the origins of jazz

7/31/2019 The Origins of Jazz

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The Origins of Jazz

By 1808 the Atlantic slave trade had brought almost half a million Africans to the United States. The

slaves largely came from West Africa and brought strong tribal musical traditions with them.[21]

Lavish

festivals featuring African dances to drums were organized on Sundays at Place Congo, or Congo Square,

in New Orleans until 1843; there were similar gatherings in New England and New York. African music

was largely functional, for work or ritual, and included work songs and field hollers. The African tradition

made use of a single-line melody and call-and-response pattern, but without the European concept of

harmony. Rhythms reflected African speech patterns, and the African use of pentatonic scales led to

blue notes in blues and jazz.[22]

In the early 19th century an increasing number of black musicians learned to play European instruments,

particularly the violin, which they used to parody European dance music in their own cakewalk dances.

In turn, European-American minstrel show performers in blackface popularized such music

internationally, combining syncopation with European harmonic accompaniment. Louis Moreau

Gottschalk adapted African-American cakewalk music, South American, Caribbean and other slave

melodies as piano salon music. Another influence came from black slaves who had learned the harmonicstyle ofhymns and incorporated it into their own music as spirituals.

[23]The origins of the blues are

undocumented, though they can be seen as the secular counterpart of the spirituals. Paul Oliver has

drawn attention to similarities in instruments, music and social function to the griots of the West African

savannah.[24]

The Beginning of Jazz Styles (1890s-1950s)

1890s-1910s

Ragtime

The abolition of slavery led to new opportunities for the education of freed African Americans. Although

strict segregation limited employment opportunities for most blacks, many were able to find work in

entertainment. Black musicians were able to provide "low-class" entertainment in dances,minstrel

shows, and in vaudeville, by which many marching bands formed. Black pianists played in bars, clubs,

and brothels, as ragtime developed.[25][26]

Ragtime appeared as sheet music, popularized by African American musicians such as the entertainer

Ernest Hogan, whose hit songs appeared in 1895; two years later Vess Ossman recorded a medley of

these songs as a banjo solo "Rag Time Medley".[27][28]

Also in 1897, the white composer William H. Krell

published his "Mississippi Rag" as the first written piano instrumental ragtime piece, and Tom Turpin

published his Harlem Rag, that was the first rag published by an African-American. The classically trainedpianist Scott Joplin and the acknowledged "king of ragtime" produced his "Original Rags" in the

following year, then in 1899 had an international hit with "Maple Leaf Rag". He wrote numerous popular

rags, including, "The Entertainer", combining syncopation, banjo figurations and sometimes call-and-

response, which led to the ragtime idiom being taken up by classical composers including Claude

Debussy and Igor Stravinsky. Blues music was published and popularized by W. C. Handy, whose

"Memphis Blues" of 1912 and "St. Louis Blues" of 1914 both became jazz standards.[24]
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New Orleans Jazz

The music of New Orleans had a profound effect on the creation of early jazz. Many early jazz

performers played in venues throughout the city; the brothels and bars of the red-light district around

Basin Street, called "Storyville".[29]

was only one of numerous neighborhoods relevant to the early days

of New Orleans jazz. In addition to dance bands, numerous marching bands played at lavish funerals

arranged by the African American and European American community. The instruments used in

marching bands and dance bands became the basic instruments of jazz: brass and reeds tuned in the

European 12-tone scale and drums. Small bands mixing self-taught and well educated African American

musicians, many of whom came from the funeral-procession tradition ofNew Orleans, played a seminal

role in the development and dissemination of early jazz, traveling throughout Black communities in the

Deep South and, from around 1914 on, Afro-Creole and African American musicians playing in vaudeville

shows took jazz to western and northern US cities.[30]

The cornetist Buddy Bolden led a band often mentioned as one of the prime movers of the style later to

be called "jazz". He played in New Orleans around 18951906. No recordings remain of Bolden. Several

tunes from the Bolden band repertory, including "Buddy Bolden Blues", have been recorded by many

other musicians. (Bolden became mentally ill and spent his later decades in a mental institution.)

