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1Discovery Day 2005

The Office of Undergraduate Researchwelcomes you to

Discovery Day 2005

We are delighted to see such a great variety of posters entered this year. From material development to methods of communication to genetics, USC’s undergraduates have shown once again that they are ready, willing, and able to take on research in all its forms. These students and their mentors have done a fantastic job and the Office of Undergraduate Research and the Office of Research are pleased to recognize their work.

We invite all of our visitors to browse the posters, ask questions of the presenters, and congratulate them on their projects.

We also invite you to attend NanoBuzz, where USC’s NanoCenter willexplore the effectivenes of how new technology is communicated. Thissession will begin at 1pm in Russell House room 205.

We would like to thank our student presenters, mentors, and judges for participating in Discovery Day 2005. We also offer special thanks to this year’s sponsors:

Milliken & Company Office of Research South Carolina Honors College College of Arts and Sciences College of Engineering and Information Technology

This day could not happen without you. Thank you,

Julie Morris Director Office of Undergraduate Research

2 Discovery Day 2005

3Discovery Day 2005

Table of Contents

Biomedical Engineering ..................................................... 5

Earth Science .................................................................... 9

Engineering and Material Science ..................................... 14

Environmental Issues ........................................................ 18

Life Science ....................................................................... 22

Natural Science - Other ..................................................... 28

Psycho Social .................................................................... 33

Social and Political Communication .................................. 39

5Discovery Day 2005

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Preparation and Evaluation of Anion-Exchange Polymer

LaTonia Belcher, Chemical Engineering - Greenwood, SC

Mentor: Dr. Thomas Davis, Department of Chemical Engineering

When drugs are produced synthetically, certain compounds form mixtures that produce enantiomers: substances that have the same molecular formula but whose atoms are arranged differently. Such structures have a right and left hand mirror image relationship known as chirality. However, many times only one enantiomer has desirable physiological function while others cause undesirable effects. Requirements from the Food and Drug Administration are driving the need for separation and characterization of drug enantiomers. The goal of this project is to create a novel technique to separate enantiomers. Binding receptor sites to a membrane and using electric current to release the chiral compound into a small volume of water, enables the enantiomers to be separated. Since commercially available membranes are not suitable for the attachment of receptors, this research develops membranes with a high ion exchange capacity in order to separate chiral compounds. The first procedure, performed using polysulfone (PSF), had negligible ion-exchange capacity. A new procedure involving the treatment of poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) with bromine and subsequent amination was tested. A new ion exchange capacity test was performed on this material to determine if the developed membrane is useful. Results will be presented.

Sensor Development for Measuring Capsule Contracture

Mandi Black, Mechanical Engineering - Lexington, SC

Mentor: Dr. Victor Giurgiutiu, Department of Mechanical Engineering

When an object is surgically implanted into the body, the wound healing response triggers the formation of a collagen capsule around the entire object. If the implant is thought to be harmful, the capsule will contract in an effort to destroy the implant or eject it from the body. Capsule contracture is a problem for manufacturers of implants and prosthetic devices, but the solution has yet to be found. Currently, scales to quantitatively measure capsule contracture around implants are not even available. This research aims to develop a sensor to measure contracture in order to learn more about the body’s reaction and how to prevent contracture. Two types of sensors have shown potential for use in this area; piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) and strain gauges have both been adapted for functioning as biosensors. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have been successfully conducted with these sensor types. The in vivo experiments consisted of implantation of the sensors into rats for up to 16 weeks. The sensors that remained functional throughout the entire testing period exhibited an increasing strain and stiffness over time.


Craniofacial Reconstructive Surgery with Graphically Interfaced Cephalometry

Eric Carter, Mechanical Engineering - Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Jeffery Bischoff, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Craniofacial reconstructive surgery is hindered by the lack of a biomedical tool that can quantitatively assess the position of the bones during surgery. In current practice surgeons rely on medical experience and estimations when placing bones. This occasionally results in misalignment, which can only be fixed by additional surgeries. By knowing the position of the bones, surgeons would reduce the chance of misalignment through real-time quantitative monitoring of positional accuracy, and thereby lessen the need for multiple surgeries. In order to find three dimensional real-time measurements a Microscribe G2X contact digitizer was used. A surgeon can use the Microscribe to take surface points on a patient’s skull. Those points are then entered into Matlab7.0 to create a digital model of the patient’s skull. The digital model can then be mathematically analyzed in a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to determine where the damaged bone needs to be placed in order to restore symmetry to the face. The GUI we are creating will be a user friendly program that will allow surgeons to quickly take accurate measurements and automatically calculate the necessary adjustments needed.

Dipicolinic Acid Analysis of Spores Treated with Supercritical CO2 and 30% H2O2

Nishita Dalal, Chemical Engineering - Greenville, SC

Mentor: Dr. Michael Matthews, Department of Chemical Engineering

This project is part of an ongoing investigation into the use of supercritical CO2 on a basis for sterilization of bacterial spores. The deactivation of spores has very important implications for a new method of sterilizing biomaterials and medical devices. The specific purpose of this work is to analyze the amount of dipicolinic acid (DPA) that is released from B. atrophaeus spores exposed to a treatment of supercritical CO2 and 30%H2O2. Analysis of DPA gives insight on the mechanism by which the CO2/30%H2O2 system causes deactivation. DPA is a marker for spore coat perforation and, therefore, can indicate if spore coat perforation is a possible mechanism by which the CO2/30%H2O2 system causes deactivation. Lyophilized spores were exposed to varying pressures and treatment times (4000 psi, 4 hours; 1500 psi, 1 hour) at 40°C. The amount of DPA in the samples was analyzed by measuring the fluorescence intensity and comparing the results with a standard calibration. The technique developed by Hindle et al. was extended to a concentration of 1000 nM DPA; the fluorescent intensity was found to be linear. The analysis of the treated spores in comparison to the control spores indicated perforation of the spore coat. Moreover the CO2/30% H2O2 treated spores released more DPA than pure CO2 treated spores. The results also indicated that both a higher pressure (4000 psi) and a longer treatment time (4 hours) were more effective in the perforation of the spore coat. Therefore, higher pressures, longer treatment times, and an additive deactivate more spores.

7Discovery Day 2005

Applications of Nanoparticles in Cancer Research

Nidhi Kumar, Biology - Greenville, SC

Mentor: Dr. George Khushf, Department of Philosophy

One particular area of nanoscience that current research is focused on is nanoparticles, which are submicron-sized particles that usually range in size from 1nm to 100nm. The distinctive size of nanoparticles and the unique properties that emerge at the nanoscale introduce numerous possibilities in advancement of cancer research such as targeted drug delivery, detection of tumor location and boundaries, in vivo cellular imaging, and gene therapy. Significant advancements are being made in both drug delivery and tumor imaging by studying nanoparticles that respond to near-infrared light. Nanoshells, which are submicron-sized silica particles coated with gold that generate heat in response to near-infrared light, are being studied as possible agents for photothermal treatment of in vivo tumors; if heat-sensitive polymer capsules were bound to nanoshells, these nanoparticles could also be used for targeted and controlled drug delivery. Quantum dots are another type of nanoparticle that can be especially responsive to near-infrared light; these nanometer-sized semiconductor crystals can be used to image and actively detect tumors. By developing more accurate diagnostic measures and less invasive disease treatments, researchers and physicians may be able to make earlier diagnoses of diseases and treat diseases, such as cancer, more effectively.

Strain Gauge Usage for Determination of the Effects of Platlet Derived Growth Factor on Fibroblast Populated Collagen Gel Contraction

Stephanie Lareau, Chemical Engineering - Charlotte, NC

Mentor: Dr. Jonathan Bender, Department of Chemical Engineering

When injured, the body reacts with the immune response which leads to a collagen capsule formation at the injury site followed by contraction of the fibrous collagen around the foreign body. This contraction is increased by the presence of growth factors. Fibroblast populated collagen gels (FPCGs) are currently used to model this process in vitro. However, traditional gel contraction is measured via changes in gel dimension over time, but with no concomitant measure of stresses. Since developing stresses influence fibroblast response, it is desirable to measure stresses directly with no gel dimensional changes: a better model of the in vivo process. Precision strain gauges were inserted into the center of FPCGs. The strain was measured for gels as a function of gel state (released or not released) and presence of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Non-released gels and gels that contained PDGF showed the largest strains, as expected. These tests confirm the validity of this approach, and enhance the applicability of the FPCG for modeling the in vivo wound healing response.


Synthesizing Conjugated Polymers for Pathogenic Sensing

Mary Jo Manuse, Chemistry - Cayce, SC

Mentor: Dr. John J. Lavigne, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Carbohydrate interactions are very important in biological systems. They play a crucial role in cellular communication and trafficking, as well as recognition of foreign invaders. Because of the potential threat of an infectious outbreak, the development of an easy and rapid method for the detection of pathogens necessary. Recent studies have shown fluorescent, functionalized polymers to be an effective method for the detection of pathogens. Sugars on the cell surface are used as receptors by foreign invaders such as a pathogen or toxin. These interactions occur through human carbohydrate binding proteins called lectins. The goal of this project is to synthesize a conjugated polymer stacked with sugars that can be used as a tool for sensing pathogens/toxins. Once the polymer is bound to a pathogen/toxin, its fluorescence is quenched. Because this occurs very rapidly, it becomes an attractive device for easy detection of a pathogen in the blood. We aim to synthesize the polymer, poly(para-phenylene ethynylene), also known as PPE. The PPE can be functionalized with sugars and thus interact and bind to lectins. The lectin, concanavalin A, will be used as a model toxin for the proposed detection system. Once the PPE has been synthesized through Sonogashira Coupling, we utilize ‘Click Chemistry’ to covalently link sugars to the polymer in order to test lectin binding.

Tissue Regeneration Engineering

Deanna Norris, Chemical Engineering - Gaffney, SC

Mentor: Dr. Esmaiel Jabbari, Department of Chemical Engineering

Restoration surgery and organ transplantation are facing many problems although they have saved thousands of patients. The main objective of tissue engineering is to allow natural tissues to regenerate at body effects as well as to create substitutes for injured and damaged organs by making use of cells. In addition for substitution, growth factors are often required to help tissue regeneration. What are the factors that are necessary for tissue engineering? The factors include cells, scaffold for cell proliferation and differentiation, and growth factors. What kinds of growth factors are needed? A direct injection of a growth factor in soluble form is not as effective because growth factors diffuse. For growth factors to make use of biological effects in the body, a drug delivery system is used. A carrier makes it possible to control the release of a growth factor at the site or over an extended amount of time. One must note that the carrier will degrade in the body because it is not needed any more after the growth factor release has been completed. I am studying the degradation over time. In concluding, in order to regenerate body tissues growth factors act on cells, while timing, and concentrations are regulated throughout the body.

