the periodic table of elements. periodic periodic law periodic table something periodic occurs at...
TRANSCRIPT
The Periodic Table of Elements
118
Uuo117
Uus116Uuh(292)
115
Uup(288)
114
Uuq(289)
113
Uut(284)
112Uub(285)
111
Rg(272)
110
Ds(269)
109
Mt(268)
108
Hs(269)
107
Bh(264)
106
Sg(266)
105
Db(262)
104
Rf(261)
103
Lr(262)
88
Ra(226)
87
Fr(223)
86
Rn(222)
85
At(210)
84
Po(209)
83
Bi208.980
82
Pb207.2
81
Tl204.383
80
Hg200.59
79
Au196.967
78
Pt195.078
77
I r192.217
76
Os190.23
75
Re186.207
74
W183.84
73
Ta180.95
72
Hf178.49
71
Lu174.967
56
Ba137.327
55
Cs132.905
54
Xe131.29
53
I126.904
52
Te127.60
51
Sb121.760
50
Sn118.710
49
I n114.818
48
Cd112.4
47
Ag107.868
46
Pd106.42
45
Rh102.906
44
Ru101.07
43
Tc(98)
42
Mo95.94
41
Nb92.906
40
Zr91.224
39
Y88.906
38
Sr87.62
37
Rb85.468
36
Kr83.80
35
Br79.904
34
Se78.96
33
As74.922
32
Ge72.61
31
Ga69.723
30
Zn65.39
29
Cu63.546
28
Ni58.69
27
Co58.933
26
Fe55.845
25
Mn54.938
24
Cr51.996
23
V50.942
22
Ti47.87
21
Sc44.956
20
Ca40.078
19
K39.098
118
Uuo117
Uus116Uuh(292)
115
Uup(288)
114
Uuq(289)
113
Uut(284)
112Uub(285)
111
Rg(272)
110
Ds(269)
109
Mt(268)
108
Hs(269)
107
Bh(264)
106
Sg(266)
105
Db(262)
104
Rf(261)
103
Lr(262)
88
Ra(226)
87
Fr(223)
86
Rn(222)
85
At(210)
84
Po(209)
83
Bi208.980
82
Pb207.2
81
Tl204.383
80
Hg200.59
79
Au196.967
78
Pt195.078
77
I r192.217
76
Os190.23
75
Re186.207
74
W183.84
73
Ta180.95
72
Hf178.49
71
Lu174.967
56
Ba137.327
55
Cs132.905
54
Xe131.29
53
I126.904
52
Te127.60
51
Sb121.760
50
Sn118.710
49
I n114.818
48
Cd112.4
47
Ag107.868
46
Pd106.42
45
Rh102.906
44
Ru101.07
43
Tc(98)
42
Mo95.94
41
Nb92.906
40
Zr91.224
39
Y88.906
38
Sr87.62
37
Rb85.468
36
Kr83.80
35
Br79.904
34
Se78.96
33
As74.922
32
Ge72.61
31
Ga69.723
30
Zn65.39
29
Cu63.546
28
Ni58.69
27
Co58.933
26
Fe55.845
25
Mn54.938
24
Cr51.996
23
V50.942
22
Ti47.87
21
Sc44.956
20
Ca40.078
19
K39.098
102
No(259)
101
Md(258)
100
Fm(257)
99
Es(252)
98
Cf(251)
97
Bk(247)
96
Cm(247)
95
Am(243)
94
Pu(244)
93
Np(237)
92
U238.029
91
Pa231.036
90
Th232.038
89
Ac(227)
70
Yb173.04
69
Tm168.934
68
Er167.26
67
Ho164.930
66
Dy162.50
65
Tb158.925
64
Gd157.25
63
Eu151.964
62
Sm150.36
61
Pm(145)
60
Nd144.24
59
Pr140.908
58
Ce140.116
57
La138.906
102
No(259)
101
Md(258)
100
Fm(257)
99
Es(252)
98
Cf(251)
97
Bk(247)
96
Cm(247)
95
Am(243)
94
Pu(244)
93
Np(237)
92
U238.029
91
Pa231.036
90
Th232.038
89
Ac(227)
70
Yb173.04
69
Tm168.934
68
Er167.26
67
Ho164.930
66
Dy162.50
65
Tb158.925
64
Gd157.25
63
Eu151.964
62
Sm150.36
61
Pm(145)
60
Nd144.24
59
Pr140.908
58
Ce140.116
57
La138.906
12
Mg24.305
11
Na22.990
4
Be9.012
3
Li6.941
12
Mg24.305
11
Na22.990
4
Be9.012
3
Li6.941
1
H1.008
1
H1.008
2
He4.003
2
He4.003
18
Ar39.948
17
Cl35.453
16
S32.066
15
P30.974
14
Si28.086
13
Al26.982
18
Ar39.948
17
Cl35.453
16
S32.066
15
P30.974
14
Si28.086
13
Al26.982
10
Ne20.180
9
F18.998
8
O15.999
7
N14.007
6
C12.001
5
B10.811
10
Ne20.180
9
F18.998
8
O15.999
7
N14.007
6
C12.001
5
B10.811
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17
18
Lanthanides
Actinides
Periodic Periodic Law Periodic Table
• Something periodic occurs at regular or at least generally predictable intervals
• Periodic law - physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
• Periodic Table of Elements – a table of the elements, arranged by atomic number, that shows the patterns in their properties; based on the periodic law Can you think of anything that is periodic?