Afro-Creole pianist Jelly Roll Morton began his career in Storyville. From 1904, he toured with vaudeville

shows around southern cities, also playing in Chicago and New York. His "Jelly Roll Blues", which he

composed around 1905, was published in 1915 as the first jazz arrangement in print, introducing more

musicians to the New Orleans style.[31]

In the northeastern United States, a "hot" style of playing ragtime

had developed, notably James Reese Europe's symphonic Clef Club orchestra in New York which played

a benefit concert at Carnegie Hall in 1912.[32][33]

The Baltimore rag style ofEubie Blake influenced James

P. Johnson's development of"Stride" piano playing, in which the right hand plays the melody, while the

left hand provides the rhythm and bassline.[34]

The Original Dixieland Jass Band made the music's first recordings early in 1917, and their "Livery Stable

Blues" became the earliest released jazz record.[35][36][37][38][39][40][41]

That year numerous other bands

made recordings featuring "jazz" in the title or band name, mostly ragtime or novelty records rather

than jazz. In September 1917 W.C. Handy's Orchestra of Memphis recorded a cover version of "Livery

Stable Blues."[42]

In February 1918 James Reese Europe's "Hellfighters" infantry band took ragtime to

Europe during World War I,[43]

then on return recorded Dixieland standards including"Darktown

Strutters' Ball".[33]

New Orleans brass bands are a lasting influence contributing horn players to the world of professional

jazz with the distinct sound of the city while helping black children escape poverty.

[44]

The leader of theCamelia Brass Band, D'Jalma Ganier, taught Louis Armstrong to play trumpet.
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1920s and 1930s

The Jazz Age

Prohibition in the United States (from 1920 to 1933) banned the sale of alcoholic drinks, resulting in

illicit speakeasies becoming lively venues of the "Jazz Age", an era when popular music included current

dance songs, novelty songs, and show tunes. Jazz started to get a reputation as being immoral and many

members of the older generations saw it as threatening the old values in culture and promoting the new

decadent values of the Roaring 20s. Professor Henry van Dyke of Princeton University wrote ...it is not

music at all. Its merely an irritation of the nerves of hearing, a sensual teasing of the strings of physical

passion.[45]

Even the media began to denigrate jazz. The New York Times took stories and altered headlines to pick

at Jazz. For instance, villagers used pots and pans in Siberia to scare off bears, and the newspaper stated

that it was Jazz that scared the bears away. Another story claims that Jazz caused the death of a

celebrated conductor. The actual cause of death was a fatal heart attack (natural cause).[45]

From 1919

Kid Ory's Original Creole Jazz Band of musicians from New Orleans played in San Francisco and Los

Angeles where in 1922 they became the first black jazz band of New Orleans origin to make

recordings.[46][47]

However, the main centre developing the new"Hot Jazz" was Chicago, where King

Oliverjoined Bill Johnson. That year also saw the first recording by Bessie Smith, the most famous of the

1920s blues singers.[48]

Bix Beiderbecke formed The Wolverines in 1924. Also in 1924 Louis Armstrongjoined the Fletcher

Henderson dance band as featured soloist for a year, then formed his virtuosic Hot Five band, also

popularizing scat singing.[49]

Jelly Roll Morton recorded with the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in an early

mixed-race collaboration, then in 1926 formed his Red Hot Peppers. There was a larger market for jazzy

dance music played by white orchestras, such as Jean Goldkette's orchestra and Paul Whiteman's

orchestra. In 1924 Whiteman commissioned Gershwin'sRhapsody in Blue, which was premired by

Whiteman's Orchestra. Other influential large ensembles included Fletcher Henderson's band, DukeEllington's band (which opened an influential residency at the Cotton Club in 1927) in New York, and Earl

Hines's Band in Chicago (who opened in The Grand Terrace Cafe there in 1928). All significantly

influenced the development of big band-style swing jazz.[50]

Swing

The 1930s belonged to popular swing big bands, in which some virtuoso soloists became as famous as

the band leaders. Key figures in developing the "big" jazz band included bandleaders and arrangers

Count Basie, Cab Calloway, Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, Fletcher

Henderson, Earl Hines, Glenn Miller and Artie Shaw.

Swing was also dance music. It was broadcast on the radio 'live' nightly across America for many years

especially by Hines and his Grand Terrace Cafe Orchestra broadcasting coast-to-coast from Chicago, well

placed for 'live' time-zones. Although it was a collective sound, swing also offered individual musicians a

chance to 'solo' and improvise melodic, thematic solos which could at times be very complex and

'important' music. Over time, social strictures regarding racial segregation began to relax in America:

white bandleaders began to recruit black musicians and black bandleaders white ones. In the mid-1930s,

Benny Goodman hired pianist Teddy Wilson, vibraphonist Lionel Hampton and guitarist Charlie Christian
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to join small groups. An early 1940s style known as "jumping the blues" or jump blues used small

combos, up-tempo music, and blues chord progressions. Jump blues drew on boogie-woogie from the

1930s. Kansas City Jazz in the 1930s as exemplified by tenor saxophonist Lester Young marked the

transition from big bands to the bebop influence of the 1940s.