9Discovery Day 2005

EARTH SCIENCE

Compressional wave velocity of India from regional seismicity

Katrina Byerly, Geology - Auburn, AL

Mentor: Dr. Thomas J. Owens, Department of Geological Sciences

This seismology research analyzes the behavior of compressional wave (P-wave) arrivals at 22 stations in southern India. The earthquakes were recorded over a period of three and a half years with a total of 111 events available for study. The earthquakes used had to occur within certain distance ranges. For each event, the travel time of the p-wave was calculated based on the arrival time of the p-wave at a particular station and the origin time of the earthquake. The distance from the epicenter of the earthquake to the station in kilometers versus the travel time in seconds was plotted. This is a quasi-linear plot and the inverse of the slope is the approximated average p-wave velocity over the raypath traveled. When the distance between the earthquake and station reaches approximately 2000 km the points begin to scatter due to triplecation of seismic wave energy by the heterogeneous structure of the upper mantle.

Spring Distribution and Abundance of Ichthyoplankton Across the Continental Shelf

Sherena H. Coachman, Marine Science - Aynor, SC

Mentor: Dr. Claudia Benitez-Nelson, Department of Geological SciencesAdditional Contributors: Gorka Sancho and Leslie Sautter, College of Charleston

Ichthyoplankton, or fish, play an essential role in the Southeast United States economy via tourism, commercial fishing, and ecosystem health. As such, understanding their early life cycle will help maintain healthy fisheries, coasts, and wetlands. During a 5-day cruise between May 17-22, 2004 ichthyoplankton were collected across the continental shelf off the coast of Charleston onboard the R/V Savannah, a research vessel operated by the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography. Phytoplankton samples were collected using a Boothbay Neuston Plankton net during both day and night. Larval fish were examined and categorized into the orders of Pleuonectiforms (flatfishes), Clupeiforms (sardines), and Scombriforms (tuna). Unidentifiable fish were placed in the “other” category. The results of the experiment showed that the average number of fish per cubic meter increased offshore from the continental shelf to the slope. In the spring, a greater number of fish per volume were caught and the number of larval fish increased across the continental shelf relative to the fall. Fish distribution and abundance may have been affected by the movement and strength of the Gulf Stream Current. Another factor affecting abundance is that it was not spawning season for some the larval fish examined in this study.


Radiocesium Distribution in North American River Otters on the Savannah River Site

Bonnie Coggins, Marine Science - Shawnee, OK

Mentor: Dr. Machelle Wilson, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory

The Savannah River Site (SRS), once a plutonium processing facility, is currently home to many species, including Lontra canadensis, the North American River Otter. Due to the nature of the facility, radioactive contaminants exist in the soils and waters of the site. This has the possibility of affecting organisms in the environment, especially aquatic organisms and their predators. Primary food sources for otters include fish and crayfish, making them particularly susceptible to contamination. The purpose of this study was to analyze otter scat found on the SRS for the presence of radiocesium, a known contaminant in the area. This would indicate the level of toxicity in the diet of the otter and possibly where feeding is occurring relative to the location of the scat. Upper Three Runs, Lower Three Runs, Fourmile Branch, Meyer’s Branch, Steel Creek, Pen Branch, Bays 4, 40, 42, 95, 98, 5095, and Pond B were sampled. Otters were determined to be abundant on Upper Three Runs, Lower Three Runs, and Fourmile Branch and present on Steel Creek and Meyer’s Branch. No evidence suggested their presence at Pond B or any bays. No significant difference (� = 0.05) was found in radiocesium concentrations between waterways. The contamination that was detected in scat at any location was very low, the highest contamination being less than 2 Bq/g.

Groundwater pH remediation using macroencapsulated buffer

Melissa Engle, Marine Science - Myerstown, PA

Mentor: Dr. Marjorie Aelion, Department of Environmental Health ScienceAdditional Author: B. Kirtland

One potential result of groundwater contamination is low pH. Macrocapsules that dissolve at a specific pH, releasing a buffer, offer a way to mediate this problem. We measured pH changes, metal precipitation, and clogging in a small-scale simulated groundwater well using phosphate buffer encapsulated in a pH sensitive polymer (Eudragit E-PO). A flow-through Plexiglas box was filled with filter sand and sediment from the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL). A 1-in. PVC well (inside a 4-in support well) was installed and filled with limestone, Eudragit polymer, and macrocapsules. SRNL groundwater was pumped through the system, and pH, iron, and aluminum concentrations were measured over 10 days. Down-gradient sand and sediment samples were analyzed for metal precipitates using electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Small pH changes were measured with the addition of limestone and Eudragit polymer. pH was stratified (pH 2.8 to 6.8) within the 4 in. well during macrocapsule-only addition. In-well re-circulation produced a uniform pH (approximately 6.5) and reduced metal precipitation on well screens. Trace amounts of Al and Fe precipitates were found on well packing sand and down-gradient sediment suggesting that macrocapsules will not impact the geologic formation when this technology is applied at the SRNL field site.

11Discovery Day 2005

Climate Change: Distribution of Inertinite Maceral Precursors in Congaree National Park

Carrie Allison Humphries, Geology - Summerville, SC

Mentor: Dr. Arthur Cohen, Department of Geological Sciences

Peat, a precursor to coal, is an organic soil formed in wetland swamps and marshes. It preserves plant tissue so well that within a deposit one can track the major changes in vegetation, which indirectly infer changes in the environment at the time of deposition. Oxidized material known as pre-inertinite within the peat can indicate dry periods, and one type of pre-inertinite known as fusinite is a trace of fire. The Congaree National Park, located in Richland County, South Carolina, remains a relatively pristine ecosystem encompassing the floodplain of the Congaree River. Four peat cores have been taken from two sites within the park, and one ten-foot core was dated at approximately twenty-one thousand years old at the base. The peat went through drying solutions and was embedded in paraffin and mounted on slides. Counts of micrinite, macrinite, fusinite, inertodetrinite, and funginite (all forms of inertinite) were taken along vertical transects every six centimeters. This data was graphed by depth and larger cycles of dry periods were observed.

How does salinity affect where fiddler crabs will reside?

Dale Jacobs, Biology - Hamer, SC

Mentor: Dr. Renae Brodie, Department of Biology

Estuarine crabs inhabit a challenging, changing ecosystem. During flood tides, salinity rises as ocean water fills and then overflows estuarine creeks, while fresh water from rivers and terrestrial runoff lowers salinity during ebb tides. On top of this cyclic, predictable variation are sporadic changes in salinity caused by rain events, which can endanger the estuary’s residents. Irregular physical conditions challenge all the estuarine organisms, but are especially dangerous to larvae and juveniles, which often lack the physiological capabilities of the adults of their species. In the Brodie Lab at the University of South Carolina the early life stages of three different species of fiddler crabs are studied. Two of the species Uca pugnax and Uca pugilator both occupy high salinity tidal creeks of the estuary as adults and Uca minax typically burrows into the banks of low salinity tidal creeks high in the estuary. All three undergo larval development outside of the estuary in coastal waters, where they experience more stable physical conditions and encounter fewer predators, and then return to the estuary to settle into their respective adult habitats. The three different species of crabs in their larval stages were collected at the Baruch Marine Station in the North inlet Estuary at four different sites. These sites were Oyster Creek, Oyster Landing, Clam Bank, and the Wood Sites. At the end of this research project the following questions will be answered: Which species is most common in the water column at each of our field sites? And does this change during wet and dry years? These questions will be answered using PCR-RFLP analysis to identify larval crabs to species.


Gas Hydrates in the South Caspian Sea: Potential Implications for Understanding Climate Change

Christopher Mitchell, Geology - Billings, MT

Mentors: Dr. Camelia Knapp, Department of Geological Sciences Dr. James Knapp, Department of Geological Sciences

Reflection seismic data in the South Caspian basin show massive continental slope failure in close proximity to buried gas hydrate deposits. This spatial relationship has been observed in numerous locations around the world, including the Storegga Slide off the Norwegian coast. These occurrences suggest that destabilization of methane hydrates, brought about by changes in sea-level and temperature, lead to massive failure of the continental slope. Destabilized hydrate can be violently released from the seafloor, triggering submarine landslides. The methane eventually finds its way into the atmosphere where it acts effectively as a greenhouse gas. There is growing evidence to support the hypothesis that release of gas hydrates is a primary agent in past and potentially future climate change. The Caspian Sea is separated from the world’s oceans and experiences more frequent fluctuations in sea level. For this reason, the complex relationship between sea-level change, hydrate destabilization, and submarine landslides can be better examined. My work has consisted of interpreting a seismic dataset of the Caspian Sea. This consisted of identifying and delineating zones of massive landslide deposits and gas hydrates. Next, a relative temporal constraint was determined for their formation by identifying and quantifying amounts of post-formation sediment deposition.

Sedimentary Provenance Methods for Understanding Mountain Genesis

Christopher Mitchell, Geology - Billings, MT

Mentor: Dr. David Barbeau, Department of Geological Sciences

Sedimentary geology concerns the formation of rocks from the weathered products of previous generations of rocks. Understanding the origin of these products is the field of provenance. Provenance data proves to be an important constraint on understanding geological processes. One such process is the formation of mountain ranges. As mountains are uplifted, they are eroded down by wind and water. Successive layers of the mountain are turned into sediment and are deposited, resulting in an unroofing sequence of sedimentary rocks. These rocks can record the timing and evolution of mountain formation and development. We analyzed sedimentary rocks from the sedimentary basins along the margins of the Catalan Coastal Ranges of northeastern Spain. This analysis consists of mineralogical analysis of sandstones using a petrographic microscope. 400 randomly selected points on each rock were observed for mineral type. These counts were tabulated for over twenty samples throughout the sedimentary record. These data serve to better understand the unroofing sequence and the tectonic evolution of the Catalan Coastal Ranges.


Mixing and sediment transport near a tidal node during high discharge conditions

Steven Traynum, Marine Science - Greenville, SC

Mentor: Dr. Richard Styles, Department of Geological Sciences In October of 2004, an observational program to examine flow and sediment transport in a subtidal marsh system was conducted in the North Inlet/Winyah Bay NERRS located near Georgetown, South Carolina. Time series of current and acoustic backscatter profiles were obtained from a moored upward looking ADCP deployed in a tidal channel. The channel serves as a conduit between Winyah Bay, a large brackish estuary, and North Inlet, a saline subtidal marsh system. During flood, tidal waters entering from the two systems converge at a node point separating the two water masses. Spatial and temporal salinity and current measurements suggest that during early ebb, Winyah Bay water is transported into North Inlet. As ebb continues, flow of brackish water from Winyah Bay leads to a vertical salinity gradient, suggesting that North Inlet water is mixing with the Winyah Bay water. Resuspension is greatest during the latter ebb phase with concentrations exceeding 300 mg/l. These results indicate that during periods of high freshwater discharge into Winyah Bay, there exists net particulate transport from Winyah Bay to North Inlet over a tidal cycle.