Element
• A pure substance made up of one kind of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
• 90 occur naturally on earth• 25 were synthesized (made) by
scientists
http://www.privatehand.com/flash/elements.html
Dmitri Mendeleev• In the 1860’s he
devised a periodic table where the elements were ordered by their atomic masses
• He did this by grouping elements together according to their similarities
• Draft of Mendeleev's Periodic Table
Image taken from: http://jscms.jrn.columbia.edu/cns/2006-04-18/fido-luxuriantflowinghair/mendeleev/
Why do you think there are question marks here?Image taken from: http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/learnnet/periodictable/post16/develop/mendeleev.htm
Mendeleev’s Published Periodic Table of Elements
Mendeleev’s Predictions
• Although Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of Elements had missing elements or “gaps,” he was able to predict the characteristics of these missing elements because of Periodic Law.
Date Predicted
1871 Date Discovered
1886
Atomic Mass 72 Atomic Mass 72.6
Density 5.5 g/cm3 Density 5.47 g/cm3
Bonding Power
4 Bonding Power
4
Color Dark Gray Color Grayish White
“Ekasilicon” GermaniumNotice how
Mendeleev’s predictions
(orange column) were
veryaccurate when compared to Germanium’s
actual characteristics
(green column)
Henry Moseley• In 1914, his work led
to a revision of the periodic table by rearranging the elements by their atomic numbers
• He concluded that the number of protons in an atom is its atomic number
• Sample X-ray Spectra
Image taken from: http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/smith/
Using the Periodic Table• The boxes that make up the periodic table contain a
significant amount of information. To understand this information, it is necessary to refer to the periodic table’s key(s)
Atomic Number (Number of protons)
Element Symbol(Written with a capital letter or a capital followed by a lower case if two letters )
Atomic Mass(Rounded to a whole number, equals the number of protons and neutrons)
8
OOxygen
15.999
Class Color
Metal
Non-Metal
Metalloid
State (@ Room Temp.)
Symbol
Color
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Which class does Oxygen
fall into?
What is Oxygen’s physical state of matter?
Element Name
3 Classes of Elements
118
Uuo117
Uus116Uuh(292)
115
Uup(288)
114
Uuq(289)
113
Uut(284)
112Uub(285)
111
Rg(272)
110
Ds(269)
109
Mt(268)
108
Hs(269)
107
Bh(264)
106
Sg(266)
105
Db(262)
104
Rf(261)
103
Lr(262)
88
Ra(226)
87
Fr(223)
86
Rn(222)
85
At(210)
84
Po(209)
83
Bi208.980
82
Pb207.2
81
Tl204.383
80
Hg200.59
79
Au196.967
78
Pt195.078
77
I r192.217
76
Os190.23
75
Re186.207
74
W183.84
73
Ta180.95
72
Hf178.49
71
Lu174.967
56
Ba137.327
55
Cs132.905
54
Xe131.29
53
I126.904
52
Te127.60
51
Sb121.760
50
Sn118.710
49
I n114.818
48
Cd112.4
47
Ag107.868
