THE PHILOSOPHY OF STOICISM Kozlov Nikita IFF 2-2

WHAT WILL WE KNOW?

Stoicism History What is Stoicism? Background Information Divine Reason Stoicism Ethics Stoicism Logic So Why Be A Stoic? Philosophers

STOICISM HISTORY

Beginning at around 301 BC, Zeno taught philosophy at the Stoa Poikile, from which his philosophy got its name. Unlike the other schools of philosophy, such as the Epicureans, Zeno chose to teach his philosophy in a public space, which was a colonnade overlooking the central gathering place of Athens, the Agora. Zeno's ideas developed from those of the Cynics, whose founding father, Antisthenes, had been a disciple of Socrates. Zeno's most influential follower was Chrysippus, who was responsible for the molding of what is now called Stoicism. Later Roman Stoics focused on promoting a life in harmony within the universe, over which one has no direct control. Scholars usually divide the history of Stoicism into three phases:

Early Stoa, from the founding of the school by Zeno to Antipater;

Middle Stoa, including Panaetius and Posidonius; Late Stoa, including Musonius

Rufus, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius. As A. A. Long states, no complete work by any

stoic philosopher survives from the first two phases of Stoicism. Only Roman texts from the Late Stoa survive.

WHAT IS STOICISM?

An ancient Greek philosophy that taught that virtue, the highest good, is based on knowledge, and that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason a well as being indifferent to changes of fortune and to pleasure and pain. Stoic philosophy was the conviction that the individual human could apply reason to the information provided by his or her senses and develop a true understanding of reality.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Greeks wanted a knew way to define thier culture and way of self-governing. Stoicism catered to those who believed in knowledge over emotional involvement and Fate.

DIVINE REASONS

Divine reason was a process of thinking that objectified and rationalized everyday situations. If one was to approach situations knowledgeably instead of emotionally - they would attain true happiness.

STOICISM ETHICS

Morality should be basis enough for happiness and satisfaction.

Morality is the only form of "good“.

Emotion's lead to 'false judgement' and contain a destructive nature.

Also, the stoics believed that material goods could not bring happiness towards humans. Stoics believed that mercy, wisdom, courage, moderation, love of justice, and balance were important virtues, because those qualities would always benefit the possessor and should never be taken away.

STOICISM LOGIC

Logic was a huge component in the philosophy. Back then logic was known as "logos", meaning word and reason. They believed that there was always a reason for such happenings. The most significant concept believed by the Stoics was the idea of "all things happen through antecedent causes." It was applied to many things such as grammar, propositions, thought, perception, and analysis of argument forms.

SO WHY BE A STOIC?

Intellectual classes and government officials were stoics;

There was no god, but basically gods influence was found in everything;

People who practiced stoicism would achieve happiness by denying aspects of life that were unpredictable and approaching situations rationally.

The word "stoic" commonly refers to someone indifferent to pain, pleasure, grief, or joy.

The modern usage: as "person who

represses feelings or endures patiently" was first cited in 1579 as a noun, and 1596 as an adjective. In contrast to the term "Epicurean", the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's entry on stoicism notes, "the sense of the English adjective 'stoical' is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins."

PHILOSOPHERS

Zeno of Citium (332–262 BC), founder of Stoicism and the Stoic Academy (Stoa) in Athens Aristo of Chios (fl. 260 BC), pupil of Zeno; Herillus of Carthage (fl. 3rd century BC); Cleanthes (330–232 BC), second head of Stoic Academy; Chrysippus (280–204 BC), third head of the academy; Diogenes of Babylon (230–150 BC); Antipater of Tarsus (210–129 BC); Panaetius of Rhodes (185–109 BC); Posidonius of Apameia (c. 135 BC – 51 BC); Diodotus (c. 120 BC – 59 BC), teacher of Cicero; Cato the Younger (94–46 BC); Seneca (4 BC – AD 65); Gaius Musonius Rufus (1st century AD); Rubellius Plautus (AD 33–62); Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus (1st century AD); Lucius Annaeus Cornutus (1st century AD); Epictetus (AD 55–135); Hierocles (2nd century AD); Marcus Aurelius (AD 121–180).

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