The The Phenomenon of Phenomenon of

MemoryMemoryChapter 8, Lecture 1Chapter 8, Lecture 1

“In large part, you are what you remember.”- David Myers

Memory

Memory is the basis for knowing your friends, your neighbors, the English language, the national anthem, and

yourself.

If memory was nonexistent, everyone would be a stranger to you; every language

foreign; every task new; and even you yourself would be a stranger.

The Definition of Memory

Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time.

It is our ability to store and retrieve information.

Studying Memory: Information Processing

Models

Keyboard(Encoding)

Disk(Storage)

Monitor(Retrieval)

Sequential Process

Information ProcessingThe Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory, b) short-

term memory, and c) long-term memory.

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Modifications to the Three-Stage Model

1. Some information skips the first two stages and enters long-term memory automatically.

2. Since we cannot focus on all the sensory information received, we select information that is important to us and actively process it into our working memory.

Working Memory

A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious,

active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial

information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

A Demonstration of Memory

In your notes, write the names of the seven dwarfs.

Some things to consider:

• Difficulty of the task – how does this task relateto encoding, storage, and retrieval?

• Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon – wouldadditional retrieval cues be of assistance?

• Organization of memory by sound, letter, andmeaning – which of these did you use?

A Demonstration of Memory

In your notes, write the names of the seven dwarfs.

Some things to consider:

• Recall versus Recognition – circle the correctdwarf names from the following list:

Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy,Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy,Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful,Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy,and Stubby.

A Demonstration of Memory

In your notes, write the names of the seven dwarfs.

Some things to consider:

• Research suggests that the order, from most likelyto least likely recalled, is as follows: Sleepy, Dopey,Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc, and Bashful.

HomeworkRead p.330-337