46
Pd106.42
45
Rh102.906
44
Ru101.07
43
Tc(98)
42
Mo95.94
41
Nb92.906
40
Zr91.224
39
Y88.906
38
Sr87.62
37
Rb85.468
36
Kr83.80
35
Br79.904
34
Se78.96
33
As74.922
32
Ge72.61
31
Ga69.723
30
Zn65.39
29
Cu63.546
28
Ni58.69
27
Co58.933
26
Fe55.845
25
Mn54.938
24
Cr51.996
23
V50.942
22
Ti47.87
21
Sc44.956
20
Ca40.078
19
K39.098
118
Uuo117
Uus116Uuh(292)
115
Uup(288)
114
Uuq(289)
113
Uut(284)
112Uub(285)
111
Rg(272)
110
Ds(269)
109
Mt(268)
108
Hs(269)
107
Bh(264)
106
Sg(266)
105
Db(262)
104
Rf(261)
103
Lr(262)
88
Ra(226)
87
Fr(223)
86
Rn(222)
85
At(210)
84
Po(209)
83
Bi208.980
82
Pb207.2
81
Tl204.383
80
Hg200.59
79
Au196.967
78
Pt195.078
77
I r192.217
76
Os190.23
75
Re186.207
74
W183.84
73
Ta180.95
72
Hf178.49
71
Lu174.967
56
Ba137.327
55
Cs132.905
54
Xe131.29
53
I126.904
52
Te127.60
51
Sb121.760
50
Sn118.710
49
I n114.818
48
Cd112.4
47
Ag107.868
46
Pd106.42
45
Rh102.906
44
Ru101.07
43
Tc(98)
42
Mo95.94
41
Nb92.906
40
Zr91.224
39
Y88.906
38
Sr87.62
37
Rb85.468
36
Kr83.80
35
Br79.904
34
Se78.96
33
As74.922
32
Ge72.61
31
Ga69.723
30
Zn65.39
29
Cu63.546
28
Ni58.69
27
Co58.933
26
Fe55.845
25
Mn54.938
24
Cr51.996
23
V50.942
22
Ti47.87
21
Sc44.956
20
Ca40.078
19
K39.098
102
No(259)
101
Md(258)
100
Fm(257)
99
Es(252)
98
Cf(251)
97
Bk(247)
96
Cm(247)
95
Am(243)
94
Pu(244)
93
Np(237)
92
U238.029
91
Pa231.036
90
Th232.038
89
Ac(227)
70
Yb173.04
69
Tm168.934
68
Er167.26
67
Ho164.930
66
Dy162.50
65
Tb158.925
64
Gd157.25
63
Eu151.964
62
Sm150.36
61
Pm(145)
60
Nd144.24
59
Pr140.908
58
Ce140.116
57
La138.906
102
No(259)
101
Md(258)
100
Fm(257)
99
Es(252)
98
Cf(251)
97
Bk(247)
96
Cm(247)
95
Am(243)
94
Pu(244)
93
Np(237)
92
U238.029
91
Pa231.036
90
Th232.038
89
Ac(227)
70
Yb173.04
69
Tm168.934
68
Er167.26
67
Ho164.930
66
Dy162.50
65
Tb158.925
64
Gd157.25
63
Eu151.964
62
Sm150.36
61
Pm(145)
60
Nd144.24
59
Pr140.908
58
Ce140.116
57
La138.906
12
Mg24.305
11
Na22.990
4
Be9.012
3
Li6.941
12
Mg24.305
11
Na22.990
4
Be9.012
3
Li6.941
1
H1.008
1
H1.008
2
He4.003
2
He4.003
18
Ar39.948
17
Cl35.453
16
S32.066
15
P30.974
14
Si28.086
13
Al26.982
18
Ar39.948
17
Cl35.453
16
S32.066
15
P30.974
14
Si28.086
13
Al26.982
10
Ne20.180
9
F18.998
8
O15.999
7
N14.007
6
C12.001
5
B10.811
10
Ne20.180
9
F18.998
8
O15.999
7
N14.007
6
C12.001
5
B10.811
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17
18
Lanthanides
Actinides
Class Color
Metal
Non-Metal
Metalloid
Using this as a guide, color code your periodic table to
show the three classes. Start by highlighting the
“zig-zag.”
Metals
Location • Found on the left of
the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table (exception Hydrogen)
Chemical Properties• Have few electrons in
their outer energy level, thus lose electrons easilyPhysical Properties
• ductile, good conductors, malleable, shiny, most are solid @ room temperature
What metal is not a solid@ room temperature?
