the open archives initiative object reuse and exchange project
DESCRIPTION
Michael L. Nelson Digital Library Research & Prototyping Team Research Library Los Alamos National Laboratory Department of Computer Science Old Dominion UniversityTRANSCRIPT
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
OAI-ORE:The Open Archives Initiative
Object Reuse and Exchange Project
Herbert Van de Sompel - [email protected] L. Nelson - [email protected]
Digital Library Research & Prototyping TeamResearch Library
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Department of Computer ScienceOld Dominion University
OAI-ORE was fundedby the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation,
the National Science Foundation, JISC, and Microsoft
The ORE Editors are:Carl Lagoze (Cornell U.), Herbert Van de Sompel (LANL),
Pete Johnston (Eduserv Research Programme), Michael Nelson (Old Dominion University),Robert Sanderson (LANL), Simeon Warner (Cornell U.)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
OAI Object Reuse and Exchange: Support
• The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation• The Coalition for Networked Information• Joint Information Systems Committee• Microsoft Corporation• The National Science Foundation
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
OAI Object Reuse and Exchange: Technical ExpertsORE Technical Committee
Chris Bizer Freie Universität Berlin
Les Carr University of Southampton
Tim DiLauro Johns Hopkins University
Leigh Dodds Ingenta
David Fulker UCAR
Tony Hammond Nature Publishing Group
Pete Johnston Eduserv Foundation
Richard Jones HP Labs
Carl Lagoze Cornell University
Peter Murray OhioLINK
Michael Nelson Old Dominion University
Ray Plante NCSA and National Virtual Observatory
Rob Sanderson University of Liverpool
Herbert Van de Sompel Los Alamos National Laboratory
Simeon Warne r Cornell University
Jeff Young OCLC
ORE Liaison Group
Leonardo Candela Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - DRIVER
Tim Cole University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign - Aquifer
Julie Allinson JISC
Jane Hunter University of Queensland - DEST
Savas Parastatidis Microsoft Corporation
Sandy Payette Fedora Commons
Thomas Place University of Tilburg - DARE
Andy Powell Eduserv Foundation - DCMI
Robert Tansley Google, Inc. - DSpace
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
OAI Object Reuse and Exchange
Subject: Aggregations of Web resources
Approach: Publish Resource Maps to the Web thatInstantiate, Describe, and Identify Aggregations
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Instantiate, Describe, and Identify Aggregations
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Aggregations 1. The URI of the humanstart page for the arXivdocument. 2. The formats in which thedocument is available:constituents of theaggregation.3. The title of the document.4. The authors of thedocument.5. The creation and lastmodification date of thedocument.6. Identifiers of entities thatare in some mannerequivalent to this document.For example, the DOI of apeer-reviewed article.7. The versions of thisdocument.8. Links to other arXivdocuments in the samecollection.9. Citations made by thisdocument, and citations itreceived from otherdocuments.
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Aggregations!
http://www.flickr.com/photos/fortphoto/sets/72157594190371016/
Flickr Set Items
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Aggregations!!
http://www.flickr.com/photos/fortphoto/sets/72157594190371016/
Resolutions
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Object Reuse and Exchange: A Resource-Centric Approach
• Prior efforts had the repository and metadata records as the center of theinteroperability thinking:
o Including OAI-PMHo Including initial OAI-ORE thinking cf. “Augmenting Interoperability across
Scholarly Repositories”o Unclear what the metadata records were about …
• This approach does not vibe well with the Web:o The Web Architecture knows resources and URIso Requires special treatment by applications that dominate the Web.
- Keep dreaming!
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Object Reuse and Exchange: A Resource-Centric Approach
• Fundamental shift in the chosen approach towards interoperability• The Web Architecture as the platform for interoperability• Resources, URIs, and representations as the tools of the ORE interoperability trade• De-facto integration with existing Web applications• Potential of adoption by other communities• Potential of tools created by other communities• ….