Growth Rates of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis in Response to Variations in Light and Grazing

Elyse Walker, Marine Science - Kingston, WA

Mentor: Dr. Tammi Richardson, Department of Biological Sciences

Karenia brevis is a single-celled organism, called a dinoflagellate, that sometimes grows in abundance (or “blooms”) in coastal waters. This dinoflagellate produces a potent toxin that, when consumed by other organisms, may result in fish kills, marine mammal mortalities, or neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in humans if contaminated shellfish are eaten. The economic impacts of Karenia blooms are serious, and range from closure of shellfish beds and fisheries to loss of tourism revenues in coastal communities. Thus, scientists need to understand how blooms are formed. One way of understanding Karenia brevis blooms is by studying what factors increase their growth rate. Like many dinoflagellates Karenia brevis is mixotrophic, meaning it is both photosynthetic and can use organic nutrients to grow. In nature organic nutrients are released into the water when zooplankton consume phytoplankton. I hypothesized that the growth rate of Karenia brevis would increase in response to higher light intensity and in response to organic nutrients released by zooplankton grazing. I found that Karenia brevis cultures clearly responded to the higher light intensity with a greater growth rate. Experiments to test the effects of organic nutrients on the growth of Karenia brevis are underway.


ENGINEERING AND MATERIAL SCIENCE

An investigation of the solute vaporization interference in flame atomic absorption spectroscopy

Michael Blew, Nursing - Florence, SC

Mentor: Dr. Scott Goode, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Every day, tens of thousands of chemists use analytical atomic spectroscopy in their work, often without knowledge of possible interferences. We present a unique approach to study these interferences by using modern response surface methods to visualize an interference in which aluminum depresses the calcium atomic absorption signal. Calcium atomic absorption measurements are performed on solutions that contain calcium only, calcium plus aluminum, and calcium plus aluminum and added lanthanum to “free” the calcium. The interferences are known to be affected by flame temperature, so measurements were made under conditions of varied flame stoichiometry and observation height. Results are displayed using response surfaces generated by regression analysis of the results of a factorial design in which burner height and fuel ratios are varied. Response surface methods allow chemists to recognize the tradeoffs required to optimize instrumental parameters. The conditions that produce the maximum signal were substantially different from those needed for stable, reproducible chemical analyses.

Hollow Tubular Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Properties

Rachael Hipp, Chemistry - Blythewood, SC

Mentor: Dr. Hans-Conrad zur Loye, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

In recent years, research targeting the synthesis of open or channel-containing metal-organic frameworks has interested chemists as such materials have found application in areas like gas absorption, size-selective separation, and heterogeneous catalysis. Our group has been successful in the synthesis of a new metal-organic open framework, namely [ZnF(AmTAZ)] solvents, using 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AmTAZ) and several Zn(II) salts as reactants. The framework, which consists of open-ended tubular channels arranged in a honeycomb-like array, is filled with solvents of crystallization that may be removed without framework decomposition. We have additionally synthesized two related compounds using the ligands 1,2,4-1H-triazole (TAZ) and 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (Am2TAZ). The solvothermal synthesis, structures, and thermal behavior of these materials will be discussed.


Implementing an Interface Board into a Modular Permanent Magnet Linear Motor

Albena Iotova, Electrical Engineering - Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Roger Dougal, Department of Electrical Engineering

Permanent Magnet (PM) brushless drives provide high efficiency and low losses. Consequently, they are suitable for broad applications ranging from transportation to factory automation. The goal of this project is to study various parts of a modular linear PM motor system that is currently built at the University of South Carolina. The structure of the linear motor includes the motor, the switching board, the power board, and the control board. The modular structure increases the flexibility and the re-usability, but it requires a unique design of the power stage and the control architecture. The poster will introduce each individual component of modular linear PM system and discusses their operation. The work also includes designing and testing interface board. The control is implemented on the combined platforms of FPGA and dSPACE. The interface board links the FPGA and dSPACE Platform. The need for interface board arises from the fact that both control platforms operate at different voltage level. The interface board performance is tested and experimental data for the validation of interface board will be reported in the final poster.

Power and Energy Analysis in Nastic Structures Research at USC

Luke Matthews, Mechanical Engineering - Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Victor Giurgiutiu, Department of Mechanical Engineering

A biological process called nastic motion enables movement in plants. This is due to an unequal change in osmotic pressure within plant tissue, which causes the individual cells to increase or decrease in size, depending on the pressure change. Because of this process, flowers can open their pedals and grow towards light. Nastic structures research focuses on developing a material that can change shape based on biological nastic motion. The structure is composed of microactuators, which are modeled after the plant cells that swell or shrink when water is pumped in or out. Likewise, hydraulic transport into or out of the actuators causes volumetric change, resulting in net shape change of the overall material. There are many possible uses of nastic structures, such as the covering of a plane wing that can change shape while in flight. Several institutions are involved in this project, each focusing on a specific area of expertise. The research at USC involves power and energy analysis. Several chemical and physical properties are analyzed to determine the energy required for the material to change shape and perform work, as well as the potential range of deformation and the force needed to cause shape change. Each variable is examined to study the impact it has on the system in order to maximize efficiency and determine the possible applications.


Synthesis of Copper-Palladium Bimetallic Catalysts using Electroless Deposition

Ashley Y. Metcalf, Chemical Engineering - Lexington, SC

Mentor: Dr. Christopher T. Williams, Department of Chemical EngineeringAdditional Contributors: Carol C. Stork and John R. Monnier

Electroless deposition has been used for electronics, batteries, and biomedical applications. The deposition is a result of a controlled chemical reaction where metal ions are plated onto the surface of a substrate because of the presence of a reducing agent. This process is mainly used in the synthesis of thick films and has not been extensively studied for the deposition of small particles. In this research, Cu is plated on a 2 wt% Pd/SiO2 catalyst to form a bimetallic catalyst. Formaldehyde and EDTA salt are used as the reducing agent and stabilizing agent, respectively. The time the Pd catalyst is in the bath is compared to the amount of copper deposited in order to obtain an approximate rate of deposition. Catalysts were made for 0%-100% molar coverage of palladium. Preliminary reactor tests have been performed using monometallic Pd, 50% equivalent monolayer coverage of Cu on Pd, and 100% equivalent monolayer coverage of Cu on Pd catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of butadiene epoxide. The prospects for using electroless deposition to produce bimetallic industrial catalysts will be discussed.

Development of Non-Precious Metal Cathode Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells

Kelvin Moore, Chemical Engineering - Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Branko N. Popov, Department of Chemical Engineering

The resources currently used to produce energy are diminishing due to the increased demands of our society. Over the years alternatives to supply energy have been developed, but presently the most viable option is the fuel cell. Fuel cells are electrochemical engines that convert the chemical energy of a fuel, such as hydrogen, directly into electricity. The most promising type of fuel cell is the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), due to its low operational temperatures and the versatility of its use in stationary and portable applications. The PEMFC consists of three basic elements namely, the anode electrode, the electrolyte, and the cathode electrode. The state-of-the-art catalyst that facilitates the reactions of oxygen reduction (cathode) and hydrogen oxidation (anode) is platinum, which is a rare and expensive metal. This makes the widespread use of PEMFCs unfeasible due to material limitations and excessive costs. The goal of our research approach is to prepare inexpensive transition metal based cathode catalysts that will have a performance comparable to that of platinum catalysts. Using organometallic cobalt precursors, we have successfully developed low cost cobalt based cathode catalysts that show 60% of the platinum performance in the rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) experiments.


Gas Barrier Nanocomposites: Building a Better Bottle

Vivek Thakur, Chemistry - Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Wally Scrivens, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

The research reported here is concerned with the development of an oxygen barrier polymer nanocomposite bottle. The polymer is PET and the additive exfoliated Montmorillonite nanoclay. Two nanocomposite materials were synthesized through distinct methods: PET-MMT A was formed through stepwise polymerization of a BHET-nanoclay mixture, and PET-MMT B was formed through nanoclay dispersion into a PET resin matrix. Characterization of nanocomposites via TEM and XRD revealed that nanoparticle dispersion was adequate. Although further testing is necessary, initial MOCON O2 transmission and permeation rate measurements showed moderate improvement in PET-MMT B over the control. PET-MMT A is still undergoing gas barrier testing. Both materials will also undergo analysis for tensile strength and other physical properties.


ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Taking Action: An analysis of methods used to reduce the impact of tsunamis

Victoria Boozer, Advertising - Columbia, SCJessica Foster, Journalism - Columbia, SCGabrielle Sinclair, Journalism - Lexington, SC

Mentor: Dr. Evan Paleologos, Department of Geological Sciences

The tsunami that devastated the Indian Ocean region on December 26, 2004 was not the first of its kind nor will it be the last. Selecting the best solution from the most practical and widely supported options for mitigating the damage and loss created by future tsunamis involves factoring in cost, environmental and human impact, and current technology. There are several related factors to consider in making an informed decision about measures that must be taken in the region. These factors are: the science of tsunamis and how they are generated; the people affected by the devastation; money spent in aid and reconstruction as well as countermeasures; and regional seismic trends throughout recent history and the human response to specific disasters. This data, gathered from government Web sites, scientific publications and recent news articles, will support a proposed plan of action. The analysis will be presented and supplemented with graphs, charts and photographs. The proposed solutions vary in cost and in short-term and long-term benefits. Barricades include concrete sea walls and vegetation; warning systems include seismometers, buoys, bottom pressure recorders and satellites; and public education includes instilling a general knowledge into the public conscience, regular drills and mapped evacuation routes.

Accidental Chlorine Gas Leaks: Risks and Response

Jason Byrnes, Computer Science and Engineering - Fort Mill, SCStefanie Levine, Political Science - Rock Hill, SCJackie Ortner, English - Aiken, SCKim Veronee, Psychology - Charleston, SC

Mentor: Dr. Evan Paleologos, Geological Sciences

Chlorine is a chemical produced in large quantities in the U.S. and used in hundreds of processes daily in the manufacturing industry; but despite its great usefulness it can also be very dangerous. When chlorine is released into the atmosphere it takes the form of a greenish-yellow gas that causes irritation of the lungs and mucus membranes at even very low exposures. At high exposure levels it is deadly. Chlorine poses a high risk to populations as it is transported through densely populated areas on lightly regulated trains every day. Accidents such as the derailment and leak of chlorine rail cars in Graniteville, SC highlight this danger. And in this age of increased awareness of terrorism, many experts warn that hazardous materials transported by rail such pose


one of the greatest threats to our national security. In the US there are reasonably effective and flexible procedures for responding to unintended releases, as well as laws and regulations to help prevent them from occurring in the first place. Still, the US lags behind most of Europe in its safety record. Accordingly, this analysis includes not only the current state of chlorine disaster response, but possibilities for improvements in all phases.

