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THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY AND GLOBAL HEALTH:FACTS AND FIGURES
Issue 2011
Fore
wor
d 3
D
ear
Rea
der,
Thi
s co
mpe
ndiu
m o
f fac
ts a
nd fi
gure
s re
lati
ng to
the
phar
mac
euti
cal i
ndus
try
and
glob
al h
ealt
h ai
ms
to p
rovi
de a
sna
psho
t of t
he w
ork
this
vib
rant
indu
stry
un
dert
akes
tod
ay.
Thi
s pu
blic
atio
n ex
amin
es s
ome
of t
he m
ost
rece
nt d
ata
on p
harm
aceu
tica
l in
nova
tion
and
glo
bal
heal
th,
acce
ss t
o m
edic
ines
and
he
alth
care
sys
tem
s, a
s w
ell a
s th
e ec
onom
ic f
ootp
rint
of
the
phar
mac
euti
cal
indu
stry
. T
he i
nfor
mat
ion
pres
ente
d he
re c
onfir
ms
the
rank
ing
of t
he r
e-se
arch
-bas
ed p
harm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y as
one
of
the
mos
t in
nova
tive
sec
tors
in
the
wor
ld, w
hich
ove
r th
e pa
st c
entu
ry h
as p
laye
d a
uniq
ue r
ole
in d
evel
op-
ing
new
and
impr
oved
med
icin
es a
nd v
acci
nes
to p
reve
nt a
nd t
reat
dis
ease
s an
d co
ndit
ions
.
Thi
s is
a u
niqu
e in
dust
ry.
IFPM
A m
embe
rs e
mpl
oy m
illio
ns o
f pe
ople
w
ho a
re p
roud
to
part
icip
ate
in t
his
cruc
ial
ende
avor
. T
hey
save
mill
ions
of
liv
es a
nd h
elp
thos
e su
ffer
ing
from
dis
ease
to
reco
ver
and
lead
mor
e pr
oduc
tive
one
s. I
FPM
A b
ring
s th
is p
ublic
atio
n to
und
erlin
e th
e on
goin
g co
mm
itm
ent o
f the
res
earc
h-ba
sed
phar
mac
euti
cal i
ndus
try
to im
prov
ing
the
qual
ity
of l
ife
for
all
of t
he w
orld
’s p
eopl
e, n
ot o
nly
thro
ugh
heal
thca
re b
ut
also
thr
ough
eco
nom
ic p
rogr
ess.
W
e ho
pe t
hat
shar
ing
som
e of
the
mos
t re
cent
and
rel
evan
t fa
cts
and
figur
es r
elat
ing
to o
ur w
ork
can
add
valu
e fo
r ev
iden
ce-b
ased
pol
icym
akin
g in
the
glo
bal h
ealt
h ar
ena.
Ed
uard
o Pi
sani
D
irecto
r G
en
era
l
In
tern
atio
nal
Fed
era
tio
n o
f P
harm
aceu
tical
Man
ufa
ctu
rers
an
d A
sso
cia
tio
ns (
IFP
MA
)
TAB
LE
OF
CO
NT
EN
TS
KE
Y F
AC
TS
6
1.
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L I
NN
OV
AT
ION
AN
D P
UB
LIC
HE
ALT
H
11
A lo
ok in
to t
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y R
&D
pip
elin
e 12
Phar
mac
euti
cal i
ndus
try
R&
D in
vest
men
ts
15
Phar
mac
euti
cal R
&D
and
its
impa
ct o
n gl
obal
hea
lth
16
R&
D f
or d
isea
ses
that
dis
prop
orti
onat
ely
affe
ct t
he d
evel
opin
g w
orld
19
2.
AC
CE
SS
TO
ME
DIC
INE
S A
ND
HE
ALT
HC
AR
E S
YS
TE
MS
2
3
Dis
trib
utio
n of
wea
lth
and
heal
th o
utco
mes
23
Hea
lthc
are
spen
ding
and
wor
kfor
ce
26
Bar
rier
s to
acc
ess
to m
edic
ines
and
hea
lthc
are
28
The
rol
e of
pha
rmac
euti
cal p
rodu
cts
in h
ealt
hcar
e 31
Phar
mac
euti
cal i
ndus
try’
s co
ntri
buti
on
33
Hea
lthc
are
achi
evem
ents
and
cha
llen
ges
35
3.
EC
ON
OM
IC F
OO
TP
RIN
T O
F T
HE
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L I
ND
US
TR
Y
39
Phar
mac
euti
cal R
&D
and
pro
duct
ion
41
Phar
mac
euti
cal i
ndus
try’
s em
ploy
men
t 41
Tran
sfer
of
tech
nolo
gy
43
Trad
e in
pha
rmac
euti
cals
45
The
pha
rmac
euti
cal m
arke
t 47
Gen
eric
ver
sus
bran
ded
phar
mac
euti
cal p
rodu
cts
49
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N
51
AN
NE
XE
S
52
Ann
ex I
— P
harm
aceu
tica
ls p
aten
ts
53
Ann
ex I
I —
Lif
e ex
pect
ancy
and
chi
ld m
orta
lity
54
Ann
ex I
II —
Sel
ecte
d so
cioe
cono
mic
indi
cato
rs
62
Ann
ex I
V —
Hea
lth
wor
kfor
ce d
ensi
ty (
per
1,00
0 po
pula
tion
) 72
Ann
ex V
— H
ealt
hcar
e fi
nanc
ing
(bas
e ye
ar 2
009)
80
Ann
ex V
I —
Pha
rmac
euti
cal t
rade
(ba
se y
ear
2010
) 88
Inde
x of
fig
ures
and
tab
les
94
7
RE
SE
AR
CH
& D
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
➜ I
t ta
kes
10-1
5 ye
ars
to d
evel
op a
med
icin
e or
vac
cine
.
➜ T
he r
esea
rch-
base
d ph
arm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y cu
rren
tly
spen
ds o
ver
U
SD 1
00 b
illio
n (E
UR
75
billi
on)
on R
&D
.
➜ I
n 20
10, t
here
wer
e 87
8 m
edic
ines
in t
he p
ipel
ine
for
all t
ypes
of c
ance
r, 1
93 f
or d
iabe
tes
and
303
for
rare
dis
ease
s.
➜ I
n 20
09, 2
5 ne
w p
harm
aceu
tica
ls w
ere
laun
ched
,
out
of m
ore
than
3,0
50 c
ompo
unds
in d
evel
opm
ent.
➜ I
n 20
06-2
010,
the
num
ber
of n
ew c
hem
ical
or
biol
ogic
al e
ntit
ies
la
unch
ed o
n th
e w
orld
mar
ket
fell
to 1
51 f
rom
211
a d
ecad
e ea
rlie
r.
➜ I
t co
sts
an a
vera
ge o
f U
SD 1
.38
billi
on t
o de
velo
p a
sing
le m
edic
ine.
➜ I
n 20
10, fi
ve o
f th
e 10
lead
ing
glob
al R
&D
firm
s w
ere
phar
mac
euti
cal
co
mpa
nies
.
KE
Y F
AC
TS
8
9
IND
US
TR
Y’S
CO
NT
RIB
UT
ION
TO
DIS
EA
SE
S
TH
AT
DIS
PR
OP
OR
TIO
NA
TE
LY A
FF
EC
T
TH
E D
EV
EL
OP
ING
WO
RL
D
➜ E
very
yea
r, m
edic
ines
and
vac
cine
s pr
even
t at
leas
t 3
mill
ion
deat
hs
fr
om m
alar
ia a
nd s
ave
750,
000
child
ren
from
dis
abili
ty.
➜ B
etw
een
2000
and
200
6, im
mun
izat
ion
cam
paig
ns h
elpe
d re
duce
the
num
ber
of d
eath
s fr
om m
easl
es in
Afr
ica
by 9
1 %
.
➜ I
n 20
10, t
here
wer
e 48
med
icin
es in
the
pip
elin
e fo
r m
alar
ia
an
d 81
med
icin
es in
dev
elop
men
t fo
r H
IV/A
IDS.
➜ I
n 20
10, I
FPM
A m
embe
rs h
ad 1
02 o
ngoi
ng R
&D
pro
ject
s re
late
d
to
dis
ease
s of
the
dev
elop
ing
wor
ld.
➜ I
n 20
09, t
he r
esea
rch-
base
d ph
arm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y co
ntri
bute
d
arou
nd 7
5 %
of
the
R&
D f
undi
ng f
or t
uber
culo
sis,
mal
aria
and
den
gue.
TH
E R
ES
EA
RC
H-B
AS
ED
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L I
ND
US
TR
Y’S
C
ON
TR
IBU
TIO
N T
O A
HE
ALT
HY
SO
CIE
TY
➜ I
n 20
10, t
he n
umbe
r of
med
icin
es in
dev
elop
men
t
fo
r pa
rtic
ular
dis
ease
are
as w
ere:
–
Can
cer:
878
–
Car
diov
ascu
lar
diso
rder
s: 2
37
– D
iabe
tes
mel
litus
: 19
3
– H
IV/A
IDS:
81
–
Rar
e di
seas
es:
303
➜ F
or e
very
USD
24
spen
t on
new
med
icin
es f
or c
ardi
ovas
cula
r
di
seas
es in
OEC
D c
ount
ries
, USD
89
wer
e sa
ved
in h
ospi
taliz
atio
n
an
d ot
her
heal
thca
re c
osts
.
TH
E P
HA
RM
AC
EU
TIC
AL
MA
RK
ET
➜ T
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l mar
ket
will
rea
ch n
earl
y U
SD 1
,100
bill
ion
by 2
015.
➜ L
eadi
ng e
mer
ging
cou
ntri
es w
ill a
ccou
nt f
or 2
8 %
of
glob
al s
pend
ing
on p
harm
aceu
tica
ls b
y 20
15, c
ompa
red
to 1
2 %
in 2
005.
➜ T
he U
S sh
are
will
dec
line
from
41
% in
200
5 to
31
% in
201
5,
w
hile
Eur
ope’
s sh
are
will
fal
l fro
m 2
7 %
in 2
005
to 1
9 %
in 2
015.
10 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
es11
CH
AP
TE
R 1
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L IN
NO
VA
TIO
N A
ND
P
UB
LIC
HE
ALT
H
The
res
earc
h-ba
sed
phar
mac
euti
cal i
ndus
try
play
s a
uniq
ue r
ole
in d
evel
op-
ing
new
med
icin
es a
nd v
acci
nes
to p
reve
nt a
nd t
reat
dis
ease
s, a
nd i
mpr
ove
the
lives
of
pati
ents
. It
s ke
y co
ntri
buti
on t
o m
edic
al p
rogr
ess
is t
urni
ng
fund
amen
tal r
esea
rch
into
inno
vati
ve tr
eatm
ents
. Ind
eed,
the
indu
stry
’s s
uc-
cess
res
ts o
n co
ntin
uous
inn
ovat
ion
— f
or t
he p
reve
ntio
n an
d tr
eatm
ent
of
com
mon
, com
plex
and
neg
lect
ed d
isea
ses,
and
for
impr
ovem
ents
in e
xist
ing
med
icin
es a
nd t
reat
men
ts.
Des
pite
cha
lleng
ing
busi
ness
con
diti
ons,
the
in-
dust
ry u
nder
take
s in
vest
men
ts th
at a
re c
onsi
dera
bly
mor
e ri
sky
than
thos
e in
ot
her
high
-tec
hnol
ogy
sect
ors.
By
inve
stin
g bi
llion
s of
dol
lars
and
tho
usan
ds
of s
cien
tist
-hou
rs, i
t pu
shes
the
lim
its
of s
cien
ce, i
mpr
oves
glo
bal h
ealt
h an
d co
ntri
bute
s to
the
pro
sper
ity
of s
ocie
ty.
Fo
r th
e pa
st 1
00 y
ears
, th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
has
pro
duce
d al
mos
t al
l th
e m
edic
ines
, tr
eatm
ents
and
vac
cine
s on
the
mar
ket.
Whe
n a
phar
mac
euti
cal
com
pany
inv
ests
in
rese
arch
and
dev
elop
men
t (R
&D
) of
new
med
icin
es,
it
first
scr
eens
for
che
mic
al a
nd b
iolo
gica
l com
poun
ds w
ith
pote
ntia
l for
tre
at-
ing
new
or
exis
ting
con
diti
ons.
The
leng
thy
proc
ess
of m
edic
ine
deve
lopm
ent
begi
ns o
nce
scie
ntis
ts i
dent
ify
a pr
omis
ing
com
poun
d am
ong
the
5,00
0 to
12 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esPh
arm
aceu
tica
l inn
ovat
ion
and
publ
ic h
ealt
h 1
3
a ne
ed f
or s
afer
med
icin
es,
bett
er q
ualit
y of
tre
atm
ent
and
redu
ced
side
ef-
fect
s fo
r pa
tien
ts.
Acc
ordi
ngly
, th
e re
sear
ch-b
ased
pha
rmac
euti
cal
indu
stry
gl
obal
ly s
pent
ove
r U
SD 1
20 b
illio
n on
pha
rmac
euti
cal R
&D
in 2
008-
09 (
see
figur
e 2)
.4
Ris
ing
R&
D c
osts
and
mor
e st
ring
ent
test
ing
requ
irem
ents
hav
e be
en
acco
mpa
nied
by
a de
clin
e in
new
med
icin
e ap
prov
als.
The
num
ber
of n
ew
chem
ical
or
biol
ogic
al e
ntit
ies
(NC
Es a
nd N
BEs
) la
unch
ed o
n th
e w
orld
mar
-ke
t fe
ll to
151
in t
he 2
006-
2010
per
iod
com
pare
d w
ith
211
a de
cade
ear
lier.
5 M
oreo
ver,
the
res
earc
h-ba
sed
phar
mac
euti
cal
indu
stry
is
expe
cted
to
face
an
im
port
ant
decr
ease
in
reve
nue
in t
he n
ear
futu
re,
as m
ost
of i
ts p
aten
ts
on b
lock
bust
er m
edic
ines
6 will
exp
ire.
The
se c
halle
nges
hav
e no
t dim
inis
hed
the
indu
stry
’s i
nnov
ativ
e dr
ive
but
have
rat
her
enco
urag
ed i
t to
ado
pt n
ew
4 E
FPIA
. 201
0. E
FPIA
In
dust
ry i
n F
igu
res
201
0, p
. 2. A
vail
able
at:
htt
p://
ww
w.e
fpia
.eu/
Con
tent
/Def
ault
.asp
?Pag
eID
=
559&
Doc
ID=
9158
5 I
bid.
p. 1
0.6
A b
lock
bust
er m
edic
ine
is o
ne t
hat
gene
rate
s an
nual
sal
es o
f at
leas
t U
SD 1
bil
lion
for
the
com
pany
tha
t cr
eate
s it
.
10,0
00 s
cree
ned
on a
vera
ge. R
esea
rche
rs th
en e
xten
sive
ly te
st th
e co
mpo
und
to e
nsur
e it
s effic
acy
and
safe
ty, a
pro
cess
tha
t ca
n ta
ke 1
0 to
15
year
s be
fore
it
reac
hes t
he m
arke
t.1 T
o ill
ustr
ate,
in 2
009,
25
new
med
icin
es w
ere
laun
ched
, w
hile
3,0
50 c
ompo
unds
wer
e at
dif
fere
nt s
tage
s of
dev
elop
men
t.2 T
he d
iffe
r-en
ce in
thes
e nu
mbe
rs in
dica
tes
the
man
y re
sear
ch h
urdl
es th
at m
ust b
e ov
er-
com
e be
fore
com
poun
ds c
an b
e tu
rned
into
saf
e an
d ef
fect
ive
med
icin
es.
A L
OO
K I
NT
O T
HE
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L I
ND
US
TR
Y
R&
D P
IPE
LIN
ETo
day,
the
cos
t of
dev
elop
ing
a si
ngle
med
icin
e am
ount
s to
ove
r U
SD 1
.38
billi
on 3 c
ompa
red
to U
SD 1
38 m
illio
n in
197
5. T
his
1,00
0 %
incr
ease
refl
ects
1 I
nnov
atio
n.or
g. D
rug
Dis
cove
ry a
nd
Dev
elop
men
t: U
nde
rsta
ndi
ng
the
R&
D P
roce
ss.
Ava
ilab
le a
t:
http
://w
ww
.inn
ovat
ion.
org/
inde
x.cf
m/f
utur
eofi
nnov
atio
n/N
ewM
edic
ines
inD
evel
opm
ent#
i %20
- %20
DiM
asi
2 I
nnov
atio
n.or
g. N
ew M
edic
ines
in
Dev
elop
men
t. A
vail
able
at:
ht
tp:/
/ww
w.i
nnov
atio
n.or
g/in
dex.
cfm
/Fut
ureo
fInn
ovat
ion/
New
Med
icin
esin
Dev
elop
men
t3
PhR
MA
. 201
1. P
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Fac
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igur
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arm
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l Pr
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n co
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ew b
usin
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mod
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such
as
join
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ntur
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etw
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pani
es a
nd o
ther
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l en
titi
es a
re w
ays
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ncre
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of
phar
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litat
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part
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hips
in-
volv
ing
acad
emia
and
the
pub
lic a
nd p
riva
te s
ecto
rs.
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L I
ND
US
TR
Y R
&D
IN
VE
ST
ME
NT
SO
f al
l the
dif
fere
nt in
dust
rial
sec
tors
, the
res
earc
h-ba
sed
phar
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euti
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n-du
stry
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sist
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ed t
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in R
&D
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n in
tim
es o
f ec
onom
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turm
oil a
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nanc
ial c
risi
s. C
ompa
red
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h ot
her h
igh-
tech
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ries
, th
e an
nual
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D s
pend
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SD 1
20 b
illio
n by
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pha
rmac
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try
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ve t
imes
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ater
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n th
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inve
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ents
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imes
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pute
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rvic
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ted
Stat
es,
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nves
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ts o
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arm
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tica
l co
mpa
nies
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ve g
row
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ave
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e th
an d
oubl
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the
publ
icly
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ded
Nat
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stit
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of
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s (N
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s in
20
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ther
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n Ja
pan
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n th
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ates
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h D
olla
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rope
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U In
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2010
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pan,
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r-m
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tica
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ustr
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as t
he t
op R
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inve
stor
in 2
009,
wit
h po
siti
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pend
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owth
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reas
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ost o
f the
oth
er s
ecto
rs, w
ith
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exce
ptio
n of
hea
lth
care
equ
ipm
ent a
nd s
ervi
ces,
spe
ndin
g de
clin
ed.13
7 P
hRM
A. 2
011.
PhR
MA
In
dust
ry P
rofi
le 2
011.
p. 1
1.
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ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
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ww
.phr
ma.
org/
site
s/de
faul
t/fi
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ofil
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11_f
inal
8 W
IPO
Sta
tist
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abas
e, S
epte
mbe
r 20
10. T
he P
CT
pro
vide
s a
unif
ied
proc
edur
e fo
r fi
ling
pat
ent
appl
icat
ions
to
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tect
inve
ntio
ns in
eac
h of
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aty’
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ntra
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g st
ates
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opea
n C
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issi
on. 2
010.
“EC
Joi
nt R
esea
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tre’
s 20
10 S
core
boar
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on f
rom
17/
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, sl
ide
16. A
vail
able
at:
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ec.e
urop
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/res
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cs/2
010/
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010_
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. Dep
artm
ent
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uman
Ser
vice
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atio
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nsti
tute
s of
Hea
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riva
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Publ
ic R
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Spe
ndi
ng.
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nt R
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. p.
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EF
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du
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p.
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16 T
he P
harm
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l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
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igur
esPh
arm
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publ
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ks
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ces
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arts
Tech
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e &
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rmac
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iote
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o b
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Acc
ordi
ng t
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rope
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omm
issi
on s
tati
stic
s, fi
ve o
f th
e 10
lea
ding
gl
obal
R&
D fi
rms
in 2
010
wer
e ph
arm
aceu
tica
l co
mpa
nies
,14 a
ccou
ntin
g fo
r 19
% o
f the
R&
D o
f the
top
1,40
0 co
mpa
nies
.15 T
hese
fact
s ar
e a
clea
r de
mon
-st
rati
on o
f th
e si
gnifi
cant
con
trib
utio
n th
e ph
arm
aceu
tica
l se
ctor
mak
es t
o th
e w
orld
eco
nom
y.
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L R
&D
AN
D I
TS
IM
PA
CT
ON
GL
OB
AL
HE
ALT
HPh
arm
aceu
tica
l R&
D h
as d
ram
atic
ally
impr
oved
the
lives
of p
atie
nts.
Med
ical
di
scov
erie
s bi
g an
d sm
all
have
inc
reas
ed l
ife
expe
ctan
cy a
nd r
esul
ted
in a
be
tter
qua
lity
of li
fe f
or m
any.
Vac
cine
s ha
ve e
nabl
ed t
he g
loba
l era
dica
tion
of
sm
allp
ox a
nd t
he r
egio
nal
elim
inat
ion
of p
olio
and
mea
sles
. C
urre
ntly
, va
ccin
es s
ave
the
lives
of
over
2 m
illio
n ch
ildre
n ea
ch y
ear.
Bet
wee
n 20
00
and
2006
, im
mun
izat
ion
cam
paig
ns c
ut t
he n
umbe
r of
dea
ths
caus
ed b
y
14
Eur
opea
n C
omm
issi
on. 2
010.