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Foundations of the OAI-ORE solution to handle Aggregations
• Web Architectureo <http://www.w3.org/TR/webarch/>
• Semantic Web, Resource Description Framework (RDF)o <http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-primer/>
• Semantic Web, Linked Data, Cool URIs for the Semantic Webo <http://linkeddata.org/>o <http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/>o <http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris>
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
W3C Web Architecture
Resource
URIRepresentation 2
Represents
Representation 1
Represents
Identifies
Content Negotiation
The tools we have to solve theinteroperability problem are:
• Resource• URI• Representation
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Semantic Web, Resource Description Framework (RDF)
The tools we have to solve theinteroperability problem are:
• URI• RDF• Vocabularies
SemanticWeb
URI RDF
Vocabularies
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Resource Description Framework (RDF)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Resource Description Framework (RDF)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Resource Description Framework (RDF)
Subject Predicate Object
R1 hasChapter R2
R1 hasChapter R3
R3 follows R2
R1 createdBy “Herbert” Triples
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Semantic Web
• On the Web as we know it, URIs are for documents.• On the Semantic Web, things are also given URIs:
o Real world objects, e.g. a person, a star, a car, …o Concepts, ideas, abstractions, …
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Semantic Web, Linked Data
• In order to allow distinguishing between URIs that identify documentsand URIs that identify things, a convention is introduced:
o The document-URI has a Representation (the document)o The thing-URI has no Representation
• So how do we ever find out what the thing is about?o Publish a document about the thing at a URI different than the
thing-URI;o In that document, describe the thing;o Use a network mechanism to point from the thing-URI to its
describing document-URI.o This means using HTTP URIs for both the thing-URI and its
describing document-URI.
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Cool URIs for the Semantic Web
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Cool URIs for the Semantic Web
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Cool URIs for the Semantic Web
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Cool URIs for the Semantic Web
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
OAI Object Reuse and Exchange: The Approach
Aggregation: a thing resourceResource Map: a document resource
that describes an Aggregation
Subject: How to handle an Aggregationof Web resources?
Approach: Publish Resource Maps to the Web thatInstantiate, Describe, and provide an Identity for
the Aggregation
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
The Web
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
An Aggregation and the Web
• Resources of anaggregation aredistinct URI-identifiedWeb resources
• To handleaggregations, missingare:
o The boundarythat delineatesthe aggregation inthe Web
o An identity (URI)for theaggregation
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Introduce a Resource that stands for the Aggregation
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Publish a Resource Map that describes the Aggregation
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Discover the Resource Map via the Aggregation
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
OAI Object Reuse and Exchange: The Basics
AggregationAggregated Resourcesore:aggregates
Resource Mapore:describes
Relationships and Types
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
It starts with some resources that belong together
This resource has URI AR-1
The resource has a representation
HTTP GET
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Introduce the Aggregation
This resource is an Aggregation
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Express the ore:aggregates relationship
The inverse is ore:isAggregatedBy
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
The ore:aggregates relationship
This resource is an Aggregated Resource
Aggregated Resources are just resources
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
The ore:aggregates relationship
Aggregated Resources can be aggregated by multiple Aggregations
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Introduce the Resource Map
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Express the ore:describes relationship
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
The ore:isDescribedBy relationship
The inverse is ore:isDescribedBy; subproperty of rdfs:seeAlso
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Express metadata about the Resource Map
This corresponds to metadata from the Linked Data recommendations
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
A Resource Map can describe a lot …
This corresponds to the description, related descriptions, backlinks, metadatafrom the Linked Data recommendations
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
But minimally it describes this …
This corresponds to the description (minimal), and metadata from the LinkedData recommendations
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
A lot about the Aggregation and the Aggregated Resources
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
A Resource Map can describe a lot …
but the graph expressed by the Resource Map must be connected
