The Periodic Table

The Periodic TableChapter 12Material on MidtermObjectivesDescribe how Mendeleev arranged elements in the first periodic tableExplain how elements are arranged in the modern periodic tableCompare metals, nonmetals, and metalloids base on their properties and on their location in the periodic tableDescribe the difference between a period and a groupSection 1: Arranging the ElementsPlacement PatternWhat is the best way to arrange things?Section 1: Arranging the Elements

Discovering a PatternMendeleev discovered that the elements discovered had a pattern to themSection 1: Arranging the Elements

Mendeleev arranged atoms by increasing atomic massSaw that there was a periodic trendPeriodic describes something that occurs or repeats at regular intervalsOrganized them in a tableFIRST PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTSSome holes in the tableSection 1: Arranging the Elements

Predicting Properties of Missing ElementsSome gaps in the patternWas able to predict the propertiesEka-aluminum.after aluminum

Section 1: Arranging the ElementsMendeleevs Predicted Eka-aluminum (1871)Discovered Germanium (1886)Atomic mass7072.6Density5.5 g/cm35.3 g/cm3AppearanceDark gray metalGray metalMelting pointHigh melting point937 CChanging the arrangementMoseley realized it made more sense to use the atomic number instead of the atomic massThe periodic law is the law that states that the repeating chemical and physical properties of elements change periodically with the atomic numbers of the elementsSection 1: Arranging the ElementsThe Periodic Table and Classes of ElementsWe break elements into three major groupsMetalsNonmetalsMetalloidsSection 1: Arranging the ElementsMetalsMost elementsLeft of the zigzag line on the periodic tableMost are solid at room temperature (Hg exception)PropertiesShinyMalleableDuctileGood conductorsSection 1: Arranging the Elements

NonmetalsRight of the zigzag lineMany are gases at room temperatureNot malleableNot ductileNot shinyPoor conductors

Section 1: Arranging the Elements

MetalloidsAka semiconductorsBorder zigzag lineHave some properties of metalsSome properties of nonmetalsSection 1: Arranging the Elements

Decoding the Periodic TableSection 1: Arranging the Elements

HorizontalA period is a horizontal row of elements on the periodic tableProperties repeat as you go along a period

Vertical A group is a vertical column of elements in the periodic tableElements in a group share chemical propertiesSection 1: Arranging the ElementsSection ReviewPlease answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet

Describe how Mendeleev arranged elements in the first periodic tableExplain how elements are arranged in the modern periodic tableCompare metals, nonmetals, and metalloids base on their properties and on their location in the periodic tableDescribe the difference between a period and a groupSection 1: Arranging the ElementsObjectivesUse the periodic table to gain information about various elementsExplain why elements in a group often have similar propertiesDescribe the properties of the elements in the groups of the periodic tableSection 2: Grouping the ElementsWe will discuss the following groups:Group 1: Alkali MetalsGroup 2: Alkaline Earth MetalsGroups 3-12: Transition MetalsGroup 13: Boron GroupGroup 14: Carbon GroupGroup 15: Nitrogen GroupGroup 16: Oxygen GroupGroup 17: HalogensGroup 18: Noble GasesHydrogenSection 2: Grouping the Elements

Group 1: Alkali MetalsThe alkali metals are the elements of Group 1 of the periodic table (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium)

Group contains: metalsElectrons in outer level: 1Reactivity: Very reactiveOther shared properties: softness, color of silver, shininess, low densitySection 2: Grouping the Elements

Group 2: Alkaline Earth MetalsThe alkaline earth metals are the elements of Group 2 of the period table (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium)

Group contains: metalsElectrons in outer level: 2Reactivity: very reactive, but less reactive than alkali metalsOther shared properties: color of silver, higher densities than alkali metalsSection 2: Grouping the Elements

Groups 3-12: Transition MetalsNo individual namesVaried in properties

Group contains: metalsElectrons in outer level: 1 or 2Reactivity: less reactive than the alkaline earth metalsOther shared properties: shininess, good conductors, higher densities and melting points than Groups 1 and 2 (except Hg)Section 2: Grouping the Elements

Lanthanides and ActinidesThe two bottom rowsRow 1: starts with lanthanum--lanthanidesShiny, reactive metalsRow 2: starts with actiniumactinidesRadioactive, unstable elementsAny after 94not found naturallySection 2: Grouping the Elements

Group 13: Boron GroupThe Boron Group contains elements from group 13 of the periodic table (boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium)

Group contains: one metalloid and four metalsElectrons in the outer level: 3Reactivity: reactiveOther shared properties: solids at room temperatureSection 2: Grouping the Elements

Group 14: Carbon GroupThe carbon group contains elements from group 14 of the periodic table (carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, flerovium)

Group contains: one nonmetal, two metalloids, and three metalsElectrons in the outer level: 4Reactivity: varies among the elementsOther shared properties: solids at room temperature

Section 2: Grouping the Elements

Carbon: natures most important elementFound in carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acid (DNA)

Germanium and silicon are used as conductors in computer chipsSection 2: Grouping the Elements

C Si Ge Sn Pb Group 15: Nitrogen GroupThe Nitrogen group contains elements from group 15 of the periodic table (nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, ununpentium)

Group contains: two nonmetals, two metalloids, and two metalsElectrons in the outer level: 5Reactivity: varies among the elementsOther shared properties: solids at room temperature (except for nitrogen)Section 2: Grouping the Elements

Group 16: Oxygen GroupThe Oxygen group contains elements from group 16 of the periodic table (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, livermorium {name pending})

Group contains: three nonmetals, one metalloid, and two metalsElectrons in the outer level: 6Reactivity: reactiveOther shared properties: all but oxygen are solid at room temperatureSection 2: Grouping the Elements

Group 17; HalogensThe halogens are elements of group 17 of the periodic table (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, ununseptium); halogens combine with most metals to form salts

Group contains: nonmetalsElectrons in the other level: 7Reactivity: very reactiveOther shared properties: poor conductors, violent reactions with alkali metals to form salts, never in uncombined form in natureSection 2: Grouping the Elements

Group 18: Noble GasesThe noble gases are elements of group 18 of the periodic table (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and ununoctium); noble gases are unreactive

Group contains: nonmetalsElectrons in the outer level: 8 (except helium, which has 2)Reactivity: unreactiveOther shared properties: colorless, odorless gases at room temperatureSection 2: Grouping the Elements

HydrogenThe properties of hydrogen do not match any other group (the loner element)We stick him in group 1 based on outer electrons

Electrons in outer level: 1Reactivity: reactiveOther properties: colorless, odorless gas at room temperature; low density, explosive reactions with oxygenSection 2: Grouping the Elements

Section ReviewPlease answer the objectives on your objective summary sheet

Use the periodic table to gain information about various elements

Explain why elements in a group often have similar properties

Describe the properties of the elements in the groups of the periodic tableSection 2: Grouping the Elements