Jazz Styles Since 1950

1940s and 1950s

Dixieland

In the late 1940s there was a revival of"Dixieland" music, harkening back to the original contrapuntal

New Orleans style. This was driven in large part by record company reissues of early jazz classics by the

Oliver, Morton, and Armstrong bands of the 1930s. There were two populations of musicians involved in

the revival. One group consisted of players who had begun their careers playing in the traditional style,

and were either returning to it, or continuing what they had been playing all along, such as Bob Crosby's

Bobcats, Max Kaminsky, Eddie Condon, and Wild Bill Davison. Most of this group were originally

Midwesterners, although there were a small number of New Orleans musicians involved. The second

population of revivalists consisted of young musicians such as the Lu Watters band. By the late 1940s,

Louis Armstrong's Allstars band became a leading ensemble. Through the 1950s and 1960s, Dixieland

was one of the most commercially popular jazz styles in the US, Europe, and Japan, although critics paid

little attention to it.

Bebop

In the early 1940s bebop performers helped to shift jazz from danceable popular music towards a more

challenging "musician's music." Differing greatly from swing, early bebop divorced itself from dance

music, establishing itself more as an art form but lessening its potential popular and commercial value.

Since bebop was meant to be listened to, not danced to, it used faster tempos. Beboppers introduced

new forms ofchromaticism and dissonance into jazz; the dissonant tritone (or "flatted fifth") interval

became the "most important interval of bebop"[54]

and players engaged in a more abstracted form of

chord-based improvisation which used "passing" chords, substitute chords, and altered chords. The style

of drumming shifted as well to a more elusive and explosive style, in which the ride cymbal was used to

keep time, while the snare and bass drum were used for accents. These divergences from the jazz

mainstream of the time initially met with a divided, sometimes hostile response among fans and fellow

musicians, especially established swing players, who bristled at the new harmonic sounds. To hostile

critics, bebop seemed to be filled with "racing, nervous phrases".[55]

Despite the initial friction, by the

1950s bebop had become an accepted part of the jazz vocabulary. The most influential bebop musicians

included saxophonist Charlie Parker, pianists Bud Powell and Thelonious Monk, trumpeters Dizzy

Gillespie and Clifford Brown, and drummer Max Roach.

Cool Jazz
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By the end of the 1940s, the nervous energy and tension of bebop was replaced with a tendency

towards calm and smoothness, with the sounds ofcool jazz, which favoured long, linear melodic lines. It

emerged in New York City, as a result of the mixture of the styles of predominantly white jazz musicians

and black bebop musicians, and it dominated jazz in the first half of the 1950s. The starting point were a

series ofsingles on Capitol Records in 1949 and 1950 of a nonet led by trumpeter Miles Davis, collected

and released first on a ten-inch and later a twelve-inch as theBirth of the Cool. Cool jazz recordings by

Chet Baker, Dave Brubeck, Bill Evans, Gil Evans, Stan Getz and the Modern Jazz Quartet usually have a

"lighter" sound which avoided the aggressive tempos and harmonic abstraction of bebop. Cool jazz later

became strongly identified with the West Coast jazz scene, but also had a particular resonance in

Europe, especially Scandinavia, with emergence of such major figures as baritone saxophonistLars

Gullin and pianist Bengt Hallberg. The theoretical underpinnings of cool jazz were set out by the blind

Chicago pianist Lennie Tristano, and its influence stretches into such later developments as Bossa nova,

modal jazz, and even free jazz. See also the List of Cool jazz and West Coast jazz musicians for further

detail.

Hard Bop

Hard bop is an extension of bebop (or "bop") music that incorporates influences from rhythm and blues,

gospel music, and blues, especially in the saxophone and piano playing. Hard bop was developed in the

mid-1950s, partly in response to the vogue for cool jazz in the early 1950s. The hard bop style coalesced

in 1953 and 1954, paralleling the rise of rhythm and blues. Miles Davis' performance of "Walkin' ", the

title track of his album of the same year, at the very first Newport Jazz Festival in 1954, announced the

style to the jazz world. The quintet Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers, fronted by Blakey and featuring

pianist Horace Silver and trumpeter Clifford Brown, were leaders in the hard bop movement along with

Davis.

Modal Jazz

Modal jazz is a development beginning in the later 1950s which takes the mode, or musical scale, as the

basis of musical structure and improvisation. Previously, the goal of the soloist was to play a solo that fit

into a given chord progression. However, with modal jazz, the soloist creates a melody using one or a

small number of modes. The emphasis in this approach shifts from harmony to melody.[56]

The modal

theory stems from a work by George Russell, but again Miles Davis unveiled this shift to the rest of the

jazz world withKind of Blue, an exploration of the possibilities of modal jazz and the best selling jazz

album of all time. Other innovators in this style include Jackie McLean,[57]

John Coltrane and Bill Evans,

also present on Kind of Blue, as well as later musicians such as Herbie Hancock.

