the physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/lectures/the physico-chemical environment...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The physical environment The physical environment -- summarysummary
20052005
![Page 2: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Solar insolationSolar insolation(kWh/m(kWh/m22/day)/day)
Amount of electromagnetic energy (solar Amount of electromagnetic energy (solar radiation) incident on the surface of the radiation) incident on the surface of the
earth. earth.
![Page 3: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Jan- March June-Aug
North South
![Page 4: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Solar insolation
![Page 5: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 above
Northern hemisphere (Longitude 132 East)Solar insolation (kWh/m^2/day)
Latitude
JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJUL
AUGSEPOCTNOVDEC
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
![Page 6: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Beer’s lawBeer’s law
K = 0.25
K = 0.75
Beers Law of light extinction
Iz =Io exp(-k*d)
Iz is the intensity of light at z, z is the depth of interestIo is the intensity at the surfacek is the extinction coefficient of water
![Page 7: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Water temperatureWater temperature
![Page 9: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Birkeland C (1996) Life and death of coral reefs.
![Page 10: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Castro PC and Huber ME (1997) Marine Biology.
![Page 11: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
19831983--8484
![Page 13: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
19981998
![Page 14: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is calculated from the monthly or seasonal is calculated from the monthly or seasonal
fluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahiti and Dfluctuations in the air pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin.arwin.
![Page 18: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Pacific Decadal Oscillation Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) (PDO)
![Page 20: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)
Warm periods have seen enhanced coastal ocean biological productivity in Alaska and inhibited productivity off the west coast of the contiguous United States, while cold PDO eras have seen the opposite north-south pattern of marine ecosystem productivity.
![Page 21: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Storms and hydrodynamicsStorms and hydrodynamics
![Page 23: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
TyphoonsTyphoons-- CyclonesCyclones-- HurricanesHurricanes
Australia: 1 typhoon Australia: 1 typhoon (cyclone) every 12 years (cyclone) every 12 years in 100 kmin 100 km22
Ryukyus: at least 1 Ryukyus: at least 1 typhoon every year in typhoon every year in 100 km100 km22
Florida: I hurricane every Florida: I hurricane every 10 years in 100 km10 years in 100 km22
![Page 25: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Typhoon 11Typhoon 11
August-2001July – 2001
![Page 26: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Tropical storms Tropical storms
Before After
![Page 31: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
HydrodynamicsHydrodynamics
![Page 32: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Reef induced circulationReef induced circulation
Wolanski. 1994. Physical Oceanographic Processes of the Great Barrier Reef
![Page 33: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Wolanski. 1994. Physical Oceanographic Processes of the Great Barrier Reef
![Page 35: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Eddies Eddies –– high retention areas high retention areas
Wolanski. 1994. Physical Oceanographic Processes of the Great Barrier Reef
![Page 36: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
SlicksSlicks
Wolanski. 1994. Physical Oceanographic Processes of the Great Barrier Reef
![Page 39: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Black K. 1993. Coral Reefs 12: 43-53
![Page 40: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
k
![Page 41: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Wolanski E & Sarenski J. 1997. Am Sci 85(3): 6
![Page 42: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Often the conditions at the boundary layer are the rate-determining step in nutrient exchange and
mass transfer.
Frictional drag
“Boundary layer thickness is a potentially important component of the diffusive pathway for gas exchange in aquatic organisms”
(Patterson & Sebens 1989, Proc Nat Acad Sci 86, 8833-8836)
![Page 44: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Hydrogen bubbles are released periodically and are carried by the fluid. The fluid speed near the aerofoil...in the boundary layer...is slower than
in the free stream.
Low flow High flowAs the flow rate increases, the boundary layer thins and resistance to
passive diffusion progressively decreasesImages courtesy of Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, University of Iowa
![Page 45: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Newton’s Law of Newton’s Law of ViscosityViscosity
☺ is the shear stress (or force per unit area exerted by the water, kg m-2 s-1), is the density of water (998.4 kg m-3),
U is water’s velocity (m s-1), and CD is the drag coefficient of the object or organism.
Forced convection can greatly enhance mass transfer.