EC
Joi
nt R
esea
rch
Cen
tre’
s 20
10 S
core
boar
d pr
esen
tati
on f
rom
17/
11/2
010,
sl
ide
9. A
vail
able
at:
htt
p://
iri.
jrc.
ec.e
urop
a.eu
/res
earc
h/do
cs/2
010/
SB_2
010_
BX
L_17
-11-
2010
15
Eur
opea
n C
omm
issi
on J
oint
Res
earc
h C
entr
e (J
RC
). 2
010
. 2
010
EU
In
dust
rial
R&
D I
nve
stm
ent
Scor
eboa
rd.
p. 2
9.
Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//ir
i.jr
c.ec
.eur
opa.
eu/r
esea
rch/
docs
/201
0/SB
2010
_fin
al_r
epor
t.pd
f
mea
sles
by
68 %
, w
ith
a re
duct
ion
of 9
1 %
in
Afr
ica.
Sin
ce 1
928,
sci
enti
sts
have
dis
cove
red
and
deve
lope
d 19
cla
sses
of a
ntib
ioti
cs, l
eadi
ng to
the
tre
at-
men
t and
cur
e of
sev
eral
thou
sand
type
s of
infe
ctio
n an
d sa
ving
ove
r 20
0 m
il-lio
n liv
es.16
Wit
h th
e he
lp o
f m
ajor
med
ical
dis
cove
ries
, th
e re
sear
ch-b
ased
ph
arm
aceu
tica
l in
dust
ry h
as d
evel
oped
mor
e th
an 2
0 an
tire
trov
iral
tre
at-
men
ts fo
r H
IV/A
IDS,
ess
enti
al in
con
trol
of t
he e
pide
mic
. In
2010
, the
re w
ere
48 m
edic
ines
in t
he p
ipel
ine
for
mal
aria
,17 8
1 m
edic
ines
in d
evel
opm
ent
for
HIV
/AID
S, 8
78 f
or a
ll ty
pes
of c
ance
r, 1
93 f
or d
iabe
tes
and
303
for
rare
dis
-ea
ses.
18 I
t is
est
imat
ed t
hat
med
icin
es p
reve
nt a
t le
ast
3 m
illio
n de
aths
fro
m
mal
aria
and
sav
e 75
0,00
0 ch
ildre
n fr
om d
isab
ility
eve
ry y
ear.
19
Ph
arm
aceu
tica
l pro
gres
s ha
s le
d to
a d
ram
atic
dec
line
in d
eath
rat
es f
or
dise
ases
suc
h as
HIV
/AID
S, c
ance
r, p
olio
and
mea
sles
. Fo
r ex
ampl
e, d
eath
16
Res
ourc
es f
or t
he f
utur
e. 2
008.
Ext
endi
ng
the
cure
: Po
licy
res
pon
ses
to t
he g
row
ing
thre
at o
f an
tibi
otic
res
ista
nce
. A
vail
able
at:
htt
p://
ww
w.r
ff.o
rg/R
FF/D
ocum
ents
/ET
C-0
6.pd
f. A
cces
sed
on 2
5 O
ctob
er 2
011.
17
Rug
hani
, G. 2
011.
“Dev
elop
men
t of
50
mal
aria
dru
gs is
und
er t
hrea
t un
less
fun
ding
exp
ands
”, in
Bri
tish
Med
ical
Jo
urn
al. 2
011;
342:
d415
8.
18
PhR
MA
. 201
1. P
hRM
A C
hart
Pac
k, p
. 16.
A
vail
able
at:
htt
p://
ww
w.p
hrm
a.or
g/si
tes/
defa
ult/
file
s/15
9/ph
rma_
char
t_pa
ck.p
df1
9 E
hret
hJ. T
he G
loba
l Val
ue o
f Va
ccin
atio
n. V
acci
ne (
2003
): 2
1 (7
-8):
596-
600.
FIG
UR
E 5
R&
D I
NV
ES
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TS
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SE
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OR
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UR
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LIO
N)
FIG
UR
E 6
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S I
N D
EV
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ME
NT
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TE
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AT
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OR
IES
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So
urc
e:
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rop
ea
n C
om
mis
sio
n.
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h C
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tio
n f
rom
17
/11
/20
10
”,
slid
e 1
5.
Ava
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/iri
.jrc
.ec
.eu
rop
a.e
u/r
ese
arc
h/d
oc
s/2
01
0/S
B_2
01
0_B
XL
_1
7-1
1-2
01
0.p
df
So
urc
e:
Ph
RM
A C
ha
rt P
ac
k,
p.
16
. A
va
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/ww
w.p
hrm
a.o
rg/s
ite
s/d
efa
ult
/file
s/1
59
/ph
rma
_c
ha
rt_p
ac
k.p
df
Col
orec
tal C
ance
r
Lung
Can
cer
Leuk
emia
Ski
n C
ance
r
Car
dio
vasc
ular
Dis
ord
ers
Dia
bet
es M
ellit
us
HIV
/AID
S
Men
tal a
nd B
ehav
iora
lD
isor
der
s
Par
kins
on's
Dis
ease
Res
pira
tory
Dis
ord
ers
Rar
e D
isea
ses2
237
193
81 252
25 334
303
Can
cer
Bre
ast
Can
cer
Alz
heim
er's
and
Oth
er D
emen
tias
Art
hriti
s
82 120
119
86878
125
98 74
Num
ber
of M
edic
ines
in D
evel
opp
men
tN
umb
er o
f Med
icin
esin
Dev
elop
pm
ent
Con
diti
onC
ond
ition
18 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esPh
arm
aceu
tica
l inn
ovat
ion
and
publ
ic h
ealt
h 1
9
rate
s fo
r H
IV/A
IDS
in t
he U
nite
d St
ates
hav
e fa
llen
from
16.
2 de
aths
per
10
0,00
0 pe
ople
in 1
995
to 3
.7 d
eath
s pe
r 10
0,00
0 pe
ople
in 2
007,
a r
educ
tion
of
ove
r 75
%.20
The
num
ber
of A
IDS-
rela
ted
deat
hs w
orld
wid
e pe
aked
at
2.1
mill
ion
in 2
004
and
has
sinc
e fa
llen
to a
n es
tim
ated
1.8
mill
ion
deat
hs i
n 20
09.21
Thi
s ca
n be
larg
ely
attr
ibut
ed to
the
intr
oduc
tion
of n
ew a
ntir
etro
vira
l th
erap
ies (
AR
Ts)
com
bine
d w
ith
mor
e pa
tien
ts b
eing
pro
vide
d w
ith
trea
tmen
t.
In
the
pas
t 10
yea
rs a
lone
, ove
r 30
0 m
edic
ines
hav
e be
en a
ppro
ved
that
of
fer
new
hop
e to
pat
ient
s w
ith
hard
to
trea
t di
seas
es.22
The
intr
oduc
tion
of
inno
vati
ve m
edic
ines
usu
ally
has
a t
wo-
fold
ben
efit
for
soci
ety.
Fir
st,
it i
m-
prov
es t
he p
hysi
cal
and
men
tal
wel
lbei
ng o
f in
divi
dual
s. S
econ
d, i
t re
duce
s ho
spit
aliz
atio
n an
d ot
her
heal
thca
re c
osts
. T
hus,
for
eve
ry d
olla
r sp
ent
on
pres
crip
tion
med
icin
es in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, m
ore
than
tw
o do
llars
are
sav
ed
in h
ospi
taliz
atio
n co
sts.
23
20
PhR
MA
. 201
1. P
hRM
A C
hart
Pac
k. p
. 6.
Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//w
ww
.phr
ma.
org/
site
s/de
faul
t/fi
les/
159/
phrm
a_ch
art_
pack
2
1 U
NA
IDS
data
base
(ex
trac
ted
from
htt
p://
ww
w.a
idsi
nfoo
nlin
e.or
g/).
22
PhR
MA
. 201
1. P
hRM
A 2
011
Pro
file
. p.
20.
A
vail
able
at:
htt
p://
ww
w.p
hrm
a.or
g/si
tes/
defa
ult/
file
s/15
9/ph
rma_
prof
ile_
2011
_fin
al.p
df
23
Inn
ovat
ion.
org.
In
nov
atio
n b
y n
um
bers
. A
vail
able
at
: ht
tp:/
/ww
w.i
nnov
atio
n.or
g/in
dex.
cfm
/Too
lsan
dRes
ourc
-es
/Fac
tShe
ets/
Inno
vati
on_b
y_th
e_N
umbe
rs#
11-S
hang
. Acc
esse
d on
25
Oct
ober
201
1.
Toda
y, if
a p
atie
nt is
dia
gnos
ed w
ith
leuk
aem
ia e
arly
eno
ugh,
he
or s
he w
ill
be a
ble
to d
rive
the
can
cer
into
rem
issi
on b
y ta
king
a s
ingl
e pi
ll ea
ch d
ay.
Hig
h ch
oles
tero
l and
oth
er c
ardi
ovas
cula
r di
seas
es, w
hich
req
uire
d ex
tens
ive
trea
tmen
t in
the
197
0s,
can
now
be
easi
ly m
anag
ed b
y ta
king
pill
s. M
ean-
whi
le,
impr
ovem
ents
in
exis
ting
can
cer
trea
tmen
ts h
ave
cut
annu
al d
eath
ra
tes
in h
alf.
24
R&
D F
OR
DIS
EA
SE
S T
HA
T D
ISP
RO
PO
RT
ION
AT
ELY
A
FF
EC
T T
HE
DE
VE
LO
PIN
G W
OR
LD
The
Wor
ld H
ealt
h O
rgan
izat
ion
(WH
O)
has
iden
tifie
d 17
neg
lect
ed t
ropi
cal
dise
ases
(N
TD
s),25
whi
ch fo
rm a
sig
nific
ant p
art o
f the
glo
bal d
isea
se b
urde
n an
d to
uch
the
lives
of 1
bill
ion
peop
le in
the
dev
elop
ing
wor
ld.26
Som
e N
TD
s ca
n ha
ve l
ifel
ong
cons
eque
nces
on
indi
vidu
als.
Oth
ers
lead
to
acut
e in
fec-
tion
s w
hich
can
be
fata
l. T
hese
dis
ease
s —
who
se n
ames
are
not
com
mon
ly
know
n —
incl
ude
Bur
uli u
lcer
dis
ease
, den
gue,
cho
lera
, tra
chom
a an
d gu
inea
w
orm
dis
ease
, an
d pr
imar
ily a
ffec
t po
or p
eopl
e in
tro
pica
l an
d su
btro
pica
l ar
eas.
NT
Ds
dem
and
a di
stin
ct b
usin
ess/
inno
vati
on m
odel
bec
ause
the
pot
en-
tial
mar
ket
does
not
ade
quat
ely
supp
ort
R&
D i
nves
tmen
ts o
n a
com
mer
cial
ba
sis.
In
this
con
text
, va
riou
s ph
arm
aceu
tica
l co
mpa
nies
hav
e co
llabo
rate
d w
ith
diff
eren
t st
akeh
olde
rs
to
form
Pr
oduc
t D
evel
opm
ent
Part
ners
hips
(P
DPs
), w
hich
bri
ng to
geth
er e
xper
tise
and
res
ourc
es fr
om d
iffe
rent
pla
yers
, in
clud
ing
acad
emia
, in
dust
ry,
priv
ate
foun
dati
ons
and
gove
rnm
ents
. T
hese
pa
rtne
rshi
ps a
re o
ften
fun
ded
by p
ublic
or
phila
nthr
opic
org
aniz
atio
ns,
as
wel
l as
by t
he r
esea
rch-
base
d ph
arm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y. In
200
9, t
he in
dust
ry
cont
ribu
ted
arou
nd 7
5 %
of
the
R&
D f
undi
ng f
or t
uber
culo
sis,
mal
aria
and
de
ngue
.27 It
was
als
o th
e bi
gges
t fu
nder
for
bact
eria
l pne
umon
ia a
nd m
enin
-gi
tis,
and
rhe
umat
ic fe
ver.
28
24
Ibi
d., p
. 7.
25
Bur
uli u
lcer
, Cha
gas
dise
ase
(Am
eric
an t
rypa
noso
mia
sis)
, cys
tice
rcos
is, d
engu
e/se
vere
den
gue,
dra
cunc
ulia
sis
(gui
nea
wor
m d
isea
se),
ech
inoc
occo
sis,
fas
ciol
iasi
s, h
uman
Afr
ican
try
pano
som
iasi
s (s
leep
ing
sick
ness
),
leis
hman
iasi
s, le
pros
y, ly
mph
atic
fil
aria
sis
(ele
phan
tias
is),
onc
hoce
rcia
sis
(riv
er b
lind
ness
), r
abie
s, s
chis
toso
mia
sis,
so
il t
rans
mit
ted
helm
inth
iasi
s, t
rach
oma
and
yaw
s.2
6 W
HO
. 201
0. W
orki
ng
to o
verc
ome
the
glob
al i
mpa
ct o
f n
egle
cted
tro
pica
l di
seas
es:
Firs
t W
HO
rep
ort
on n
egle
cted
tr
opic
al d
isea
ses.
p. 1
. Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//w
hqli
bdoc
.who
.int
/hq/
2010
/WH
O_H
TM
_NT
D_2
010.
2_en
g.pd
f2
7 P
olic
y C
ures
. 201
0. G
-FIN
DER
201
0:
Neg
lect
ed D
isea
se R
esea
rch
and
deve
lopm
ent
is t
he g
loba
l fi
nan
cial
cri
sis
chan
gin
g R
&D
? p.
64.
Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//w
ww
.pol
icyc
ures
.org
/dow
nloa
ds/g
-fin
der_
2010
28
Ibi
d., p
p. 1
9–59
.
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Deaths Per 100,000 Population
16.2
6.0
5.3
5.0
4.7
4.2
3.7
1996
: H
AA
RT
beco
mes
wid
ely
avai
labl
e
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
FIG
UR
E 7
HIV
/AID
S:
DE
CL
INE
IN
DE
AT
H R
AT
ES
So
urc
e:
Ph
RM
A.
20
11
. P
hR
MA
ch
art
pa
ck.
p.
6.
Ava
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/ww
w.p
hrm
a.o
rg/s
ite
s/d
efa
ult
/file
s/1
59
/ph
rma
_c
ha
rt_p
ac
k.p
df
20 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esPh
arm
aceu
tica
l inn
ovat
ion
and
publ
ic h
ealt
h 2
1
The
se p
artn
ersh
ips
have
pro
ven
frui
tful
and
mos
t PD
Ps c
urre
ntly
hav
e a
heal
thy
pipe
line.
For
exa
mpl
e, t
he p
ortf
olio
of
the
TB
Alli
ance
con
sist
s of
fo
ur m
edic
ines
in t
he s
econ
d ph
ase
of c
linic
al tr
ials
and
two
med
icin
es in
the
th
ird
phas
e of
clin
ical
tri
als.
29 T
he D
rugs
for
Neg
lect
ed D
isea
ses
Init
iati
ve
(DN
Di)
aim
s to
del
iver
six
to
eigh
t ne
w t
reat
men
ts b
y 20
14 f
or C
haga
s di
s-ea
se, m
alar
ia, l
eish
man
iasi
s an
d sl
eepi
ng s
ickn
ess
— u
npre
cede
nted
pro
gres
s in
the
figh
t aga
inst
the
se d
isea
ses.
30
In
201
0, I
FPM
A m
embe
rs h
ad 1
02 o
ngoi
ng R
&D
pro
ject
s re
late
d to
di
seas
es o
f th
e de
velo
ping
wor
ld.31
The
num
ber
of p
roje
cts,
und
erta
ken
in-
hous
e or
in
part
ners
hips
wit
h PD
Ps,
has
stea
dily
inc
reas
ed o
ver
the
year
s.
Thr
ough
its
man
y pa
rtne
rshi
ps, t
he r
esea
rch-
base
d ph
arm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y is
hel
ping
to
cons
truc
t in
nova
tive
mod
els
to d
evel
op a
nd d
eliv
er e
ssen
tial
he
alth
care
for
pati
ents
livi
ng in
the
poo
rest
are
as o
f the
wor
ld.
29
TB
All
ianc
e. 2
011.
TB
All
ian
cePo
rtfo
lio.
Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//w
ww
.tba
llia
nce.
org/
dow
nloa
ds/m
edia
kit/
TB
A_P
ort-
foli
o_ %
202.
22.2
011.
pdf.
Acc
esse
d on
26
Oct
ober
201
1.3
0 D
ND
i. “
Obj
ecti
ves”
. Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//w
ww
.dnd
i.org
/ove
rvie
w-d
ndi/
obje
ctiv
es.h
tml.
Acc
esse
d on
24
June
.201
1.
31
IFP
MA
. 201
0. I
FPM
A S
tatu
s R
epor
t: P
harm
aceu
tica
l in
dust
ry R
&D
for
Dis
ease
s of
the
Dev
elop
ing
Wor
ld 2
010
. A
vail
able
at:
htt
p://
ww
w.i
fpm
a.or
g/fi
lead
min
/web
new
s/20
10/p
dfs/
2010
1110
_Sta
tus_
RnD
_for
_DD
W_1
0Nov
2010
67.4
%
59.8
%
63.8
%
0.2%
0.
3%
0.4%
1.
7%
3.3%
2.3%
21
.0%
24.2
%
20.5
%
7.2%
9.4%
10.6
%
1.8%
0.
6%
2.9%
2.3%
0.
1%
<0.
1%
0
500
1,0
00
1,5
00
2,0
00
2,5
00
3,0
00
3,5
00
2007
20
08*
2009
*^
Millions ($)
Oth
er
Priv
ate
(sm
all p
harm
aceu
tical
co
mp
anie
s an
d b
iote
ch)
Priv
ate
(mul
tinat
iona
l p
harm
aceu
tical
com
pan
ies)
Phi
lant
hrop
ic
Pub
lic (L
MIC
gov
ernm
ents
)
Pub
lic (m
ultil
ater
als)
Pub
lic (H
IC g
over
nmen
ts)
* F
igur
es a
re a
dju
sted
for
infl
atio
n an
d r
epor
ted
in 2
007
US
dol
lars
^ T
here
may
be
min
or
u
nder
-rep
ortin
g as
som
e
org
anis
atio
ns d
id n
ot
s
ubm
it 20
09 d
ata
FIG
UR
E 8
TO
TAL
FU
ND
ING
FO
R N
EG
LE
CT
ED
DIS
EA
SE
S,
BY
FU
ND
ER
TY
PE
(2
00
7–2
00
9)
So
urc
e:
Po
lic
y C
ure
s.
20
10
. G
-FIN
DE
R 2
01
0:
Ne
gle
cte
d D
ise
ase
Re
se
arc
h a
nd
de
ve
lop
me
nt
— is t
he
glo
ba
l fin
an
cia
l c
risis
ch
an
gin
g R
&D
? p
. 6
4.
Ava
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/ww
w.p
olic
yc
ure
s.o
rg/d
ow
nlo
ad
s/g
-fin
de
r_2
01
0.p
df
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Med
icin
es32
4350
5875
9182
Vacc
ines
(not
cou
nted
)6
89
911
11
Dis
ease
sO
ng
oin
g
Med
icin
es
R&
D P
roje
cts
On
go
ing
Va
ccin
es
R&
D P
roje
cts
Ap
pro
vals
S
ince
200
5R
&D
Pro
ject
s Te
rmin
ated
S
ince
200
5
Tub
ercu
losi
s28
30
11
Mal
aria
295
218
Oth
er T
rop
ical
Dis
ease
s25
33
15
Tota
l82
115
44
TAB
LE
1 I
ND
US
TR
Y R
&D
FO
R N
EG
LE
CT
ED
DIS
EA
SE
S
(N
UM
BE
R O
F O
NG
OIN
G P
RO
JE
CT
S,
20
05
–20
11
)
So
urc
e:
IFP
MA
.
TAB
LE
2 I
ND
US
TR
Y R
&D
FO
R N
EG
LE
CT
ED
DIS
EA
SE
S
(S
TAT
US
OV
ER
VIE
W A
S O
F N
OV
EM
BE
R 2
01
1)
Sinc
e it
s ve
ry b
egin
ning
s, t
he r
esea
rch-
base
d ph
arm
aceu
tica
l in
dust
ry h
as
been
str
ongl
y co
mm
itte
d to
del
iver
ing
inno
vati
ve p
rodu
cts
and
expa
ndin
g th
e bo
unda
ries
of
med
ical
sci
ence
. T
he i
ndus
try
cont
inuo
usly
exp
erim
ents
w
ith
diff
eren
t m
odel
s an
d re
inve
nts
its
way
of
doin
g bu
sine
ss t
o ov
erco
me
scie
ntifi
c hu
rdle
s. S
ucce
ssfu
l pa
rtne
rshi
ps,
lead
ing
to n
ew t
reat
men
ts a
nd
med
icin
es t
o co
mba
t di
seas
es in
bot
h th
e de
velo
ped
and
deve
lopi
ng w
orld
s,
hold
the
key
to a
chie
ving
the
glo
bal h
ealt
h go
als
of t
he fu
ture
.