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
• Version 1.0 released October17th 2008
• ORE Primer• Atom Resource Maps• RDF/XML Resource Maps• RDFa Resource Maps• HTTP implementation• Discovery of Resource Maps• Data Model• Vocabulary
• Tools and Resources• OAI-ORE Google Group
http://www.openarchives.org/ore/toc
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
OAI Object Reuse and Exchange
Playing ORE in two worlds
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Interoperability Stacks
Atom profiles,APP, Special-purpose APIs
Vocabularies,SPARQL
Feedtechnologies,RSS, Atom
RDF, RDFserializations
HTTP URI HTTP URI
Web 2.0 SemanticWeb; Linked
Data
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Interoperability Stacks
ORE extensionsfor Atom
Atom profiles,APP, special-purpose APIs
Vocabularies,SPARQL
ORE terms,dcterms, foaf
Atom ReM Feedtechnologies,RSS, Atom
RDF, RDFserializations
RDF-based datamodel; HTTP303; RDF/XMLReM, RDFaReM
HTTP URI forAggregation,Resource Map,Proxies
HTTP URI HTTP URI HTTP URI forAggregation,Resource Map,Proxies
ORE Web 2.0 SemanticWeb; Linked
Data
ORE
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Atom
• Feed technology• Attempt to rationalize RSS 1.x, 2.x divergence• IETF FRC 4287
o http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4287• Encoding is up-to-date with current XML standards
o namespaceso Relax-NG schema
• Content modelo Distinguishes between metadata and content (plain text, HTML, base-64
binary, linked content)• Relationship types defined in IESG Atom Link Relations registry
o http://www.iana.org/assignments/link-relations.html• Well-defined extensibility model
o Elements from external namespaceso Relationships from external namespaces
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
An Atom Feed in XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom">
<title>Dan’s Blog</title> <link @rel=“self” href="http://netzoid.com/blog/"/> <updated>2007-11-07T18:30:02Z</updated> <author> <name>Dan Diephouse</name> </author> <id>urn:uuid:60a76c80-d399-11d9-b91C-0003939e0af6</id>
<entry>…
<entry>
</feed>
Feed
FeedMeta
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
EntryContent
EntryMeta
An Atom Entry in XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"> … <entry>
<title>Building services with AtomPub</title> <link @rel=“self” href="http://netzoid.com/blog/122c"/>
<link @rel=“alternate” href="http://netzoid.com/blog/building_atompub.htm"/> <id>urn:uuid:1225c695-cfb8-4ebb-aaaa-80da344efa6a</id> <updated>2007-11-07T18:30:02Z</updated>
<content> (optional. by-value or by-reference. Must provide a <summary> if by-reference or by-value is base64) </content>
</entry>
Entry
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
ORE Atom Serialization
• Result must be valid Atom• Don’t distort Atom semantics• Indicate this is an ORE Atom Entry by specifying a <category
term="http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/Aggregation”>• Convey as much information as possible about the Aggregation
using native Atom elementso But /entry/id, /entry/updated, /entry/published, /entry/rights
are about the Entry/ResourceMap• Use Atom extensibility:
o Express relationships of ORE model by means of specialpurpose ORE URIs
o Use <ore:triples> extension element to convey informationabout Aggregated Resources (and some about Aggregation)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
ORE Atom Example
Click Here
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
ORE Atom Example
Entry
<link rel=“alternate” …>
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Entry URI
atom:id mandatory (atom)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
URI-A of Aggregation
URI-A
mandatory (ORE)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
URI-R of Resource Map
mandatory (ORE)
URI-R
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
URIs of Aggregated Resources
mandatory (ORE)
URI-AR
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
URI of Splash Page
URI-S
atom:link@rel=“alternate”: mandatory if no atom:content (atom)recommended (ORE)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Title and Summary for the Aggregation
atom:title mandatory (atom)atom:summary mandatory if no content (atom)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Authors for the Aggregation
mandatory (ORE). To prevent author-inheritance from Feed.
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
ORE Relationships for the Aggregation
recommended (ORE)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
ORE Relationships for the Aggregation
optional: say what you can and say it right (ORE)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Types for the Aggregation
…/Aggregation mandatory (ORE)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Dates for the Aggregation
optional: say what you can and say it right (ORE)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Dates for the Resource Map
atom:updated mandatory (atom)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Rights pertaining to the Resource Map
recommended (ORE)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
Authorship of the Resource Map
atom:author mandatory (ORE)other elements shown: recommended (atom)
Of feed thatencompasses
the entry
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
And all the rest …
optional: say what you can and say it right (ORE)
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OAI Object Reuse & ExchangeHerbert Van de Sompel & Michael L. NelsonRIBDA 2009 - Lima, Peru - October 29, 2009
OAI Object Reuse and Exchange
Get Involved!
http://www.openarchives.org/ore/
http://groups.google.com/group/oai-ore