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Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. It avoids the error of the original by providing

the main verb launched to carry out the action of the sentence.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) involves a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to

carry out the action of the sentence, only the participle launching.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) results in a verb-tense error. T he adverb recently

indicates an action completed in the past, making the verb phrase

would launch, which implies a future event, inappropriate.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb tocarry out the action of the sentence, only the participle launching.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to

carry out the action of the sentence, only the participle launched.

2

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Online - Practice Test #3

The Womens Media Group recently laun ching a n inter n program in a n effort to

encourage min ority women to think about careers in publishing a nd electronic

media.

(A) The Womens Media Group recently launching an intern program

(B) The Womens Media Group recently would launch an intern program

(C) Recently launching an intern program , the Womens Media Group

(D) The Womens Media Group recently launched an intern program

(E) An intern program recently lau nched by the Womens Media Group

ANSWERS ANDEXPLANATIONS

Bears in Yosemite N ational Park h av e been known to break int o cars for food,

candy , or ev en toothpaste, since such is th e case, most campers heed posted

Test Sections

Section 1

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Section 9

Sect ion 1 0
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Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the comma-splice error of the original

by appropriately joining two independent clauses (Bears in

Yosemite National Park have been known to break into cars for food,

candy, or even toothpaste and most campers heed posted warnings

about the animals) with a semicolon, the conjunction therefore,

and a comma.


Choice (A) involves a comma-splice error. Two independent clauses

(Bears in Yosemite National Park have been known to break into

cars for food, candy, or even toothpaste and since such is the case,

most campers heed posted warnings about the animals) are

improperly joined by only a comma.


Choice (B) results in a coordination error. The preposition with

does not appropriately establish the cause-effect relationship

between the first and second concepts (Bears in Yosemite National

Park have been known to break into cars for food, candy, or even

toothpaste and most campers heed posted warnings).


Choice (C) involves a comma-splice error. Two independent clauses

(Bears in Yosemite National Park have been known to break into

cars for food, candy, or even toothpaste and most campers heed

posted warnings about the animals as a result) are improperly joinedby only a comma.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) results in a sentence fragment. The semicolon improperly

joins an independent clause (Bears in Yosemite National Park have

been known to break into cars for food, candy, or even toothpaste)

and a dependent clause (and most campers heed posted warnings

about the animals because of that).

(A)toothpaste, since such is the ca se, m ost cam pers heed posted war ning s

about t he animals

(B)toothpaste, w ith most c am pers therefore h eeding posted warn ings about

the animals

(C)toothpaste, m ost cam pers heed posted warnin gs about the a nim als as a

result

(D)toothpaste; and m ost ca mpers heed posted warnin gs about th e anim als

becau se of th at

(E)toothpaste; ther efore, m ost cam pers heed posted warn ings about t he

animals



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3

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. It avoids the modification error of the original

by providing the appropriate modifying phrase beginning with who

have designed.


Choice (A) results in a modification error. The sentence illogically

implies that the National Concrete Canoe Competition designedcanoes.


Choice (C) results in unidiomatic phrasing. The preposition of is

unidiomatic following the verb attracts. In addition, the

prepositional phrase for designing does not logically modify

students.


Choice (D) results in unidiomatic phrasing. The verb phrase to bedesigning is unidiomatic following the verb attracts. In addition,

the phrase to be designing does not logically modify students.


Choice (E) is awkward and imprecise. It does not make clear when

the team of students designed canoes that promote the versatility of

concrete or how the design of these canoes relates to the

competition.

4

The ann ual Na tional Concrete Can oe Competition attr acts team s of engineering

students hav ing designed canoes that promote the v ersatility of concrete.

(A) having designed

(B) who have designed

(C) for designing

(D) to be designing

(E) and they designed


An na Freu d adapted classical psy ch oanal y tic t ech ni que to the treat ment of y oun g

children, being Sigmund Freuds daughter.

(A)An na Freu d adapted classical psy ch oanaly tic tech ni que to the treatm ent of

y oun g chi ldr en, bein g Sigm und Freu ds daugh ter.

(B)An na Freu d adapted classical psy ch oanaly tic tech ni que to the treatm ent of

y oun g chi ldr en, a nd she w as Si gm und Freu ds daugh ter.

(C)An na Freu d, wh o as Sigm und Freu ds daugh ter a dapted classical

psy choanaly tic technique to the treatment of y oung children.

(D)Being Ann a Freud, Sigmu nd Freuds daugh ter adapted classical

psy choanaly tic technique to the treatment of y oung children.


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Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the modification error of the original

by placing the modifying phrase Sigmund Freuds daughter

immediately after the subject (Anna Freud) that it modifies.