Domestic Waste Disposal Methods and Alternatives

Sarah Chakales, Broadcast Journalism - Richmond, VAChris Dickson, Political Science - Charlotte, NCKathryn Michaelis, English - Greenwood, SCMarissa Venn, English - Columbia, SC


Domestic waste is a serious problem in the United States; Americans are consuming more and creating more waste than ever. In 2000, domestic waste was 231.9 million tons, compared to 88.1 million tons in 1960. Domestic waste, or municipal solid waste, consists of everyday materials that are thrown away: trash or garbage. Until recent decades, the primary methods of domestic waste disposal were landfills and incineration. Landfills are a simple way to dispose of waste, but they are expensive to build and maintain, they create hazardous chemicals, and take up valuable space. Incineration dramatically decreases the volume of waste, but this leads to the release of harmful chemicals into the atmosphere. The technology required to prevent this pollution is costly. Recycling and composting, or waste recovery, are relatively new trends in domestic waste management. In 2000, about 30% of domestic waste was recycled or composted, up from 6.4% in 1960. Each method of disposal is part of integrated waste management, an idea by which the total amount of domestic waste is most efficiently handled. Waste reduction and waste recovery are essential to integrated waste management, with the intention of using incineration and landfills as a last resort.

Morris Island: A Socioeconomic, Scientific, and Political Study

Talia Corley, Psychology - Charleston, SCKatie Faulk, Political Science - Milwaukee, WIJonathan Ross, Political Science - Spartanburg, SC


Coastal erosion is a natural process that threatens shorelines, resulting from large amounts of sand being carried out by waves in a systematic process. Morris Island is a coastal barrier island in South Carolina, the site of a historic lighthouse and a Civil War battle. Waves crash into it daily, removing a great deal of sand. The lighthouse is detached from the island by the coastal pools that were caused by erosion. After jetties were constructed to improve accessibility into Charleston harbor, erosion increased,


because the waves could not deposit sand outside the jetties. Erosion is affecting Morris Island’s economy because a developer is attempting to either commercially develop or sell the island. The erosion question, coupled with the island’s historical significance, has led to concerns over zoning rights. Engineers have explored various methods to curb erosion. These methods include further jetties, groin fields, sea walls, and beach nourishment. All of these have severe financial implications, and have no guaranteed success (many end up speeding up the erosion process). Since there is no clear solution to the problem specifically on Morris Island, it is likely that the best solution is to allow nature to run its course.

Hydrogen Fuel Cells

Jamie Coslett, Philosophy - Medfield, MAAnna Fox, Public Relations - Charleston, SCChris Speaks, Political Science - Lexington, SC, Chris van Dalen, Political Science - Columbia, SC


This project seeks to examine the science behind hydrogen fuel cells, their benefits and drawbacks, and the costs of transitioning from the current energy systems to a future economy where hydrogen fuel cells are predominant. As well, environmental and social concerns are addressed in some detail, especially the effect of fuel cells on global warming and industry. In brief, there are two primary benefits of fuel cell technology. First, hydrogen can be produced purely from renewable sources, lessening (even eliminating) dependence on fossil fuels. Second, fuel cells produce no by products known to have an impact on global warming. The primary drawback to hydrogen fuel cells is that the technology is not sufficiently mature to replace the current oil based economy. Another negative aspect to this technology is the huge cost necessary for a replacement of current fossil fuel based infrastructure with infrastructure designed to produce and deliver hydrogen. Fortunately, such costs would be spread over a considerable time (at least the next 20 years), so they would be bearable. Despite its drawbacks, the conclusion reached is that the eventual depletion of fossil fuel reserves and concerns about global warming make an economy based on hydrogen fuel cells inevitable.

The Georgetown Steel Mill in Georgetown, SC: The avoidance of “Beaufortization” and the effects of an industrial economy

Mary Lohman, Exercise Science - Atlanta, GAKathryn Vignone, Baccaluareas Artium et Scientiae - Greenville, SC

Mentor: Dr. Thomas Lekan, Department of History

During the 20th century many of the traditionally agricultural economies of coastal towns in South Carolina experienced a shift toward reliance on the tourist industry. Despite an increasing influx of tourist dollars, the county of Georgetown has avoided


this economic dependence by replacing its agricultural heritage with paper and steel industries. Our research was designed to examine the economic influence of the steel mill on the community of Georgetown in order to determine whether or not the mill has prevented Georgetown from becoming dependent upon tourism and, if so, whether the environmental impact of the industry has outweighed that lack of dependence. We performed formal oral history interviews with three Georgetown mill employees, conducted extensive archival research in Georgetown on the history of the mill, and informally interacted with numerous Georgetonians of varied backgrounds and occupations to obtain a full picture of the Georgetown community. Our assertion is that there is strong evidence that the presence of industrial mills enables a historically disadvantaged sector of the population to maintain a certain economic and social freedom not maintained in places like Myrtle Beach, Hilton Head Island, and Beaufort South Carolina. During our interviews we discovered that the opinions reflecting the degree to which industry has damaged Georgetown’s environment are often inconsistent or contradictory, but we found there to be a general consensus among residents that the mill provides jobs and money which have allowed Georgetown to avoid total reliance on tourism and the social implications which such reliance would bring.

Preservation or Utilization? The Question of Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Sara Saylor, English - Charleston, SCRyan Holt, Political Science - Austin, TXKenneth Bryan, History - Concord, NC


With energy demand increasing rapidly and drilling proponents citing a need to reduce dependence on foreign oil sources, debate over opening Section 1002 of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge has become a political priority. The narrow March 16 Senate vote approving inclusion of ANWR operations into the federal budget attests to the heated controversy of the issue. This study evaluates perspectives for and against drilling by weighing the benefits of domestic oil production and economic development in the region against the environmental, human rights, and ethical costs which have historically motivated the United States to set aside reserves like ANWR. The awareness of these costs is pitted against a mentality of unchecked oil consumption which may prove environmentally and economically damaging over the long term. The findings of this study confirm that exploration and drilling in ANWR will temporarily reduce foreign oil dependence and benefit the Alaskan economy. However, in light of the negative implications of drilling, the study concludes that investment in alternative energy sources and reduced consumption of fossil fuels within the United States should also be actively pursued, since these practices constitute more effective long-term solutions to the nation’s dependence on foreign oil.


LIFE SCIENCE

The Effects of Glucocorticoids on the Regulation of Glutamate Transporters in the Rat Hippocampus

Anita Autry, Chemistry - Lexington, SC

Mentor: Dr. Larry Reagan, USC School of Medicine

In the rat hippocampus, the predominate glutamate transporter is GLT-1 and its recently identified isoform, GLT-1b. Recent studies have shown that stress levels of glucocorticoids (GCs) are associated with increased expression of GLT-1 isoforms in the rat hippocampus. We believe that the mechanism for these increases is specific to each isoform with regulation of GLT-1b via GCs and GLT-1 by glutamate. In order to determine whether these increases were modulated by stress levels of the hormone corticosterone (CORT) or by increases in glutamate, we used an adrenalectomy (ADX) paradigm. This paradigm allowed for the removal of endogenous GCs, and these data were compared to another paradigm using stress levels of GCs (high-dose CORT). Results from the ADX study for GLT-1b reveal no significant differences in message or protein levels compared to control; however, the high-dose CORT study demonstrates an increase in GLT-1b protein expression in the CA3 and dentate gyrus. Results from the ADX study show elevated GLT-1 mRNA levels in comparison to sham-operated animals, increases that are reversed with administration of replacement levels of CORT. GLT-1 protein levels reveal similar increases in layers of Ammon’s horn as well as the dentate gyrus. In the high-dose CORT study, GLT-1 protein expression is increased in all layers of the hippocampus. Taken together, these data indicate that GLT-1b protein expression is regulated by stress levels of GCs while GLT-1 may be regulated by glutamate.

Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in rat hippocampal and midbrain primary cell cultures

Lauren Codi Black, Biology - Pickens, SC

Mentor: Dr. Rosemarie Booze, USC School of Medicine

The dopamine transporter (DAT) mediates uptake of dopamine into neurons and is a major target for various pharmacologically active drugs and environmental toxins. The presence of cysteinyl residues essential for its function makes DAT one of the proteins at risk for modification by reactive oxygen substances (ROS). Therefore, studies of changes in dopamine transport induced by oxidative stress and psychoactive chemical substances may help to elucidate mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders and drug addiction. Rodent primary neuronal cell cultures are widely used as experimental models of neurodegeneration and drug abuse. In this study we determined DAT immunoreactivity in primary cultures of rat midbrain and hippocampal fetal neurons. Using fluorescent plate reading and laser confocal microscopy we detected the presence of DAT immunoreactivity 14 day-old cultures of fetal rat midbrain neurons and in cultures


of rat fetal hippocampal neurons. Two anti-DAT antibodies which react with different epitopes of rat DAT revealed the same single protein band on Western blots prepared from midbrain and hippocampal cell lysates. Our results provide evidence that a part on neuronal cell population in rat hippocampal cell cultures may be dopaminergic.

Prenatal Cocaine Exposure: Dose-Dependent Increase in Intentional Tremor

Leah M. Brown, Psychology - Campobello, SC

Mentor: Dr. Charles F. Mactutus, Department of Psychology

Prenatal exposure to cocaine causes neurological and behavioral alterations in young children, increasing the likelihood for attentional disorders and motor-related abnormalities (Singer et al., 2000). We investigated developmental alterations in the cerebellum as responsible for the potential motor/tone/reflex abnor-malities. Long-Evans female rats were implanted with intravenous (IV) catheters, impregnated and admini-stered saline, a low dose of cocaine (3mg/kg/ml, 1x/day GD 8-21), or a high dose of cocaine (3mg/kg/ml, 1x/day GD8-14, 2x/day GD 14-21). An uncatheterized untreated control group was included. Cocaine did not affect maternal or litter parameters. At 14 days of age, one male and one female from each litter were randomly selected, injected with harmaline and placed in a tremor monitor (San Diego Instruments, Inc.) for 512 s. When tested in a large chamber (10x15cm), which permits greater exploratory activity, a linear prenatal cocaine dose-response relationship was found across groups; the control groups were not significantly different. In a small chamber (10x9cm), the tremor response was not significantly different across groups. An increased response to harmaline reflects greater Purkinje cell activation, mediated via the climbing fiber pathway. The present data replicate our prior findings that there are functional alterations in the cerebellum consequent to prenatal IV cocaine exposure and now extend these observations to indicate there is a clear intentional component to the altered tremor response.