Free Jazz

Free jazz and the related form ofavant-garde jazz broke through into an open space of "free tonality" in

which meter, beat, and formal symmetry all disappeared, and a range ofWorld music from India, Africa,

and Arabia were melded into an intense, even religiously ecstatic or orgiastic style of playing.[58]

While

loosely inspired by bebop, free jazz tunes gave players much more latitude; the loose harmony and

tempo was deemed controversial when this approach was first developed. The bassist Charles Mingus is
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also frequently associated with the avant-garde in jazz, although his compositions draw from myriad

styles and genres. The first major stirrings came in the 1950s, with the early work ofOrnette Coleman

and Cecil Taylor. In the 1960s, performers included John Coltrane, Archie Shepp, Sun Ra, Albert Ayler,

Pharoah Sanders, and others. Free jazz quickly found a foothold in Europe in part because musicians

such as Ayler, Taylor, Steve Lacy and Eric Dolphy spent extended periods in Europe. A distinctive

European contemporary jazz (often incorporating elements of free jazz but not limited to it) flourished

also because of the emergence of musicians (such as John Surman, Zbigniew Namyslowski, Albert

Mangelsdorff, Kenny Wheeler and Mike Westbrook) anxious to develop new approaches reflecting their

national and regional musical cultures and contexts. Keith Jarrett has been prominent in defending free

jazz from criticism by traditionalists in the 1990s and 2000s.

1960s and 1970s

Latin Jazz

Latin jazz combines rhythms from African and Latin American countries, often played on instruments

such as conga, timbales, giro, and claves, with jazz and classical harmonies played on typical jazz

instruments (piano, double bass, etc.). There are two main varieties: Afro-Cuban jazz was played in the

US right after the bebop period, while became more popular in the 1960s. Afro-Cuban jazz began as a

movement in the mid-1950s as bebop musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie and Billy Taylor started Afro-

Cuban bands influenced by such Cuban and Puerto Rican musicians as Xavier Cugat, Tito Puente and

Arturo Sandoval. Brazilian jazz such as bossa nova is derived from samba, with influences from jazz and

other 20th century classical and popular music styles. Bossa is generally moderately paced, with

melodies sung in Portuguese or English. The style was pioneered by BraziliansJoo Gilberto and Antnio

Carlos Jobim. The related term jazz-samba describes an adaptation of bossa nova compositions to the

jazz idiom by American performers such as Stan Getz and Charlie Byrd.

Bossa nova was made popular by Elizete Cardoso's recording ofChega de Saudadeon theCano do

Amor Demais LP, composed by Vincius de Moraes (lyrics) and Antonio Carlos Jobim (music). The initial

releases by Gilberto and the 1959 filmBlack Orpheusbrought significant popularity in Brazil and

elsewhere in Latin America, which spread to North America via visiting American jazz musicians. The

resulting recordings by Charlie Byrd and Stan Getz cemented its popularity and led to a worldwide boom

with 1963'sGetz/Gilberto, numerous recordings by famous jazz performers such as Ella Fitzgerald (Ella

Abraa Jobim) and Frank Sinatra (Francis Albert Sinatra & Antnio Carlos Jobim) and the entrenchment

of the bossa nova style as a lasting influence in world music for several decades and even up to the

present.

Post Bop

Post-bop jazz is a form of small-combo jazz derived from earlier bop styles. The genre's origins lie in

seminal work by John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Bill Evans, Charles Mingus, Wayne Shorter and Herbie

Hancock. Generally, the term post-bop is taken to mean jazz from the mid-sixties onward that

assimilates influence from hard bop, modal jazz, the avant-garde, and free jazz, without necessarily

being immediately identifiable as any of the above.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornette_Colemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Taylorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Shepphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Rahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Aylerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharoah_Sandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dolphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Surmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Namyslowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Mangelsdorffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Mangelsdorffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Wheelerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Westbrookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Jarretthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCirohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Taylorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Cugathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puentehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Sandovalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossa_novahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gilbertohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Getzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Byrdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossa_novahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizete_Cardosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chega_de_Saudadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chega_de_Saudadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chega_de_Saudadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Amor_Demaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Amor_Demaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Amor_Demaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_albumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Orpheushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Orpheushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Orpheushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getz/Gilbertohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getz/Gilbertohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getz/Gilbertohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgeraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Abra%C3%A7a_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Abra%C3%A7a_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Abra%C3%A7a_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Abra%C3%A7a_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Albert_Sinatra_%26_Antonio_Carlos_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Albert_Sinatra_%26_Antonio_Carlos_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Albert_Sinatra_%26_Antonio_Carlos_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Evanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Evanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Albert_Sinatra_%26_Antonio_Carlos_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Abra%C3%A7a_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Abra%C3%A7a_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgeraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getz/Gilbertohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Orpheushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_albumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Amor_Demaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Amor_Demaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chega_de_Saudadehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizete_Cardosohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossa_novahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Byrdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Getzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gilbertohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossa_novahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Sandovalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Puentehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Cugathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Taylorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Cuban_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCirohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Jarretthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Westbrookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Wheelerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Mangelsdorffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Mangelsdorffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Namyslowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Surmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dolphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharoah_Sandershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Aylerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Rahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Shepphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Taylorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornette_Coleman