22 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
es23
CH
AP
TE
R 2
AC
CE
SS
T
O M
ED
ICIN
ES
A
ND
HE
ALT
HC
AR
E
SY
ST
EM
S
A r
obus
t hea
lthc
are
syst
em is
an
impo
rtan
t pill
ar o
f the
dev
elop
men
t pro
cess
, an
d a
soun
d ph
arm
aceu
tica
ls p
olic
y is
a f
unda
men
tal
cond
itio
n fo
r he
alth
sy
stem
s to
per
form
wel
l.32 H
ealt
h sy
stem
s ar
e co
mpl
ex m
echa
nism
s th
roug
h w
hich
hea
lth
prod
ucts
, se
rvic
es a
nd c
are
are
deliv
ered
to
pati
ents
.33 T
heir
su
cces
s re
quir
es j
oint
eff
ort
and
colla
bora
tion
am
ong
all
the
key
heal
th a
c-to
rs. A
s su
ch, t
he r
esea
rch-
base
d ph
arm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y pl
ays
an e
ssen
tial
ro
le i
n pr
ovid
ing
acce
ss t
o m
edic
ines
and
sup
port
to
the
over
all
heal
thca
re
stru
ctur
e.
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N O
F W
EA
LTH
AN
D H
EA
LTH
OU
TC
OM
ES
The
wor
ld i
s st
ill m
arke
d by
a s
harp
dis
pari
ty i
n th
e w
ealt
h of
cou
ntri
es,
whi
ch h
as a
maj
or im
pact
on
the
perf
orm
ance
of h
ealt
hcar
e sy
stem
s.
32
WH
O. 2
007.
Str
engt
hen
ing
heal
th s
yste
ms
to i
mpr
ove
heal
th o
utc
omes
: W
HO
’s f
ram
ewor
k fo
r A
ctio
n.
p. 9
. A
vail
able
at:
htt
p://
ww
w.w
ho.i
nt/h
ealt
hsys
tem
s/st
rate
gy/e
very
body
s_bu
sine
ss.p
df
33
IFP
MA
. 200
7. P
harm
aceu
tica
l In
nov
atio
n P
latf
orm
, p.
27.
24 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
cces
s to
med
icin
es a
nd h
ealt
hcar
e sy
stem
s 2
5
Like
wis
e, l
ow i
ncom
e co
untr
ies
have
abo
ut 1
3 ho
spit
al b
eds
per
10,0
00
inha
bita
nts
whe
reas
the
ave
rage
for
hig
h in
com
e co
untr
ies
is 5
9 (s
ee a
lso
Ann
ex IV
, pp.
72
– 79
).35
The
se d
iver
genc
es i
n w
ealt
h an
d re
sour
ces
have
a d
ecis
ive
impa
ct o
n pe
ople
’s h
ealt
h. In
low
inco
me
coun
trie
s, 7
5 ou
t of 1
,000
chi
ldre
n di
e be
fore
th
eir fif
th b
irth
day
com
pare
d w
ith
six
out
of 1
,000
in h
igh
inco
me
coun
trie
s (s
ee a
lso
Ann
ex I
I, p
p. 5
4 –
61).
The
str
ong
link
betw
een
wea
lth
and
heal
th
is a
lso
refle
cted
in
aver
age
life
expe
ctan
cy —
57
year
s in
low
inc
ome
coun
-tr
ies
com
pare
d w
ith
80 y
ears
in h
igh
inco
me
coun
trie
s, a
sta
rk d
iffe
renc
e of
23
yea
rs.36
35
WH
O. 2
011.
WH
O S
tati
stic
s 2
011.
pp.
82-
83 a
nd 9
4.
Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//w
ww
.who
.int
/who
sis/
who
stat
/EN
_WH
S201
1_Pa
rt2.
36
Ibi
d., p
p. 1
2-13
.
Look
ing
at t
he r
egio
nal
dist
ribu
tion
of
wea
lth,
the
Eur
opea
n U
nion
, N
orth
A
mer
ica
and
East
ern
Euro
pe/C
entr
al A
sia
have
a G
ross
Dom
esti
c Pr
oduc
t (G
DP)
per
cap
ita
betw
een
two-
and-
a-ha
lf a
nd fi
ve t
imes
the
wor
ld a
vera
ge,
whe
reas
Sub
-Sah
aran
Afr
ica
and
Sout
h A
sia
have
a G
DP
per c
apit
a eq
uiva
lent
to
one
eig
hth
of th
e w
orld
ave
rage
.34 P
eopl
e in
poo
r co
untr
ies
have
less
acc
ess
to w
ater
and
san
itat
ion
faci
litie
s, h
ave
low
er l
evel
s of
lit
erac
y an
d la
ck
adeq
uate
infr
astr
uctu
re (
see
also
Ann
ex I
II, p
p. 6
2 –
73),
incl
udin
g tr
ansp
or-
tati
on s
yste
ms
that
ena
ble
trav
el t
o he
alth
care
fac
iliti
es. T
hese
ele
men
ts a
re
esse
ntia
l par
ts o
f a h
ealt
hy e
cono
my.
To
tal h
ealt
h ex
pend
itur
es r
ange
from
1.9
% o
f GD
P in
Equ
ator
ial G
uine
a to
15.
2 %
of
GD
P in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
On
aver
age,
low
inc
ome
coun
trie
s sp
end
5.4
% o
f G
DP
on fi
nanc
ing
heal
thca
re s
yste
ms
whe
reas
hig
h in
com
e co
untr
ies
spen
d m
ore
than
11
% o
n he
alth
. The
dis
pari
ties
are
als
o si
gnifi
cant
in
ter
ms
of h
ealt
hcar
e w
orke
rs. T
here
are
2.8
phy
sici
ans
per
10,0
00 in
habi
t-an
ts in
low
inco
me
coun
trie
s co
mpa
red
wit
h 28
.6 in
hig
h in
com
e co
untr
ies.
34
Wor
ld B
ank.
201
0. W
orld
Ban
k St
atis
tics
201
0.
Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//da
ta.w
orld
bank
.org
/ind
icat
or/N
Y.G
DP.
PCA
P.C
D?o
rder
=w
bapi
_dat
a_va
lue_
2008
+w
bapi
_dat
a_va
lue&
sort
=as
c
0
5000
1000
0
1500
0
2000
0
2500
0
3000
0
3500
0
4000
0
4500
0
5000
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010B
razi
l
Chi
na
Ger
man
y
Japa
n
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Sout
h Af
rica
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Philip
pine
s,In
dia
Ken
ya, B
angl
ades
h, M
ali
FIG
UR
E 9
EV
OL
UT
ION
OF
GD
P P
ER
CA
PIT
A I
N S
EL
EC
TE
D C
OU
NT
RIE
SF
IGU
RE
10
CO
RR
EL
AT
ION
BE
TW
EE
N I
NC
OM
E P
ER
PE
RS
ON
AN
D L
IFE
EX
PE
CTA
NC
Y
So
urc
e:
Ad
ap
ted
fro
m:
Wo
rld
Ba
nk.
20
10
. W
orl
d B
an
k S
tati
sti
cs 2
01
0.
Ava
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/da
ta.w
orl
db
an
k.o
rg/i
nd
ica
tor/
NY.G
DP.P
CA
P.C
D?
ord
er=
wb
ap
i_d
ata
_va
lue
_2
00
8+
wb
ap
i_d
ata
_va
lue
&so
rt=
asc
So
urc
e:
Ad
ap
ted
fro
m:
Ga
pm
ind
er
“Glo
ba
l Tre
nd
s:
We
alt
h &
He
alt
h o
f N
ati
on
s”
in 2
00
9.
Ava
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/ww
w.g
ap
min
de
r.o
rg
400
4045505560657075808590
1,00
02,
000
4,00
040
,000
20,0
0010
,000
Life expectancy (years)
Inco
me
per
per
son
(GD
P/c
apita
, P
PP
$ in
flatio
n-ad
just
ed)
Chi
na
Jap
an
Rus
sia
Sou
th A
fric
a
Ind
ia
Ban
glad
esh
Ger
man
y
Ken
ya
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Bra
zil
Phi
lipp
ines
Mal
i
26 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
cces
s to
med
icin
es a
nd h
ealt
hcar
e sy
stem
s 2
7
HE
ALT
HC
AR
E S
PE
ND
ING
AN
D W
OR
KF
OR
CE
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
WH
O, a
hea
lth
syst
em is
bui
lt o
n si
x bu
ildin
g bl
ocks
: ser
vice
de
liver
y; h
ealt
h w
orkf
orce
; in
form
atio
n; m
edic
al p
rodu
cts,
vac
cine
s an
d te
chno
logi
es; fin
anci
ng;
and
lead
ersh
ip/g
over
nanc
e (s
ee
also
A
nnex
V,
pp
. 80
– 87
).37
A w
ell-
func
tion
ing
heal
thca
re s
yste
m a
lso
prom
otes
pro
duct
ive
rela
tion
ship
s be
twee
n go
vern
men
ts,
pati
ents
and
the
hea
lthc
are
indu
stry
.
The
pha
rmac
euti
cal
indu
stry
pla
ys a
piv
otal
rol
e in
any
hea
lthc
are
sys-
tem
, by
pro
vidi
ng m
edic
ines
and
vac
cine
s fo
r m
ost
heal
th i
nter
vent
ions
. A
w
ell-
perf
orm
ing
heal
thca
re s
yste
m m
ust e
nsur
e th
at p
harm
aceu
tica
l pro
duct
s m
eet
qual
ity
requ
irem
ents
and
are
pro
perl
y pr
ocur
ed, d
istr
ibut
ed t
o th
e di
f-fe
rent
hea
lthc
are
faci
litie
s an
d pr
escr
ibed
by
prop
erly
tra
ined
pro
fess
iona
ls.
D
octo
rs,
nurs
es a
nd o
ther
hea
lth
prof
essi
onal
s fo
rm t
he c
orne
rsto
ne o
f he
alth
care
sys
tem
s. N
ot o
nly
do t
hey
diag
nose
, tre
at a
nd f
ollo
w u
p pa
tien
ts
wit
h th
e ri
ght
care
, the
y al
so f
acili
tate
ade
quat
e pa
tien
t ad
here
nce
to t
reat
-m
ent.
Tak
ing
the
wro
ng m
edic
ines
or
not a
dher
ing
to a
ppro
pria
te tr
eatm
ents
ca
n ha
ve d
elet
erio
us e
ffec
ts o
n pa
tien
ts’ h
ealt
h. H
owev
er, t
he a
vaila
bilit
y of
ph
ysic
ians
var
ies
grea
tly;
in
Spai
n, t
here
are
3.7
5 do
ctor
s fo
r ev
ery
1,00
0 in
habi
tant
s, w
hile
in G
hana
the
re a
re o
nly
0.85
.38
In
term
s of
fund
ing,
per
form
ing
heal
thca
re s
yste
ms
requ
ire
suffi
cien
t al-
loca
tion
of r
esou
rces
by
gove
rnm
ent a
nd/o
r the
pri
vate
sec
tor.
Unf
ortu
nate
ly,
publ
ic h
ealt
h an
d th
e st
reng
then
ing
of h
ealt
hcar
e sy
stem
s ar
e no
t se
en a
s im
port
ant
prio
riti
es in
man
y co
untr
ies,
and
the
res
ourc
es m
ade
avai
labl
e to
he
alth
var
y si
gnifi
cant
ly f
rom
cou
ntry
to
coun
try
(see
figu
re 1
3).
Whi
le
Jord
an i
nves
ts 9
.3 %
of
its
GD
P on
hea
lth
and
the
gove
rnm
ent
16.1
% o
f it
s bu
dget
, Pak
ista
n in
vest
s on
ly 2
.6 %
and
3.6
% r
espe
ctiv
ely.
39
St
rong
hea
lthc
are
syst
ems
also
req
uire
str
ateg
ic lo
ng-t
erm
pla
nnin
g an
d po
litic
al c
omm
itm
ent.
Hea
lth
auth
orit
ies
shou
ld n
ot o
nly
faci
litat
e ne
cess
ary
reso
urce
s, b
ut a
lso
proc
ure
med
icin
es e
ffec
tive
ly, a
nd m
inim
ize
ineffic
ienc
ies
and
unne
cess
ary
mar
k-up
s in
the
sup
ply
chai
n, s
uch
as t
axes
and
tar
iffs
. St
reng
then
ing
heal
thca
re s
yste
ms
is o
ne o
f th
e ta
rget
s se
t by
the
UN
Mill
en-
nium
Dev
elop
men
t Goa
ls (
MD
Gs)
.
37
WH
O. 2
007.
Str
engt
heni
ng h
ealt
h sy
stem
s to
impr
ove
heal
th o
utco
mes
: W
HO
’s f
ram
ewor
k fo
r A
ctio
n. p
. 3.
Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//w
ww
.who
.int
/hea
lths
yste
ms/
stra
tegy
/eve
rybo
dys_
busi
ness
38
WH
O. W
HO
Glo
bal
Hea
lth
Obs
erva
tory
Dat
a D
epos
itor
y. A
vail
able
at:
htt
p://
apps
.who
.int
/gho
data
/#3
9 W
HO
. WH
O G
loba
l H
ealt
h O
bser
vato
ry D
ata
Dep
osit
ory.
Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//ap
ps.w
ho.i
nt/g
hoda
ta/#
SE
RV
ICE
DE
LIV
ER
Y
AC
CE
SS
CO
VE
RA
GE
QU
ALI
TYS
AFE
TY
HE
ALT
H W
OR
KFO
RC
E
INFO
RM
ATIO
N
ME
DIC
AL
PR
OD
UC
TS,
VAC
CIN
ES
& T
EC
HN
OLO
GIE
S
FIN
AN
CIN
G
LEA
DE
RS
HIP
/ G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
IMP
RO
VE
D H
EA
LTH
(lev
el a
nd e
qui
ty)
RE
SP
ON
SIV
EN
ES
S
SO
CIA
L A
ND
FIN
AN
CIA
L R
ISK
PR
OTE
CTI
ON
IMP
RO
VE
D E
FFIC
IEN
CY
FIG
UR
E 1
1 T
HE
WH
O H
EA
LTH
SY
ST
EM
FR
AM
EW
OR
K
FIG
UR
E 1
2 H
EA
LTH
CA
RE
PR
OF
ES
SIO
NA
LS
— D
EN
SIT
Y P
ER
1,0
00
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N (
20
09
)
So
urc
e:
WH
O.
20
07
. S
tre
ng
the
nin
g h
ea
lth
syste
ms t
o im
pro
ve
he
alt
h o
utc
om
es:
WH
O’s
fra
me
wo
rk f
or
Ac
tio
n.
p.
3.
Ava
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/ww
w.w
ho
.in
t/h
ea
lth
syste
ms/s
tra
teg
y/e
ve
ryb
od
ys_b
usin
ess.p
df
So
urc
e:
Ad
ap
ted
fro
m:
WH
O.
WH
O G
lob
al H
ea
lth
Ob
se
rva
tory
Da
ta D
ep
osit
ory
. A
va
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/ap
ps.w
ho
.in
t/g
ho
da
ta/#
024681012P
hysi
cian
s d
ensi
ty (‰
)N
ursi
ng a
nd m
idw
ifery
per
sonn
el d
ensi
ty (‰
)
Afghanistan
Australia
Belize
China
Egypt
Ghana
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Latvia
Lebanon
Libya
Malta
Mauritania
Morocco
Pakistan
Peru
Singapore
Spain
Tunisia
United Kingdom
28 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
cces
s to
med
icin
es a
nd h
ealt
hcar
e sy
stem
s 2
9
02468101214161820
Tota
l exp
end
iture
on
heal
th a
s a
per
cent
age
of G
DP
Gen
eral
gov
ernm
ent
exp
end
iture
on
heal
th a
s a
per
cent
age
of t
otal
gov
ernm
ent
exp
end
iture
Afghanistan
Albania
Australia
Belize
China
Egypt
Ghana
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Latvia
Lebanon
Libya
Malta
Morocco
Pakistan
Peru
Singapore
Spain
Tunisia
United Kingdom
BA
RR
IER
S T
O A
CC
ES
S T
O M
ED
ICIN
ES
AN
D H
EA
LTH
CA
RE
The
mos
t obv
ious
and
fund
amen
tal b
arri
ers
to a
cces
s to
hea
lthc
are
and
med
-ic
ines
ari
se fr
om p
over
ty. T
he p
oor
heal
th in
fras
truc
ture
in d
evel
opin
g co
un-
trie
s is
acc
ompa
nied
by
seri
ous
shor
tage
s of
doc
tors
, nur
ses
and
phar
mac
ists
, am
ong
othe
r fa
ctor
s.
In
add
itio
n, d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies,
esp
ecia
lly l
east
dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries
, of
ten
have
hig
h m
ark-
up c
osts
tha
t infla
te u
nnec
essa
rily
the
pri
ces
of e
ssen
-ti
al m
edic
ines
. The
se in
clud
e di
stri
buti
on c
osts
, im
port
tar
iffs
, por
t ch
arge
s,
impo
rter
s’ m
argi
ns, v
alue
-add
ed ta
xes
on m
edic
ines
, and
hig
h m
argi
ns in
the
who
lesa
le a
nd r
etai
l com
pone
nts
of t
he s
uppl
y ch
ain.
A la
ck o
f he
alth
lite
racy
can
fur
ther
hin
der
acce
ss t
o m
edic
ines
. Mor
eo-
ver,
poo
r pe
ople
wit
h lim
ited
or
no a
cces
s to
ade
quat
e nu
trit
ion,
saf
e w
ater
an
d sa
nita
tion
are
als
o un
able
to b
uy e
ven
basi
c he
alth
pro
duct
s an
d se
rvic
es.
Con
trar
y to
wid
espr
ead
belie
f, i
t is
rar
ely
high
-tec
h so
luti
ons
but
rath
er
prim
ary
care
inte
rven
tion
s th
at w
ill s
ucce
ssfu
lly c
omba
t po
vert
y-re
late
d di
s-ea
ses.
Pov
erty
alle
viat
ion
in g
ener
al c
onsi
sts
of t
arge
ted
inte
rven
tion
s. S
ome
of t
hese
pro
gram
s in
clud
e be
tter
nut
riti
on f
or m
othe
rs,
mas
s va
ccin
atio
n
FIG
UR
E 1
3 T
OTA
L H
EA
LTH
EX
PE
ND
ITU
RE
AS
A P
ER
CE
NTA
GE
OF
GD
P A
ND
GO
VE
RN
ME
NT
SP
EN
DIN
G (
20
09
)TA
BL
E 3
EX
AM
PL
ES
OF
“H
IDD
EN
” C
OS
TS
OF
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L P
RO
CU
RE
ME
NT
So
urc
e:
Ad
ap
ted
fro
m:
WH
O.
WH
O G
lob
al H
ea
lth
Ob
se
rva
tory
Da
ta D
ep
osit
ory
. A
va
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/ap
ps.w
ho
.in
t/g
ho
da
ta/#
So
urc
e:
Le
vis
on
, L
an
d L
ain
g,
R.
20
03
. E
sse
nti
al D
rug
s M
on
ito
r N
o.
03
3.
Ava
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/ap
ps.w
ho
.in
t/m
ed
icin
ed
oc
s/e
n/d
/Js4
94
1e
/4.8
.htm
l
Sri Lanka
Kenya
Tanzania
South Africa
Brazil
Armenia
Kosovo
Nepal
Mauritius
Average
Imp
ort
tar
iff
0%0%
10%
11.7
%0%
1%4%
5%
Po
rt c
har
ges
4%8%
1%4%
Cle
aran
ce
and
fre
igh
t1%
2%1.
5%5%
Pre
-sh
ipm
ent
in
spec
tio
n2.
75%
1.2%
Ph
arm
acy
b
oar
d f
ee2%
Imp
ort
ers'
m
arg
ins
25%
15%
10%
VA
T14
%18
%20
%0%
Cen
tral
go
vt. t
ax
Sta
te g
ovt
. tax
6%
Wh
ole
sale
r8.
5%15
%0%
21.2
%7%
25%
15%
10%
14%
Ret
ail
16.3
%20
%50
%50
%22
%25
%25
%16
%27
%
Tota
l mar
kup
63.9
%54
.2%
74.3
%74
%82
.3%
87.5
%73
.6%
48%
59.6
%68
.6%
cam
paig
ns,
acce
ss t
o ba
sic
anti
biot
ics,
bed
net
s fo
r m
alar
ia p
reve
ntio
n, a
nd
cond
om u
se p
rogr
ams
to p
reve
nt t
he s
prea
d of
HIV
/AID
S an
d ot
her
sexu
ally
tr
ansm
itte
d di
seas
es. T
hese
eff
orts
are
hig
hly
effe
ctiv
e in
red
ucin
g pr
even
ta-
ble
mor
talit
y.
30 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
cces
s to
med
icin
es a
nd h
ealt
hcar
e sy
stem
s 3
1
Reg
ion
Nam
eR
oad
s, p
aved
(%
of
tota
l ro
ads)
Imp
rove
d s
anit
atio
n fa
cilit
ies
(% o
f p
op
ula
tio
n w
ith
acc
ess)
Imp
rove
d w
ater
so
urc
e (%
of
po
pu
lati
on
wit
h a
cces
s)
Ara
b W
orl
d75
.18
75.3
781
.51
Eas
t A
sia
& P
acifi
c47
.62
62.9
389
.02
Eu
rop
e &
Cen
tral
Asi
a87
.97
94.1
398
.01
Lat
in A
mer
ica
&
Car
ibb
ean
(a
ll in
com
e le
vels
)
33.2
879
.45
93.4
0
No
rth
Am
eric
a53
.62
100.