GABA Mechanisms in Audiogenic Seizures Studied Using Herpes Virus and Lentivirus Mediated Gene Transfer

S. Alisha Epps, Psychology - Lexington, SC

Mentor: Dr. James R. Coleman, Department of Psychology

Viral gene transfer was used to alter expression of GABAAα1 subunits and GAD65 production to study effects on the audiogenic seizure (AGS) model for epilepsy. Long– Evans rats acoustically primed with a 125-dB 10-kHz tone at postnatal day (PND) 18 were tested at PND32 for AGS using 125-dB white noise. Subjects were AGS-tested 2 and 3 days before surgery on PND50–100, and again 2-4 days after surgery; post-testing to 30 days was added for lentivirus animals to study long-term expression. The central nucleus of the inferior colliculus was bilaterally injected with multiply attenuated, replication defective and self-inactivating viral vectors: herpes virus encoding GAD65


and GABAAα1 mix sense, or a lentivirus vector encoding GABAAα1 sense or antisense, or GAD65 sense. Animals treated with the herpes mix showed an overall reduction in the incidence of seizure behaviors. In lentivirus GABAAα1 sense animals, wild running and clonus latencies showed significant increases during posttests 2-3 (t=3.305, p<0.03); overall incidence was significantly reduced. Preliminary studies using GAD65 sense lentivirus suggest that this vector is effective in decreasing incidence of AGS. These results show that manipulation of GABA production through the GAD65 enzyme or the GABAAα1 receptor subunits using viral constructs can directly alter epilepsy.

Heart disease and diabetes: the role of â1-integrin and mitogen-activated protein kinases in transducing cardiac fibroblast response to hyperglycemia and mechanical stretch

Ian Kane, Biology - Aiken, SC

Mentor: Dr. Wayne Carver, USC School of Medicine

Growing evidence suggests that diabetics are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Cardiac fibrosis, a primary risk factor of heart disease, has been shown to result from hyperglycemia. Mechanical stresses such as hypertension are another known cause of fibrosis. This experiment was developed to elucidate how â1-integrin and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) responded to hyperglycemia and mechanical stretch. These proteins were assayed because they are vital components of transduction pathways that convert extracellular stimuli into a cellular response. These variables were also used to study fibroblast proliferation, since this could also affect a cell’s response to extracellular stimuli. A 3-dimensional collagen gel contraction assay was performed to determine how these changes in protein expression affected collagen remodeling. The signal transduction results suggest that two proteins of the MAPK superfamily are upregulated by both stretch and hyperglycemia, though upregulation becomes high glucose-dependent over time. â1-integrin, the primary transducer of mechanical stimuli, is upregulated by both treatments, though this effect diminishes after 24 hours. The increases in these proteins indicate that pathological cardiac fibrosis may result from exposure to hyperglycemia and mechanical stretch. Additionally, their upregulation suggests that hyperglycemia-induced collagen gel contraction occurs via a â1-integrin/MAPK dependent pathway.

The Immunological Effects of Oat β-Glucan Consumption and NSAID-Administration with Exercise

Jennifer Lake, Exercise Science - Geneseo, IL

Mentor: Dr. J. Mark Davis, Department of Exercise ScienceAdditional Contributors: E. Angela Murphy, Martin D. Carmichael, Abdul Ghaffar and Eugene P. Mayer.

Exercise can alter certain immune system functions resulting in an increase in inflammation and risk for infection. We have shown that various supplements including


non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and the soluble fiber oat β-glucan (OβG) can decrease inflammation and infection risk in athletes, which may increase performance. However, there has been some concern over a possible harmful interaction between these supplements. This study examined the interaction between OβG and NSAIDS during exercise training in mice. We hypothesized that OβG and NSAID supplementation during exercise would increase mortality, which would be associated with an exaggerated immunological response. Results indicate an increased mortality in mice consuming OβG and NSAIDS which was associated with sickness behaviors such as a decrease in exercise performance, body weight, fluid and food consumption. We also observed in these mice an inflated immunological response including an increase in peritoneal cell number, spleen weight and macrophage cytokine response. These important findings suggest that OβG and NSAIDS can cause a lethal interaction in mice, which may be mediated by an exaggerated immunological response. While these supplements may be beneficial to immune function when taken independently, they should not be taken in combination until this work can be clinically evaluated.

Contribution of pre-synaptic mu opioid receptors to morphine withdrawal-associated allodynia in neonatal rats

Teresa M. Mark, Biology - Aiken, South Carolina

Mentor: Dr. Sarah M. Sweitzer, USC School of Medicine

Children and infants are being increasingly treated with opioids. This study characterizes the contribution of pre-synaptic mu opioid receptors (µOR) to opioid withdrawal-associated allodynia in postnatal day 7 (P7) but not day 21 (P21) rats– which equate to human infants and toddlers. A herpes simplex virus was engineered to carry anti-sense µOR cDNA (AMOR). AMOR, a control virus (KHZ), or no virus was applied to the left hind paw on the day of birth. Lumbar spinal cords were examined with immunohistochemistry to determine µOR expression. P7 and P21 rats were administered morphine and allowed to withdraw spontaneously or had it precipitated by naloxone. Mechanical allodynia thresholds were tested using Von Frey filaments. Gross behaviors were recorded during precipitated withdrawal. Expression of µOR in lamina ll/lll of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was decreased by 10% and 20% in P7 and P21 AMOR rats, respectively. In both precipitated and spontaneous withdrawal, mechanical allodynia was attenuated in the P7, but not P21 AMOR rats. Gross behaviors were similar among treatment groups. In conclusion, pre-synaptic µORs affect withdrawal-associated allodynia in P7 but not P21 rats. Pre-synaptic µORs do not regulate gross dependence-related behaviors. This suggests age-specific mechanisms for opioid withdrawal-associated allodynia.


Effects of Cocaine on Vertical Cortical Organisation in Prenatal Rats

Andy Su, Psychology - Irmo, SC

Mentors: Dr. Daniel Buxhoeveden, Department of Psychology Dr. Rosemarie Booze, Department of Psychology

The introduction of cocaine into fetal organisms can alter the developmental process in various ways, among which is a notable effect on the formation of ontogenetic cell columns in the cortex of the brain. In this study, repeating micro vertical organization is examined by way of Nissl stained cell somas and apical dendrite bundles in the right hemispheric prelimbic, CG2, and S1 barrel regions of prenatal rat brain tissue (N=6, all males). Cocaine was administered via a recreational model, starting on gestational day 8 and continuing to day 21, while the control group received saline intravenously. Two independent observers using computer-imaging techniques measured spacing and neuropil distances. Significant treatment effects were found in all three areas of study, with the treatment group’s columns being narrower than the control. There was no significant difference between observers. The results demonstrate that early exposure to cocaine may affect the size and number of ontogenetic cell columns. The impact of this change warrants further investigation.

The Role of Adam 12 in Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy

Jennifer Tomlinson, Biology - Irmo, SC


Cardiac myocytes respond to different stimuli, such as biochemical factors and mechanical stresses, by increases in cell size and/or gene expression alterations. ADAMs, A Disintegrin And Metalloproteases, are cell surface proteins and play a role in myocyte growth and development. Recent studies have suggested that ADAM 12 or meltrin α is essential for differentiation and fusion of myoblasts. However, many questions remain regarding the role of ADAM 12 in the adaptation of cardiac myocytes to external stimuli and changes in circulating growth factors. Therefore, the focus of this study was to examine the expression of ADAM 12 in normal adult rats and rats with a chronic pressure overload via constriction of abdominal aorta as well as in isolated neonatal myocytes subjected to hypertrophic growth factor stimuli (i.e., insulin-like growth factor-IGF) in culture. Real Time-PCR analysis demonstrated upregulation of ADAM 12 expression in hearts/myocytes subjected to an increased external environmental stimuli and IGF. Thus, indicating a role of ADAM 12 in the hypertrophic response in hearts. In the future, adenoviral constructs will be utilized to determine if this increase in ADAM 12 alone is sufficient to induce a hypertrophic response and whether blocking ADAM 12 expression attenuates this growth response.


Role of Inflammation in Heart Failure Jason Wheeler, Chemistry


Mast cells are important in inflammation and tissue repair processes. They secrete several mediators, such as cytokines and proteases, which are implicated in modulating fibrosis of organs including the heart. In addition to mast cells, fibroblasts are critical in the maintenance and organization of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM), which is essential to normal cardiovascular function and development. Mast cells modulate the ECM by stimulating fibroblasts to increase secretion of proteins such as collagen. Collagen accumulation in the ECM has been associated with cardiomyopathy and heart failure through stiffening of the myocardium (fibrosis). Little is known about which mast cell mediators stimulate the fibrotic process or how the expression or secretion of these mediators is regulated. Mast cell density and degranulation are increased in the hypertensive myocardium, which has led to the hypothesis that the mechanical environment plays an important role in mast cell gene expression. To test this hypothesis, mast cells were stretched using a mechanical cell stretcher to mimic hypertensive cardiac function. Cells were cultured with or without stretch for varying durations (3 and 24 hours) and assayed for changes in gene expression. Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reactions were employed to study the changes in particular mast cell mRNA levels. This approach offers valuable insights into the cell and tissue interactions associated with myocardial fibrosis.


NATURAL SCIENCE – OTHER

Measurement of Neutrino Induced Quasi-Elastic (QE) Cross Section

Jae Jun Kim, Physics - Cayce SC

Mentor: Dr. Sanjib Mishra, Department of Physics and Astronomy

The measurement of the weak mixing angle - one of the fundamental constant of the Standard Model which unified the electromagnetic and weak forces – is one of general goals of USC high energy physics group, using the data collected in NOMAD collaboration at CERN. The neutrino induced Quasi-Elastic (QE) scattering, in which neutrino hits neutron and results in a muon and a proton in the final state, is one such process that would enhance our understanding of ‘higher-twist’ effect – the effect that could effect the weak mixing angle. Toward this, as a first step, I had been developing a method called likelihood probability density function (PDF) that enabled me to eliminate significant portion of background – resonance (RES) and deep inelastic scattering (DIS), which are not induced by QE but resemble the signature of it. Due to the fact that the Monte Carlo (MC) sample that my analysis based on is reliable to a precision no better than 15 – 20%, Data-Simulator technique was launched to identify control sample region in the data and then to normalize the corresponding MC sample. After verifying that MC and DATA agreed around 5% level (15% before), using the flux and MC sample, QE cross-section is calculated and is compared to the result studied by other NOMAD collaboration members in Russia.

Monte Carlo Simulation of Phi Meson Photoproduction

Yossef Korang-Behesht, Physics and Astronomy - Anderson, SC

Mentor: Dr. David Tedeschi, Department of Physics and Astronomy

An accurate measurement of the phi meson photoproduction cross section can improve our understanding of the photon-nucleon interaction. To complete the experimental measurement, we run a Monte Carlo simulation that will provide the acceptance function for our particle detector system. The simulation uses a probability density function from the measured data and produces the acceptance function through an iterative procedure. The procedure and preliminary results of the computer simulation will be presented.