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Much "post-bop" was recorded on Blue Note Records. Key albums includeSpeak No Evilby Wayne

Shorter;The Real McCoyby McCoy Tyner;Maiden Voyageby Herbie Hancock;Miles Smilesby Miles

Davis; andSearch for the New Landby Lee Morgan (an artist not typically associated with the post-bop

genre). Most post-bop artists worked in other genres as well, with a particularly strong overlap with

later hard bop.

Soul Jazz

Soul jazz was a development ofhard bop which incorporated strong influences from blues, gospel and

rhythm and blues in music for small groups, often the organ trio, which partnered a Hammond organ

player with a drummer and a tenor saxophonist. Unlike hard bop, soul jazz generally emphasized

repetitive grooves and melodic hooks, and improvisations were often less complex than in other jazz

styles. Horace Silver had a large influence on the soul jazz style, with songs that used funky and often

gospel-based piano vamps. It often had a steadier "funk" style groove, different from the swing rhythms

typical of much hard bop. Important soul jazz organists included Jimmy McGriffand Jimmy Smith and

Johnny Hammond Smith, and influential tenor saxophone players included Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis and

Stanley Turrentine. (See also List of soul-jazz musicians.)

Jazz Fusion

In the late 1960s and early 1970s the hybrid form of jazz-rock fusion was developed by combining jazz

improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments and the highly amplified stage sound of rock

musicians such as Jimi Hendrix. All Music Guide states that "..until around 1967, the worlds of jazz and

rock were nearly completely separate." However, "...as rock became more creative and its musicianship

improved, and as some in the jazz world became bored with hard bop and did not want to play strictly

avant-garde music, the two different idioms began to trade ideas and occasionally combine forces."[59]

Miles Davis made the breakthrough into fusion in 1970 with his albumBitches Brew. Musicians who

worked with Davis formed the four most influential fusion groups: Weather Report and Mahavishnu

Orchestra emerged in 1971 and were soon followed by Return to Forever and The Headhunters.Although jazz purists protested the blend of jazz and rock, some of jazz's significant innovators crossed

over from the contemporary hard bop scene into fusion. Jazz fusion music often uses mixed meters, odd

time signatures, syncopation, complex chords and harmonies. In addition to using the electric

instruments of rock, such as the electric guitar, electric bass, electric piano and synthesizer keyboards,

fusion also used the powerful amplification, "fuzz" pedals, wah-wah pedals, and other effects used by

1970s-era rock bands. Notable performers of jazz fusion included Miles Davis, keyboardists Joe Zawinul,

Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, vibraphonist Gary Burton, drummer Tony Williams, violinist Jean-Luc

Ponty, guitarists Larry Coryell, Al Di Meola, John McLaughlin and Frank Zappa, saxophonist Wayne

Shorter and bassists Jaco Pastorius and Stanley Clarke. Jazz fusion was also popular in Japan where the

band Casiopea released over thirty fusion albums.

In the twenty-first century, almost all jazz has influences from other nations and styles of music, making

jazz fusion as much a common practice as style. The host of a progressive radiojazz program, Passport

to Modern Jazz on KRVS-FM, D'Jalma Garnier, plays New Orleansjazz from all periods, as well as latest

contemporary and avant-garde, like the Bulgarian wedding band Ivo Papasov that successfully fuses

Bulgarian folk using the kaval with American free jazz instrumentation and riffs.