Choice (A) involves a modification error. It is unclear what the

modifying phrase being Sigmund Freuds daughter is meant to

modify.


Choice (B) involv es a subordination and a verb-form error. T he fact

that Anna Freud is the daughter of Sigmund Freud is not of equal

value to the statement that Anna Freud adapted classical

psychoanalytic technique to the treatment of young children, so the

two statements should not be joined with a comma and the

conjunction and. In addition, the past-tense verb was in the

clause she was Sigmund Freuds daughter illogically implies that

Anna Freud is no longer Sigmund Freuds daughter.


Choice (C) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to

carry out the action of the sentence, only the relative clause

beginning with who.


Choice (D) involves an idiom error. The introductory phrase Being

Anna Freud is unidiomatic. The participle being should be deleted,

and a comma should be placed after daughter.

5

(E) Anna Freud, Sigmun d Freuds daughter, adapted classical psychoanalytic

technique to the treatment of young children.


Mindful of the gr owing popularit y of backy ard compost piles among h ome

gardeners, experts warn t hat a dding meat, dair y product s, or cooking gr ease to

compost will attract v ermin.

(A)experts warn th at adding m eat, dairy product s, or cooking gr ease to

compost will

(B)adding m eat, dair y products, or cooking g rease to compost, t his is what

experts warn will

(C)and with w arn ings from experts that adding meat , dairy product s, or

cooking gr ease to compost will

(D)wa rn in gs fr om expert s concerni ng th e addit ion of m eat, dai ry products, or

cooking gr ease to compost will

(E)experts warning tha t adding meat , dairy products, or cooking gr ease to

compost w ould


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Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (A) is correct. It avoids the errors of the other options by

providing a subject (experts) that can be logically modified by the

phrase Mindful of . . . gardeners.


Choice (B) results in a lack of subject. T here is no subject for the

phrase Mindful of the growing popularity of backyard compost piles

among home gardeners to logically modify.


Choice (C) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to

carry out the action of the sentence, only the v erb phrase will

attract, which is part of the modify ing phrase beginning with and

with warnings from experts


Choice (D) results in a modification error. The sentence illogically

implies that warnings are Mindful of the growing popularity of

backy ard compost piles.


Choice (E) results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to

carry out the action of the sentence, only the participle warning.

6



providing the parallel noun phrases a foe of colonialism, an

advocate of civ il disobedience, and a master of political oratory.


Choice (B) results in a lack of parallelism. The gerund phrase

mastering political oratory is not parallel with the preceding noun

phrases a foe of colonialism and an advocate of civil


Jaw ahar lal Nehru , th e first Prime Minister of an independent India, was a foe of

colonialism, an adv ocate of civ il disobedience, an d a m aster of political oratory .

(A) was a foe of colonialism, an adv ocate of civil disobedience, and a m aster of

(B) was a foe of colonialism, an a dvocate of civil disobedience, and ma stering

(C) was a foe of colonialism, adv ocated civ il disobedience, and a master of

(D) was a foe of colonialism, an adv ocate of civil disobedience, and he m astered

(E) fought colonialism, was an advocate of civil disobedience, m astering



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disobedience.


Choice (C) results in a lack of parallelism. The phrase advocated

civil disobedience is not parallel with the noun phrases that precede

(a foe of colonialism) or follow (a master of political oratory) it.


Choice (D) results in a lack of parallelism. The phrase he mastered

political oratory is not parallel with the preceding noun phrases a

foe of colonialism and an advocate of civil disobedience.


Choice (E) results in a lack of parallelism. So that the sentence

contains three parallel v erb phrases, the gerund mastering should

be changed to mastered, and the conjunction and should be used

to link mastered to what precedes it.

7


Choice (B) is correct. If avoids the verb-tense and redundancy errors

of the original by providing the appropriate modifying phrase

sweeping almost unchecked over great distances.


Choice (A) involves a v erb-tense and redundancy error. T he past

progressive tense verb phrase having swept in the modifying

phrase is inconsistent with the present-tense verb is in the mainclause. In addition, the pronoun it is redundant since the pronoun

immediately follows the subject (Strong wind) it refers to.


Choice (C) results in a coordination error. T he conjunction for

implies that strong wind will sweep over great distances becauseit is

a component of the grassland climate; however, the original intent of

the sentence is that strong wind is a component of grassland climate

as a resultof its sweeping over great distances.

Strong wind, it ha v ing swept almost un checked ov er great distances, is a prime

component of the gr assland clim ate.

