= 53,328,462.26
- Anaerobic system
= 7,661,808.00 x 1.20
= 9,194,169.60
- Total
= 52,102,193.22 x 1.20
= 62,522,631.86
53,328,462.26
9,194,169.60
62,522,631.86
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Nantira Duangkamfoo Appendices / 86
APPENDIX B-3
The calculation of electricity value
Equaltion (3-5):
Electricity valuation = Electricity volume (unit/year) x price/unit (Baht/unit)
Parameter Description Value Source
Electricity
(unit/year)
Electricity generating
- Aerobic system
- Anaerobic system
- Total
53,328,462.26
9,194,169.60
62,522,631.86
APPENDIX
B-2
price/unit Electricity price per unit 1.67 Baht/unit [28]
Electricity
value
Electricity value
- Aerobic system
= 53,328,462.26 x 1.67
= 88,845,218.13
- Anaerobic system
= 9,194,169.60 x 1.67
= 15,317,486.55
- Total
= 62,522,631.86 x 1.67
= 104,162,704.69
88,845,218.13
15,317,486.55
104,162,704.69
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 87
APPENDIX B-4
The calculation of greenhouse gas reduction
Equaltion (3-6):
CH4 reduction (kg/yr) = Total COD (kgCOD/yr) x B0 (kgCH4/kgCOD) x MCF x 0.8
Parameter Description Value Source
COD
(kgCOD/m3)
Chemical Oxygen Demand 4.22 Collected
data
Total COD
kgCOD/year
Total Chemical Oxygen Demand per
year from wastewater treatment of
91 seafood processing industries
= wastewater (m3/year) x
COD(kgCOD/m3)
- Aerobic system
= 19,238,262 x 4.22
= 81,185,465.64
- Anaerobic system
= 3,316,800 x 4.22
= 13,996,896.00
- Total
= 22,555,062 x 4.22
= 95,182,361.64
81,185,465.64
13,996,896.00
95,182,361.64
B0
(kgCH4/
kgCOD)
Maximum methane producing
capacity of wastewater
0.25 [8]
MCF Methane conversion factor that
express what proportion of the
effluent would be anaerobically
digested
0.738 [29]
0.8 The reduction of greenhouse gas
emission from baseline process,
which was 80% or 0.80
0.80 [20]
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Appendices / 88
Parameter Description Value Source
CH4
reduction
(kg/year)
Methane reduction
- Aerobic system
= 81,185,465.64 x 0.25 x 0.738 x 0.80
= 11,982,974.73
- Anaerobic system
= 13,996,896.00 x 0.25 x 0.738 x 0.80
= 2,065,941.85
- Total
= 95,182,361.64 x 0.25 x 0.738 x 0.80
= 14,048,916.58
11,982,974.73
2,065,941.85
14,048,916.58
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 89
APPENDIX B-5
The calculation of greenhouse gas reduction in form of CO2 equivalent
Equaltion (3-7):
CO2 (ton/year) = 25 x CH4 (kg/year) x 1 (ton) / 1000 (kg)
Parameter Description Value Source
25 Global warming potential of
methane
25 [8]
CH4
(kgCOD/year)
Methane reduction from seafood
processing industry
- Aerobic system
- Anaerobic system
- Total
11,982,974.73
2,065,941.85
14,048,916.58
APPENDIX
B-4
1/1000
(kg)
The conversion factor kg to ton 1/1000
CO2
(ton/year)
Carbon dioxide equivalent
- Aerobic system
= 25 x 11,982,974.73 x 1 / 1000
= 299,574.37
- Anaerobic system
= 25 x 2,065,941.85 x 1 / 1000
= 51,648.55
- Total
= 25 x 14,048,916.58 x 1 / 1000
= 351,222.91
299,574.37
51,648.55
351,222.91
Copyright by Mahidol University
Nantira Duangkamfoo Appendices / 90
APPENDIX B-6
The calculation of CERs value
Equaltion (3-8):
CERs (Baht/year) = CO2 (ton/year) x price per unit of CERs (Baht/ton)
Parameter Description Value Source
CO2
(ton/year)
Carbon dioxide equivalent
- Aerobic system
- Anaerobic system
- Total
299,574.37
51,648.55
351,222.91
APPENDIX
B-5
price per unit
of CERs
(Baht/ton)
price per unit of CERs 469.18 [30]
CERs
(Baht/year)
Certified Emission Reduction
- Aerobic system
= 299,574.37 x 469.18
= 140,554,302.08
- Anaerobic system
= 51,648.55 x 469.18
= 24,232,464.92
- Total
= 351,222.91 x 469.18
= 164,786,767.00
140,554,302.08
24,232,464.92
164,786,767.00
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 91
APPENDIX C
THE QUESTIONAIRE
แบบสอบถามเพอการวจย
เรอง การศกษาศกยภาพการลดการปลอยกาซเรอนกระจกภายใตเงอนไขการด าเนนโครงการกลไกการพฒนาทสะอาดในอตสาหกรรมอาหารทะเล 1. ขอมลทวไป
1.1 ชอโรงงาน/บรษท 1.2 เลขทะเบยนโรงงาน ทตงโรงงาน
1.3 โทรศพท (Tel.) โทรสาร (Fax.)