0099
.10
So
uth
Asi
a58
.93
35.5
786
.64
Su
b-S
ahar
an A
fric
a18
.30
31.3
659
.72
Hea
vily
ind
ebte
d
po
or
cou
ntr
ies
(HIP
C)
19.0
027
.47
57.7
0
Lea
st d
evel
op
ed
cou
ntr
ies
19.0
036
.16
61.0
9
Lo
w in
com
e14
.12
35.4
763
.11
Lo
wer
mid
dle
inco
me
29.2
645
.44
84.3
2
Up
per
mid
dle
inco
me
50.5
067
.83
91.5
0
Mid
dle
inco
me
45.0
056
.45
87.8
4
Hig
h in
com
e87
.28
99.5
299
.56
Wo
rld
49.1
060
.62
86.8
2
TAB
LE
4 S
EL
EC
TE
D I
NF
RA
ST
RU
CT
UR
E I
ND
ICA
TO
RS
(2
00
8)
So
urc
e:
Wo
rld
Ba
nk.
20
11
. W
orl
d B
an
k D
eve
lop
me
nt
Ind
ica
tors
.
Ava
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/da
ta.w
orl
db
an
k.o
rg/d
ata
-ca
talo
g/w
orl
d-d
eve
lop
me
nt-
ind
ica
tors
TH
E R
OL
E O
F P
HA
RM
AC
EU
TIC
AL
PR
OD
UC
TS
IN
HE
ALT
HC
AR
ET
he M
DG
s hi
ghlig
ht t
he i
mpe
rati
ve t
o ad
opt
colla
bora
tive
app
roac
hes.
In
part
icul
ar, G
oal 8
pro
mot
es g
loba
l par
tner
ship
for
dev
elop
men
t, a
nd T
arge
t 8e
spe
cific
ally
aim
s to
, “i
n co
-ope
rati
on w
ith
phar
mac
euti
cal
com
pani
es,
prov
ide
acce
ss t
o af
ford
able
, es
sent
ial
med
icin
es i
n de
velo
ping
cou
ntri
es”.
C
olla
bora
tion
is
now
par
t an
d pa
rcel
of
the
rese
arch
-bas
ed p
harm
aceu
tica
l in
dust
ry’s
app
roac
h to
impr
ovin
g th
e ef
fect
iven
ess
of h
ealt
hcar
e sy
stem
s.
T
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y co
nsti
tute
s on
e of
the
build
ing
bloc
ks o
f an
effe
ctiv
e an
d w
ell-
func
tion
ing
heal
thca
re s
yste
m.
As
dem
onst
rate
d ab
ove,
ph
arm
aceu
tica
l pr
oduc
ts,
such
as
med
icin
es a
nd v
acci
nes,
are
fun
dam
enta
l an
d re
quir
e ap
prop
riat
e fin
anci
ng.
How
ever
, ph
arm
aceu
tica
l ex
pend
itur
e is
on
ly a
sm
all p
erce
ntag
e of
tota
l hea
lth
expe
ndit
ure.
Inno
vati
ve m
edic
ines
can
hel
p to
con
trol
incr
easi
ng c
osts
wit
hin
a he
alth
-ca
re s
yste
m. F
or e
very
24
dolla
rs s
pent
on
new
med
icin
es fo
r ca
rdio
vasc
ular
di
seas
es i
n O
ECD
cou
ntri
es,
89 d
olla
rs w
ere
save
d in
hos
pita
lizat
ion
and
othe
r he
alth
care
cos
ts.40
Pri
or to
the
cre
atio
n of
ant
ibio
tics
use
d to
trea
t pep
-ti
c ul
cers
, the
trea
tmen
t for
the
dis
ease
con
sist
ed o
f maj
or s
urge
ry a
nd c
ostl
y as
sist
ance
wit
h re
cove
ry, r
equi
ring
as
muc
h as
USD
17,
000
and
over
300
day
s of
tre
atm
ent.
41 A
fter
the
adv
ent
of a
ntib
ioti
cs,
the
cost
of
trea
ting
ulc
ers
plum
met
ed to
less
than
USD
1,0
00.42
In a
ddit
ion,
pat
ient
s en
joy
a be
tter
qua
l-it
y of
life
and
a n
on-i
nvas
ive,
saf
er c
ours
e of
trea
tmen
t.
40
Lic
hten
berg
, Fra
nk R
. 200
9. “
Hav
e ne
wer
car
diov
ascu
lar
drug
s re
duce
d ho
spit
aliz
atio
n? E
vide
nce
from
lo
ngit
udin
al c
ount
ry-l
evel
dat
a on
20
OEC
D c
ount
ries
, 199
5-20
03,”
Hea
lth
Econ
omic
s, J
ohn
Wil
ey &
Son
s, L
td.,
vo
l. 1
8(5)
, pp.
519
–534
41
Cen
ters
for
Dis
ease
Con
trol
and
Pre
vent
ion.
199
8. “
Hel
ioba
cter
pyl
ori a
nd P
epti
c U
lcer
Dis
ease
”. A
vail
able
at:
ht
tp:/
/ww
w.c
dc.g
ov/u
lcer
/eco
nom
ic.h
tm4
2 I
bid.
32 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
cces
s to
med
icin
es a
nd h
ealt
hcar
e sy
stem
s 3
3
05101520253035404550
Pharmaceutical expenditure (& total health)
Aus
tral
ia
Chi
na
Egy
pt
Gha
na
Pak
ista
n
Per
u
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011(f)
2012 (f)
2013 (f)
2014 (f)
2015 (f)
FIG
UR
E 1
4 T
OTA
L E
XP
EN
DIT
UR
E O
N P
HA
RM
AC
EU
TIC
AL
S A
ND
OT
HE
R M
ED
ICA
L
NO
N-D
UR
AB
LE
S A
S A
PE
RC
EN
TAG
E O
F T
OTA
L E
XP
EN
DIT
UR
E O
N H
EA
LTH
(2
00
8)
FIG
UR
E 1
5 C
OS
T O
F N
EW
ER
CA
RD
IOV
AS
CU
LA
R D
RU
GS
CO
MP
AR
ED
TO
SA
VIN
GS
IN H
OS
PIT
AL
IZA
TIO
N I
N 2
0 O
EC
D C
OU
NT
RIE
S (
19
95
–20
03
)
So
urc
e:
©B
usin
ess M
on
ito
r In
tern
ati
on
al.
So
urc
e:
Lic
hte
nb
erg
, F
ran
k R
. 2
00
9.
“Ha
ve
ne
we
r c
ard
iova
sc
u la
r d
rug
s r
ed
uc
ed
ho
sp
ita
liza
tio
n?
Evid
en
ce
fro
m lo
ng
itu
din
al
co
un
try-l
eve
l d
ata
on
20
OE
CD
co
un
trie
s,
19
95
-20
03
,” H
ea
lth
Ec
on
om
ics,
Jo
hn
Wile
y &
So
ns,
Ltd
., v
ol. 1
8(5
), p
p.
51
9-5
34
.
-100-8
0
-60
-40
-2002040
USD
Ho
spit
aliz
ati
on
- 89
$
Co
sts
of
ne
w d
rug
s24
$
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L I
ND
US
TR
Y’S
CO
NT
RIB
UT
ION
Res
earc
h-ba
sed
phar
mac
euti
cal c
ompa
nies
mak
e a
uniq
ue c
ontr
ibut
ion
to im
-pr
ovin
g gl
obal
hea
lth
thro
ugh
the
inno
vati
ve m
edic
ines
the
y de
velo
p. I
n ad
-di
tion
, the
y ha
ve a
str
ong
trac
k re
cord
of
sust
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
es t
o im
prov
e th
e he
alth
of
pati
ents
in
low
and
mid
dle
inco
me
coun
trie
s. T
hese
ini
tiat
ives
st
reng
then
loca
l hea
lthc
are
capa
city
, edu
cate
pat
ient
s an
d po
pula
tion
s at
ris
k,
and
cond
uct
rese
arch
and
dev
elop
men
t (R
&D
) in
dis
ease
s of
the
dev
elop
ing
wor
ld. C
ompa
nies
wor
k al
one
or in
par
tner
ship
s w
ith
diff
eren
t st
akeh
olde
rs
to m
ake
thei
r pr
oduc
ts m
ore
acce
ssib
le to
poo
r co
mm
unit
ies
via
dona
tion
s of
hi
gh q
ualit
y m
edic
ines
or
thro
ugh
diff
eren
tial
pri
cing
sch
emes
. Fur
ther
mor
e,
a nu
mbe
r of
com
pani
es a
re c
omm
itte
d to
lic
ensi
ng t
heir
tec
hnol
ogie
s to
qu
alit
y ge
neri
c pr
oduc
ers,
whi
le m
any
othe
rs c
omm
it to
exp
andi
ng th
eir
own
prod
ucti
on a
nd d
istr
ibut
ion
capa
citi
es to
mee
t the
nee
ds o
f pat
ient
s.
The
con
trib
utio
n of
the
res
earc
h-ba
sed
phar
mac
euti
cal i
ndus
try
is v
ital
in
the
figh
t ag
ains
t ne
glec
ted
trop
ical
dis
ease
s (N
TD
s).43
At
leas
t 1
billi
on
peop
le —
one
per
son
in s
ix —
suf
fer
from
tro
pica
l di
seas
es s
uch
as B
urul
i ul
cer,
cho
lera
, de
ngue
, ly
mph
atic
fila
rias
is,
onch
ocer
cias
is,
schi
stos
omia
sis,
tr
acho
ma
and
Afr
ican
try
pano
som
iasi
s (s
leep
ing
sick
ness
). T
hese
dis
ease
s,
man
y of
whi
ch a
re v
ecto
r-bo
rne,
pri
mar
ily a
ffec
t po
or p
eopl
e in
tro
pica
l and
su
btro
pica
l ar
eas.
Som
e af
fect
ind
ivid
uals
for
lif
e, c
ausi
ng d
isab
ility
and
di
sfigu
rem
ent,
oft
en le
adin
g to
sti
gmat
izat
ion,
whi
ch c
an it
self
lead
to s
ocia
l ex
clus
ion
and
jeop
ardi
ze t
heir
men
tal
heal
th.
Oth
ers
are
acut
e in
fect
ions
, w
ith
tran
sien
t, s
ever
e an
d so
met
imes
fata
l out
com
es.
R
esea
rch-
base
d ph
arm
aceu
tica
l co
mpa
nies
are
pro
duci
ng m
edic
ines
fr
ee o
f ch
arge
and
are
don
atin
g un
limit
ed s
uppl
ies
of m
edic
ines
for
man
y ne
glec
ted
trop
ical
dis
ease
s. N
otab
le e
xam
ples
incl
ude
the
case
of
lym
phat
ic
filar
iasi
s (e
leph
anti
asis
). T
hrou
gh th
e G
loba
l Alli
ance
to E
limin
ate
Lym
phat
ic
Fila
rias
is, G
laxo
Smit
hKlin
e, M
erck
& C
o., I
nc. a
nd E
isai
are
ens
urin
g th
at in
-di
vidu
als
infe
cted
wit
h th
e di
seas
e ge
t acc
ess
to s
uch
med
icin
es th
roug
h m
ass
adm
inis
trat
ion
of t
he m
edic
ines
acr
oss
subt
ropi
cal
regi
ons
of t
he w
orld
. O
ncho
cerc
iasi
s (r
iver
blin
dnes
s) i
s al
so b
eing
tac
kled
by
Mer
ck’s
Mec
tiza
n®
Don
atio
n Pr
ogra
m, w
hich
has
don
ated
mor
e th
an 1
bill
ion
trea
tmen
ts s
ince
19
87.44
43
Wor
ld H
ealt
h O
rgan
izat
ion.
“N
egle
cted
Tro
pica
l Dis
ease
s: C
ontr
ibut
ion
of p
harm
aceu
tica
l com
pani
es t
o th
e
cont
rol o
f ne
glec
ted
trop
ical
dis
ease
s.”
Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//w
ww
.who
.int
/neg
lect
ed_d
isea
ses/
phar
ma_
cont
ribu
tion
/en
/ind
ex.h
tml
44
Mec
tiza
n D
onat
ion
Prog
ram
. Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//w
ww
.mec
tiza
n.or
g/
34 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
cces
s to
med
icin
es a
nd h
ealt
hcar
e sy
stem
s 3
5
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
3,00
0
3,50
0
4,00
0
USD Millions
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Treatments (Millions)
Trea
tmen
ts d
onat
edTr
eatm
ents
sol
d a
t co
st
Pfize
r ha
s pr
ovid
ed o
ver
145
mill
ion
trea
tmen
ts o
f Zi
thro
max
® fo
r tr
eatm
ent
and
prev
enti
on o
f the
dis
ease
in 1
8 co
untr
ies
sinc
e 19
98.45
HIV
/AID
S, w
hile
not
spe
cific
ally
con
side
red
an N
TD
, di
spro
port
iona
lly
affe
cts
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries
. G
iven
the
ser
ious
nat
ure
of t
his
epid
emic
, th
e re
sear
ch-b
ased
pha
rmac
euti
cal
indu
stry
, in
tern
atio
nal
orga
niza
tion
s an
d va
riou
s ot
her
stak
ehol
ders
hav
e co
mm
itte
d to
com
bat i
ts s
prea
d. P
harm
aceu
-ti
cal c
ompa
nies
are
invo
lved
in p
artn
ersh
ips
that
fost
er a
cces
s to
ant
iret
rovi
-ra
ls (
AR
Vs)
, ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing
and
educ
atio
n. F
or e
xam
ple,
Bri
stol
-Mye
rs
Squi
bb’s
Sec
ure
the
Futu
re®
fund
s cl
inic
al c
entr
es in
Afr
ica
for
child
ren
and
fam
ilies
wit
h H
IV/A
IDS,
and
one
of
its
cent
res
in B
otsw
ana
has
over
1,5
00
child
ren
unde
r tr
eatm
ent.
Abb
ott
is a
ctiv
ely
invo
lved
in im
prov
ing
acce
ss t
o tr
eatm
ent
and
fost
erin
g ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing
thro
ugh
vari
ous
init
iati
ves
sup-
port
ed b
y th
e A
bbot
t Fun
d.
HE
ALT
HC
AR
E A
CH
IEV
EM
EN
TS
AN
D C
HA
LL
EN
GE
SSi
nce
the
1970
s, t
here
hav
e be
en s
ignific
ant
impr
ovem
ents
in
heal
thca
re
syst
ems
and
glob
al h
ealt
h. A
s a
resu
lt o
f co
ncer
ted
effo
rts
of g
over
nmen
ts,
the
priv
ate
sect
or a
nd c
ivil
soci
ety,
mor
e th
an 1
4 m
illio
n pe
ople
hav
e be
en
cure
d of
lep
rosy
; th
e nu
mbe
r of
peo
ple
infe
cted
wit
h gu
inea
wor
m h
as
drop
ped
from
3 m
illio
n to
just
25,
000
case
s. S
chis
toso
mia
sis
(bilh
arzi
a) h
as
been
eff
ecti
vely
con
trol
led
in B
razi
l, C
hina
and
Egy
pt,
and
elim
inat
ed f
rom
Ir
an, M
auri
tius
and
Mor
occo
. Int
esti
nal h
elm
inth
s (w
orm
s) h
ave
been
elim
i-na
ted
in S
outh
Kor
ea a
nd a
re u
nder
con
trol
in m
any
ende
mic
cou
ntri
es.46
Li
fe e
xpec
tanc
y ha
s in
crea
sed
all o
ver
the
wor
ld, i
n de
velo
ped
and
deve
l-op
ing
coun
trie
s al
ike.
How
ever
, not
all
coun
trie
s ha
ve p
rogr
esse
d at
the
sam
e sp
eed.
For
exa
mpl
e, l
ife
expe
ctan
cy i
n In
dia
has
incr
ease
d fr
om 4
8 ye
ars
in
1970
to 6
3 in
200
9, b
ut fo
r K
enya
the
incr
ease
has
bee
n m
ore
mod
est —
from
52
yea
rs (
1970
) to
54
year
s (2
009)
. In
com
pari
son
to t
hese
dev
elop
ing
and
less
dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries
, lif
e ex
pect
ancy
in t
he U
nite
d St
ates
incr
ease
d fr
om
70 y
ears
(19
70)
to 7
8 ye
ars
(200
9). M
eanw
hile
, inf
ant
mor
talit
y ra
tes
have
st
eadi
ly d
eclin
ed o
ver
the
sam
e pe
riod
, 197
0 —
200
9, in
bot
h ri
ch a
nd p
oor
coun
trie
s.
45
Ibi
d.
46
WH
O. 2
006.
Neg
lect
ed T
ropi
cal
Dis
ease
s: H
idde
n S
ucc
esse
s, E
mer
gin
g O
ppor
tun
itie
s.
Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//w
hqli
bdoc
.who
.int
/hq/
2006
/WH
O_C
DS_
NT
D_2
006.
2_en
g.pd
f
FIG
UR
E 1
6 V
AL
UE
ES
TIM
AT
E O
F I
ND
US
TR
Y’S
CO
RP
OR
AT
E S
OC
IAL
RE
SP
ON
SIB
ILIT
Y
IN
ITIA
TIV
ES
IN
DE
VE
LO
PIN
G C
OU
NT
RIE
S (
DO
NA
TIO
NS
AN
D C
AP
AC
ITY
BU
ILD
ING
)
FIG
UR
E 1
7 T
RE
AT
ME
NT
S D
ON
AT
ED
AN
D S
OL
D A
T C
OS
T I
N D
EV
EL
OP
ING
CO
UN
TR
IES
So
urc
e:
IFP
MA
He
alt
h P
art
ne
rsh
ips S
urv
ey.
So
urc
e:
IFP
MA
He
alt
h P
art
ne
rsh
ips S
urv
ey.
36 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
cces
s to
med
icin
es a
nd h
ealt
hcar
e sy
stem
s 3
7
304050607080901970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Age (Years)
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Mal
i
Chi
na
Jap
an
Ban
glad
esh
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Ind
ia
Ken
yaS
outh
Afr
ica
Incr
ease
d lif
e ex
pect
ancy
, de
crea
sed
infa
nt m
orta
lity
and
the
adop
tion
of
unhe
alth
y lif
esty
le c
hoic
es h
ave
all
led
to a
n in
crea
se i
n th
e bu
rden
of
non-
com
mun
icab
le d
isea
ses (
NC
Ds)
, lik
e he
art d
isea
se, c
ance
r, c
hron
ic re
spir
ator
y di
seas
es a
nd d
iabe
tes.
The
y ar
e cu
rren
tly
the
lead
ing
caus
es o
f de
ath
wor
ld-
wid
e. T
ackl
ing
the
effe
cts
of t
hese
dem
ogra
phic
cha
nges
on
NC
Ds
repr
esen
ts
a gr
eat
chal
leng
e to
soc
iety
. T
he r
esea
rch-
base
d ph
arm
aceu
tica
l in
dust
ry
reco
gniz
es th
is c
halle
nge,
and
is c
omm
itte
d to
be
at th
e fo
refr
ont o
f the
bat
tle
agai
nst N
CD
s 47 a
nd m
aint
ain
its
cont
ribu
tion
to th
e fig
ht a
gain
st N
TD
s.
47
IFP
MA
. 201
1. “
IFPM
A S
tate
men
t: T
he V
alue
of
Prev
enti
on a
nd P
artn
ersh
ips
in C
omba
ting
NC
Ds”
. Ava
ilab
le a
t:
http
://w
ww
.ifp
ma.
org/
file
adm
in/c
onte
nt/G
loba
l %20
Hea
lth/
NC
Ds/
IFPM
A_S
tate
men
t_on
_Pre
vent
ion_
Fina
lx[1
].pd
f
020406080100
120
140
160
180
200
1970
1980
1990
2000
2005
2007
2008
2009
Bangladesh
Brazil
China
Germany
India
Japan
Mali
Philippines
Russian Federation
South Africa
United Statesof America
FIG
UR
E 1
8 L
IFE
EX
PE
CTA
NC
Y E
VO
LU
TIO
N I
N S
EL
EC
TE
D C
OU
NT
RIE
SF
IGU
RE
19
IN
FA
NT
MO
RTA
LIT
Y I
N S
EL
EC
TE
D C
OU
NT
RIE
S (
19
70
–20
09
)
So
urc
e:
Un
ite
d N
ati
on
s P
op
ula
tio
n D
ivis
ion
. 2
00
9.
Wo
rld
Po
pu
lati
on
Pro
sp
ec
ts:
Th
e 2
00
8 R
evis
ion
. N
ew
Yo
rk,
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
of
Am
eri
ca
.
So
urc
e :
UN
ICE
F.
20
11
. “T
ren
ds in
In
fan
t M
ort
ality
Ra
tes.”
Ava
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
hild
info
.org
/mo
rta
lity
_im
rco
un
tryd
ata
.ph
p
Ac
ce
sse
d o
n 2
6 O
cto
be
r 2
01
1.
38 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
es 3
9
The
res
earc
h-ba
sed
phar
mac
euti
cal
indu
stry
mak
es a
maj
or c
ontr
ibut
ion
to
the
pros
peri
ty o
f the
wor
ld e
cono
my.
It is
a r
obus
t sec
tor
that
has
bee
n on
e of
th
e pi
llars
of
indu
stri
aliz
ed e
cono
mie
s an
d is
inc
reas
ingl
y pr
ovin
g to
be
an
impo
rtan
t se
ctor
in
the
deve
lopi
ng w
orld
as
wel
l. It
con
trib
utes
to
empl
oy-
men
t (d
irec
t, i
ndir
ect
or i
nduc
ed),
tra
de (
thro
ugh
impo
rts
and
expo
rts)
, ex
pend
itur
e on
res
earc
h an
d de
velo
pmen
t (R
&D
) an
d te
chno
logi
cal c
apac
ity
build
ing.
