the physiological basic of behvior

7/28/2019 The Physiological Basic of Behvior

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TRAIT TRANSMISSION

HEREDITY- the transmission of traits and characteristics from the parent to the offspring.

CELL- basic structure function of all living things

NUCLEUS- w/ in the cell; the center of all activities of the cell-responsible for the human body’s physiologically fitness-responsible for the reproduction of the cell to maintain bodily structure and function

through outthe life span of an individual

REPRODUCTION- the process of replicating or duplicating into another living organism.

CELL DIVISION- the increase in size or cell growth resulting reproduction-varies in terms of MITOSIS and MEIOSIS

MITOSIS- indirect cell division regenerates an identical reproduction of cell for growth whendamaged.

-responsible for the growth of the human body (hair, nails, height, weight etc.)

-when a person is ill, the cell is likewise afflicted to some extent and cured by chemicalreactions to

regenerate the same cell.

MEIOSIS- the reproduction process mainly involved in the production of sexual cells-responsible for the propagation of species of offspring

CHROMOSOMES- are contained in the nucleus-remarkably relevant for they present the distinctive or unique features of the

parents-46 chromosomes (diploid) in every individual and arranged into 23 pairs

(haploid)= during

-responsible for carrying the traits and characteristics of an individual containedin the gene

GENE- having the traits and characteristics becomes the basic unit of heredity-composed of detailed hereditary traits and characteristics which are transmitted to and

acquired by theoffspring.

GENOTYPE- the underlying genetic pattern contained in the offspring , which cannot be seen, andcan only be



determined later.

PHENOTYPE- composed of characteristics that can be seen in how the individual actually looksand acts.

DOMINANT TRAITS- the phenotype resulting from genotype; predominates over the other alleles.

RECESSIVE TRAITS- controlled traitsHORMONAL INFLUENCE

ENDOCTRINE SYSTEM- it sustains the biological and physiological processes to make the body fitand well in

order to go on living.-responsible in regulating, controlling, and producing biochemical reactions of

the body- These chemicals are important in integrating the actions and responses of

theindividual to obtain HOMEOSTASIS (makes the body conditions balance)

within thesystem of human body.

LOCATION of the Endocrine Glands

GLAND LOCATION HORMONES FUNCTIONSPITUITARY(Hypophysis)

“Master Gland”

Base of the brain or just below thehypothalamus

ACTH (Adrenocorti-cotropicHormones

-Having the mostnumbered of variedhormones-The master incontrolling otherglands of the body(thyroid, adrenal,gonads)

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

TSH (Thyrotropic

Stimulating Hormones)

Stimulates the

thyroid gland

FSH (Follicular StimulatingHormones

Stimulates thegrowth of ovariesand testes

LSH ( LuteinizingStimulating Hormones)

Stimulates sexhormones by ovariesand testes

MSH (MelanocyteStimulating Hormones)

Controls the color of the skin’s



adapting to stressand maintainingblood sugar level.

PANCREATIC/PANCREAS

Right side of thenavel (umbilicus) “Islet of LangerhansPancreas

Pancreatic Hormone(Insulin)

-Utilization of sugarconcentration in thebody- raising theblood- sugar level orglucose of the body- Affectscarbohydrate, fatand proteinmetabolism-individuals with highblood sugar sufferfrom diabetesmellitus orhyperglycemia

Liver Glucogon Stimulated andreleased from theliver to temporarily

raise the blood-sugarlevel when theinsulin is absent orlacking.

GONADS- stimulatethe hormonesresponsible for boysand girls during

puberty stage

Ovary Estrogen -Secondary sexcharacteristics-Increase in hair,change in voice

Progesteron -Maintenance of pregnancy-Widening of pelvis-Enlargement of

breast Testes/ Androgen Testosterone -Beard, moustache-Narrowing of thehips-Enlargement of theAdam’s apple-production of sperm

PARATHYROIDGLAND- a pear-shaped or butterfly shaped gland

At the back of thethyroid

Parathormone -Controls calciumand Phosphorus(Bones and teeth)-Metabolism of Vitamin D.

-Too much secretionof parathormone

presents poor physical coordination-Less secretion

presents symptom of tetany ( the irregular,involuntary twitchingand spasms of themuscles.)

PLACENTAL GLAND Present only inpregnancy

Placental Hormone Connects fetus to themother

-Also releases – CGH(chronicgonadotropinhormone) found inthe urineconstituting thebasis of pregnancytest.

