The Ottoman EmpireChapter 18, Section 1

Objectives

How did the Ottomans build and expand their Empire?

How did the Ottomans organize their government and society?

The Rise of the Ottomans1. The first Ottomans were Turkish soldiers known as ghazis.

Ghazis - warriors for Islam

2. Settled in Anatolia (Asia Minor.) Modern Turkey.

3. Leader of the Ottoman tribes was Osman.

Ottoman Empire: 1530 AD

The Rise of the Ottomans

4. The elite Ottoman army was made up of soldiers called Janissaries

Janissaries - war captives and Christian slaves.

Janissaries

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Think Then Write

Imagine you are a Janissarie in the Ottoman Empire. Write a letter to your mother explaining your lifestyle.

The Rise of the Ottomans

5.Timur a Turko-Mongol leader defeated the Ottomans in the late 1300’s.

He claimed he descended from the great Genghis Khan.

Recovery and Expansion

6.- Civil war in the empire after Timur’s victories. The fight was sparked over who should be the next sultan.

7.Murad II defeats the last Christian crusaders in 1444 at the Battle of Varna.

Recovery and Expansion8. Mehmed II becomes sultan after Murad’s death and captures Constantinople in 1453. Renames it Istanbul.

The conquest of Constantinople was huge because it gave them a foothold in Europe and a seaport

Constantinople becomes Instanbul

Churches like Haghia Sophia were transformed into mosques, though many Christian features remain.

Recovery and Expansion

9. Suleyman the Magnificent was the greatest Ottoman sultan (1520-1566.)

10.Expanded Ottoman Empire as far west as Vienna, Austria.

The Ottomans ruled most of Eastern Europe, western Africa and northern Africa

CONSTANTINOPLE

Ottoman Government and Society

1. Sultans ruled.

2. Second in command called grand viziers.

3. Society included small ruling class and the ordinary people called reaya or “protected flock.”

Think Then Write

What does it mean to say, “Each man in Turkey carries in his onw hand his ancestry and his position in life?”

Answer: One’s position in society was based on merit, not on birth.

Ottoman Government and Society

4. The millet system- independent communities based on religious preferences.

5. Slow decline begins- death of Suleyman in 1566; Economic problems, competition with Europe, rebellions, government corruption.

Ottoman Government and Society

6. Officially ends in 1923 with the creation of Turkey.

Exit Slip:

a. What role did Janissaries play in the success of the Ottoman Empire?

b. How important do you think the Ottoman social system was to the success of the empire?

Exit Slip:

a. What role did Janissaries play in the success of the Ottoman Empire?

Answer: They served as highly trained slave soldiers who fought to expand the empire

b. How important do you think the Ottoman social system was to the success of the empire?

Answer: Religious tolerance and social mobility may have kept large numbers loyal to the empire