Image taken from: http://chemistry.about.com/od/periodictableelements/ig/Element-Photo-Gallery.--98/Sodium.htm
11
Na
22.990
79
Au
196.967
Atoms with Few Electrons in their Outer Energy Level
Notice: only 1 electron in outer
level
Notice: only 2
electrons in outer level
+
++
+
++
+
+++
-
-
-
-
--
-
-+
-
-
-
+
+++ --
-
-
11
Na
22.990
4
Be
9.012
Non-MetalsLocation
• Most found to the right of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic tableChemical Properties
• Most have almost full outer energy levels, thus they tend to gain electrons; some have completely full outer levelPhysical Properties
• not ductile or malleable, not shiny, poor conductors, most are solid, but some are gas at room temperature
Image taken from: http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/cl.htm
Image taken from:https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/rockandmineral/sulfur.asp
16
S32.06
6
17
Cl35.45
3
Atoms with Full or Almost Full Outer Energy Level
Notice: 7 electrons in outer level – almost full
Notice: 2 electrons in outer level –
FULL
Notice: 6 electrons in outer level – almost full
+
+++
+++
-
-
-
-
--
-
-+
+
+
+
++
+
+++
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
++ -
-
9
F18.99
8
8
O15.99
9
2
He
4.003
Metalloids
Location • Border the zigzag
line/staircase on the periodic tableChemical Properties
• Most atoms have ½ (≈) complete set of electrons in outer levelPhysical Properties
• have properties of both metals and non-metals
Image taken from: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml
Image taken from: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113863/bios.shtml
5
B10.81
1
14
Si28.08
6
Atoms with ½ (≈) Complete Outer Energy Level
Notice: only 3 electrons in outer
level
Notice: only 4 electrons in outer level
+
+
+++
-
-
-
-
-
++
++
++
+
++
+
+++
-
-
-
-
--
-
-+
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
B10.81
1
14
Si28.08
6
118
Uuo117
Uus116Uuh(292)
115
Uup(288)
114
Uuq(289)
113
Uut(284)
112Uub(285)
111
Rg(272)
110
Ds(269)
109
Mt(268)
108
Hs(269)
107
Bh(264)
106
Sg(266)
105
Db(262)
104
Rf(261)
103
Lr(262)
88
Ra(226)
87
Fr(223)
86
Rn(222)
85
At(210)
84
Po(209)
83
Bi208.980
82
Pb207.2
81
Tl204.383
80
Hg200.59
79
Au196.967
78
Pt195.078
77
I r192.217
76
Os190.23
75
Re186.207
74
W183.84
73
Ta180.95
72
Hf178.49
71
Lu174.967
56
Ba137.327
55
Cs132.905
54
Xe131.29
53
I126.904
52
Te127.60
51
Sb121.760
50
Sn118.710
49
I n114.818
48
Cd112.4
47
Ag107.868
46
Pd106.42
45
Rh102.906
44
Ru101.07
43
Tc(98)
42
Mo95.94
41
Nb92.906
40
Zr91.224
39
Y88.906
38
Sr87.62
37
Rb85.468
36
Kr83.80
35
Br79.904
34
Se78.96
33
As74.922
32
Ge72.61
31
Ga69.723
30
Zn65.39
29
Cu63.546
28
Ni58.69
27
Co58.933
26
Fe55.845
25
Mn54.938
24
Cr51.996
23
V50.942
22
Ti47.87
21
Sc44.956
20
Ca40.078
19
K39.098
118
Uuo117
Uus116Uuh(292)
115
Uup(288)
114
Uuq(289)
113
Uut(284)
112Uub(285)
111
Rg(272)
110
Ds(269)
109
Mt(268)
108
Hs(269)
107
Bh(264)
106
Sg(266)
105
Db(262)
104
Rf(261)
103
Lr(262)
88
Ra(226)
87
Fr(223)
86
Rn(222)
85
At(210)
84
Po(209)
83
Bi208.980
82
Pb207.2
81
Tl204.383
80
Hg200.59
79
Au196.967
78
Pt195.078
77
I r192.217
76
Os190.23
75
Re186.207
74
W183.84
73
Ta180.95
72
Hf178.49
71
Lu174.967
56
Ba137.327
55
Cs132.905
54
Xe131.29
53
I126.904
52
Te127.60
51
Sb121.760
50
Sn118.710
49
I n114.818
48
Cd112.4
47
Ag107.868
46
Pd106.42
45
Rh102.906
44
Ru101.07
43
Tc(98)
42
Mo95.94
41
Nb92.906
40
Zr91.224
39
Y88.906
38
Sr87.62
37
Rb85.468
36
Kr83.80
35
Br79.904
34
Se78.96
33
As74.922
32
Ge72.61
31
Ga69.723
30
Zn65.39
29
Cu63.546
28
Ni58.69
27
Co58.933
26
Fe55.845
25
Mn54.938
24
Cr51.996
23
V50.942
22
Ti47.87