It
is a
lso
a ne
cess
ary
foun
dati
on f
or t
he e
xist
ence
of
the
gene
ric
indu
stry
.
The
R&
D p
harm
aceu
tica
l se
ctor
in
Chi
na h
as a
roun
d U
SD 7
4 bi
llion
in
tota
l inv
estm
ent
and fix
ed a
sset
s,48
whi
le in
Bra
zil,
the
indu
stry
con
trib
uted
U
SD 1
34 m
illio
n in
R&
D in
200
8 al
one.
49 T
he in
dust
ry a
lso
has
a po
siti
ve im
-pa
ct i
n co
untr
ies
that
sti
ll la
ck i
nnov
ativ
e ca
paci
ty,
thro
ugh
the
tech
nolo
gy
diff
usio
n th
at a
llow
s si
gnifi
cant
impr
ovem
ents
in t
he h
ealt
hcar
e se
ctor
and
, in
man
y ca
ses,
pro
duct
ion
of g
ener
ics.
48
Chi
na T
oday
. 200
7. “
Bio
phar
mac
euti
cal I
ndus
try
Tren
ds in
Chi
na A
Fiv
e-ye
ar P
rosp
ecti
ve”,
Bio
Phar
m
Inte
rnat
iona
l, M
arch
1, 2
007.
49
Int
erfa
rma
mem
ber
surv
ey, c
orre
spon
denc
e w
ith
Inte
rfar
ma,
May
201
0.
CH
AP
TE
R 3
EC
ON
OM
IC
FO
OT
PR
INT
OF
TH
E
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L IN
DU
ST
RY
40 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esEc
onom
ic fo
otpr
int
of t
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y 4
1
051015202530
2000
2006
Japan
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Belgium
Canada
Sweden
Spain
Denmark
Netherlands
Korea
Italy
Hungary
Austria
Czech Republic
Ireland
Finland19
9020
0020
0920
10
Pro
du
ctio
n (€
mil.
)63
,010
123,
793
189,
012
190,
000
Exp
ort
s* (€
mil.
)23
,180
90,9
3524
9,42
627
0,00
0
Imp
ort
s* (€
mil.
)16
,113
68,8
4119
0,63
520
0,00
0
Trad
e b
alan
ce (€
mil.
)7,
067
22,0
9458
,791
70,0
00
R&
D e
xpen
dit
ure
(€ m
il.)
7,76
617
,849
27,4
4027
,000
Em
plo
ymen
t (u
nit
s)50
0,87
953
6,73
364
0,28
664
0,00
0
R&
D e
mp
loym
ent
(un
its)
76
,126
88,3
9711
6,68
211
5,00
0
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L R
&D
AN
D P
RO
DU
CT
ION
The
pha
rmac
euti
cal i
ndus
try’
s ac
tivi
ties
hav
e a
stro
ng a
nd p
osit
ive
influ
ence
on
the
econ
omy.
Thi
s ec
onom
ic fo
otpr
int i
s m
ost v
isib
le in
the
form
of i
nves
t-m
ents
in
man
ufac
turi
ng a
nd R
&D
, bu
t it
oft
en h
as o
ther
pos
itiv
e so
cioe
co-
nom
ic im
pact
s, s
uch
as c
onst
ant
impr
ovem
ents
in a
cade
mic
res
earc
h. I
t al
so
stim
ulat
es t
he c
reat
ion
of c
ompa
nies
tha
t su
ppor
t pa
rts
of t
he r
esea
rch
and
prod
ucti
on.
T
he r
esea
rch-
base
d ph
arm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y is
par
ticu
larl
y ec
onom
ical
ly
acti
ve in
pro
duct
ion
and
R&
D a
cros
s se
vera
l cou
ntri
es. I
n 20
06, p
harm
aceu
-ti
cal
man
ufac
turi
ng a
ccou
nted
for
USD
178
.5 b
illio
n in
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es,
USD
62.
6 bi
llion
in J
apan
and
USD
42.
2 bi
llion
in F
ranc
e. I
n th
e sa
me
year
, R
&D
inve
stm
ents
am
ount
ed to
USD
38.
9 bi
llion
in th
e U
nite
d St
ates
, USD
9.4
bi
llion
in J
apan
and
USD
3.6
bill
ion
in F
ranc
e. H
owev
er, m
anuf
actu
ring
and
re
sear
ch a
re n
ot d
irec
tly
linke
d. S
ome
coun
trie
s ha
ve l
ittl
e re
sear
ch c
om-
pare
d to
man
ufac
turi
ng c
apac
ity,
whi
le o
ther
s ha
ve li
ttle
man
ufac
turi
ng a
nd
cons
ider
able
res
earc
h.
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L I
ND
US
TR
Y E
MP
LO
YM
EN
TT
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y co
ntri
bute
s to
em
ploy
men
t in
bot
h de
velo
ping
an
d de
velo
ped
coun
trie
s. I
n th
e U
nite
d St
ates
, ev
ery
job
in t
he p
harm
aceu
-ti
cal i
ndus
try
supp
orte
d 3.
7 jo
bs o
utsi
de th
e ph
arm
aceu
tica
l sec
tor
in 2
008.
50
In a
ddit
ion
to t
he 6
55,0
00 d
irec
tly
empl
oyed
, mor
e th
an 9
00,0
00 jo
bs w
ere
depe
nden
t on
bus
ines
s w
ith
the
phar
mac
euti
cal
indu
stry
and
ano
ther
1.5
m
illio
n jo
bs w
ere
indu
ced
by it
.
Hig
h em
ploy
men
t in
the
pha
rmac
euti
cal
sect
or i
s no
t ex
clus
ive
to h
igh
inco
me
coun
trie
s. In
200
6, t
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y (i
nclu
ding
gen
eric
s)
empl
oyed
1.3
mill
ion
peop
le in
Chi
na,51
dir
ectl
y em
ploy
ed o
ver 9
2,00
0 pe
ople
in
Bra
zil,52
25,
000
in T
urke
y53 a
nd 4
.2 m
illio
n in
Indi
a.54
The
pha
rmac
euti
cal
50
PhR
MA
. 200
8. “
The
Bio
phar
mac
euti
cal S
ecto
r’s
Impa
ct o
n th
e Ec
onom
y of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.”
Ava
ilab
le a
t:
http
://w
ww
.phr
ma.
org/
site
s/de
faul
t/fi
les/
159/
phrm
a_u_
s__f
act_
shee
t_20
08_v
fina
l_2.
51
UN
IDO
Dat
a. 2
006.
“Em
ploy
ees
in P
harm
aceu
tica
ls, c
hem
ical
s et
c.”
Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//da
ta.u
n.or
g/D
ata.
aspx
?d=
UN
IDO
&f=
tabl
eCod
e %
3a04
%3b
isic
Cod
e %
3a24
23 L
ast
acce
ssed
02
Sept
embe
r 20
11.
52
Bra
zili
an I
nsti
tute
for
Geo
grap
hy a
nd S
tati
stic
s (I
BG
E). 2
006.
“PI
A S
urve
y”. A
vail
able
at:
ht
tp:/
/ww
w.i
bge.
gov.
br/h
ome/
esta
tist
ica/
econ
omia
/ind
ustr
ia/p
ia/e
mpr
Acc
esse
d on
02
Sept
embe
r 20
11.
53
Pha
rmac
euti
cal M
anuf
actu
rers
Ass
ocia
tion
of
Turk
ey. “
Empl
oym
ent”
. Ava
ilab
le a
t:
http
://w
ww
.iei
s.or
g.tr
/asp
_pag
es/i
ndex
.asp
?say
fa=
265&
men
uk=
12;
Acc
esse
d on
05
Sept
embe
r 20
11.
54
Ind
ian
Dru
g M
anuf
actu
rers
’ Ass
ocia
tion
. Ava
ilab
le a
t: h
ttp:
//w
ww
.idm
a-as
sn.o
rg/a
bout
idm
a.ht
ml.
Acc
esse
d on
5
Sept
embe
r 20
11.
FIG
UR
E 2
0 V
AL
UE
AD
DE
D O
F T
HE
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L I
ND
US
TR
Y (
R&
D A
ND
PR
OD
UC
TIO
N)
IN
SE
LE
CT
ED
CO
UN
TR
IES
(U
SD
BIL
LIO
N A
T P
UR
CH
AS
ING
PO
WE
R P
AR
ITY
)
TAB
LE
5 K
EY
IN
DIC
AT
OR
S O
F T
HE
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L I
ND
US
TR
Y’S
EC
ON
OM
IC
F
OO
TP
RIN
T I
N E
UR
OP
E
So
urc
e:
Ad
ap
ted
fro
m:
Kir
iya
ma
, N
. 2
01
0.
OE
CD
: Tra
de
& I
nn
ova
tio
n:
Ph
arm
ac
eu
tic
als
OE
CD
Tra
de
Po
lic
y W
ork
ing
Pa
pe
r N
o.
11
3.
p.
15
.
So
urc
e:
EF
PIA
. 2
01
1.
Th
e P
ha
rma
ce
uti
ca
l In
Fig
ure
s 2
01
1.
Da
ta r
ela
te t
o E
U-2
7,
No
rwa
y a
nd
Sw
itze
rla
nd
sin
ce
20
05
(EU
-15
be
fore
20
05
).
* in
clu
de
s in
tra
-EU
tra
de
42 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esEc
onom
ic fo
otpr
int
of t
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y 4
3
Co
un
try
Pro
du
ctio
n
R&
D
R&
D/P
rod
uct
ion
Va
lue
Ad
ded
2000
2006
2000
2006
2000
2006
2000
2006
Un
ited
Sta
tes
115
178.
512
.838
.911
.1%
21.8
%55
91.5
Jap
an46
.662
.64.
89.
410
.3%
15.1
%21
.625
.4
UK
17.5
25.3
4.5
6.2
25.6
%24
.4%
8.3
13
Ger
man
y24
41.8
2.3
4.2
9.6%
10.2
%9.
618
.5
Fra
nce
30.3
42.2
2.6
3.6
8.4%
8.5%
8.7
11.1
Bel
giu
m7
10.5
0.7
1.1
9.4%
10.6
%2.
84.
1
Can
ada
68.
90.
61.
19.
5%12
.5%
2.1
3.3
Sw
eden
5.4
8.9
1.2
123
.1%
10.9
%3.
14.
8
Sp
ain
10.9
15.5
0.4
0.9
3.6%
6.1%
3.8
5.5
Den
mar
k0.
35.
1-
0.9
-17
.8%
1.6
2.1
Net
her
lan
ds
6.8
6.3
0.4
0.6
6.5%
9.8%
1.7
2.1
Ko
rea
1723
.50.
20.
61.
1%2.
6%4.
87.
4
Ital
y23
.326
.9-
1.1*
-4.
1%8.
28.
4
Hu
ng
ary
2.4
4.3
0.2
0.4
6.6%
9.1%
1.1
2.1
Au
stri
a2.
63.
1-
0.3
-10
.3%
1.1
1.6
Cze
ch R
epu
blic
1.1
2.1
0.03
0.3
2.9%
14.0
%0.
50.
7
Irel
and
4.8
7.1
0.07
0.3
1.4%
3.8%
2.3
2.4
Fin
lan
d0.
60.
80.
20.
225
.4%
28.5
%0.
30.
5
Co
un
try
Job
sC
ou
ntr
yJo
bs
Aze
rbai
jan
178
Les
oth
o89
Bu
lgar
ia7,
948
Lit
hu
ania
797
Cro
atia
4,15
5M
oro
cco
6,38
6
Cyp
rus
1,14
4O
man
481
Eri
trea
167
Ro
man
ia9,
946
Eth
iop
ia1,
177
Ru
ssia
n F
eder
atio
n84
,832
Geo
rgia
1,19
7S
love
nia
5,54
0
Jord
an5,
654
Mac
edo
nia
1,49
2
Kyr
gyz
stan
360
Tan
zan
ia1,
237
Lat
via
2,00
4U
rug
uay
3,10
2
indu
stry
pro
vide
s hi
gh-s
kille
d jo
bs t
hrou
gh d
irec
t em
ploy
men
t an
d in
duce
s th
e cr
eati
on o
f man
y m
ore
indi
rect
jobs
.
In a
ddit
ion
to t
he jo
bs d
irec
tly
and
indi
rect
ly c
reat
ed b
y th
e ph
arm
aceu
-ti
cal
indu
stry
, th
ere
is t
he d
isse
min
atio
n of
kno
wle
dge
thro
ugh
thes
e jo
bs.
Empl
oyee
s w
orki
ng f
or a
pha
rmac
euti
cal
com
pany
oft
en r
ecei
ve q
ualifi
ed
trai
ning
and
are
exp
osed
to n
ew te
chno
logi
es a
nd p
roce
sses
. Thi
s kn
owle
dge
beco
mes
an
asse
t for
the
enti
re w
orkf
orce
, as
the
empl
oyee
s m
ay la
ter
chan
ge
jobs
or
star
t the
ir o
wn
com
pani
es, h
ence
fost
erin
g ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent.
TR
AN
SF
ER
OF
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
Tr
ansf
er o
f ad
vanc
ed t
echn
olog
y is
ess
enti
al f
or e
cono
mic
dev
elop
men
t. I
t is
one
mea
ns b
y w
hich
low
and
mid
dle
inco
me
coun
trie
s ca
n ac
cele
rate
th
e ac
quis
itio
n of
kno
wle
dge,
exp
erie
nce
and
equi
pmen
t rel
ated
to a
dvan
ced,
in
nova
tive
ind
ustr
ial
prod
ucts
and
pro
cess
es.
Tech
nolo
gy t
rans
fer
has
the
pote
ntia
l to
hel
p im
prov
e he
alth
. It
als
o be
nefit
s th
e ov
eral
l ec
onom
y by
in
crea
sing
the
rel
iabi
lity
of s
uppl
y, d
ecre
asin
g re
lianc
e on
impo
rts
and
rais
-in
g th
e co
mpe
tenc
e of
the
loca
l wor
kfor
ce.
TAB
LE
6
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L P
RO
DU
CT
ION
, R
&D
AN
D V
AL
UE
AD
DE
D I
N S
EL
EC
TE
D
C
OU
NT
RIE
S (
US
D B
ILL
ION
) TA
BL
E 7
E
MP
LO
YM
EN
T I
N T
HE
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L I
ND
US
TR
Y I
N S
EL
EC
TE
D
C
OU
NT
RIE
S (
20
07
)
* D
ata
fro
m F
AR
MIN
DU
ST
RIA
So
urc
e:
Ad
ap
ted
fro
m:
Kir
iya
ma
, N
. 2
01
0.
OE
CD
: Tra
de
& I
nn
ova
tio
n:
Ph
arm
ac
eu
tic
als
OE
CD
Tra
de
Po
lic
y W
ork
ing
Pa
pe
r
No
. 1
13
. p
. 1
5.
So
urc
e:
IND
STA
T —
Un
ite
d N
ati
on
s I
nd
ustr
ial D
eve
lop
me
nt
Org
an
iza
tio
n.
44 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esEc
onom
ic fo
otpr
int
of t
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y 4
5
Tech
no
log
y tr
ansf
ero
rB
enefi
ciar
yR
ecei
vin
g c
ou
ntr
yYe
ar s
tart
ed
Bik
en
PT.
Bio
Far
ma
(Per
sero
)In
done
sia
2007
Bri
sto
l-M
yers
Sq
uib
bE
mcu
re; A
spen
Pha
rmac
are
Indi
a; S
outh
Afr
ica
2006
Ch
emo
-Ser
o-T
her
apeu
tic
Res
earc
h In
stit
ute
G
over
nmen
t Pha
rmac
eutic
al O
rgan
izat
ion
Thai
land
2010
Dai
ich
i San
kyo
Dai
ichi
San
kyo
Pha
rmac
eutic
al (S
hang
hai)
Co.
, Ltd
.; In
ter
Thai
; Olic
(Tha
iland
) Ltd
.C
hina
; Th
aila
nd20
04; 2
005
Eis
ai9
man
ufac
ture
rsC
hina
; Ind
ia; I
ndon
esia
; Jo
rdan
; Tha
iland
2004
-201
0
Gile
ad14
gen
eric
com
pani
esIn
dia;
Sou
th A
fric
a20
06
Gla
xoS
mit
hK
line
Osw
aldo
Cru
z Fo
unda
tion
(Fio
cruz
)B
razi
l19
85; 2
010;
20
07
Joh
nso
n &
Jo
hn
son
(T
ibo
tec)
Het
ero
Dru
gs L
imite
d; M
atrix
Lab
orat
orie
s Li
mite
d (a
Myl
an c
ompa
ny);
A
spen
Pha
rmac
are
Indi
a; S
outh
Afr
ica
2011
Eli
Lill
yH
isun
Pha
rmac
eutic
als;
S
hasu
n C
hem
ical
s an
d D
rugs
; S
IA In
tern
atio
nal;
Asp
en P
harm
acar
e
Chi
na; I
ndia
; R
ussi
an F
eder
atio
n;
Sou
th A
fric
a
2003
Mer
ck &
Co
., In
c.
(No
bilo
n)
Gov
ernm
ent P
harm
aceu
tical
Org
aniz
atio
n in
Th
aila
nd; S
erum
Inst
itute
of I
ndia
; Zhe
jiang
T
iayu
an B
ioph
arm
aceu
tical
s in
Chi
na
Chi
na; I
ndia
; Th
aila
nd;
WH
O
2009
Mer
ck K
GaA
(M
erck
Ser
on
o)
Mer
ckS
eron
o M
exic
o M
exic
o 20
07
No
vart
isA
dvan
ced
Bio
Ext
ract
s (A
BE
) K
enya
; Uga
nda;
Tan
zani
a20
05
Bri
sto
l-M
yers
Sq
uib
b;
Gile
ad; J
oh
nso
n &
Jo
hn
-so
n; M
erck
& C
o.,
Inc.
; V
iiV H
ealt
hca
re
Inte
rnat
iona
l Par
tner
ship
fo
r M
icro
bici
des
(IPM
)G
loba
l20
08
Ro
che
Sta
te P
harm
aceu
tical
Lab
orat
ory
of
Per
nam
buco
(LA
FEP
E)
Bra
zil
2003
San
ofi
-ave
nti
sS
anofi
-Ave
ntis
Mor
occo
Mor
occo
2006
Take
da
Tia
njin
Tak
eda
Pha
rmac
eutic
als
Co.
, Ltd
.; P.
T. T
aked
a In
done
sia
Chi
na; I
ndon
esia
1999
; 200
2;
2003
; 200
4
ViiV
Hea
lth
care
8
licen
sing
agr
eem
ents
Indi
a; K
enya
; Sou
th A
fric
a20
01
1. A
via
ble
and
acc
essi
ble
loca
l mar
ket
2. P
olit
ical
sta
bili
ty, g
oo
d e
cono
mic
go
vern
ance
3. C
lear
dev
elo
pm
ent
pri
ori
ties
4. E
ffec
tive
reg
ulat
ion
5. A
vaila
bili
ty o
f ski
lled
wo
rker
s
6. A
deq
uate
cap
ital
mar
kets
7. S
tro
ng in
telle
ctua
l pro
per
ty r
ight
s (IP
R) a
nd e
ffec
tive
enf
orc
emen
t
8. Q
ualit
y o
f the
rel
atio
nshi
p b
etw
een
ind
ustr
y an
d g
ove
rnm
ent
Phar
mac
euti
cal
com
pani
es c
an e
ngag
e in
tec
hnol
ogy
tran
sfer
for
cor
pora
te
resp
onsi
bilit
y re
ason
s or
com
mer
cial
one
s. W
hile
dec
isio
ns w
ith
rega
rd t
o tr
ansf
er o
f te
chno
logy
are
som
etim
es t
aken
on
a ph
ilant
hrop
ic b
asis
, to
en
sure
sus
tain
abili
ty th
ese
colla
bora
tion
s ar
e us
ually
als
o dr
iven
by
com
mer
-ci
al r
atio
nale
s an
d m
arke
t con
diti
ons,
whi
ch a
re h
eavi
ly in
fluen
ced
by p
olic
y an
d re
gula
tory
dec
isio
ns m
ade
by n
atio
nal g
over
nmen
ts.
TR
AD
E I
N P
HA
RM
AC
EU
TIC
AL
SG
loba
l sal
es o
f pha
rmac
euti
cal p
rodu
cts
repr
esen
t the
inte
rnat
iona
l spr
ead
of
med
ical
tech
nolo
gy th
at c
omes
as
the
resu
lt o
f hig
hly
inte
nsiv
e R
&D
eff
orts
in
the
expo
rtin
g co
untr
ies.
At
the
sam
e ti
me,
impo
rtin
g co
untr
ies
rece
ive
thes
e be
nefit
s th
roug
h he
alth
im
prov
emen
ts —
eve
n if
the
y do
not
par
tici
pate
in
R&
D a
ctiv
itie
s th
emse
lves
.55 M
edic
al i
nnov
atio
n is
tra
nsm
itte
d ac
ross
the
w
orld
, thu
s co
ntri
buti
ng to
sig
nific
ant g
ains
in a
vera
ge li
fe e
xpec
tanc
y.56
Euro
pe h
as tr
adit
iona
lly b
een
the
bigg
est e
xpor
ter
of p
harm
aceu
tica
ls in
th
e w
orld
. Pha
rmac
euti
cal e
xpor
ts r
epre
sent
mor
e th
an a
qua
rter
of E
urop
e’s
tota
l hig
h-te
ch e
xpor
ts. H
owev
er, a
s sh
own
in fi
gure
21,
oth
er c
ount
ries
hav
e
55
K
iriy
ama,
N. 2
010.
