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THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE
LUTHERANISM
Lutheran princes formed Schmalkaldic League
War with Charles V, 1546
Peace of Augsburg, 1555: affirmed individual rulers’ right to chose religion
Revolt against the Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (r.1516-1556)
THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE
THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE
CALVINISM
Agreed with Luther on justification by faith
Disagreed on transubstantiation
Stressed predestination
only “elect” were saved
John Calvin (1509-1564)
THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE
CALVINISM
State should be subject to religious law
Set up model community in Geneva
established strict theocracy
Calvin and the Geneva Elders
THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE
CALVINISM
Did not accept any ideas more radical than own
Ideas spread through Europe
Followers included Puritans (England), Presbyterians (Scotland), Huguenots (France)
Miguel Servetus
THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE
REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
Political aspirations of Henry VIII
defender of Catholicism
but needed male heir
Pope refuses divorce
Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)
Catherine of AragonAnne Boleyn
THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE
REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
Political aspirations of Henry VIII
passed Act of Supremacy (1534)
executed Sir Thomas More
Sir Thomas More (1473-1535)
founded Anglican Church
THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE
REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
Religious Reformation
Two movements laid foundations:
• Wycliffe rebellion of 14th c.
• Spread of Northern Humanism
Wycliffe distributes English Bible
THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE
REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
Religious Reformation
Henry did little to change doctrine
Protestantism rose under son Edward VI
Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)
THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE
REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
Religious Reformation
Mary Tudor reinstated Catholicism
persecuted thousands
Mary Tudor (r. 1553-1558)
THE POLITICS OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE
REFORMATION IN ENGLAND
Religious Reformation
Elizabeth I restored Church of England (Anglican Church)
• Protestant in practice
Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1601)
• doctrine ambiguous
• imposed on all subjects