E-mail Web Site 1.4 ประกอบกจการ 1.5 จ านวนพนกงาน คน 1.6 เวลาท างาน ชม./วน
2. การใชทรพยากร วตถดบ น า ไฟฟาและพลงงานอนๆ 2.1 วตถดบ
ชนดของวตถดบ ปรมาณ (ตน/เดอน) ผลผลต (ตน/เดอน)
2.2 ทรพยากรน า ลบ.ม./เดอน 2.3 ปรมาณการใชไฟฟา kWh/เดอน 2.5 ปรมาณการใชแกส LPG ลตร/เดอน 2.6 น ามนเชอเพลง ลตร/เดอน 2.7 พลงงานงานทางเลอกอนๆ (ถาม)
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3. การจดการน าเสยจากกระบวนการผลต(เขาระบบ) 3.1 ปรมาณน าเสย ลบ.ม./เดอน 3.2 คณลกษณะของน าเสย
pH อณหภม o C COD มก./ล. BOD5 มก./ล. TKN มก./ล. SS มก./ล. TDS มก./ล. Grease & oil มก./ล.
3.3 การจดการน าเสย/ระบบบ าบดน าเสย………………………..……………………………………. 4. กจกรรมการสงเสรมอนรกษพลงงานไดแก การผลตแกสชวภาพ พลงงานแสงอาทตย ชวมวลฯลฯ 4.1 การผลตแกสชวภาพ ด าเนนการแลวตงแต ป แหลงทมา
- หนวยงานทใหการสนบสนน ด าเนนงานดวยตนเอง หนวยงานภายนอก (ระบ)
- ปรมาณแกสชวภาพทผลตได ลบ.ม./เดอน - การใชประโยชน
คาดวาจะด าเนนการ ในป ยงไมไดด าเนนการ เพราะ
4.2 พลงงานแสงอาทตย ด าเนนการแลวตงแตป แหลงทมา
- หนวยงานทใหการสนบสนน ด าเนนงานดวยตนเอง หนวยงานภายนอก (ระบ)
- ปรมาณพลงงานแสงอาทตยทผลตได kW/เดอน - การใชประโยชน
คาดวาจะด าเนนการ ในป ยงไมไดด าเนนการ เพราะ
Copyright by Mahidol University
Fac. of Grad. Studies, Mahidol Univ. M.Sc.(Technology of Environmental Management) / 93
4.3 พลงงานชวมวล ด าเนนการแลวตงแต ป แหลงทมา
- หนวยงานทใหการสนบสนน ด าเนนงานดวยตนเอง หนวยงานภายนอก (ระบ)
- ปรมาณชวมวลทใช กก./เดอน - การใชประโยชน
คาดวาจะด าเนนการ ในป ยงไมไดด าเนนการ เพราะ
4.3 พลงงานอนๆ ด าเนนการแลวตงแต ป แหลงทมา
- หนวยงานทใหการสนบสนน ด าเนนงานดวยตนเอง หนวยงานภายนอก (ระบ)
- ปรมาณพลงงานทผลตได /เดอน - การใชประโยชน
คาดวาจะด าเนนการในป ยงไมไดด าเนนการ เพราะ
5. ปญหาและอปสรรคในการด าเนนการอนรกษพลงงาน 6. การสงเสรมและสนบสนนจากภาครฐทตองการเพมเตม (ระบ)
7. ความร ความเขาใจ กลไกการพฒนาทสะอาด ไมม คอ ไมมหรอมนอยมาก / ไมสนใจทจะศกษาโครงการฯ น ปานกลาง คอ มเขารระดบปานกลาง/รหลกการเบองตน/ก าลงอยในชวงศกษาโครงการฯ มาก คอ มความร ความเขาใจด / เคยผานการอบรมมาแลว / ก าลงด าเนนการโครงการฯ ผกรอกขอมล ต าแหนง โทรศพท โทรสาร E-mail
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Nantira Duangkamfoo Biography / 94
BIOGRAPHY
NAME Nantira Duangkamfoo
DATE OF BIRTH 17th August 1980
PLACE OF BIRTH Lampang, Thailand
INSTITUTIONS ATTENDED Rajabhat Institute Chiang Mai, 1999-2003
Bachelor of Science and Technology
(Environmental Science)
Mahidol University, 2008-2011
Master of Science (Technology of
Environmental Management)
HOME ADDRESS 89 Moo 5, Tambon Phichai, Amphur
Muang, Lampang 52000
Tel. 0 5433 5550
E-mail : [email protected]
EMPLOYMENT ADDRESS Thai Auto Conversion Co.,Ltd.
159 Moo 16, Theparak rd., Tambon
Bangsaothong, Amphur Bangsaothong,
Samutprakarn 10540
Tel. 0 2313 1371
E-mail : [email protected]
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