PINEAL GLAND Mid Cerebrum Pineal Hormone(Melatonin)

Helps pituitary glandin regulating itsfunction



THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIC OF BEHVIOR:

A. RECEIVING MECHANISMS- include the receptors of external stimuli- the sense organs.

B. REACTING MECHANISM- include the muscles of the body and the hormones of the glandular system.

C. CONNECTING MECHANISMS- include the nervous system, which is divided into two:1. central2. peripheral nervous system

NEURON- typically consisting of a cell body, axon, and dendrites, that transmits nerve impulsesand is the

basic functional unit of the nervous system.- nerve cells- each neuron consists of a cell body and its branching fibers- the basic structural unit of the nervous system

PARTS:

1. CELL BODY OR SOMA- contains the nucleus and serves as the center for nourishment

2. DENDRITES-short fibers projecting from the cell body.- receive information from adjacent cells and conduct the neural impulses to thecell body (cellulipetal)

3. AXON- long extension at one side of the cell body that carries messages to other cells

or glands.- they conduct neural impulses away ( cellulifugal) from the cell body.

4. SYNAPTIC TERMINALS OR BUTTONS- small knobs at the end of the axon branches that relay messages to other cells.

5. MYELIN SHEATH- axon’s protective coating; fatty layer of cells

6. NODES

- are interruption on the myelin sheath; it controls the speed of transmission of informationor stimulus on the neurons; these also serve as break on the momentum of the

speed.

SYNAPSE- tiny gaps in axon; where transmission of signaled stimulus from one neuron to anothertakes place;

serve as passageway for the connection of neurons.



DIFFERENT KINDS OF NEURONS ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTIONS:

A. SENSORY/ AFFERENT NEURONS- neurons that receive impulses from the sense organs and send messages

to the central nervous system.- Sensory neurons in the skin, muscles, joints, and organs indicate pressure,

temperature and pain.

-Neurons in the nose and tongue that are sensitive to the molecular shapeswe perceive as tastes and smells.

- Neurons in the inner ear provide us with information about sound.- Rods and cones of the retina allow us to see.

B. MOTOR/ EFFERENT NEURONS- send messages from the central nervous system to stimulate muscle cells

throughout the body, including the muscles of the heart, diaphragm,intestines, bladder and glands.

C. INTERNEURONS

- are the neurons that provide connections between sensory and motorneurons; as well as between themselves

- the neurons of the central nervous system, including the brain, are allinterneurons.

NEUROTRANSMITTER

•

The reason why neurons of the nervous system can communicate with each other.• These are chemical substances released by one neuron through the synapse and affecting

another neuron.

• It generates excitatory current when the neuron’s charge increase upon connection

through synapse and inhibitory current for decreasing charge.

• It is responsible for sensation, perception, cognitive, and motor behavior.

NEUROTRANSMITTER FUNCTION/s

1.ACETYLCHOLINE (cholinergic)/ ACH -Utilized by the motor neuron of the spinalcord to the muscles and glands of the body-It also found in at the limbic system(forebrain)

-Deficiency in ACH causes paralysis,forgetfulness, and intellectual losses; alsoresults to a degenerative disorder calledALZHEIMER’s disease

2.CATECHOLAMINES -Composed of epinephrine(adrenalin/adrenergic) and norepinephrine(noradrenalin/noradrenergic)-Located at the reticular formation(hindbrain).-Involved in arousal or wakefulness, learningprocess, and regulation of moods.-Individual’s reaction to “fight or flight”

stress causes catecholamine to be releasedincreasing alertness

3.DOPAMINE (dopaminergic) -Significant for memory, motor, andemotional behavior.-Located at the midbrain of the nervoussystem-Increase in dopamine can lead intoschizophrenia-Decrease can lead to Parkinson’s disease.

4.SEROTONIN -Affects body temperature, sleep, moods,



and pain sensation.-Food rich in carbohydrate leads to highlevel of serotonin producing drowsiness inwomen and calmness in men-When serotonin becomes active, it supportsin blocking pain sensation

5.GABA (Gamma-amino-butric acid) - Produces widespread excitatory action of the neuron-A reduction of GABA leads to severe anxiety-A dysfunction of GABA has been implicatedto epilepsy and Huntington’s disease EPILEPSY- intense repetitive convulsiveseizure due to excessive excitation of neurons.-Loss of GABA leads to inability to controlmovement of the upper and lowerextremities

the physiological basic of behvior

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