The PlumbingSexual Anatomy

and

Disorders of Sexual Development

Female Anatomy

Female Reproductive System in Context

This is not a vagina

The Clitoral Complex

THE HORMONES

  Endocrine glands secrete their product into the system

1.      Hypothalamus –structure in the brain that controls the pituitary gland

2.      Pituitary—pea shaped gland, base of brain, master gland, stimulates all the other glands

  Hormones

    

Gonadotropins—sex hormones secreted by pituitary that stimulates the gonads to produce hormones.

a)     Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – released by pituitary, instructs the ovaries to prepare an egg to be released

b)     Lutenizing Hormone (LH)—stimulates ovulation

c)     Prolactin – pituitary hormone, stimulates production of milk from mammaries

Sex Hormones

Estrogen—produced by ovaries

*level in blood controls menstrual cycle*

Progesterone—released by corpus lutuem to signal endometrium to develop in preparation for a zygote

Androgens –“male” sex hormones

MENSTRUATION Menstrual phsiology

-If zygote not implanted then no hormones to sustain corpus luteum, so it disintegrates.

-With no progesterone being released menstruation is then signaled

Phases of the menstrual cycle

1. Proliferative phase

2. Secretory/Luteal phase

3. Ovulatory phase

4. Menstrual phase

A.    Effects of menstruation on the body and mind

B.     Menstrual problems

1.      Dysmenorrhea

2.      Amenorrhea

3.      Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

4.      Endometriosis

C.    The menstrual cycle and sex

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Washable Pads

MENOPAUSE Symptoms of perimenopause and

menopause

   

Treatment for menopause

- Estrogen Replacement Therapy

- HRT

THE BREASTS

      

Breast Problems

1.      The breasts

a)     Breast cancer

b)     Cysts

c)     Fibroidenoma non cancerous tumor

d)     Nipple discharge

e)     Breast abscess

Male Anatomy

The internal genitals1. The urethra

2. The corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum – fill with blood, erection

3. The testis

a)     Vas deferens -- tube through which sperm is passed

b)     Seminiferous tubules – structures in the testicles that actually produce sperm

c)     Epididymis -- where sperm are stored and nourished

The pathway of sperm

a)     Seminal vesicles sacs that secrete nutrients to sperm

b)    Ampulla where sperm are provided with nutrients from the seminal vesicles

c)     Prostate gland structure that secretes fluid into semen before ejaculation.

d)    Cowper’s gland pre-ejaculate

e)     Ejaculation and orgasm expulsion of semen from penis and peak of sexual tension, sensory pleasure

The external genitals

Circumcision

Foreskin Restoration

• National Organization for Foreskin Restoration - http://www.norm.org/

• Why? Increase sensation, feeling of having been robbed of sexual pleasure

• Homemade device foreskin stretching

• Two year process• http://

www.foreskinrestore.com/

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are needed to see this picture.

Erection + Ejaculation

• Most often, stimulation of an erection plays a big part in ejaculation

• HOWEVER ejaculation can happen without an erection

• Stimulation of the prostate is one way this can happen

Sperm

• Mature sperm .0024 inches

• Acrosome, head, neck, midpiece and tail

• Adult male produces over 100 million sperm cells each day

Ejaculation

• Muscle contractions• 300 million sperm expelled in a single ejac. • Valve to bladder closes to prevent passage of urine• A tablespoon of semen contains approximately six

calories. Semen does contain protein, but it also contains all kinds of chemicals and minerals, including water, sugar, calcium, chlorine, magnesium, nitrogen, vitamin B12, and zinc. But it does not contain enough of any of these things to be considered "nutritious."

HORMONES

A. PUBERTY

1.      Releasing factors

2.      Estrogen/progesterone

3.      Testosterone

B.     Male climacteric (male menopause)

Erectile dysfunction hormone supplements therapy vacuums injections implants surgery pellets and…

Homologous Reproductive Structures

• Homologous: corresponding in structure and in origin, but not necessarily in function

• Essentially, body parts that develop from same origins

Female Male

Clitoral glans Glans penis

Clitoral shaft Penis shaft

Clitoral hood Foreskin

Inner labia Scrotum

Outer lips Bottom of penile shaft

Ovaries Testes

Bartholins glands

Cowper’s glands

Skene’s gland Prostate

Biological Sex: Becoming Male, Female or Intersex

Biological sex is not chosen, it is determined by a combination of chromosomes, hormones, and gonads while the fetus is in the

uterus

Chromosomal Sex•Determined at conception by chromosomal makeup of sperm - XX or XY

Hormonal Sex•Managed by the endocrine system: estrogen, testosterone

•For transsexual people, sex reassignment therapy (SRT) includes hormonal treatment

•Intersexuality - hormones could be scrambled

•Hormones also play a role in the formation of gender identity and sexual orientation, though this is still being researched

Gonadal Sex•Gonads are the reproductive organs - external and internal•Differentiation of gonads begins at 6 weeks after conception

Fetal Development of Genital Differentiation

The Intersex Spectrum• Individuals are not always just a matter of XX or

XY • In approximately one out of every 100 births,

seemingly tiny errors occur during the various stages of fetal sex differentiation

• This can cause a baby's body to develop abnormally

• Problems in the formation of chromosomes, gonads, or external genitals can lead to a range of intersex conditions

Disorders of sexual development

=intersex

ISNA• Intersexuality is basically a problem of

stigma and trauma, not gender. • Parents' distress must not be treated by

surgery on the child. • Professional mental health care is essential. • Honest, complete disclosure is good

medicine. • All children should be assigned as boy or girl,

without early surgery.