(A) it hav ing swept almost unchecked ov er great distances,

(B) sweeping almost unchecked ov er great distances,

(C) being alm ost unchecked, will sweep ov er great distances, for it

(D) with almost unchecked sweeping ov er great distances,

(E) swept ov er great distances and almost unchecked,



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Choice (D) results in awkward, unidiomatic phrasing. The phrase

with almost unchecked sweeping is unidiomatic and should be

replaced with the phrase sweeping almost unchecked.


Choice (E) involves unidiomatic phrasing. It is appropriate to

describe the actionof wind as sweeping, but it is not idiomatic todescribe Strong wind as swept over great distances.

8



appropriately joining two related independent clauses with a colon.


Choice (B) results in a comma splice. T wo independent clauses

(Although she wrote 2,000 years ago, the Roman poet Sulpicia isstill being read and her poems are available in English translation in

a number of anthologies) are improperly joined by only a comma.


Choice (C) results in improper coordination. A dependent clause

(her poems being available in English translation in a number of

anthologies) is improperly joined to an independent clause with a

semicolon.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :Choice (D) involves awkward, unidiomatic phrasing. The phrase her

poems are being available is unidiomatic and so should be replaced

with the idiomatic her poems are available.


Choice (E) results in a comma splice. T wo independent clauses

(Although she wrote 2,000 years ago, the Roman poet Sulpicia is

still being read and yet her poems are available in English

translation in a number of anthologies) are improperly joined by

Al th oug h sh e wrote 2 ,0 00 y ears a go, th e Roma n poet Su lpicia is still being read:

her poems are av ailable in English tran slation in a num ber of anth ologies.

(A) read: her poems are

(B) read, her poems are

(C) read; her poems being

(D) read: her poems are being

(E) read, yet her poems are



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only a comma.

9


Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the lack of parallelism of the original

by providing the appropriate conjunction (and) to complete the

correlative construction both . . . and . . .


Choice (A) involves a lack of parallelism. The sentence intends to

link two things together using the correlative construction both . . .

and . . . However, here the conjunction but is improperly used in

place of and.


Choice (B) results in a lack of parallelism. The sentence intends to


and . . . However, here the phrase but also is improperly used in

place of and.


Choice (C) involves a lack of parallelism. The sentence intends to link

two things together using the correlative construction both . . . and .

. . However, here the conjunction yet is improperly used in place

of and.


Choice (D) results in a lack of parallelism. The sentence intends to


and . . . In this construction, what follows both must be

grammatically similar to what follows and. However, here as

precedes both but follows and.

10

The apparently chaotic images in certain types of contemporary painting strike

many v iewers as both confusing but delightfully original.

(A) but

(B) bu t also

(C) y et

(D) an d a s

(E) and


The directors insistence that there be adequat e stage light ing and professionally

installed backdrops in th e theater was not obstinate but a determ ination to prov ide

a safe work env ironment for the actors and stage crew.

(A) was not obstinate but a determination


9/29




Choice (E) is correct. It avoids the lack of parallelism of the original

by providing a prepositional phrase to follow each part of the

correlative construction not . . . but . . .


Choice (A) results in a lack of parallelism. In correlative

constructions such as not . . . but . . ., what follows not must be

grammatically similar to what follows but. However, here an

adjective (obstinate) follows not while a noun (a determination)

follows but.


Choice (B) results in an illogical statement. The sentence illogically

suggests that the directors insistence was not obstinate but

determined.


Choice (C) results in a comma splice. Two independent clauses (The

directors insistence that . . . obstinacy and he was determined . . .

crew) are improperly joined by only a comma.


Choice (D) results in a lack of parallelism. In correlative

constructions such as not . . . but . . ., what follows not must be

grammatically similar to what follows but. However, here a

preposition (from) follows not while a pronoun (he) follows

but.

11

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

(B) was not obstinate but determined

(C) was not because of obstinacy , he was determined

(D) resulted not from obstinacy , but he was determined

(E) resulted not from obstinacy but from a determination


Research ers hav e found th at lar ge fish ar e most likely to contain high lev els of

mercury than small fish.

(A) are most likely to contain high levels of mercury than small fish

(B) are more likely to contain high levels of mercury compared to small fish

(C) are more likely th an small fish to contain high levels of mercury

(D) compared with small fish most likely contain high levels of mercury

(E) more likely contain higher levels of mercury t han in small fish



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Choice (C) is correct. It avoids the modification error of the original

by providing the appropriate comparative modifier more.


Choice (A) results in a modification error. Only one type of thing

(large fish) is being compared with one other type of thing (small

fish), making most an inappropriate comparative modifier.


Choice (B) results in unidiomatic phrasing. It is idiomatic to follow

the comparative phrase more likely with the conjunction than

not compared to.


Choice (D) results in an illogical statement. T he sentence illogically

implies that only large fish that are compared with small fish contain

high levels of mercury .


