The Periodic Table

Discover all about the Periodic Table!

Find out all about it and much, much more!

The Periodic Table

Comic of Mendeleev

What is the Periodic Table?

The Periodic Table is what more than 100 elements.

The elements are organized according to their atomic number.

Each element has a square/box that contains information such as: The atomic number, the element’s symbol, the element’s name and the atomic mass. The styles of Periodic Tables vary, but all of them have the same format and basic information.

The Periodic Table has enough information so that the person seeing it could identify ht element’s properties according to how it is arranged.

The Periodic Table is organized into groups and periods. (More on next slide)

The history of the Periodic Table:

Many scientists in the 1800’s were always trying to find out a pattern to all the elements. Until a Russian scientist in 1869 called Dmitri Mendeleev found the pattern. When he arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, he found many patterns.

All about: Groups and Periods

Groups:

There are 18 vertical columns in the periodic table, they are called groups. Also called as chemical families. Every group is given its name by the name of the first element on the top of the column like the carbon family and oxygen family. Some groups have specific names such as the halogen family, the noble gases, the alkaline earth metals and the alkali metals. All the other groups are transitional metals. All the elements in a group have similar properties and characteristics. The common characteristic in every element in every group is the number and arrangement of the valence electrons. For example, group #11’s common property is that they all react slowly or not at all with water. For the noble gases, their property is that they don’t react at all.

Periods:

Periods are the rows that go horizontally in the Periodic Table. Periods contain different elements from different groups, therefore they have no common properties.

When the periodic table is read like a book, starting at the top going from left to right, the elements are ordered by their atomic number.

All about: Metals and Metalloids Metals:

-Almost ¾ of the elements in the Periodic Table are metals.

-The metal oxides are basic.

-At room temperature, all metals are found as solids, except for Mercury which is found as liquid.

-Some properties of elements are that they have high melting points, they are shinny, sonorous (rings when hit) and is dense.

-They are also malleable (can be hammered into shapes without cracking) and that they are ductile (can be made into wires.

-Cobalt, iron and nickel are the magnetic metals

Metalloids:-Metalloids are the semi-metals,

that have properties of both metals and non-metals.

-There are seven metalloids.

-Including silicon and germanium that are used to make semiconductors (that can sometimes be good conductors of electricity and sometimes not).

-These are used in computer chips, transistors, lasers,etc.

-The most common metalloid is silicon that is used to make glass by its reaction with oxygen.

Non-Metals

-There are 17 non-metals that are located to the right of the zig-zag line on the Periodic Table.

-Most of them are found in the form of gas and the non-metal oxides are usually acidic.

-Their properties are mainly the opposite of the metals such as:

•Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity and have very low melting points.

•They are not ductile and can’t be made into wires.

•They are not malleable and so if it is hit, it will crack when is made into solid.

•When they are as solids, they are brittle and dull-Note: All of the properties listed above have some exceptions to

some elements.

Atoms- protons, neutrons and electrons!

All elements are made up by particles called atoms. They are the smallest particles of an element.

Atoms are made out of 3 subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. There are two parts in the atom: the nucleus and the electron shells.

-Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus.-The electrons are located in the electron shells.

Each subatomic particle has a charge:-Protons have a positive charge, electrons have a negative charge and

neutrons have no charge.

Protons Neutrons ElectronsPictures from: www.jlab.org

Nucleus

Shells

Atom!

Comics from book: Chemistry for You by: Lawrie Ryan

Hydrogen!1H1

What are its uses?

-Hydrogen is used to make margarine. It is used to give the right consistency to margarine by its reaction with natural oil molecules.

-Hydrogen is used in space-crafts to power fuel cells and it makes electrical energy by when it reacts with oxygen

-As sodium hydroxide it is used in many different things like: detergents, paper, to make rayon and acetate fibers, new chemicals, to purify bauxite to get aluminum.

Did you know?

-Hydrogen was once used as hydrogen fuel in airships. The good side of it was that it’s the lightest gases of all, but when it reacts with oxygen, it reacts explosively and of which caused disasters.

-Hydrogen is the simplest element, for its atoms contain only one proton, and electron.

-It isn’t grouped into the family, for its properties are not alike any other elements.

-It is usually found combined with oxygen as water. More than 90% of the atoms of the universe are of hydrogen. Only 1% of the mass of pure hydrogen is found in the earth’s crust, oceans, and atmosphere.

Helium!2He4

What are its uses?

-It is used to fill up balloons and blimps, what makes them rise.

- Is used in optical fibers (phone, T.V. cables)

-Liquid helium is used to cool metals down. Such as the coils in body scanners.

-Nitrogen is used in hospitals to do the Magnetic Resonance Image. (MRI).

-Is used in special steel welding.

-Used when scuba diving in deep areas.

-Liquid helium is also used in spaceships.

Did you know?

-Helium is very safe for it doesn’t burn.

-After hydrogen, it is the 2nd most abundant element in the universe.

-Helium is a noble gas, therefore it doesn’t have any compounds.

-The origin of the name Helium comes from the word “Helios” which means in Greek: “sun”.

Nitrogen!7N14

What are its uses?

-Nitrogen compounds are used by farmers to add to the soil (fertilizers)

-It’s used in the Haber process to make ammonia.

-Is used to freeze many things and quickly. It can be freezed in a conveyor belt while being produced.