OEC
D:
Trad
e &
Inn
ovat
ion:
Pha
rmac
euti
cals
OEC
D T
rade
Pol
icy
Wor
king
Pap
er N
o. 1
13. p
. 26
.5
6 I
bid.
, p. 2
7, b
ased
on
Papa
geog
iou
et a
l. (
2007
).
TAB
LE
8
SE
LE
CT
ED
EX
AM
PL
ES
OF
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
TR
AN
SF
ER
—
M
AN
UF
AC
TU
RIN
G P
RO
TO
CO
LS
AN
D E
NT
RE
PR
EN
EU
RIA
L K
NO
W-H
OW
TR
AN
SF
ER
(Fo
r a
mo
re d
eta
ile
d d
esc
rip
tio
n o
f th
ese
in
itia
tive
s,
se
e h
ttp
://w
ww
.ifp
ma
.org
/file
ad
min
/co
nte
nt/
Glo
ba
l %2
0H
ea
lth
/
Ac
ce
ss/T
ec
h %
20
Tra
nsfe
r/IF
PM
A_P
ub
lic
ati
on
_Te
ch
no
log
y_Tra
nsfe
r_B
oo
kle
t_2
01
1.p
df)
TAB
LE
9 C
RIT
ICA
L F
AC
TO
RS
FO
R C
RE
AT
ING
FA
VO
RA
BL
E C
ON
DIT
ION
S
F
OR
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L T
EC
HN
ICA
L T
RA
NS
FE
RS
So
urc
e:
Te
ch
no
log
y T
ran
sfe
r: a
Co
lla
bo
rati
ve
Ap
pro
ac
h t
o I
mp
rove
Glo
ba
l H
ea
lth
, p
. 1
7.
Ava
ila
ble
at
htt
p:/
/ww
w.ifp
ma
.org
/file
ad
min
/co
nte
nt/
Pu
blic
ati
on
/IF
PM
A_Te
ch
no
log
y_Tra
nsfe
r_B
oo
kle
t_2
01
1.p
df
46 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esEc
onom
ic fo
otpr
int
of t
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y 4
7
120
100 80 60 40 20 0
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5% 0%
EU (external)
Germany
Belgium
Switzerland
United States
France
United Kingdom
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
China
Denmark
Austria
Canada
India
Singapore
Israel
Japan
Australia
USD Billions
1995
2001
2009
2000
/200
120
01/2
009
FIG
UR
E 2
1 M
AJ
OR
PH
AR
MA
CE
UT
ICA
L E
XP
OR
TE
RS
(E
XP
OR
T V
AL
UE
S I
N 1
99
5,
20
01
AN
D 2
00
9,
AN
D G
RO
WT
H R
AT
ES
)
FIG
UR
E 2
2 IM
PO
RT
S F
RO
M C
HIN
A A
ND
IN
DIA
BY
CO
UN
TR
Y I
NC
OM
E G
RO
UP
So
urc
e:
Kir
iya
ma
, N
. 2
01
0.
OE
CD
: Tra
de
& I
nn
ova
tio
n:
Ph
arm
ac
eu
tic
als
OE
CD
Tra
de
Po
lic
y W
ork
ing
Pa
pe
r N
o.
11
3.
p.
32
.
So
urc
e:
Kir
iya
ma
, N
. 2
01
0.
OE
CD
: Tra
de
& I
nn
ova
tio
n:
Ph
arm
ac
eu
tic
als
OE
CD
Tra
de
Po
lic
y W
ork
ing
Pa
pe
r N
o.
11
3.
p.
33
.
expe
rien
ced
stro
ng e
xpor
t gro
wth
in t
he la
st d
ecad
e, in
clud
ing
Chi
na, I
ndia
, Si
ngap
ore
and
Isra
el.
A
ltho
ugh
the
glob
al s
hare
s of
exp
orts
fro
m I
ndia
and
Chi
na i
n va
lue
term
s ar
e re
lati
vely
mod
est,
the
y pl
ay a
n im
port
ant
role
in
phar
mac
euti
cal
trad
e fo
r lo
w in
com
e co
untr
ies,
esp
ecia
lly fo
r ge
neri
c m
edic
ines
. In
2009
, low
in
com
e co
untr
ies
impo
rted
mor
e th
an 3
0 %
of
thei
r ph
arm
aceu
tica
ls f
rom
In
dia.
Low
er m
iddl
e in
com
e co
untr
ies
wit
h so
me
man
ufac
turi
ng c
apac
ity
also
buy
man
y of
the
ir A
ctiv
e Ph
arm
aceu
tica
l Ing
redi
ents
(A
PIs)
from
Chi
na,
acco
unti
ng f
or m
ore
than
20
% o
f th
eir
tota
l im
port
s of
inte
rmed
iate
goo
ds.
TH
E P
HA
RM
AC
EU
TIC
AL
MA
RK
ET
The
IM
S In
stit
ute
for
Hea
lthc
are
Info
rmat
ics
pred
icts
tha
t th
e ph
arm
a ceu
-ti
cal m
arke
t w
ill r
each
nea
rly
USD
1,1
00 b
illio
n by
201
5, a
USD
210
-240
bil-
lion
incr
ease
from
the
USD
856
bill
ion
reco
rded
in 2
010.
How
ever
, gro
wth
in
the
next
five
yea
rs w
ill s
low
to 3
-6 %
ann
ually
com
pare
d w
ith
over
6 %
a y
ear
in t
he p
erio
d 20
05-2
010.
Thi
s gr
owth
is
com
ing
mai
nly
from
mar
ket
expa
nsio
n in
the
lea
ding
em
ergi
ng c
ount
ries
and
fro
m g
ener
ics.
In
deve
lope
d m
arke
ts,
sale
s of
new
br
ande
d m
edic
ines
are
exp
ecte
d to
incr
ease
by
USD
119
bill
ion
to 2
015,
but
th
is w
ill b
e of
fset
by
loss
es d
ue t
o pa
tent
exp
irat
ion
of U
SD 1
20 b
illio
n. O
n th
e ot
her
hand
, gen
eric
sal
es in
dev
elop
ed m
arke
ts a
re e
xpec
ted
to g
row
by
USD
47
billi
on.57
The
US
shar
e of
glo
bal
spen
ding
will
dec
line
from
41
% i
n 20
05 to
31
% in
201
5, w
hile
the
Euro
pean
sha
re o
f spe
ndin
g w
ill d
eclin
e fr
om
27 %
to
19 %
. M
eanw
hile
, th
e le
adin
g em
ergi
ng c
ount
ries
will
acc
ount
for
28
% o
f glo
bal s
pend
ing
in 2
015
from
12
% in
200
5.
57
Ibi
d., p
. 7.
1995
2001
2008
2008
1995
USD Millions
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10% 5% 0%
10,0
00
1,00
0
100
10 1 0
High Income
Upper Middle
Lower Middle
Low Income
High Income
Upper Middle
Lower Middle
Low Income
High Income
Upper Middle
Lower Middle
Low Income
High Income
Upper Middle
Lower Middle
Low Income
Chi
na
Con
sum
er g
ood
sIn
term
edia
te g
ood
s
Ind
iaC
hina
Ind
ia
Bar
cha
rt:
shar
e of
imp
orts
from
Chi
na a
nd In
dia
in t
otal
imp
orts
Line
cha
rt:
corr
esp
ond
ing
imp
ort
valu
es a
t rig
ht-h
and
axi
s
48 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esEc
onom
ic fo
otpr
int
of t
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y 4
9
$ 60
5 B
n
2005
2006
-10
2010
2011
-15
2015
$ 25
1 B
n$
856
Bn
$ 21
0-24
0 B
n$
1,06
5-1,
095
Bn
No
tes:
Sp
en
din
g in
US
D w
ith
va
ria
ble
exc
ha
ng
e r
ate
s.
Co
mp
ou
nd
an
nu
al g
row
th r
ate
(C
AG
R)
in U
SD
usin
g c
on
sta
nt
exc
ha
ng
e r
ate
s.
So
urc
e:
IMS
In
sti
tute
fo
r H
ea
lth
ca
re I
nfo
rma
tic
s,
Th
e G
lob
al U
se
of
Me
dic
ine
s:
Ou
tlo
ok T
hro
ug
h 2
01
5,
Ma
y 2
01
1.
p.
4.
FIG
UR
E 2
3 G
LO
BA
L S
PE
ND
ING
ON
ME
DIC
INE
S
41%
2%20
%
7%
11%1%
12%
6%
2005
$ 60
5 B
n20
10$
856
Bn
2015
$ 1,
065
- 1,
095
Bn
36%
3%
17%
7%
11%
1%
18%
7%
31% 2%
13%
6%11
%
2%
28%
7%
US
Can
ada
EU
5R
est
of E
urop
eJa
pan
S.
Kor
eaP
harm
ergi
ngR
OW
GE
NE
RIC
VE
RS
US
BR
AN
DE
D P
HA
RM
AC
EU
TIC
AL
PR
OD
UC
TS
Bra
nded
pro
duct
s ac
coun
ted
for
near
ly t
wo
thir
ds o
f gl
obal
pha
rmac
euti
cal
spen
ding
in
2010
. H
owev
er,
as p
aten
ts e
xpir
e in
dev
elop
ed m
arke
ts,
that
sh
are
is e
xpec
ted
to d
eclin
e. S
pend
ing
on g
ener
ic m
edic
ines
is d
rivi
ng m
ost
of t
he g
row
th in
the
lead
ing
emer
ging
mar
kets
, whi
ch w
ill c
ontr
ibut
e to
the
in
crea
se i
n th
e sh
are
of g
ener
ic s
pend
ing.
The
rev
enue
s fr
om g
ener
ics
in
2015
are
exp
ecte
d to
rea
ch U
SD 4
00-4
30 b
illio
n, 7
0 %
of
whi
ch w
ill b
e ou
t-si
de d
evel
oped
mar
kets
58.
FIG
UR
E 2
4 S
PE
ND
ING
BY
GE
OG
RA
PH
Y
No
tes:
Sp
en
din
g in
US
$ w
ith
va
ria
ble
exc
ha
ng
e r
ate
s.
So
urc
e:
IMS
In
sti
tute
fo
r H
ea
lth
ca
re I
nfo
rma
tic
s,
Th
e G
lob
al U
se
of
Me
dic
ine
s:
Ou
tlo
ok T
hro
ug
h 2
01
5,
Ma
y 2
01
1.
70%
20%
10%
2005
$ 60
5 B
n20
10$
856
Bn
2015
$ 1,
065
- 1,
095
Bn
64%
27%
9%
53%
39%
8%
Bra
ndG
ener
icO
ther
FIG
UR
E 2
5 S
PE
ND
ING
BY
SE
GM
EN
T
No
tes:
Sp
en
din
g in
US
D w
ith
va
ria
ble
exc
ha
ng
e r
ate
s.
Bra
nd
, G
en
eri
c a
nd
Oth
er
se
gm
en
ts d
efin
ed
by I
MS
’s p
rop
rie
tary
ma
rke
t se
gm
en
tati
on
me
tho
do
log
y w
hic
h c
ove
rs 3
1 le
ad
ing
ph
arm
ac
eu
tic
al m
ark
ets
glo
ba
lly.
Esti
ma
ted
glo
ba
l g
en
eri
c
sp
en
din
g in
clu
de
s e
sti
ma
tes o
f u
na
ud
ite
d m
ark
ets
an
d m
ark
et
se
gm
en
ts.
Esti
ma
tes o
f B
ran
d a
nd
Ge
ne
ric
se
gm
en
ts in
oth
er
ma
rke
ts b
ase
d o
n I
MS
In
sti
tute
fo
r H
ea
lth
ca
re I
nfo
rma
tic
s r
ese
arc
h.
Bra
nd
s in
clu
de
off
-pa
ten
t b
ran
ds.
Ge
ne
ric
s in
clu
de
bra
nd
ed
ge
ne
ric
s.
Oth
er
inc
lud
es o
ve
r th
e c
ou
nte
r (O
TC
) a
nd
no
n-c
ate
go
rize
d p
rod
uc
ts.
So
urc
e:
IMS
In
sti
tute
fo
r H
ea
lth
ca
re I
nfo
rma
tic
s,
Th
e G
lob
al U
se
of
Me
dic
ine
s:
Ou
tlo
ok T
hro
ug
h 2
01
5,
Ma
y 2
01
1.
50 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
es 5
1
Phar
mac
euti
cal i
nnov
atio
ns a
re b
ehin
d so
me
of t
he g
reat
est a
chie
vem
ents
in
mod
ern
med
icin
e. W
e liv
e lo
nger
and
hea
lthi
er l
ives
tha
n pr
evio
us g
ener
a-ti
ons.
Med
ical
adv
ance
s al
low
peo
ple
to e
njoy
a b
ette
r qu
alit
y of
lif
e an
d in
crea
se t
heir
pro
duct
ivit
y, c
ontr
ibut
ing
to t
he o
vera
ll pr
ospe
rity
of
soci
ety.
Ph
arm
aceu
tica
l inn
ovat
ion
also
cre
ates
jobs
, spu
rs te
chno
logy
and
repr
esen
ts
an i
mpo
rtan
t so
urce
of
inco
me.
Unf
ortu
nate
ly,
not
ever
yone
has
yet
ful
ly
bene
fited
fro
m t
hese
med
ical
adv
ance
s. P
over
ty a
nd g
reat
wea
lth
ineq
ualit
y be
twee
n an
d w
ithi
n co
untr
ies
mea
n th
at m
any
do n
ot h
ave
acce
ss e
ven
to th
e si
mpl
est h
ealt
hcar
e in
terv
enti
ons.
Add
ress
ing
thes
e is
sues
is a
com
plex
cha
l-le
nge
that
req
uire
s lo
ng-t
erm
com
mit
men
t fr
om g
over
nmen
ts,
civi
l so
ciet
y an
d th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
. T
hrou
gh d
iffe
rent
ial
pric
ing
sche
mes
, do
nati
on p
ro-
gram
s an
d te
chno
logy
tra
nsfe
r in
itia
tive
s, t
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l in
dust
ry h
as
been
doi
ng it
s pa
rt to
hel
p th
ose
in g
reat
est n
eed
to a
lso
enjo
y th
e be
nefit
s of
m
edic
al p
rogr
ess.
Muc
h st
ill n
eeds
to
be d
one;
the
pat
h fo
rwar
d w
ill r
equi
re
a co
nsta
nt r
ethi
nkin
g on
how
to m
axim
ize
the
rese
arch
-bas
ed in
dust
ry’s
pos
i-ti
ve im
pact
on
the
heal
th a
nd p
rosp
erit
y of
soc
ieti
es.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N
52 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 5
3
Fie
ld o
f te
chn
olo
gy
1992
1997
2002
2007
Ph
arm
aceu
tica
ls25
,582
36,9
6856
,214
69,6
38
Bio
tech
no
log
y16
,338
23,6
0440
,109
33,9
30
Tele
com
mu
nic
atio
ns
34,3
2251
,987
67,2
6092
,168
Co
mp
ute
r te
chn
olo
gy
45,8
4158
,478
91,1
9814
5,28
2
Op
tics
47,8
8050
,827
65,1
4581
,770
Med
ical
tec
hn
olo
gy
31,3
4443
,786
59,6
9980
,678
Mat
eria
ls, m
etal
lurg
y28
,558
25,2
1427
,549
36,0
89
En
viro
nm
enta
l tec
hn
olo
gy
15,2
5618
,064
19,8
9825
,584
En
gin
es, p
um
ps,
tu
rbin
es26
,409
30,3
5939
,348
51,9
26
Text
ile a
nd
pap
er m
ach
ines
32,5
9634
,621
37,4
3637
,946
Civ
il en
gin
eeri
ng
38,3
7548
,675
49,9
7762
,844
Co
un
try
Pat
ents
Au
stri
a13
4
Au
stra
lia44
4
Can
ada
249
Sw
itze
rlan
d86
4
Ch
ina
557
Ger
man
y2,
512
Fin
lan
d72
Fra
nce
1,40
7
Co
un
try
Pat
ents
Gre
at B
rita
in1,
764
Ital
y 76
9
Jap
an
3,67
9
Ko
rea
762
Net
her
lan
ds
249
Sw
eden
428
Un
ited
Sta
tes
21,3
47
Oth
ers
7,41
3
AN
NE
X I
— P
HA
RM
AC
EU
TIC
AL
S P
AT
EN
TS
PA
TE
NT
CO
OP
ER
AT
ION
TR
EA
TY
(P
CT
): N
UM
BE
R O
F P
AT
EN
T A
PP
LIC
AT
ION
S
BY
FIE
LD
OF
TE
CH
NO
LO
GY
PC
T P
HA
RM
AC
EU
TIC
AL
S P
AT
EN
TS
BY
CO
UN
TR
Y O
F O
RIG
IN (
20
03
–20
07
)
So
urc
e:
WIP
O S
tati
sti
cs D
ata
ba
se
, S
ep
tem
be
r 2
01
0.
So
urc
e:
Wo
rld
In
telle
ctu
al P
rop
ert
y I
nd
ica
tors
, 2
01
0.
AN
NE
XE
S
54 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 5
5
Lo
cati
on
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Under-five mortality rate
Number of under-five deaths (thousands)
Infant mortality rate
Number of infant deaths (thousands)
Measles (MCV) immunization coverage (%)
Afg
han
ista
n48
149
191
103
133
76
Alb
ania
7318
116
197
Alg
eria
7236
2631
2288
An
do
rra
824
03
098
An
go
la52
161
121
9872
77
An
tig
ua
and
Bar
bu
da
748
07
099
Arg
enti
na
7514
1012
999
Arm
enia
7020
118
196
Au
stra
lia82
51
41
94
Au
stri
a80
40
40
83
Aze
rbai
jan
6846
939
867
Bah
amas
7616
014
098
Bah
rain
7410
09
099
Ban
gla
des
h65
4814
038
109
89
Bar
bad
os
7620
017
094
Bel
aru
s70
61
40
99
Bel
giu
m80
41
40
94
Bel
ize
7317
014
097
Ben
in57
115
3973
2572
Bh
uta
n63
561
441
98
Bo
livia
6854
1442
1086
Bo
snia
an
d H
erze
go
vin
a76
80
80
93
Bo
tsw
ana
6148
236
294
Bra
zil
7319
5517
4899
Bru
nei
Dar
uss
alam
777
06
099
Bu
lgar
ia74
131
111
96
AN
NE
X I
I —
LIF
E E
XP
EC
TAN
CY
AN
D C
HIL
D M
OR
TAL
ITY
Lo
cati
on
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Under-five mortality rate
Number of under-five deaths (thousands)
Infant mortality rate
Number of infant deaths (thousands)
Measles (MCV) immunization coverage (%)
Bu
rkin
a F
aso
5217
612
093
6475
Bu
run
di
5014
238
8824
91
Cam
bo
dia
6151
1643
1492
Cam
ero
on
5113
693
8458
74
Can
ada
816
25
293
Cap
e Ve
rde
7136
029
096
Cen
tral
Afr
ican
Rep
ub
lic48
159
2310
616
62
Ch
ad48
173
8099
4623
Ch
ile79
92
82
96
Ch
ina
7418
315
1627
294
Co
lom
bia
7619
1817
1595
Co
mo
ros
6086
263
279
Co
ng
o55
9313
618
76
Co
ok
Isla
nd
s76
90
80
78
Co
sta
Ric
a79
101
91
81
Cô
te d
'Ivo
ire
7612
380
8656
67
Cro
atia
786
05
098
Cu
ba
816
15
096
Cyp
rus
774
03
087
Cze
ch R
epu
blic
504
03
098
D.P
.R. o
f K
ore
a70
3312
269
98
D.R
. Co
ng
o49
170
465
112
306
76
Den
mar
k79
40
30
84
Djib
ou
ti60
912
732
73
Do
min
ica
7412
011
099
Do
min
ican
Rep
ub
lic71
276
225
79
56 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 5
7
Lo
cati
on
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Under-five mortality rate
Number of under-five deaths (thousands)
Infant mortality rate
Number of infant deaths (thousands)
Measles (MCV) immunization coverage (%)
Ecu
ado
r75
206
185
66
Eg
ypt
7122
4119
3595
El S
alva
do
r72
162
142
95
Eq
uat
ori
al G
uin
ea53
121
381
251
Eri
trea
6661
1142
895
Est
on
ia75
50
40
95
Eth
iop
ia54
106
271
6817
175
Fiji
6917
015
094
Fin
lan
d80
30
20
98
Fra
nce
814
33
390
Gab
on
6274
354
255
Gam
bia
6098
657
496
Geo
rgia
7122
120
183
Ger
man
y80
43
32
96
Gh
ana
6074
5750
3893
Gre
ece
804
13
099
Gre
nad
a73
110
90
99
Gu
atem
ala
6932
1425
1192
Gu
inea
5213
048
8131
51
Gu
inea
-Bis
sau
4915
08
925
76
Gu
yan
a67
300
250
97
Hai
ti62
165
4570
1959
Ho
nd
ura
s69
245
204
99
Hu
ng
ary
746
15
199
Icel
and
822
02
092
Ind
ia65
6316
9648
1305
71
Lo
cati
on
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Under-five mortality rate
Number of under-five deaths (thousands)
Infant mortality rate
Number of infant deaths (thousands)
Measles (MCV) immunization coverage (%)
Ind
on
esia
6835
151
2711
582
Iran
7326
3422
2999
Iraq
6639
4331
3569
Irel
and
804
03
089
Isra
el82
51
41
96
Ital
y82
42
32
91
Jam
aica
7124
120
188
Jap
an83
33
23
94
Jord
an71
224
183
95
Kaz
akh
stan
6433
1329
1199
Ken
ya60
8512
255
8074
Kir
ibat
i68
490
390
82
Ku
wai
t78
111
101
97
Kyr
gyz
stan
6638
533
599
Lao
63
548
426
59
Lat
via
7210
08
096
Leb
ano
n74
222
191
53
Les
oth
o48
855
654
85
Lib
eria
5610
315
7411
64
Lib
ya72
172
132
98
Lit
hu
ania
737
05
096
Lu
xem
bo
urg
813
02
096
Mac
edo
nia
7412
010
096
Mad
agas
car
6562
4443
3164
Mal
awi
4792
5658
3692
Mal
aysi
a73
63
53
95
58 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 5
9
Lo
cati
on
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Under-five mortality rate
Number of under-five deaths (thousands)
Infant mortality rate
Number of infant deaths (thousands)
Measles (MCV) immunization coverage (%)
Mal
div
es75
150
140
98
Mal
i53
178
120
9968
71
Mal
ta80
60
50
82
Mar
shal
l Isl
and
s59
260
220
94
Mau
rita
nia
5811
113
759
59
Mau
riti
us
7315
013
099
Mex
ico
7617
3714
3195
Mic
ron
esia
6942
034
086
Mo
nac
o82
40
30
99
Mo
ng
olia
6932
226
294
Mo
nte
neg
ro75
80
70
86
Mo
rocc
o73
3623
3020
98
Mo
zam
biq
ue
4913
511
492
7777
Mya
nm
ar64
6656
5043
87
Nam
ibia
5740
229
276
Nau
ru60
400
320
99
Nep
al67
5035
4129
79
Net
her
lan
ds
814
14
196
New
Zea
lan
d81
60
50
89
Nic
arag
ua
7427
423
399
Nig
er57
143
100
7352
73
Nig
eria
5414
386
188
537
41
Niu
e72
220
190
99
No
rway
813
03
092
Om
an74
91
80
97
Pak
ista
n63
8742
370
347
80
Lo
cati
on
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Under-five mortality rate
Number of under-five deaths (thousands)
Infant mortality rate
Number of infant deaths (thousands)
Measles (MCV) immunization coverage (%)
Pal
au72
190
150
75
Pan
ama
7720
117
185
Pap
ua
New
Gu
inea
6361
1247
1058
Par
agu
ay74
254
213
91
Per
u76
1911
159
91
Ph
ilip
pin
es70
2966
2352
88
Po
lan
d76
63
52
98
Po
rtu
gal
794
03
095
Qat
ar78
80
70
99
Rep
ub
lic o
f K
ore
a80
53
42
93
Rep
ub
lic o
f M
old
ova
6919
116
190
Ro
man
ia73
143
113
97
Ru
ssia
n F
eder
atio
n68
1220
916
98
Rw
and
a59
9138
5925
92
Sai
nt
Kit
ts a
nd
Nev
is74
80
70
99
Sai
nt
Lu
cia
7416
014
099
Sam
oa
7020
017
049
San
Mar
ino
832
02
092
Sao
To
me
and
Pri
nci
pe
6880
053
090
Sau
di A
rab
ia72
1812
1510
98
Sen
egal
6275
3450
2379
Ser
bia
747
16
195
Sey
chel
les
7314
012
097
Sie
rra
Leo
ne
4917
439
114
2671
Sin
gap
ore
823
02
095
Slo
vaki
a75
80
70
99
60 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 6
1
Lo
cati
on
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Under-five mortality rate
Number of under-five deaths (thousands)
Infant mortality rate
Number of infant deaths (thousands)
Measles (MCV) immunization coverage (%)
Slo
ven
ia79
30
20
95
So
lom
on
Isla
nd
s71
270
230
60
So
mal
ia51
180
7010
842
24
So
uth
Afr
ica
5457
5841
4162
Sp
ain
825
24
298
Sri
Lan
ka71
176
145
96
St.
