Hydrocarbon emissions result when the fuel in the engines doesn’t burn completely.

Released during hot days because of evaporation and when refuelling.

Hydrocarbons react with Nitrogen oxides and sunlight to form photochemical smog

Formed when Nitrogen and Oxygen atoms in the air react, under high temperatures/pressures present in a car’s engine.

Like Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen oxides lead to the formation of photochemical smog and also, acid rain.

Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution produced when sunlight acts upon motor vehicle exhaust gases to form harmful substances such as ozone (O3), aldehydes and peroxyacetylnitrate (CH3CO-OO-NO2 )› N2(g) + O2(g) -----> 2NO(g)› 2NO(g) + O2(g) -----> 2NO2(g)› sunlight

› NO2(g) ---------->NO(g)+O(g)› O + O2 -----> O3

› NO(g) + O3(g) -----> NO2(g) + O2(g)› sunlight

› NO2(g) + O2(g) + hydrocarbons--------->CH3CO-OO-NO2(g)

Decreases visibility Can also be a cause of lung and heart

disease as well as eye problems. Can lead to cancer Stunts plant growth Causes damage to plastic and any

synthetic material

 

Also formed from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, and occurs when Carbon atoms in the fuel are partially oxidised, rather than fully.› 2C(s) + O2(g) ---> 2CO(g)

Inhibits the red blood cells’ capacity to carry oxygen

Damages buildings and crops when mixed with other chemicals to form ground level Ozone (photochemical smog)

Complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances, present in the atmosphere as both liquids and solids.

Particulates involved in car exhaust are secondary: formed by reactions involving other pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

They help towards the formation of Acid rains

They are a major cause of Premature death

Can cause irritation to throat, eyes and nose, eventually, if severe can lead to cardiovascular diseases and in extreme cases, death.

Produced when hydrocarbons are burnt.

C7H16 + 11 O2 --> 7 CO2 + 8 H2O + energy

Carbon dioxide isn’t poisonous but is a greenhouse gas, thus, it leads to excessive global warming

Formed from impurities in petrol. Can lead to the formation of Acid Rain

Sulfuric acid is a strong acid, it readily dissociates in water, to give an H+ ion and an HSO4

- ion. The HSO4

- ion may further dissociate to give H+ and SO4

2- . Thus, the presence of H2SO4 causes the concentration of H+ ions to increase dramatically, and so the pH of the rainwater drops to harmful levels.