-Is used to meld leaking pipes for they pour the liquid nitrogen and it freezes all the liquid in the pipe while is being repaired.

-Also used to keep foods stay fresh for a longer time period. Is put inside sealed packaging.

-Sometimes liquid nitrogen is used to freeze marshy grounds when it’s too wet for mechanical diggers.

Did you know?-It’s a non-metal that is from the

group #15, and it has five valence electrons.

-That 80% of the atmosphere is of nitrogen gas.

-Humans don’t use the nitrogen gas in the air, but we get them from eating plants or animals that ate plants.

-Plants have nitrogen because of Nitrogen Fixation that only happens in some bacteria, that is when bacteria are able to combine the nitrogen gas with other elements. Plants get nitrogen from the soil by the bacteria that is there.

Fluorine!9F19

What are its uses?

-Fluorine is used in products that help prevent tooth decay.

-It is also found in non-stick cookware.

-Some places have flouride added to the water supplies.Did you know?

-Fluorine is a element in the Halogen family (Group #17)

-It is the most reactive of all elements.

-In the form of Chloride, it is an essential thing to mammals and plants.

-The word Chlorine comes from the word “chloros” which means in Greek: “pale green”

-Chlorine was discovered in Sweden by Carl William Scheele in 1774.

Sodium!11Na23

What are its uses?

-Sodium vapor is used in streetlights

-Liquid sodium is also used in nuclear reactors, for it is a good conductor of heat.

-Sodium with many other alloys make things like: table salt, baking sod, Chile saltpeter, borax, and others.

-Sodium carbonate is used for many things such as tanning leather, in washing powders and liquids, neutralizing acids and dying textiles.

Did you know?

-The origin of the symbol Na is from the word in Latin: “natrium”.

-Sodium was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807.

-Sodium (in the compound, sodium chloride) is a vital element to humans.

Magnesium!12Mg24

Did you know?-Mg was discovered by

Sir Humphrey Davy in England, 1755.

-The name Magnesium comes from the name of the Greek district of Thessaly named “Magnesia”

-Mg makes a total of 12 compounds

-Magnesium is never found alone (pure)

What are its uses?

-Fireworks (pyrotechnics) and photographic light bulbs

-car parts (engines,etc.) for its small density and also when its an alloy with aluminum, is used to make ladders airplane parts and others.

-Mg with alloys make things like: horseshoes, baseball masks, snowshoes, building materials, etc.

-Mg in a compound makes things like “milk of magnesia” used to neutralize excess stomach acids.

-With other elements, makes things to line up furnaces. Also makes a laxative, Epsom salts.

Chlorine

What are its uses?

-The most important compound of Chlorine is table salt (NaCl)

-Chlorine is used to make paper white.

-Chlorine with compounds make many things such as:

• Solvents and bleach

•Pesticides and weed killers; antiseptics and disinfectants

•Things to kill bacteria in swimming pools and on drinking water

Did you know?

-Chlorine is an element from the Halogen family that contains seven valence electrons.

-Chlorine was once used as the first chemical weapon in the First World War.

-How Chlorine is used to kill bacteria in drinking water, it has saved millions of people around the world.

-Chlorine has reduces a great amount of cases of cholera.

17Cl351

Calcium!20Ca40

Did you know?

-Calcium’s melting point is 842°C and its boiling point is 1484°C.

-That Calcium is an essential thing to humans for it makes a big part in teeth and bones.

-Calcium is an element in the Alkaline Earth Metals Family and it contains two valence electrons.

-Calcium tarnishes to grayish-white when it is exposed to air.

What are its uses?

-It is used to dehydrate oils and is also used to make fertilizers.

- Chlorine is used as an alloy for aluminum, copper and lead.

- concrete & plaster of paris.

Silver!47Ag108

What are its uses?

-to make jewelry, coins, solder

-Silver halides are used in photographic film and paper.

-silverware such as: silver pots, cups kitchen tools

Did you know?

-that pure silver can conduct electricity and thermal energy the highest than all other elements, but its contact with resistance is the lowest.

-Its melting point is about 962°C. Its boiling point is about 2,162°C

-When silver is exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulphide and others, it will tarnish.

-When it is exposed to air and/or water, it will remain neutral.

Iron!26Fe56

Did you know?

-Iron helps in the creation of chlorophyll in the plants.

-Iron makes up to 20 compounds.

-Iron is the most important part in hemoglobin, what carries oxygen in the red blood cells.

-Iron is known to humans since the ancient times.

What are its uses?

-Most of what steel is made of is Iron. Steel is the most used metal of all. Steel is a big thing in the building industry. There are many things made of steel including steel tubes (called scaffold), hardware materials, sink, radiators,etc.

Halogens and Noble Gases

Halogens: They are the elements in group #17. Halogens are a reactive group of non-metals

except for Astatine (metalloid). Most of them are very dangerous to humans. Every Halogen atom contains seven valence

electrons that one is shared when it reacts. As you go down the group, the less reactive

the element is. Halogens, unlike Noble Gases, make lots of

compounds which are very useful to humans. For example, Fluorine is used to help prevent tooth decay and also is used on non-stick cookware. Chlorine is used to make salt which is a vital thing to humans.

Noble Gases: They are the elements in group

#18. Noble Gases exist as single atoms. They are very unreactive. The atoms in a noble gas are stable

because their outer shells are full of electrons.

These elements don’t make compounds that is why they are noble gases.