Jazz Funk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Note_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_No_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_No_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_No_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_McCoy_%28album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_McCoy_%28album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_McCoy_%28album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCoy_Tynerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Voyage_%28Herbie_Hancock_album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Voyage_%28Herbie_Hancock_album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Voyage_%28Herbie_Hancock_album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Smileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Smileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Smileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_the_New_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_the_New_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_the_New_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Morganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_triohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamp_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McGriffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_%28musician%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hammond_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_%28Lockjaw%29_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Turrentinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soul-jazz_musicianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitches_Brewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitches_Brewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitches_Brewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavishnu_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavishnu_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Foreverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Headhuntershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah-wah_pedalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Zawinulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Coreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Burtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Williams_%28drummer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Pontyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Pontyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Coryellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Di_Meolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLaughlin_%28musician%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaco_Pastoriushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Clarkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casiopeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRVS-FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Jalma_Garnierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-gardehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Papasovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Papasovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-gardehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Jalma_Garnierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRVS-FMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casiopeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Clarkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaco_Pastoriushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLaughlin_%28musician%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Di_Meolahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Coryellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Pontyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Pontyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Williams_%28drummer%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Burtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Coreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Zawinulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah-wah_pedalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Headhuntershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_Foreverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavishnu_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavishnu_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_Reporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitches_Brewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soul-jazz_musicianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Turrentinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_%28Lockjaw%29_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Hammond_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_%28musician%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_McGriffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamp_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_triohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Morganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_the_New_Landhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Smileshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Voyage_%28Herbie_Hancock_album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCoy_Tynerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_McCoy_%28album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Shorterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_No_Evilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Note_Records


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Developed by the mid-1970s, is characterized by a strong back beat (groove), electrified sounds,[61]

and

often, the presence of the first electronic analog synthesizers. The integration ofFunk, Soul and R&B

music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is indeed quite wide and

ranges from strong jazz improvisation to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz riffs and jazz

solos, and sometimes soul vocals.[62]

At the jazz end of the spectrum, jazz-funk characteristics include a departure from ternary rhythm (near-

triplet), i.e. the "swing", to the more danceable and unfamiliar binary rhythm, known as the "groove".

Jazz-funk also draws influences from traditional African music, Latin American rhythms and Jamaican

reggae, most notably Kingston band leader Sonny Bradshaw. A second characteristic of jazz-funk music

is the use of electric instruments, and the first use of analogue electronic instruments notably byHerbie

Hancock, whose jazz-funk period saw him surrounded on stage or in the studio by several Moog

synthesizers. The ARP Odyssey, ARP String Ensemble and Hohner D6 Clavinet also became popular at the

time. A third feature is the shift of proportions between composition and improvisation. Arrangements,

melody and overall writing were heavily emphasized.

1980s- 2010s

Smooth Jazz

In the early 1980s, a commercial form of jazz fusion called pop fusion or "smooth jazz" became

successful and garnered significant radio airplay. Smooth jazz saxophonists include Grover Washington,

Jr., Kenny G, Kirk Whalum, Boney James and David Sanborn. Smooth jazz received frequent airplay with

more straight-ahead jazz in "quiet storm" time slots at radio stations in urban markets across the U.S.,

helping to establish or bolster the careers of vocalists including Al Jarreau, Anita Baker, Chaka Khan and

Sade. In this same time period Chaka Khan releasedEchoes of an Era, which featured Joe Henderson,

Freddie Hubbard, Chick Corea, Stanley Clarke and Lenny White. She also released the song "And the

Melody Still Lingers On (Night in Tunisia)" with Dizzy Gillespie reviving the solo break from "Night in

Tunisia".

In general, smooth jazz is downtempo (the most widely played tracks are in the 90105 BPM range),

layering a lead, melody-playing instrument (saxophonesespecially soprano and tenorare the most

popular, with legato electric guitar playing a close second) over a backdrop that typically consists of

programmed electronic drum rhythms, synth pads and samples[citation needed]

. In hisNewsweekarticle "The

Problem With Jazz Criticism"[64]

Stanley Crouch considers Miles Davis' playing of fusion as a turning point

that led to smooth jazz. In Aaron J. West's introduction to his analysis of smooth jazz, "Caught Between

Jazz and Pop" he states,

I challenge the prevalent marginalization and malignment of smooth jazz in the standard jazz narrative.

Furthermore, I question the assumption that smooth jazz is an unfortunate and unwelcomedevolutionary outcome of the jazz-fusion era. Instead, I argue that smooth jazz is a long-lived musical

style that merits multi-disciplinary analyses of its origins, critical dialogues, performance practice, and

reception.[65]

Acid Jazz, Nu Jazz, and Jazz Rap
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_synthesizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_improvisation#Jazz_improvisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-allmusic-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-allmusic-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-allmusic-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Bradshawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_String_Ensemblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavinethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Washington,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Washington,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Whalumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boney_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sanbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jarreauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Bakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaka_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade_Aduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_of_an_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_of_an_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_of_an_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hendersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Hubbardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Coreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Clarkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_in_Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_in_Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Crouchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Crouchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_per_minutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_in_Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_in_Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Whitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Clarkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chick_Coreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Hubbardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hendersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_of_an_Erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade_Aduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaka_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Bakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jarreauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet_stormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sanbornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boney_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Whalumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Washington,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Washington,_Jr.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavinethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_String_Ensemblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Bradshawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-allmusic-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_improvisation#Jazz_improvisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_synthesizershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28music%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_%28music%29