Vin
cen
t &
Gre
nad
ines
7321
019
099
Su
dan
5910
314
366
9282
Su
rin
ame
7231
027
088
Sw
azila
nd
4978
355
295
Sw
eden
813
02
097
Sw
itze
rlan
d82
50
40
90
Syr
ian
Ara
b R
epu
blic
7416
814
781
Tajik
ista
n68
6312
5210
89
Tan
zan
ia55
7613
350
9091
Th
aila
nd
7013
1111
998
Tim
or-
Les
te67
552
462
70
Tog
o59
103
1966
1284
Ton
ga
7116
013
099
Trin
idad
an
d T
ob
ago
7027
124
094
Tun
isia
7516
314
398
Turk
ey75
1824
1419
97
Turk
men
ista
n63
566
475
99
Tuva
lu64
330
270
90
Ug
and
a52
9914
163
9268
Ukr
ain
e68
137
116
94
Lo
cati
on
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Under-five mortality rate
Number of under-five deaths (thousands)
Infant mortality rate
Number of infant deaths (thousands)
Measles (MCV) immunization coverage (%)
Un
ited
Ara
b E
mir
ates
787
16
192
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
805
45
486
Un
ited
Sta
tes
of
Am
eric
a79
832
728
92
Uru
gu
ay76
111
90
94
Uzb
ekis
tan
6952
3144
2795
Van
uat
u71
140
120
52
Ven
ezu
ela
7518
1116
983
Vie
t N
am72
2334
1928
97
Yem
en65
7769
5752
58
Zam
bia
4811
160
6938
85
Zim
bab
we
4980
2951
1976
No
tes:
Life
exp
ec
tan
cy a
t b
irth
(ye
ars
) —
ba
se
ye
ar
20
09
; U
nd
er-
five
mo
rta
lity
ra
te (
pro
ba
bilit
y o
f d
yin
g b
y a
ge
5
pe
r 1
00
0 liv
e b
irth
s)
— b
ase
ye
ar
20
10
. N
um
be
r o
f u
nd
er-
five
de
ath
s (
tho
usa
nd
s)
— b
ase
ye
ar
20
10
; In
fan
t m
ort
ality
ra
te
(pro
ba
bilit
y o
f d
yin
g b
etw
ee
n b
irth
an
d a
ge
1 p
er
10
00
liv
e b
irth
s)
– b
ase
ye
ar
20
10
; N
um
be
r o
f in
fan
t d
ea
ths
(th
ou
sa
nd
s)
— b
ase
ye
ar
20
10
; M
ea
sle
s (
MC
V)
imm
un
iza
tio
n c
ove
rag
e a
mo
ng
1-y
ea
r-o
lds (
%)
— b
ase
ye
ar
20
09
.
So
urc
e:
WH
O G
lob
al H
ea
lth
Ob
se
rva
tory
Da
ta D
ep
osit
ory
. A
va
ila
ble
at:
htt
p:/
/ap
ps.w
ho
.in
t/g
ho
da
ta/#
62 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 6
3
Co
un
try/
Lo
cati
on
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Rail lines (total route-km)
Roads, paved (% of total roads)
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)
Rural population (% of total population)
Afg
han
ista
n-
-29
.3 (0
6)-
75.2
(10)
Alb
ania
95.9
(08)
--
0.6
(08)
52 (1
0)
Alg
eria
72.6
(06)
-73
.4 (0
8)-
33.5
(10)
Am
eric
an S
amo
a-
--
-7
(10)
An
do
rra
--
--
12 (1
0)
An
go
la69
.9 (0
9)-
--
41.5
(10)
An
tig
ua
and
Bar
bu
da
98.9
(08)
--
-69
.7 (1
0)
Ara
b W
orl
d-
-75
.1 (0
8)-
43.5
(10)
Arg
enti
na
97.7
(09)
2502
3 (0
9)-
0.8
(09)
7.5
(10)
Arm
enia
99.5
(09)
845
(08)
90.5
(08)
1.2
(08)
36.3
(10)
Aru
ba
98.1
(09)
--
-53
.1 (1
0)
Au
stra
lia-
9674
(09)
--
10.9
(10)
Au
stri
a-
5784
(09)
--
32.4
(10)
Aze
rbai
jan
99.5
(07)
2079
(09)
50.6
(06)
1 (0
8)47
.8 (1
0)
Bah
amas
, Th
e-
--
-15
.9 (1
0)
Bah
rain
91.3
(09)
-81
.4 (0
8)-
11.4
(10)
Ban
gla
des
h55
.9 (0
9)28
35 (0
9)-
-71
.9 (1
0)
Bar
bad
os
--
--
59.2
(10)
Bel
aru
s99
.7 (0
9)54
91 (0
8)-
0.1
(08)
25.7
(10)
Bel
giu
m-
3578
(09)
78.2
(08)
-2.
5 (1
0)
Bel
ize
--
--
47.3
(10)
Ben
in41
.6 (0
9)75
8 (0
8)-
-58
(10)
Ber
mu
da
--
--
-
Bh
uta
n-
--
-63
.2 (1
0)
Bo
livia
90.6
(08)
2866
(09)
-13
.6 (0
7)33
.5 (1
0)
Bo
snia
an
d H
erze
go
vin
a97
.8 (0
9)10
16 (0
9)-
-51
.4 (1
0)
AN
NE
X I
II —
SE
LE
CT
ED
SO
CIO
EC
ON
OM
IC I
ND
ICA
TO
RS
(B
AS
E Y
EA
R I
N P
AR
EN
TH
ES
IS)
Co
un
try/
Lo
cati
on
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Rail lines (total route-km)
Roads, paved (% of total roads)
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)
Rural population (% of total population)
Bo
tsw
ana
84 (0
9)88
8 (0
9)-
-38
.9 (1
0)
Bra
zil
-29
817
(09)
-3.
8 (0
9)13
.5 (1
0)
Bru
nei
Dar
uss
alam
95.2
(09)
--
-24
.3 (1
0)
Bu
lgar
ia98
.3 (0
9)41
59 (0
8)-
1 (0
7)28
.3 (1
0)
Bu
rkin
a F
aso
--
--
79.6
(10)
Bu
run
di
66.5
(09)
--
-89
(10)
Cam
bo
dia
77.5
(08)
--
28.2
(07)
77.2
(10)
Cam
ero
on
70.6
(07)
--
9.5
(07)
41.6
(10)
Can
ada
--
--
19.4
(10)
Cap
e Ve
rde
84.8
(09)
--
-38
.9 (1
0)
Cay
man
Isla
nd
s98
.8 (0
7)-
--
-
Cen
tral
Afr
ican
Rep
ub
lic55
.2 (0
9)-
-62
.8 (0
8)61
.1 (1
0)
Ch
ad33
.6 (0
9)-
--
72.4
(10)
Ch
ann
el Is
lan
ds
--
--
68.6
(10)
Ch
ile98
.6 (0
8)-
-0.
1 (0
6)11
(10)
Ch
ina
93.9
(09)
6549
1 (0
9)53
.5 (0
8)-
55.1
(10)
Co
lom
bia
93.2
(09)
1672
(09)
-16
(06)
24.9
(10)
Co
mo
ros
74.1
(09)
--
-71
.8 (1
0)
Co
ng
o, D
em. R
ep.
66.9
(09)
3641
(09)
-59
.2 (0
6)64
.8 (1
0)
Co
ng
o, R
ep.
-79
5 (0
8)7.
1 (0
6)-
37.9
(10)
Co
sta
Ric
a96
(09)
-25
.2 (0
8)0.
6 (0
9)35
.7 (1
0)
Co
te d
'Ivo
ire
55.2
(09)
639
(09)
7.9
(07)
23.7
(08)
49.9
(10)
Cro
atia
98.7
(09)
2723
(09)
86.8
(08)
-42
.2 (1
0)
Cu
ba
99.8
(09)
5076
(09)
--
24.3
(10)
Cu
raca
o-
--
--
Cyp
rus
97.9
(09)
-64
.6 (0
8)-
29.7
(10)
64 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 6
5
Co
un
try/
Lo
cati
on
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Rail lines (total route-km)
Roads, paved (% of total roads)
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)
Rural population (% of total population)
Cze
ch R
epu
blic
-95
39 (0
9)-
-26
.5 (1
0)
Den
mar
k-
2131
(09)
100
(09)
-12
.8 (1
0)
Djib
ou
ti-
--
-11
.9 (1
0)
Do
min
ica
--
--
25.4
(10)
Do
min
ican
Rep
ub
lic88
.2 (0
7)-
-4.
2 (0
7)29
.5 (1
0)
Eas
t A
sia
& P
acifi
c
(all
inco
me
leve
ls)
--
47.6
(08)
-51
.1 (1
0)
Eas
t A
sia
& P
acifi
c
(dev
elo
pin
g o
nly
)93
.5 (0
9)-
15.8
(08)
-54
(10)
Ecu
ado
r84
.2 (0
9)-
14.8
(07)
4.4
(09)
33.1
(10)
Eg
ypt,
Ara
b R
ep.
66.3
(06)
5195
(09)
86.8
(08)
-57
.2 (1
0)
El S
alva
do
r84
.1 (0
9)-
-5.
1 (0
8)38
.7 (1
0)
Eq
uat
ori
al G
uin
ea93
.3 (0
9)-
--
60.3
(10)
Eri
trea
66.5
(09)
--
-78
.4 (1
0)
Est
on
ia99
.7 (0
9)92
9 (0
9)28
.7 (0
8)-
30.5
(10)
Eth
iop
ia29
.8 (0
8)-
13.6
(07)
-82
.4 (1
0)
Eu
ro a
rea
-13
0021
(09)
91.8
(08)
-26
.4 (1
0)
Eu
rop
e &
Cen
tral
Asi
a
(all
inco
me
leve
ls)
-37
8955
(09)
87.9
(08)
-30
(10)
Eu
rop
e &
Cen
tral
Asi
a (d
evel
op
ing
on
ly)
97.8
(09)
1732
07 (0
9)85
.8 (0
8)-
35.8
(10)
Eu
rop
ean
Un
ion
-21
3945
(09)
91.8
(08)
-25
.9 (1
0)
Fae
roe
Isla
nd
s-
--
-57
.5 (1
0)
Fiji
--
--
46.6
(10)
Fin
lan
d-
5919
(09)
65.4
(08)
-36
.1 (1
0)
Fra
nce
-33
778
(09)
100
(09)
-22
.2 (1
0)
Fre
nch
Po
lyn
esia
--
--
48.4
(10)
Gab
on
87.7
(09)
810
(09)
--
14 (1
0)
Co
un
try/
Lo
cati
on
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Rail lines (total route-km)
Roads, paved (% of total roads)
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)
Rural population (% of total population)
Gam
bia
, Th
e46
.4 (0
9)-
--
41.9
(10)
Geo
rgia
99.7
(09)
1566
(09)
94 (0
7)15
.2 (0
8)47
.1 (1
0)
Ger
man
y-
3370
6 (0
9)-
-26
.2 (1
0)
Gh
ana
66.6
(09)
953
(08)
-29
.9 (0
6)48
.5 (1
0)
Gib
ralt
ar-
--
--
Gre
ece
97.1
(09)
1552
(09)
--
38.6
(10)
Gre
enla
nd
--
--
16 (1
0)
Gre
nad
a-
--
-69
(10)
Gu
am-
--
-6.
8 (1
0)
Gu
atem
ala
74.4
(09)
--
11.7
(06)
50.5
(10)
Gu
inea
39.4
(09)
--
43.3
(07)
64.6
(10)
Gu
inea
-Bis
sau
52.1
(09)
--
-70
(10)
Gu
yan
a-
--
-71
.5 (1
0)
Hai
ti48
.6 (0
6)-
--
50.4
(10)
Hea
vily
ind
ebte
d p
oo
r co
un
trie
s (H
IPC
)-
-19
(08)
-67
.1 (1
0)
Hig
h in
com
e98
.4 (0
9)-
87.2
(08)
-22
.4 (1
0)
Hig
h in
com
e: n
on
OE
CD
90.9
(09)
-87
.2 (0
8)-
16.7
(10)
Hig
h in
com
e: O
EC
D98
.8 (0
9)52
1668
(09)
88.5
(08)
-22
.8 (1
0)
Ho
nd
ura
s83
.5 (0
7)-
-23
.2 (0
7)51
.2 (1
0)
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
SA
R, C
hin
a-
-10
0 (1
0)-
-
Hu
ng
ary
99.3
(09)
7793
(09)
37.6
(08)
0.1
(07)
31.7
(10)
Icel
and
--
36.6
(08)
-7.
7 (1
0)
Ind
ia62
.7 (0
6)63
273
(09)
49.3
(08)
-69
.9 (1
0)
Ind
on
esia
92.1
(08)
3370
(08)
59.1
(08)
18.7
(09)
46.3
(10)
Iran
, Isl
amic
Rep
.85
(08)
--
-30
.5 (1
0)
Iraq
78 (0
9)20
25 (0
9)-
4 (0
7)33
.6 (1
0)
66 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 6
7
Co
un
try/
Lo
cati
on
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Rail lines (total route-km)
Roads, paved (% of total roads)
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)
Rural population (% of total population)
Irel
and
-19
19 (0
9)10
0 (1
0)-
38.1
(10)
Isle
of
Man
--
--
49.4
(10)
Isra
el-
1005
(09)
100
(08)
-8.
3 (1
0)
Ital
y98
.8 (0
9)16
959
(09)
--
31.6
(10)
Jam
aica
86.3
(09)
--
-46
.3 (1
0)
Jap
an-
2003
6 (0
9)79
.6 (0
7)-
33.2
(10)
Jord
an92
.1 (0
7)29
4 (0
9)10
0 (0
8)0.
3 (0
6)21
.5 (1
0)
Kaz
akh
stan
99.6
(09)
1420
5 (0
9)89
.8 (0
8)0.
1 (0
7)41
.5 (1
0)
Ken
ya87
(09)
1917
(06)
--
77.8
(10)
Kir
ibat
i-
--
-56
(10)
Ko
rea,
Dem
. Rep
.99
.9 (0
8)-
2.8
(06)
-36
.6 (1
0)
Ko
rea,
Rep
.-
3378
(09)
78.5
(08)
-18
.1 (1
0)
Ko
sovo
--
--
-
Ku
wai
t93
.9 (0
8)-
--
1.5
(10)
Kyr
gyz
Rep
ub
lic99
.2 (0
9)41
7 (0
9)-
1.9
(07)
63.4
(10)
Lao
PD
R-
-13
.5 (0
8)33
.8 (0
8)66
.8 (1
0)
Lat
in A
mer
ica
& C
arib
bea
n
(all
inco
me
leve
ls)
--
33.2
(08)
-20
.7 (1
0)
Lat
in A
mer
ica
& C
arib
bea
n
(dev
elo
pin
g o
nly
)91
(09)
-28
.1 (0
8)-
20.6
(10)
Lat
via
99.7
(09)
1885
(09)
100
(08)
-31
.8 (1
0)
Lea
st d
evel
op
ed c
ou
ntr
ies:
U
N c
lass
ifica
tio
n-
-19
(08)
-70
.4 (1
0)
Leb
ano
n89
.6 (0
7)-
--
12.8
(10)
Les
oth
o-
--
-73
.1 (1
0)
Lib
eria
59 (0
9)-
-83
.6 (0
7)38
.5 (1
0)
Lib
ya88
.8 (0
9)-
--
22.1
(10)
Co
un
try/
Lo
cati
on
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Rail lines (total route-km)
Roads, paved (% of total roads)
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)
Rural population (% of total population)
Lie
chte
nst
ein
--
--
85.8
(10)
Lit
hu
ania
99.6
(09)
1767
(09)
28.6
(08)
0.1
(08)
32.8
(10)
Lo
w &
mid
dle
inco
me
80.3
(09)
-29
.2 (0
8)-
54.3
(10)
Lo
w in
com
e61
.4 (0
9)-
14.1
(08)
-71
.7 (1
0)
Lo
wer
mid
dle
inco
me
70.6
(09)
--
-60
.3 (1
0)
Lu
xem
bo
urg
-27
5 (0
9)-
-17
.8 (1
0)
Mac
ao S
AR
, Ch
ina
93.4
(06)
-10
0 (1
0)-
-
Mac
edo
nia
, FY
R97
.1 (0
9)69
9 (0
9)56
.5 (0
8)0.
2 (0
8)32
.1 (1
0)
Mad
agas
car
64.4
(08)
854
(08)
--
69.8
(10)
Mal
awi
73.6
(09)
797
(08)
--
80.2
(10)
Mal
aysi
a92
.4 (0
9)16
65 (0
9)82
.7 (0
6)-
27.8
(10)
Mal
div
es-
--
-59
.5 (1
0)
Mal
i26
.1 (0
6)-
-51
.4 (0
6)66
.7 (1
0)
Mal
ta-
-87
.5 (0
8)-
5.3
(10)
Mar
shal
l Isl
and
s-
--
-28
.2 (1
0)
Mau
rita
nia
57.4
(09)
728
(09)
26.8
(07)
-58
.6 (1
0)
Mau
riti
us
87.8
(09)
-98
(08)
-57
.4 (1
0)
May
ott
e-
--
--
Mex
ico
93.4
(09)
2670
4 (0
9)35
.2 (0
8)1.