21
Sc44.956
20
Ca40.078
19
K39.098
102
No(259)
101
Md(258)
100
Fm(257)
99
Es(252)
98
Cf(251)
97
Bk(247)
96
Cm(247)
95
Am(243)
94
Pu(244)
93
Np(237)
92
U238.029
91
Pa231.036
90
Th232.038
89
Ac(227)
70
Yb173.04
69
Tm168.934
68
Er167.26
67
Ho164.930
66
Dy162.50
65
Tb158.925
64
Gd157.25
63
Eu151.964
62
Sm150.36
61
Pm(145)
60
Nd144.24
59
Pr140.908
58
Ce140.116
57
La138.906
102
No(259)
101
Md(258)
100
Fm(257)
99
Es(252)
98
Cf(251)
97
Bk(247)
96
Cm(247)
95
Am(243)
94
Pu(244)
93
Np(237)
92
U238.029
91
Pa231.036
90
Th232.038
89
Ac(227)
70
Yb173.04
69
Tm168.934
68
Er167.26
67
Ho164.930
66
Dy162.50
65
Tb158.925
64
Gd157.25
63
Eu151.964
62
Sm150.36
61
Pm(145)
60
Nd144.24
59
Pr140.908
58
Ce140.116
57
La138.906
12
Mg24.305
11
Na22.990
4
Be9.012
3
Li6.941
12
Mg24.305
11
Na22.990
4
Be9.012
3
Li6.941
1
H1.008
1
H1.008
2
He4.003
2
He4.003
18
Ar39.948
17
Cl35.453
16
S32.066
15
P30.974
14
Si28.086
13
Al26.982
18
Ar39.948
17
Cl35.453
16
S32.066
15
P30.974
14
Si28.086
13
Al26.982
10
Ne20.180
9
F18.998
8
O15.999
7
N14.007
6
C12.001
5
B10.811
10
Ne20.180
9
F18.998
8
O15.999
7
N14.007
6
C12.001
5
B10.811
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17
18
Lanthanides
Actinides
Group (Family) NamesAlkali Metals
Alkaline Earth
Metals
Transition Metals
Boron Group
Carbon Group
Nitrogen Group
Oxygen GroupHalogens
Noble Gases
Period and Groups
When you look at a periodic table, each of the rows is considered to be a different period
When a column goes from top to bottom, it's called a group. The elements in a group have the same number of electrons in their outer orbital (Valence).
Families on the Periodic Table
• Elements on the periodic table can be grouped into families bases on their chemical properties.
• Each family has a specific name to differentiate it from the other families in the periodic table.
• Elements in each family
react differently with
other elements.
ALKALI METALS
Group 1• Hydrogen is not a
member, it is a non-metal• 1 electron in the outer
shell• Soft and silvery metals• Very reactive, esp. with
water• Conduct electricity• Color Light Blue
Image: http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/groups2.html
ALKALINE EARTH METALSGroup 2• 2 electrons in
the outer shell• White and
malleable• Reactive, but
less than Alkali metals
• Conduct electricity
• Color Dark Green
TRANSITION METALSGroups 3- 12
• Good conductors of heat and electricity.
• Some are used for jewelry.
• The transition metals are able to put up to 32 electrons in their second to last shell.
• Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes.
• Color Dark Blue
BORON FAMILY
Group 13• 3 electrons in
the outer shell• Most are metals• Boron is a
metalloid• Color Red
CARBON FAMILY Group 14• 4 electrons in
the outer shell• Contains metals,
metalloids, and a non-metal Carbon (C)
• Color Yellow
NITROGEN FAMILY Group 15• 5 electrons in
the outer shell• Can share
electrons to form compounds
• Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals
• Color Bright Green
OXYGEN FAMILY Group 16• 6 electrons in
the outer shell• Contains metals,
metalloids, and non-metals
• Reactive• Color ORANGE
HalogensGroup 17• 7 electrons in
the outer shell• All are non-
metals• Very reactive
are often bonded with elements from Group 1
• Color Yellow
Noble GasesGroup 18• Exist as gases• Non-metals• 8 electrons in the outer
shell = Full• Helium (He) has only
2 electrons in the outer shell = Full
• Not reactive with other elements
• Color Grey
Rare Earth Metals• Some are
Radioactive• The rare
earths are silver, silvery-white, or gray metals.
• Conduct electricity
• Color Violet