![Page 46: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Partial differential equation model - van Woesik (in prep.)
![Page 47: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Atkinson’s work on Stanton numbers showed that:
At low-flow velocities, rough morphologies are an advantage because frictional drag increases the mass-transfer across the diffusion-limiting boundary layers.
St = a dimensionless number giving the ratio of uptake rate per unit area to the rate of
advection of the substance past the uptake surface
Baird & Atkinson 1997 Limnol Oceanogr 42(8): 1685-1693
![Page 48: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
If we increase water flow rate we may also increase If we increase water flow rate we may also increase the rate of removal of photosynthetic the rate of removal of photosynthetic
byproductsbyproducts that accumulate under stress (i.e., that accumulate under stress (i.e., during high SSTs and high irradiance)...during high SSTs and high irradiance)...
![Page 50: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The hypothesisThe hypothesis
‘coral colonies growing in high‘coral colonies growing in high--flow habitats are flow habitats are more resistant to high SSTs than colonies in more resistant to high SSTs than colonies in
lowlow--flow habitats’.flow habitats’.
![Page 51: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Acropora digitifera experimental set up
Minimal flow Flow
![Page 52: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Acropora digitifera (SST 26.2 - 33.6ºC)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (days)
Sur
viva
l % (S
E, n
=15)
Flow (50-70 cm/sec)
Minimum flow (<3 cm/sec)
SST ( 26.2 - 33.8 º C )
24.525.526.527.528.529.530.531.532.533.534.5
Time (days)
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Acropora digitifera (SST 26.6 - 29.7 ºC)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (days)
Sur
viva
l % (S
E, n
=11)
Flow (50-70 cm/sec)
Minimum flow (< 3cm/sec)
SST (26.6 - 29.7 ºC )
24.525.526.527.528.529.530.531.532.533.534.5
Time (days)
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Nakamura T & Van Woesik R (2001) Marine Ecology Progress Series 212: 301-304
![Page 53: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Weeks
Zoox
anth
ella
e nu
mbe
r per
are
a (#
/cm
2 )
Still (<3cm/s)
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
0 3 5 7 control Flow (20cm/s)
0 3 5 7 control
Nakamura, Yamasaki & Van Woesik. Mar Ecol Prog Ser (In Press)
![Page 54: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4510
-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
Size, W (cm)
Rat
e of
pas
sive
diff
usio
n (m
2s-1
)
U = 0.8 m s -1
U = 0.4 m s -1
U = 0.2 m s -1Turbulent flow, d = 0.8
Laminar flow, d = 0.5
U = 0.8 m s -1
U = 0.4 m s -1U = 0.2 m s -1
Nakamura T & Van Woesik R (2001), Marine Ecology Progress Series
![Page 55: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4510-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
Size, W (cm)
Rat
e of
pas
sive
diff
usio
n (m
2 s-1
)
U = 0.8 m s -1 U = 0.4 m s -1
U = 0.2 m s -1 Turbulent flow, d = 0.8
Laminar flow, d = 0.5
U = 0.8 m s -1
U = 0.4 m s -1 U = 0.2 m s -1
Theory suggests that small coral colonies should have higher mass transfer than large coral colonies, and if high-mass transfer is critical in times of stress, for example when SSTs are high, small colonies are expected to survive in preference to large colonies under similar flow regimes.
Nakamura T & Van Woesik R (submitted), Marine Ecology Progress Series
![Page 56: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Size class (cm2)
Freq
uenc
y (%
)
Loya Y, Sakai K, Yamazato K, Nakano Y, Sambali H, Van Woesik R (2001) Ecology Letters 4: 122-131
![Page 57: The physico-chemical environment - summarymy.fit.edu/~rvw/Lectures/The physico-chemical environment - summary 2005.pdf · Typhoon 11 July – 2001 August-2001. Tropical storms . Before](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042101/5e7d866337863b39d673fc82/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Theory and empirical evidence concur
µρ..Re UW
=
High-water flow allows high-mass transfer rates; thereby potentially sequestering the build-up of toxins within corals subjected to high SSTs.