Forensic Fingerprints for Dyed Fibers: Extraction of Vat Dyes from Cotton

Drew Krena, Chemistry - Simpsonville, SC

Mentors: Dr. Stephen L. Morgan, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Dr. Loren Knapp, Department of Biological Sciences

The subsequent identification and quantification of the relative amounts of the extracted vat dyes may provide enhanced discrimination of trace fiber evidence. Optimal extraction techniques are currently being developed to provide the best results for their identification. Certain techniques will be used to isolate the vat dyes for determination through capillary electrophoresis (CE) or other methods. This will provide the precise information for the dyes composition, which will later be used to match unknown samples. The development of a technique to isolate than analyze trace vat dyes will help to revolutionize analytical forensic techniques. Methods to isolate and analyze vat dyes are unexplored and the development of a method would advance our understanding and certainty in forensic analysis.

Investigating the Function of ZAT 7 and ZAT 12 in Salt Stress Response

Kristin D. Oates, Biology

Mentor: Dr. Beth A. Krizek, Department of Biological Sciences

ZAT 7 and ZAT 12 genes are induced in response to oxidative stress. Although the exact function of these proteins is still unknown, several members of the ZAT family are up regulated in response to different stresses. The expression of ZAT 12 and ZAT 7 are simultaneously elevated in response to oxidative stress, heat shock, or wounding (Rizhsky, etal). We are investigating the function of ZAT 7 and ZAT 12. To accomplish this task, we studied the effects of plants that are disrupted in each gene. ZAT 7-IR lines have an inverted repeat transgene that results in decreased levels of ZAT 7 mRNA. These plants have no phenotype. Two insertional mutant lines of ZAT 12 have been identified (SALK_037357 and SAIL 793-F04). ZAT 12 mRNA is decreased in each line, but they too have no phenotype. Because of possible overlapping of these two related genes (ZAT 7 and ZAT 12), we will identify and later characterize plants that have decreased expression of both ZAT 7 and ZAT 12. F2 populations created by crossing ZAT 7-IR homozygous Arabidopsis plants with either T-DNA lines of SALK_037357 or SAIL 792-F04. F1 population consisted of heterozygotes for each of the two transgenes. This F1 population was allowed to self fertilize and gave rise to the F2 population of double mutants with an expected ratio of 1:16. A series of molecular PCR screenings were performed to determine which particular plants of F2 population corresponded to the double mutant. DNA for the PCR was obtained from the individual rosettes of the F2 plants, and isolated using standard DNA isolation procedure. To confirm the presence of the ZAT 7-IR transgene, SALK_037357 plants that screen positive for the ZAT 7-IR T-DNA insert were plated on media with kanamycin. Plants lacking the T-DNA insert will be sensitive to the Kan in the media, while those with the insert will be resistant. SAIL 792-F04 plants that screened positive for the T-DNA inserts were plated


on media containing kanamycin and basta to screen for both transgenes. As with the SALK_037357 double mutants, those SAIL 792-F04 with the insert will be resistant to the kanamycin and basta media. Finally, an attempt to study the response of the double mutant Arabidopsis thaliana plants to salt was performed. The goal was to identify whether the T-DNA insert offers resistance response in the plants to salt stress.

Comparison of MAPK Activity in Tomato and Potato Leaves in Response to Wounding

Suchita Pancholi, Biology - Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Johannes Stratmann, Department of Biological Sciences

For self-defense, plants activate specific defense genes via a wound response signal transduction pathway. This pathway is induced by the wound signaling peptide systemin in some solanaceous plants. The systemin signal is relayed via a MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) cascade. The role of wound- and systemin-responsive MAPKs in Solanum tuberosum (potato) is not well known. Therefore, we compared MAPK activation by mechanical wounding and Manduca sexta caterpillars in tomato and potato. We tested two hypotheses: one, the greater the extent of wounding in Lycopersicon esculentum and Solanum tuberosum, the larger the increase in MAPK activity, and two, MAPK activation for both plants is systemic but the activity is greater in local leaves than systemic leaves. Experiments using hemostat wounding and damage induced by Manduca sexta caterpillars were conducted on both plants to test MAPK activation. Samples were analyzed using in-gel and immunocomplex kinase assays. Proteinase inhibitor synthesis upon hemostat wounding was analyzed by a radial immunodiffusion assay. Results indicate that tomato MAP kinases 1, 2, and 3 were activated as a consequence of wounding and damage from feeding. The activation showed similar patterns in both plants, and thus, orthologous MAP kinases of both plants might share a similar function.

Identification of LeMKK4-interacting proteins from tomato

Sarah Refi, Biology - Lake Mary, FL

Mentor: Dr. Johannes Stratmann, Department of Biological Sciences

The MAPK cascade in tomato acts as a convergence point for different defense signaling pathways. Using systemin as the signaling peptide, the plant initiates the transduction of a signaling pathway that results in the transcription of defense-related genes including the genes encoding for protease inhibitors, which inhibit digestion in the guts of feeding insects. While some components of the MAPK cascade have been identified, others have yet to be identified or characterized. In this project I use a yeast two-hybrid system to detect interactions between sequences from a cDNA library and the protein of interest, LeMKK4. I have isolated one sequence that has homologues in other plants which act as regulators in light-mediated development. Further experiments are needed to identify the function of this potential LeMKK4-interacting protein.


Combinatorial Optimization of Extractions and Capillary Electrophoresis for Forensic Analysis of Dyes from Textile Fibers

Samantha N. Roberson, Chemistry - West Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Stephen L. Morgan, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry

Scientific technology has become important to solving crimes. In particular, fibers are increasingly found and analyzed as trace evidence in investigations involving personal contact such as physical and sexual assaults, kidnappings, robberies, and homicides. We hypothesize that the pattern and identity of dyes extracted from textile fibers can be utilized as fingerprints for the forensic discrimination of fibers. An automated workstation, designed for efficient liquid handling of microliter-sized samples, was used to investigate micro-scale extraction techniques for a broad range of dye classes from four different textile fiber types. Combinatorial experimental designs were employed to optimize solvent extraction conditions, with extraction efficiency determined by capillary electrophoresis coupled to diode array and mass spectrometric detection. Nanogram amounts of up to three different dyes were successfully extracted from single strands of fiber as small as 1 cm in length. The technique is semi-quantitative, with relative standard deviations ranging from 10-30% depending on the dye and fiber type. Unequivocal identification of all dyes present on a fiber and measurement of the relative concentration patterns has the potential to revolutionize forensic fiber examinations.

Synthesis of a novel tris(pyrazole) compound for use in virus bioconjugation

Thomas Styslinger, Chemistry - Cary, NC

Mentor: Dr. Qian Wang, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential use of viruses as convenient and programmable platforms for organic chemical reactions. Viruses provide a basis from which to solve numerous problems in biology and chemistry. Potential uses range from possible target-specific drug delivery vehicles to building nanoscale conducting “wires”. One specific virus receiving much attention is Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). CPMV forms a 30 nm-diameter icosahedra, formed by two different protein subunits. The physical, biological and genetic properties of CPMV have been well characterized over the past twenty years, making it ideal subject for bioconjugation studies. This paper reports on the attempt of bringing a novel tris(pyrazole) compound into water via bioconjugation to CPMV. Tris(pyrazole) alkanes have recently been receiving a great deal of attention due to their successful use in coordination chemistry. Coordination chemistry revolves around structures composed of a central metal atom or ion surrounded by a number of charged atoms or neutral molecules (ligands) possessing lone pairs of electrons. Consequently, tris(pyrazole) compounds are currently being studied for applications in numerous areas, such as potential hydrogen sources for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. However, tris(pyrazole) compounds are insoluble in water significantly hindering their use in certain areas of science. A possible


solution to effectively bring tris(pyrazole) compounds into water was explored in this paper. To accomplish this goal an effective ligand was synthesized containing a tris(pyrazole) region, a water-soluble carbohydrate region and an appropriate end site to conjugate to CPMV. Notably, particular steps in the synthesis of this compound were taken from the newly developing field of “click” chemistry. The effective synthesis of this water-soluble tris(pyrazole) ligand combined with its potential ability to conjugate to the surface CPMV brings about a novel approach for which to attack existing problems in biology, biochemistry, chemistry and pharmaceutics.


PSYCHO-SOCIAL

Parental Treatment Antecedents of Adult Attachment Styles

Christina N. Bass, Psychology - Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Keith Davis, Department of Psychology

Attachment bonds have become recognized as the basis of adult relationship quality (Hazan & Shaver, 1987). We report the development of a new measure of parental treatment relevant to attachment bonds. We will provide data relevant to answering the following question: How does the lack of a responsiveness parental environment, characterized by the lack of a safe haven and having to be one’s own parent correlate with one’s adult attachment style? The issue is important because the latter two aspects of parental treatment have not received explicit attention. The degree of insecure attachment—both of an anxious-resistant and avoidant sort will be related to all three aspects of parental treatment. Our sample consisted of 71 students. Responsiveness was negatively correlated with lack of a safe haven and having to be one’s own parent. Attachment avoidance was significantly correlated with these three aspects of parental treatment [with responsiveness: r (df=69) = -.21, p<.04, with safe haven: r (df =69) = .34, p<.002] in the expected directions, but attachment anxiety was not. These findings were replicated in a second sample (N = 79). These findings are significant because little research exists on the impact of a lack of safe haven on adult attachments.

University Students’ Projected Moral Disengagement Mechanisms on Peer Offenders

Michael Chajewski, Psychology - Charleston, SC

Mentor: Dr. Thomas Cafferty, Department of Psychology

Issues regarding under-age drinking and illegal drug ingestion have been among the most discussed phenomena on US campuses in the past 5 years. More and more students classify such behaviors as normal activities, utilizing Bandura’s (1999 and 2002) moral disengagement mechanisms to avoid self-censure. This creates a socially bonded circle of offenders and morally disengaged bystanders. A brief (about 6 minutes) on-line survey, hosted on the University’s web server, was designed to investigate the disengaging behavior of offender’s peers, not offenders themselves. The predominant part of the current research was concerned with perceptions of criminal offenders. We wanted to test those who might be acquaintances for how they justify their friends committing crimes and what motivates them to do so. Participants were asked to provide information about their peers and their observations of peer activity on their college campus. The questionnaire was aimed at understanding peer relationships as they relate to possible misconduct and common campus offenses. Analyzing peer relations with a focus on moral justification procedures in regard to social group facilitation, we attempted to assess what crimes have become considered basic aspects of


undergraduate life and which ones still elicit a moral sanction. Participants were faced with fictitious peer generated offenses and were asked to morally disengage from their value/law based perceptions. Their responses where analyzed through correlation of the forced moral disengagement mechanisms with the student’s socio-legal perception of these crimes on college campuses.