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Acid jazz developed in the UK over the 1980s and 1990s and influenced by jazz-funk and electronic

dance music. Jazz-funk musicians such as Roy Ayers and Donald Byrd are often credited as forerunners

of acid jazz.[66]

While acid jazz often contains various types of electronic composition (sometimes

including sampling or live DJ cutting and scratching), it is just as likely to be played live by musicians,

who often showcase jazz interpretation as part of their performance. Nu jazz is influenced by jazz

harmony and melodies, there are usually no improvisational aspects. It ranges from combining live

instrumentation with beats of jazz house, exemplified by St Germain, Jazzanova and Fila Brazillia, to

more band-based improvised jazz with electronic elements such as that ofThe Cinematic Orchestra,

Kobol, and the Norwegian "future jazz" style pioneered by Bugge Wesseltoft, Jaga Jazzist, Nils Petter

Molvr, and others. Nu jazz can be very experimental in nature and can vary widely in sound and

concept.

Jazz rap developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and incorporates jazz influence into hip hop. In

1988, Gang Starr released the debut single "Words I Manifest", sampling Dizzy Gillespie's 1962 "Night in

Tunisia", and Stetsasonic released "Talkin' All That Jazz", sampling Lonnie Liston Smith. Gang Starr's

debut LP,No More Mr. Nice Guy(Wild Pitch, 1989), and their track "Jazz Thing" (CBS, 1990) for the

soundtrack ofMo' Better Blues, sampling Charlie Parker and Ramsey Lewis. Gang Starr also collaborated

with Branford Marsalis and Terence Blanchard.Groups making up the collective known as the NativeTongues Posse tended towards jazzy releases; these include the Jungle Brothers' debutStraight Out the

Jungle(Warlock, 1988) and A Tribe Called Quest'sPeople's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm

(Jive, 1990) andThe Low End Theory(Jive, 1991). The Low End Theoryhas become one ofhip hop's most

acclaimed albums, and earned praise too from jazz bassist Ron Carter, who played double bass on one

track. Rap duo Pete Rock & CL Smooth incorporated jazz influences on their 1992 debut Mecca and the

Soul Brother. Beginning in 1993, rapper Guru's Jazzmatazz series used jazz musicians during the studio

recordings. Though jazz rap had achieved little mainstream success, jazz legend Miles Davis' final album

(released posthumously in 1992),Doo-Bop, was based around hip hop beats and collaborations with

producer Easy Mo Bee. Davis' ex-bandmate Herbie Hancock returned to hip hop influences in the mid-

nineties, releasing the albumDis Is Da Drumin 1994.

Punk Jazz and Jazzcore

The relaxation of orthodoxy concurrent with post-punk in London and New York City led to a new

appreciation for jazz. In London, the Pop Group began to mix free jazz, along with dub reggae, into their

brand of punk rock.[67]

In NYC, No Wave took direct inspiration from both free jazz and punk. Examples

of this style include Lydia Lunch's Queen of Siam,[68]the work ofJames Chance and the Contortions, who

mixed Soul with free jazz and punk,[68]

Gray, and the Lounge Lizards,[68]

who were the first group to call

themselves "punk jazz".

John Zorn began to make note of the emphasis on speed and dissonance that was becoming prevalent

in punk rock and incorporated this into free jazz. This began in 1986 with the albumSpy vs. Spy, a

collection ofOrnette Coleman tunes done in the contemporary thrashcore style.[69]

The same year,

Sonny Sharrock, Peter Brtzmann, Bill Laswell, and Ronald Shannon Jackson recorded the first album

under the name Last Exit, a similarly aggressive blend of thrash and free jazz.[70]

These developments are

the origins ofjazzcore, the fusion of free jazz with hardcore punk.

In the 1990s, punk jazz and jazzcore began to reflect the increasing awareness of elements ofextreme

metal (particularly thrash metal and death metal) in hardcore punk. A new style of "metallic jazzcore"