7 (0
8)22
.2 (1
0)
Mic
ron
esia
, Fed
. Sts
.-
--
-77
.3 (1
0)
Mid
dle
Eas
t &
No
rth
A
fric
a (a
ll in
com
e le
vels
)-
-82
.8 (0
8)-
38.3
(10)
Mid
dle
Eas
t &
No
rth
A
fric
a (d
evel
op
ing
on
ly)
74.3
(09)
-74
.3 (0
8)-
41.9
(10)
Mid
dle
inco
me
82.9
(09)
-45
(08)
-51
.4 (1
0)
Mo
ldo
va98
.4 (0
9)11
57 (0
9)85
.8 (0
8)1.
8 (0
8)58
.8 (1
0)
Mo
nac
o-
-10
0 (0
9)-
-
68 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 6
9
Co
un
try/
Lo
cati
on
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Rail lines (total route-km)
Roads, paved (% of total roads)
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)
Rural population (% of total population)
Mo
ng
olia
97.4
(09)
1814
(09)
--
42.5
(10)
Mo
nte
neg
ro-
--
-40
.5 (1
0)
Mo
rocc
o56
(09)
2110
(09)
67.7
(08)
2.5
(07)
43.3
(10)
Mo
zam
biq
ue
55 (0
9)31
16 (0
9)20
.7 (0
8)59
.5 (0
8)61
.6 (1
0)
Mya
nm
ar92
(09)
--
-66
.1 (1
0)
Nam
ibia
88.5
(09)
--
-62
(10)
Nep
al59
.1 (0
9)-
55.8
(06)
-81
.8 (1
0)
Net
her
lan
ds
-28
86 (0
9)-
-17
.1 (1
0)
New
Cal
edo
nia
96.4
(09)
--
-34
.5 (1
0)
New
Zea
lan
d-
-65
.8 (0
8)-
13.2
(10)
Nic
arag
ua
--
12 (0
7)-
42.7
(10)
Nig
er-
-20
.6 (0
8)43
(07)
83.3
(10)
Nig
eria
60.8
(09)
3528
(07)
--
50.2
(10)
No
rth
Am
eric
a-
2845
5-53
.6 (0
8)-
17.8
(10)
No
rth
ern
Mar
ian
a
Isla
nd
s-
--
-8.
7 (1
0)
No
rway
-41
14 (0
9)80
.4 (0
7)-
22.4
(10)
No
t cl
assi
fied
--
--
-
OE
CD
mem
ber
s-
5624
10 (0
9)86
.5 (0
8)-
23 (1
0)
Om
an86
.6 (0
8)-
43.4
(08)
-28
.3 (1
0)
Pak
ista
n55
.5 (0
8)77
91 (0
9)-
22.5
(06)
63 (1
0)
Pal
au-
--
-17
.3 (1
0)
Pan
ama
93.6
(09)
-38
.1 (0
8)2.
3 (0
9)25
.2 (1
0)
Pap
ua
New
Gu
inea
60 (0
9)-
--
87.5
(10)
Par
agu
ay94
.5 (0
7)-
-5
(08)
38.5
(10)
Per
u-
2020
(09)
-5.
9 (0
9)28
.4 (1
0)
Co
un
try/
Lo
cati
on
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Rail lines (total route-km)
Roads, paved (% of total roads)
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)
Rural population (% of total population)
Ph
ilip
pin
es95
.4 (0
8)47
9 (0
8)-
22.6
(06)
33.6
(10)
Po
lan
d99
.5 (0
9)19
764
(09)
68.1
(08)
-38
.8 (1
0)
Po
rtu
gal
94.9
(09)
2842
(09)
--
39.3
(10)
Pu
erto
Ric
o90
.4 (0
9)-
--
1.2
(10)
Qat
ar94
.7 (0
9)-
--
4.2
(10)
Ro
man
ia97
.6 (0
9)10
776
(09)
-0.
5 (0
8)45
.4 (1
0)
Ru
ssia
n F
eder
atio
n99
.5 (0
9)85
194
(09)
80 (0
7)-
27.2
(10)
Rw
and
a70
.6 (0
9)-
--
81.1
(10)
Sam
oa
98.7
(09)
--
-76
.6 (1
0)
San
Mar
ino
--
--
5.7
(10)
Sao
To
me
and
Pri
nci
pe
88.7
(09)
--
-37
.8 (1
0)
Sau
di A
rab
ia86
.1 (0
9)10
20 (0
9)-
-16
.4 (1
0)
Sen
egal
49.6
(09)
--
-57
.1 (1
0)
Ser
bia
-40
58 (0
9)47
.7 (0
8)0.
1 (0
8)47
.6 (1
0)
Sey
chel
les
91.8
(08)
-96
.4 (0
8)0.
2 (0
7)44
.7 (1
0)
Sie
rra
Leo
ne
40.9
(09)
--
-61
.6 (1
0)
Sin
gap
ore
94.7
(09)
-10
0 (0
8)-
-
Sin
t M
aart
en (D
utc
h p
art)
--
--
-
Slo
vak
Rep
ub
lic-
3623
(09)
--
43.2
(10)
Slo
ven
ia99
.6 (0
9)12
28 (0
9)10
0 (0
8)-
52 (1
0)
So
lom
on
Isla
nd
s-
--
-81
.4 (1
0)
So
mal
ia-
--
-62
.6 (1
0)
So
uth
Afr
ica
88.7
(07)
2205
1 (0
9)-
17.3
(06)
38.3
(10)
So
uth
Asi
a61
(09)
-58
.9 (0
8)-
69.8
(10)
So
uth
Su
dan
--
--
-
Sp
ain
97.6
(09)
1504
3 (0
9)-
-22
.6 (1
0)
70 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 7
1
Co
un
try/
Lo
cati
on
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Rail lines (total route-km)
Roads, paved (% of total roads)
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)
Rural population (% of total population)
Sri
Lan
ka90
.5 (0
8)14
63 (0
8)-
7 (0
7)84
.9 (1
0)
St.
Kit
ts a
nd
Nev
is-
--
-67
.6 (1
0)
St.
Lu
cia
--
--
72 (1
0)
St.
Mar
tin
(Fre
nch
par
t)-
--
--
St.
Vin
cen
t
and
th
e G
ren
adin
es-
--
-52
.2 (1
0)
Su
b-S
ahar
an A
fric
a
(all
inco
me
leve
ls)
--
18.2
(08)
-62
.5 (1
0)
Su
b-S
ahar
an A
fric
a
(dev
elo
pin
g o
nly
)62
.2 (0
9)-
18.2
(08)
-62
.5 (1
0)
Su
dan
70.2
(09)
4508
(09)
--
54.8
(10)
Su
rin
ame
94.6
(08)
--
-24
.4 (1
0)
Sw
azila
nd
86.9
(09)
300
(09)
--
74.5
(10)
Sw
eden
-99
46 (0
9)23
.5 (0
8)-
15.3
(10)
Sw
itze
rlan
d-
3544
(09)
100
(08)
-26
.4 (1
0)
Syr
ian
Ara
b R
epu
blic
84.1
(09)
1801
(09)
91 (0
8)-
45.1
(10)
Tajik
ista
n99
.6 (0
9)61
6 (0
9)-
-73
.5 (1
0)
Tan
zan
ia72
.9 (0
9)26
00 (1
0)7.
3 (0
8)67
.8 (0
7)73
.6 (1
0)
Th
aila
nd
-44
29 (0
9)-
-66
(10)
Tim
or-
Les
te50
.6 (0
7)-
-37
.4 (0
7)71
.9 (1
0)
Tog
o56
.8 (0
6)-
21 (0
7)38
.6 (0
6)56
.6 (1
0)
Ton
ga
99 (0
6)-
--
74.7
(10)
Trin
idad
an
d T
ob
ago
98.7
(09)
--
-86
.1 (1
0)
Tun
isia
77.5
(08)
1991
(09)
75.1
(08)
-32
.7 (1
0)
Turk
ey90
.8 (0
9)86
86 (0
9)-
-30
.4 (1
0)
Turk
men
ista
n99
.5 (0
9)30
95 (0
9)-
-50
.5 (1
0)
Turk
s an
d C
aico
s Is
lan
ds
--
--
6.7
(10)
Co
un
try/
Lo
cati
on
Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)
Rail lines (total route-km)
Roads, paved (% of total roads)
Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population)
Rural population (% of total population)
Tuva
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Ug
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Kin
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100
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Sta
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Up
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93.3
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Uzb
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4230
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Van
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Ven
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95.1
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336
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Vie
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47.6
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Vir
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Wes
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Yem
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62.3
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Zam
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70.8
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Zim
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91.8
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2583
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PP
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72 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 7
3
Co
un
try
Physicians
Nursing and midwifery personnel
Pharmaceutical personnel
Laboratory health workers
Community and traditional health workers
Health management & support workers
Afg
han
ista
n0.
21 (0
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5 (0
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03 (0
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Alb
ania
1.15
(07)
4.03
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0.39
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Alg
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1.20
7 (0
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947
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0.24
3 (0
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292
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0.02
9 (0
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An
do
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3.72
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4.18
(07)
1.09
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An
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14 (0
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Arg
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3.16
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0.48
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0.5
(04)
0.51
(04)
Arm
enia
3.7
(07)
4.87
(07)
0.05
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Au
stra
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991
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9.58
9 (0
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0.51
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096
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Au
stri
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75 (0
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Aze
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3.79
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8.42
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0.19
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Bah
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1.44
(08)
3.73
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0.24
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0.5
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Bah
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0 (0
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3 (0
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27 (0
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06 (0
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03 (0
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33 (0
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Bar
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1.81
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4.86
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0.93
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0.05
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0.02
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Bel
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87 (0
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0.31
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Bel
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Bel
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0.83
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0.39
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0.54
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0.19
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Bo
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0.34
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2.84
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0.19
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0.15
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0.52
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Bra
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1.72
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6.5
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0.54
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4.89
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Bru
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Dar
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1.42
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4.88
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Bu
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Co
un
try
Physicians
Nursing and midwifery personnel
Pharmaceutical personnel
Laboratory health workers
Community and traditional health workers
Health management & support workers
Bu
run
di
0.03
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0.01
(04)
0.02
(04)
0.09
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0.3
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Cam
bo
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0.23
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0.79
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0.04
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0.11
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Cam
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0.19
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0.04
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0.11
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0.36
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Can
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1.91
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0.83
14 (0
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Cap
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0.57
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0.09
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0.16
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0.14
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0.03
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0.17
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0.82
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Co
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1.35
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Co
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0.15
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0.05
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0.08
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0.05
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0.34
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0.14
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Cro
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2.59
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5.58
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0.57
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Cu
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6.4
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8.64
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0.62
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0.95
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Cyp
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2.3
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3.98
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0.19
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Cze
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3.63
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8.55
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0.58
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0.07
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74 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 7
5
Co
un
try
Physicians
Nursing and midwifery personnel
Pharmaceutical personnel
Laboratory health workers
Community and traditional health workers
Health management & support workers
El S
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Est
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1.98
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0.11
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Fin
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74 (0
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1.07
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1.95
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Fra
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3.5
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8.94
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1.23
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Gab
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0.29
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0.05
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0.2
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0.11
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Gam
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0.03
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0.03
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0.05
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0.84
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Geo
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3.89
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0.06
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Ger
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Gh
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0.08
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0.07
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0.19
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Gre
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6.04
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3.66
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0.88
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Gu
inea
0.1
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0.04
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0.02
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0.03
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0.02
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0.05
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Gu
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0.14
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0.89
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1.41
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0.2
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0.36
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1.04
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Iraq
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1.38
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0.17
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0.47
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0.08
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1.33
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Irel
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Isra
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Physicians
Nursing and midwifery personnel
Pharmaceutical personnel
Laboratory health workers
Community and traditional health workers
Health management & support workers
Ital
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52 (0
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02 (0
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Jam
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03 (0
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3.15
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Kaz
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3.88
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7.83
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0.86
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Ken
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Ku
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Kyr
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2.3
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0.02
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Lao
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Lat
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4.84
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Leb
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7.32
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Lu
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Mau
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76 T
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harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 7
7
Co
un
try
Physicians
Nursing and midwifery personnel
Pharmaceutical personnel
Laboratory health workers
Community and traditional health workers
Health management & support workers
Mex
ico
2.89
(04)
3.98
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0.76
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0.46
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Mic
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Nam
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New
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Niu
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1.5
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0.86
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0.46
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2.33
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Pap
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New
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0.05
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0.51
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0.62
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5.33
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0.65
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Co
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Physicians
Nursing and midwifery personnel
Pharmaceutical personnel
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Qat
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37 (0
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26 (0
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85 (0
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Rep
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2.67
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52 (0
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0.06
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0.47
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2.16
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75 (0
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79 (0
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0.27
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0.94
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0.02
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0.49
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0.15
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0.31
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2.27
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1.75
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058
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2.41
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0.05
9 (0
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42 (0
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01 (0
8)0.
02 (0
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794
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Ser
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2.04
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4.43
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0.19
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Ser
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2.06
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0.19
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Sey
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1.51
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0.76
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0.74
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0.01
6 (0
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0.03
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0.02
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Sin
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1.83
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5.9
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0.37
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6.58
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0.47
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0.77
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0.28
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0.32
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0.51
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3.71
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1.07
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Fac
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nnex
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9
Co
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Physicians
Nursing and midwifery personnel
Pharmaceutical personnel
Laboratory health workers
Community and traditional health workers
Health management & support workers
Su
dan
0.28
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0.84
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0.01
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0.02
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0.16
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3.2
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0.07
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0.29
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3.58
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86 (0
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81 (0
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0.3
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1.52
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0.12
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0.65
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1.93
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Mac
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2.55
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0.45
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0.29
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Trin
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1.18
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1.93
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2.62
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Co
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Physicians
Nursing and midwifery personnel
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Vie
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Fac
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nnex
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1
Lo
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Total expenditure on health as a percentage of gross domestic product
Government expendi-ture on health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
General government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure
External resources for health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
Out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of private expenditure on health
Afg
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Lo
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Total expenditure on health as a percentage of gross domestic product
Government expendi-ture on health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
General government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure
External resources for health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
Out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of private expenditure on health
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harm
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d G
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Fac
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nnex
es 8
3
Lo
cati
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Total expenditure on health as a percentage of gross domestic product
Government expendi-ture on health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
General government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure
External resources for health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
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Total expenditure on health as a percentage of gross domestic product
Government expendi-ture on health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
General government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure
External resources for health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
Out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of private expenditure on health
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84 T
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harm
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l Ind
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d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
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esA
nnex
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5
Lo
cati
on
Total expenditure on health as a percentage of gross domestic product
Government expendi-ture on health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
General government expenditure on health as a percentage of total government expenditure
External resources for health as a percentage of total expenditure on health
Out-of-pocket expenditure as a percentage of private expenditure on health
Mad
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(f)
fore
ca
st
So
urc
e:
©B
usin
ess M
on
ito
r In
tern
ati
on
al.
94 T
he P
harm
aceu
tica
l Ind
ustr
y an
d G
loba
l Hea
lth:
Fac
ts a
nd F
igur
esA
nnex
es 9
5
IND
EX
OF
FIG
UR
ES
AN
D T
AB
LE
S
FIG
UR
E 1
: T
he r
esea
rch
and
deve
lopm
ent
proc
ess
12
FIG
UR
E 2
: Pha
rmac
euti
cal R
&D
spe
ndin
g (U
SD b
illi
on)
13
FIG
UR
E 3
: Eff
ect
of p
aten
t ex
pira
tion
on
glob
al s
ales
of
sele
cted
bloc
kbus
ter
drug
s (U
SD b
illi
on)
14
FIG
UR
E 4
: Num
ber
of n
ew c
hem
ical
or
biol
ogic
al e
ntit
ies
laun
ched
on w
orld
mar
ket
(199
1-20
10, b
y na
tion
alit
y of
mot
her
com
pany
) 14
FIG
UR
E 5
: R&
D in
vest
men
ts b
y se
ctor
(EU
R b
illi
on)
16
FIG
UR
E 6
: Med
icin
es in
dev
elop
men
t in
201
0 (s
elec
ted
cate
gori
es)
17
FIG
UR
E 7
: H
IV/A
IDS:
Dec
line
in d
eath
rat
es
18
FIG
UR
E 8
: Tot
al f
undi
ng f
or n
egle
cted
dis
ease
s, b
y fu
nder
typ
e (2
007-
2009
) 20
FIG
UR
E 9
: Evo
luti
on o
f G
DP
per
capi
ta in
sel
ecte
d co
untr
ies
24
FIG
UR
E 1
0: C
orre
lati
on b
etw
een
inco
me
per
pers
on a
nd li
fe e
xpec
tanc
y 25
FIG
UR
E 1
1: T
he W
HO
hea
lth
syst
em f
ram
ewor
k 27
FIG
UR
E 1
2: H
ealt
hcar
e pr
ofes
sion
als
— d
ensi
ty p
er 1
,000
pop
ulat
ion
(200
9)
27
FIG
UR
E 1
3: T
otal
hea
lth
expe
ndit
ure
as a
per
cent
age
of G
DP
and
gove
rnm
ent
spen
ding
(20
09)
28
FIG
UR
E 1
4: T
otal
exp
endi
ture
on
phar
mac
euti
cals
and
oth
er m
edic
al n
on-d
urab
les
as a
per
cent
age
of t
otal
exp
endi
ture
on
heal
th (
2008
)
32
FIG
UR
E 1
5: C
ost
of n
ewer
car
diov
ascu
lar
drug
s co
mpa
red
to s
avin
gs
in h
ospi
tali
zati
on in
20
OEC
D c
ount
ries
(19
95-2
003)
32
FIG
UR
E 1
6: V
alue
est
imat
e of
indu
stry
’s c
orpo
rate
soc
ial r
espo
nsib
ilit
y in
itia
tive
s
in d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies
(don
atio
ns a
nd c
apac
ity
buil
ding
) 34
FIG
UR
E 1
7: T
reat
men
ts d
onat
ed a
nd s
old
at c
ost
in d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies
34
FIG
UR
E 1
8: L
ife
expe
ctan
cy e
volu
tion
in s
elec
ted
coun
trie
s 36
FIG
UR
E 1
9: I
nfan
t m
orta
lity
in s
elec
ted
coun
trie
s (1
970-
2009
) 37
FIG
UR
E 2
0: V
alue
add
ed o
f th
e ph
arm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y (R
&D
and
pro
duct
ion)
in s
elec
ted
coun
trie
s (U
SD b
illi
on a
t pu
rcha
sing
pow
er p
arit
y)
40
FIG
UR
E 2
1: M
ajor
pha
rmac
euti
cal e
xpor
ters
(ex
port
val
ues
in 1
995,
200
1
and
2009
, and
gro
wth
rat
es)
46
FIG
UR
E 2
2: I
mpo
rts
from
Chi
na a
nd I
ndia
by
coun
try
inco
me
grou
p 46
FIG
UR
E 2
3: G
loba
l spe
ndin
g on
med
icin
es
48
FIG
UR
E 2
4: S
pend
ing
by g
eogr
aphy
48
FIG
UR
E 2
5: S
pend
ing
by s
egm
ent
49
TAB
LE
1: I
ndus
try
R&
D f
or n
egle
cted
dis
ease
s (n
umbe
r of
ong
oing
pro
ject
s,
2005
-201
1)
21
TAB
LE
2: I
ndus
try
R&
D f
or n
egle
cted
dis
ease
s (s
tatu
s ov
ervi
ew a
s of
Nov
embe
r 20
11)
21
TAB
LE
3: E
xam
ples
of
“hid
den”
cos
ts o
f ph
arm
aceu
tica
l pro
cure
men
t 29
TAB
LE
4: S
elec
ted
infr
astr
uctu
re in
dica
tors
(20
08)
30
TAB
LE
5: K
ey in
dica
tors
of
the
phar
mac
euti
cal i
ndus
try’
s ec
onom
ic f
ootp
rint
in E
urop
e 40
TAB
LE
6: P
harm
aceu
tica
l pro
duct
ion,
R&
D a
nd v
alue
add
ed in
sel
ecte
d co
untr
ies
42
(USD
bil
lion
)
TAB
LE
7: E
mpl
oym
ent
in t
he p
harm
aceu
tica
l ind
ustr
y in
sel
ecte
d co
untr
ies
(200
7)
43
TAB
LE
8: S
elec
ted
exam
ples
of
tech
nolo
gy t
rans
fer
— m
anuf
actu
ring
pro
toco
ls
44
and
entr
epre
neur
ial k
now
-how
tra
nsfe
r
TAB
LE
9: C
riti
cal f
acto
rs f
or c
reat
ing
favo
rabl
e co
ndit
ions
for
pha
rmac
euti
cal
tech
nica
l tra
nsfe
rs
45
Ack
no
wle
dg
emen
ts
The
pro
duct
ion
of t
his
publ
icat
ion
is t
he f
ruit
of
the
labo
rs o
f m
any
indi
vidu
als
from
Mem
ber
Ass
ocia
tion
s an
d Se
cret
aria
t of
the
Int
erna
tion
al F
eder
atio
n
of P
harm
aceu
tica
l Man
ufac
ture
rs a
nd A
ssoc
iati
ons
(IFP
MA
).
The
pro
ject
was
coo
rdin
ated
by
Gui
lher
me
Cin
tra.
Co
ver
ph
oto
rep
rod
uced
with
the p
erm
issio
n o
f N
ovart
is I
nte
rnatio
nal
Layo
ut:
Séveri
ne M
aill
er
Pri
nte
d i
n S
witzerl
an
d /
No
vem
ber
20
11
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