The Importance of School Satisfaction: Correlates and Their Implications

Allison Champion, PsychologyTassie Barber-Collins, Psychology

Mentor: Dr. E. Scott Huebner, Department of Psychology

School satisfaction, a term often used interchangeably with quality of school life, is a variable that first began its conception in the late 1970’s. Almost three decades later, there has recently been an increased interest in measuring school satisfaction and its correlates. School satisfaction has been found to relate to variables such as academic achievement, school disengagement, teacher support, school drop-out, and numerous family variables. While research in the area of school satisfaction has gradually revealed such findings, the need for further research still exists. In addition, in order to unify the existing literature base on school satisfaction, one consistent definition of school satisfaction is necessary. In this poster presentation, the authors intend to discuss the variation across different definitions of school satisfaction and explain why the construct of school satisfaction is an important one to investigate. This poster will also present significant correlates of school satisfaction, implications of these correlations, and provide ideas for future research.

Phonological and Semantic Influences on Working Memory

Bobby Frankenberger, PsychologyLesya Lasota, Psychology Jeni Mehta, PsychologySara Peters, PsychologyRay Saut, PsychologyRaquel Vaca, Psychology

Mentor: Dr. Amit Almor, Department of Psychology

This research explores the effect of semantic and phonological similarity on verbal working memory (WM). While much research has shown that phonological overlap interferes with word recall, the effect of semantic overlap is controversial. The present research therefore aimed to ascertain the role of semantic overlap in WM by using a standard free recall task. 320 participants repeated lists of six words that varied in total number of words with semantic and phonological overlap and in the list position of the overlapping words. A list of phonologically related words might include nose, hose, and rose, and a list of semantically related words might include pig, cow, and


sheep. Experiment 1 employed a standard recall task. Experiment 2 substituted degraded audio stimuli to encourage lexical semantic processing. Experiment 3 added a secondary semantic category judgment task to further promote lexical semantic processing. Error rates were used as dependent measures in all experiments and were counted separately for each list position. Replicating previous research, phonological overlap decreased recall accuracy, especially for the overlapping words. Semantic overlap facilitated recall of the overlapping words but decreased recall accuracy for non-overlapping words. This may explain previous conflicting findings about the effect of semantic overlap.

Public and Secret Selves: Gender Contrast and Content

Itzel Gonzalez, Psychology - Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Keith Davis, Department of Psychology

We propose to shed light on these questions: How does the content of one’s publicly presented self contrast with one’s secret self? Are the contrasts between public and secret selves related to gender? We hypothesized that secret selves will have a more negative content than public selves. Furthermore, we expect the pattern of discrepancies between public and secret to vary in predictable ways by gender. Our definition of the self concept is the person’s intuitive summary of their behavioral potentials. (Ossorio, 1979). Goffman (1959) proposed that each person has a “backstage self” that conflicts with his/her publicly presented self. In a sample of 20 male and 37 female students, the results were consistent with Kuhn’s (1960) findings of more position-like statements for public selves. The secret selves indicated that males had more sins (M = 3.2 vs 2.8, p <.05), contradictions (60% to 41%, X2 = 4.03, p < .05), self-condemnation (2.6 to 1.7, ns), and narcissistic statements (35% to 14%, X2 = 3.28, p <.10). Females were more perfectionistic (35% to 5%) and attachment insecure than were men (27% to 10%)--both p <.05. These gender differences were consistent with a social role theory of secret selves.

Attachment Style, Gender, and Romantic Partner Preference?

Brian Leonard, Psychology - Columbia, SCAmanda McDougald, Psychology - Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Keith Davis, Department of Psychology Laura Myers, Department of Psychology

Previous research indicates that attachment styles within interpersonal relationships are strong indicators of both happiness and success for the individual partners and the relationship itself. Gender, previous relationship experience (both frequency and length), and cognitive development are found to be strongly correlated with differing attachment styles (e.g. anxious, avoidant). The present study conducted utilizes individual six page questionnaires distributed to different undergraduate students at the University of South Carolina. We anticipated that, for women, their partners would


be similar both on the degree of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance. We predicted the same pattern for men—a similarity in their two attachment dimensions. It was found that women’s level of avoidance and anxiety significantly correlated with their partner’s levels of avoidance and anxiety, that is those of a particular attachment style seek similar styles in their partner. For men similar results were found for avoidant partners, each sought similar styles, however anxious men did not correlate with their partner’s level of anxiety such that women did. Reasonable explanations for such findings could be the gender roles society allocates to individuals but more research is still needed in this area.

Role of Pre-Frontal Cortex in the Three Stages of Learning

Kathleen S. Mahan, Chemistry - Camden, SCClara E. Sanders, Biology - Clinton, SC

Mentor: Dr. Donald Powell, VA hospital

Learning occurs in three stages: Acquisition, Storage, and Retrieval. Acquisition involves perception of the abnormal stimulus and orientation, which is differentiation between this new stimulus and the normal environment. Storing involves the actual storage of this information after determining the new stimulus is consequential. Retrieval involves accessing this stored information in order to react to a situation that is deemed similar to the recently stored stimulus. The pre-frontal cortex plays a major role in learning but the exact step has not yet been determined. It may be involved with either storage, retrieval, or both processes. Previous studies by this laboratory, under the direction of Dr. Donnie Powell et al., show that damage to this region (PFC) significantly affects learning. This laboratory (and others) has also shown that different types of stimuli produce different effects in the learning process. Stimuli that are considered to be “emotionally activating” quantitatively show better acquisition and then later better retrieval processes in the animals after surgery. We believe this is due to the innervation of the amygdala in emotionally inspiring conditions. Other laboratories have shown that the amygdala is the fear-receptor portion of the brain, especially in learned fear. We are attempting to explain the exact role of the pre-frontal cortex in the steps of learning as affected by other connections and processes in the brain.

Influence of skill acquisition on social behavior and other skills

Ryan J. Newsom, Psychology

Mentor: Dr. Sandra J. Kelly, Department of PsychologyAdditional Contributors: Justin T. Gass, Nicha Oliver, J. Ben Davis, and Lauren A. Bright

There is an increasing requirement for children to learn specific skills at an early age and the consequences of this are unknown. This study examined whether acquisition of one skill affects the acquisition of other skills or the expression of social behaviors in rats. Male Long Evans rats received spatial, visual discrimination or swimming training


from postnatal day (pd) 25 to 65. On pd 75, the training groups and an untreated control group were tested for performance and behavior in a variety of tasks. Visual discrimination training and swimming experience facilitated performance in visual discrimination tasks and tasks involving swimming, respectively. Interestingly, rats trained spatially showed increased active social interactions compared to all other groups. In addition, all of the rats given training of any kind showed impaired social recognition memory compared to the untreated control rats, because of reduced investigation time of novel juvenile rats in the memory task. The results suggest that the acquisition of skills does affect behavior in different tasks, particularly in the social domain. The specific effect (facilitation or hindrance) probably depends on the nature of the training and tasks, and is likely due to the organization of the cortices that occurs when learning a skill.

Romantic Relationships and the Transition to College

Kimberly Veronee, Psychology - Charleston, SC

Mentor: Dr. Thomas Cafferty, Department of Psychology

The transition into college is a topic in which there has not been a lot of research conducted. This is especially true in regards to how the transition to college affects romantic relationships. The purpose of this research is to find out how romantic relationships are affected by the transition to college, and how different attachment styles handle this situation. In this study participants will be given the Experiences in Close Relationships survey to assess their attachment style. This measure has already been tested and shown to be effective for assessing attachment styles. This will be followed by a survey that asks participants about how their relationships have handled the strains that occur due to the transition to college. The surveys will be anonymous and will just be assigned a random number for the purposes of inputting data. The data will then be analyzed in order to see how attachment styles affect relationship transitioning to college. I hypothesize that securely attached individuals will no longer be in relationships having already moved on. I further hypothesize that insecurely attached individuals of the avoidant type will not be in relationships, and insecurely attached individuals of the resistant type will still be in a relationship because they do not like change.

Analysis of changes in play behavior induced by alcohol exposure during development

A. Cade Warren, Psychology - West Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Sandra J. Kelly, Psychology departmentAdditional Contributors: Raymond S. Harvey, Justin T. Gass, Lauren A. Bright, Ryan J. Newsom

An animal model of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was used to examine the hypothesis that somatosensory deficits underlie the alterations in play behavior induced by


alcohol exposure during development. Ethanol treatment was throughout the prenatal and early postnatal period. A group exposed to the administration procedures and nontreated group were the control groups. During the juvenile period, pairs of rats were singly housed and then tested for play behavior. Five concentrations of xylocaine were administered in randomized fashion over five testing days: 0.00% (saline), 0.50%, 1.00%, 2.00% and 4.00%. Each rat was paired with another of same sex/treatment. On each test day, pairs were injected with the same concentration of xylocaine 15 minutes before a five minute round of play. The pairs were scored for dorsal contacts and pins as a measure of play. The results show that ethanol-treated rats had significantly more pins and dorsal contacts than control groups. In addition, the level of play was concentration-dependent, with dorsal contacts peaking at 0.50% xylocaine and subsequently decreasing. Pins peaked with the saline dosage, and decreased with each dosage of xylocaine. The preliminary data suggest that the effect of the xylocaine treatment did not interact with group. This finding suggests that the change in play behavior seen in rats exposed to alcohol exposure is not a function of changes in somatosensory processing and must be a function of some other aspect of the social behavior system.

Freedom of Choice? Effects of Choice Overload in an Internet Environment

Megan Wright, Marketing - Columbia, SC

Mentor: Dr. Kristin Diehl, Department of Marketing

In today’s society, consumers strive to have as many choices as possible; however, research suggests that too much choice can be demotivating to buyers and can actually inhibit purchasing. Prior research has been done with relatively small assortments sizes (6 vs. 24 options). The focus of this study was to see how consumers react to the countless number of choices presented on the Internet. In this study 65 college students were given the task of searching for a watch online, using the website Froogle.com. I manipulated the number of options displayed on a given page (10, 50, 100). Participants chose a watch and subsequently reported their feelings of satisfaction with and confidence in their choice. They also indicated feelings of being overwhelmed, pressured, and confused. An unobtrusive behavioral measure of pressure and overload was taken by observing the number of candy pieces consumed during the task. Interestingly, participants exposed to 50 options per page felt more overloaded and less satisfied with and confident in their choice. This finding is surprising in light of the third group that in addition to the first 50 options, also saw another 50 options, but did not feel equally overloaded and dissatisfied. Underlying drivers will be explored and explained in the presentation.


SOCIAL AND POLITICAL COMMUNICATION

Transculturation and Gender in Japanese Contemporary Dance

Caitlin Coker, English - Rock Hill, SC

Mentor: Susan Anderson, Department of Theatre and Dance In the summer of 2005, I conducted an ethnographic survey of Contemporary Japanese Dance in conjunction with a six-week “Urban Culture” course at Temple University in Tokyo. Dance, as an art, is a representation of the artist and the culture from which she hails; I hypothesized that current dance in Tokyo would represent today’s generation of Tokyoites. I studied three prominent dance entities, each from a separate style of Japanese contemporary dance. For each artist, I watched their performances and rehearsals, participated in their classes, and interviewed them. Two of the artists’ movements looked western-influenced yet were Japanese in essence. The third artist performed Butoh, an indigenous style that both rejects and borrows from western sources. All of the artists challenged Japanese gender stereotypes. The mixture of the traditional with the foreign and the progressive attitude towards gender stereotypes are both reflections of the globalized, shifting cultural identity of Tokyo.