was developed by Iceburn, from Salt Lake City, and Candiria, from New York City, though anticipated by
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz-funkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Ayershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Byrdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Germain_%28musician%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzanovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fila_Brazilliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cinematic_Orchestrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobol_%28band%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugge_Wesseltofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaga_Jazzisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Petter_Molv%C3%A6rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Petter_Molv%C3%A6rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_raphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Starrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetsasonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie_Liston_Smithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Mr._Nice_Guy_%28Gang_Starr_album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Mr._Nice_Guy_%28Gang_Starr_album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Mr._Nice_Guy_%28Gang_Starr_album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Pitch_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records#The_1960shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27_Better_Blueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27_Better_Blueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27_Better_Blueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Parkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_Lewishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford_Marsalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Blanchardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Tongues_Possehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Tongues_Possehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Brothershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Out_the_Junglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Out_the_Junglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Out_the_Junglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_Out_the_Junglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tribe_Called_Questhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Instinctive_Travels_and_the_Paths_of_Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Instinctive_Travels_and_the_Paths_of_Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Instinctive_Travels_and_the_Paths_of_Rhythmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Low_End_Theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Low_End_Theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Low_End_Theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_albumshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_albumshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Carterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rock_%26_CL_Smoothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca_and_the_Soul_Brotherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca_and_the_Soul_Brotherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_%28rapper%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazzmatazz,_Vol._1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo-Bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo-Bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo-Bophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Mo_Beehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Hancockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dis_Is_Da_Drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dis_Is_Da_Drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dis_Is_Da_Drumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Lunchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-bangs-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-bangs-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-bangs-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chance_and_the_Contortionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-bangs-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-bangs-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-bangs-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounge_Lizardshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-bangs-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-bangs-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-bangs-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_jazzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_vs_Spy_%28album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_vs_Spy_%28album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_vs_Spy_%28album%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornette_Colemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrashcorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Sharrockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Br%C3%B6tzmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Shannon_Jacksonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-69h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Naked City and Pain Killer. This tendency also takes inspiration from jazz inflections in technical death

metal, such as the work ofCynic and Atheist.

M-Base

The M-Base movement was started in the 1980s by a loose collective of young African-American

musicians (Steve Coleman, Graham Haynes, Cassandra Wilson, Geri Allen, Greg Osby etc.) who emerged

in New York with a new sound and specific ideas about creative expression. With a strong foothold as

well as in the tradition represented by Charlie Parker and John Coltrane as in contemporary African-

American groove music and with a high degree of musical skills,[71]

the saxophonists Steve Coleman,

Greg Osby, and Gary Thomas developed unique and complex, nevertheless grooving[72]

musical

languages. In the 1990s most participants of the M-Base movement turned to more conventional music

but Steve Coleman, the most active participant, continued developing his music in accordance with the

M-Base concept. In a long research process he developed a philosophical and spiritual concept

connecting with certain cultural efforts that express fundamental aspects of nature and human

existence in a holistic way. Steve Coleman found these efforts all over the world and they reach far back

into ancient times.[73]

Thus, he gave his music a specific meaning which is similar to the intentions of

religious music, of European composers like J.S. Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven, as well as of musiciansin the tradition represented by John Coltrane.

[74]In accordance to this spiritual perspective, Colemans

music became rather advanced in several aspects. His audience decreased a bit but his music and

concepts have been a heavy influence on many musicians[75]

- both in terms of music-technique[76]

and

of the musics meaning.[77]

Hence, M-Base changed from a movement of a loose collective of young

musicians to a kind of informal Steve Coleman school[78]

with a much advanced but already originally

implied concept.[79]

Jazz in Indonesia

Ireng Maulana Buby Chen Jack Lesmana Anna Larssen Bill Saragih Benny Likumahua Bing Slamet Bara Ermy Kullit Ireng Maulana Kiboud Maulana Dwiki Dharmawan Indra Lesmana Binot Halamutu Elfa Secioria Iskandarsyah Siregar Luluk Purwanto Joko W.H. Balawan Syaharani
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_death_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_death_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynic_%28band%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist_%28band%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Colemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hayneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandra_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geri_Allenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Osbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Parkerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Colemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Osbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Thomashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-71http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Colemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Colemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-72http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.S._Bachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethovenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-73http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-74http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-75http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-76http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Colemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-78http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz#cite_note-78http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireng_Maulanahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buby_Chenhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lesmanahttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Larssen&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Saragihhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benny_Likumahua&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Slamethttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bara&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermy_Kullithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireng_Maulanahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiboud_Maulanahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwiki_Dharmawanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra_Lesmanahttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binot_Halamutu&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfa_Secioriahttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iskandarsyah_Siregar&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luluk_Purwantohttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joko_W.H.&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syaharanihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syaharanihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balawanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joko_W.H.&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luluk_Purwantohttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iskandarsyah_Siregar&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfa_Secioriahttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binot_Halamutu&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra_Lesmanahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwiki_Dharmawanhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiboud_Maulanahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireng_Maulanahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermy_Kullithttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bara&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Slamethttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benny_Likumahua&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Saragih

the origins of jazz

Documents