The Precautionary Principle and Nanotechnology Risk Assessments

Jamie Coslett, Philosophy - Medfield, MA

Mentor: Dr. Edward Munn Sanchez, Department of Philosophy

The great uncertainty over the potential negative consequences of Nanotechnology research demands that regulators and entities playing a role in implementing this relatively new field of technology assess which risks are acceptable, and which must be curtailed. A possible method of addressing these risks is embodied in the Precautionary Principle, a method of pursuing preventative measures against negative externalities when impact of risky activities is unknown. This presentation concerns itself with outlining the major interpretations of the Precautionary Principle from its inception to its current versions, criticizing the apparent flaws in each interpretation, and analyzing how well these interpretations fit in with the growing need to regulate a science exploiting novel and relatively arcane properties of matter at the Nanoscale. Furthermore, a contrast between the Precautionary Principle and traditional risk-assessment tools such as cost-benefit analysis is explored. This project reports the specific manner in which the very principle of precaution epitomizes the competing international visions of science from state, nonprofit, and business perspectives.


What is an Artist’s Book?

Kristie Etson, Marine Science - Centerville, OHMelissa Anderson, Graphic Art - Lexington, SCPaula Johns, International Studies - Luling, LA

Mentors: Dr. Susan Hogue, Department of Art Dr. Claudia Smith Brinson, South Carolina Honors College

When researching, scientists formulate a hypothesis, test their hypothesis, collect data and form a conclusion. Book artists follow a similar process in the creation of their books, which involves finding a subject, creating a book to match the content, and combining both art and written word. In SCCC 384K, Art of the Book, we discovered that an artist’s book is not a linear traditional story formatted by rules; they are books bound only by the author’s imagination. Unlike a linear book, an artist’s book involves blending form, function and content, visually and literally. We researched the artist’s book in our class through studying artist’s books, reading about artist’s books, in class presentations by established book artists, by experimenting with book construction and content techniques, learning to operate a nineteenth century printing press, art discussions and finally creating our own books. Through trial and error, revising and editing, we hand constructed artist’s books in three genres: children’s books, memoirs and reporting books. Through our research, we found that an artist’s book is a collaboration of a visual and written story that requires a perfect blend of form and function.

Redefining Overlaps and Interruptions to Reflect the Functional Complexity of Discourse Strategies

Patrick B. McCormick, Math/Linguistics - Greenville, South Carolina

Mentors: Lori Donath, Linguistics Program Dr. Nancy Thompson, Department of English

This study presents a redefinition of overlap and interruption as discourse strategies, to more accurately study discourse in a task-oriented environment. Previous research on overlap and interruption in discourse reveal gender-based differences (Zimmerman and West 1983). The present study, set in the Research Communications Studio (RCS), where small groups of male and female engineering undergraduates meet weekly to discuss their research, suggests that traditional definitions of overlaps and interruptions as set forth by Zimmerman and West (1983) are insufficient to explain discourse patterns. Rather than Zimmerman and West’s syntactic measurements of interruption, more contextual and situational measurements such as those put forth by Murray (1985) are more appropriate for analysis of discourse in the Studio. This study investigates these definitions of overlap and interruption and their capacities to reflect the complexity of Studio interactions. Though previous studies have focused on gender as being the salient factor explaining the patterns of overlaps and interruptions, preliminary findings show that in the Studio setting more detailed classifications are needed to reflect the spectrum of functions that these discourse strategies play.


Images as Signs: The Risks of Definition by Analogy in Nanotechnology

Kathryn Vignone, Baccaluareas Artium et Scientiae - Greenville, SC

Mentor: Dr. Chris Robinson, Department of Art

Changing a person’s vocabulary is a good first step towards changing that person’s behavior. This vocabulary change does not have to be verbal: images are a language. An image’s context conveys meaning much like the tone of a voice colors the connotation of a word. The context, however, conveys the desired meaning only if the viewer already understands the terminology used by the speaker to create the context. To establish communication about a subject of which one party has no previous knowledge requires a creative use of analogy. Likening the unknown to something of which the other party (the public) has knowledge allows that second body of information with which both parties are familiar to form a bridge between the known and unknown. Nanotechnology uses images to communicate information about itself. The translation from words to images abstracts complicated experimentation to more manageable definitions. At present, however, nanoimages are still beyond most people’s breadth of vocabulary. Therefore, to create an analogy between the receiver and the communicator, the images are placed into formats the average person understands. A sky, a cliff, a tunnel, a child, a landscape, and a robot are all objects familiar to many persons. Giving macro characteristics to images, combining the familiar with the nano, gives meaning to the sign, the image. A person with no previous knowledge can now infer the significance of the sign because the context establishes the analogy. I contend that using creative analogies with impunity imperils the establishment of an accurate public interpretation of nanoimagery thus making the task of any later relevant discussion of nanotechnology many times more difficult because the communicator can no longer capitalize on an established foundation of trust with the receiving public.

Bridges: A Video Documentary in Rural South Carolina

Lauren Waring, Art - Charleston, SC

Mentor: Dr. Susan Hogue, Department of Art

The purpose of Bridges is to create a documentary that examines both sides of an overlooked but powerful piece of South Carolina history. When Lake Marion was flooded for the 1930s Rural Electrification Project, two prosperous towns of Rimini and Lonestar, SC were separated. An alleged promise was made to reconnect the two communities, but it was never fulfilled. Now that a new bridge is being proposed, many question whether a promise was made at all and say that a $90-million bridge reconnecting these two tiny communities is environmentally destructive and possibly the product of a politician’s vanity. Others say the bridge will bring long-overdue economic development to the area. The history of the communities is being examined through WPA records, Santee Cooper historical documents, and Movietone footage. The end result of the film will be the creation of a visual history for the two towns, which will include the oral history of the elderly, interviews with working professionals and youth of the community, as well as politicians, political experts, local and national historians,


and environmentalists. It is anticipated that Bridges will spark a debate on one central issue: What obligation do we have to keep our promises?

The True New Russians: Opinions on terrorism, democratic governance, and US-Russian relations among Russian university students

Jeremiah Wolfe, Russian - Danville, KY

Mentor: Dr. Gordon Smith, Department of Political Science

Sir Winston Churchill put it best when he described Russian politics as a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. Unfortunately for scholars and policy-makers, the same can be said of contemporary Russian politics. Even less understood is the first post-Soviet generation of Russians. My goal is to shed light on this group, which I call the true new Russians. My research consists of the results of a self-designed survey that I distributed to over 1,000 Russian students in Vladimir, Russia and Krasnodar, Russia. My poster will explain that although Russian students are generally pro-democracy, they overwhelmingly favor a Russified version of democracy over the American/Western version. It will also show that while Russian students in general have a positive or indifferent view of America, the vast majority of students believe that Russia should pursue a more independent foreign policy as well as make efforts to form a countering alliance by bolstering ties with Europe and Asia. Another issue I address is disparity between general support for the U.S. War on Terrorism, support for military operations in Chechnya, and opposition to the Iraq War. In application this research helps to understand the strong-armed policies of the Putin administration and sheds light on the likely future course for Russian politics.


Index of Students

Anderson, Melissa ............................. 40Autry, Anita ........................................ 22Barber-Collins, Tassie ........................ 34Bass, Christina .................................. 33Belcher, LaTonia .................................. 5Black, Lauren Codi ............................ 22Black, Mandi ........................................ 5Blew, Michael .................................... 14Boozer, Victoria ................................. 18Brown, Leah ...................................... 23Bryan, Kenneth .................................. 21Byerly, Katrina ..................................... 9Byrnes, Jason .................................... 18Carter, Eric........................................... 6Chajewski, Michael ............................ 33Chakales, Sarah ................................ 19Champion, Allison .............................. 34Coachman, Sherena ........................... 9Coggins, Bonnie ................................ 10Coker, Caitlin ..................................... 39Corley, Talia ....................................... 19Coslett, Jamie ............................... 20,39Dalal, Nishita ....................................... 6Dickson, Chris ................................... 19Engle, Melissa ................................... 10Epps, S. Alisha .................................. 23Etson, Kristie ..................................... 40Faulk, Katie ....................................... 19Foster, Jessica .................................. 18Fox, Anna .......................................... 20Frankenberger, Bobby ....................... 34Gonzalez, Itzel ................................... 35Hipp, Rachael .................................... 14Holt, Ryan .......................................... 21Humphries, Carrie Allison .................. 11Iotova, Albena .................................... 15Jacobs, Dale ...................................... 11Johns, Paula ...................................... 40Kane, Ian ........................................... 24Kim, Jae Jun ...................................... 28Korang-Behesti, Yossef ..................... 28Krena, Drew ...................................... 29Kumar, Nidhi ........................................ 7Lake, Jennifer .................................... 24Lareau, Stephanie ............................... 7

Lasota, Lesya .................................... 34Leonard, Brian ................................... 35Levine, Stefanie ................................. 18Lohman, Mary ................................... 20Mahan, Kathleen ............................... 36Manuse, Mary Jo ................................. 8Mark, Teresa ...................................... 25Matthews, Luke ................................. 15McCormick, Patrick ............................ 40McDougald, Amanda ......................... 35Mehta, Jeni ........................................ 34Metcalf, Ashley .................................. 16Michaelis, Kathryn ............................. 19Mitchell, Christopher .......................... 12Moore, Kelvin .................................... 16Newsom, Ryan .................................. 36Norris, Deanna .................................... 8Oates, Kristin ..................................... 29Ortner, Jackie .................................... 18Pancholi, Suchita ............................... 30Peters, Sara ...................................... 34Refi, Sarah ........................................ 30Roberson, Samantha ........................ 31Ross, Jonathan ................................. 19Sanders, Clara .................................. 36Saut, Ray ........................................... 34Saylor, Sara ....................................... 21Sinclair, Gabrielle .............................. 18Speaks, Chris .................................... 20Styslinger, Thomas ............................ 31Su, Andy ............................................ 26Thakur, Vivek ..................................... 17Tomlinson, Jennifer ........................... 26Traynum, Steven ............................... 13Vaca, Raquel ..................................... 34van Dalen, Chris ................................ 20Venn, Marissa .................................... 19Veronee, Kimberly ........................ 18,37Vignone, Kathryn .......................... 20,41Walker, Elyse ..................................... 13Waring, Lauren .................................. 41Warren, A. Cade ................................ 37Wheeler, Jason .................................. 27Wolfe, Jeremiah ................................. 42Wright, Megan ................................... 38

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