Choice (E) results in a logical comparison error. The noun phrase

large fish is being inappropriately compared with the prepositional

phrase in small fish.

12

Corrected Sentence:While working at Harvard Observatory

classifying stars, Antonia Maury became one of the first astronomers

to identify a spectroscopic binary star with her discovery of Beta

Aurigae in 1889.


The error in the sentence occurs at (B). The use of the participle

becoming results in a sentence fragment. A main verb (became) is

needed to carry out the action of the sentence.


There is no error at (A). T he conjunction While in the introductory

phrase While working at Harvard Observatory appropriately

establishes an action taking place at the same time that another

action was completed.


While worki ng at Harv ar d Obser v at ory classify in g star s, A nt onia Mau ry

becoming one of th e fir st a str onomers to ident ify a spectroscopic bina ry sta r w ith

her discov ery of Beta Auriga e in 18 89. No error



11/29



There is no error at (C). The infinitive to identify idiomatically

follows the phrase one of the first astronomers.


There is no error at (D). The preposition with appropriately

introduces the prepositional phrase with her discovery, and the

possessive pronoun her appropriately refers to Antonia Maury.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : There is an error in the

sentence.

13

Corrected Sentence:Before steamships started crossing the

North Atlantic in the early nineteenth century, the best way to travel

between Europe and America was on sailing ships called packets.


The error in the sentence occurs at (C). The present perfect verb

has been describes an action completed at an unspecified time

before the present. The phrase Before steamships started crossing

the North Atlantic in the early nineteenth century, indicates that the

past-tense verb was is needed to indicate an action completed in

the past.


There is no error at (A). T he infinitive to travel idiomatically

follows the phrase the best way.


There is no error at (B). The preposition between idiomatically

follows the verb trav el and appropriately introduces the

prepositional phrase between Europe and America.


There is no error at (D). T he past participle called appropriately

modifies the plural noun ships.


sentence.

14

Before steamships started crossing the North A tlant ic in the ear ly nineteenth

century , the best w ay to trav el between Europe and Am erica has been on sailing

ships called packets. No err or


The m ost successful a lgebra teach ers do not hav e their stu dents simply mem orize

form ulas and equations; they ma ke sure th at th eir students also understand th e


12/29



Corrected Sentence:The most successful algebra teachers do not

have their students simply memorize formulas and equations; they

make sure that their students also understand the underlying

mathematical concepts.

Explanation for Correct Answer E : There is no error in this

sentence.


There is no error at (A). T he adverb most appropriately modifies

the adjective successful, which modifies the noun phrase algebra

teachers.


There is no error at (B). The plural possessive pronoun theirappropriately refers to the plural noun teachers.


There is no error at (C). The plural verb phrase make sure agrees

with the plural subject they, and the conjunction that

appropriately introduces the clause that their students also

understand theconcepts.


There is no error at (D). The plural verb understand agrees with theplural subject students.

15

Corrected Sentence:Of three common approaches to writing

music, composers generally seem to find instrumental improvisation

the most congenial.


The error in the sentence occurs at (D). The adverb more should

only be used to compare two things. T he sentence references three

common approaches to writing music, so the adverb more should

be replaced with the adverb most.


underly ing mathem atical concepts. No error


Of three comm on approaches to wr iting m usic, composers generally seem t o find

instrum ental improv isation the more congenial. No error



13/29



There is no error at (A). T he preposition of appropriately

introduces the introductory prepositional phrase Of three common

approaches to writing music.


There is no error at (B). The plural verb seem agrees with the plural

subject composers.


There is no error at (C). The phrase to f ind is idiomatic after

seem.


sentence.

16

Corrected Sentence:Among the most dangerous environmental

threats that we face is compu-garbage, the nonbiodegradable and

often toxic waste resulting from the improper disposal of obsolete

personal computers.


The error in the sentence occurs at (B). The plural verb are doesnot agree with the singular subject compu-garbage and should be

replaced with the singular verb is.


There is no error at (A). T he preposition Among appropriately

introduces the prepositional phrase Among the most dangerous

environmental threats.


There is no error at (C). The adverb often appropriately modifies

the adjective toxic, which modifies the noun waste.


There is no error at (D). The noun disposal is idiomatically

followed by the preposition of, which introduces the prepositional

phrase of obsolete personal computers.


sentence.

Am ong th e m ost dang erous en v ironm enta l thr eats t ha t w e face a re com pu-

garba ge, t he nonbiodegradable and often toxic wa ste resultin g from th e improper

disposal of obsolete personal computers. No error



14/29



17

Corrected Sentence:Slanting through the trees, yesterdays late

afternoon sun cast deep shadows on the bedroom wall.


The error in the sentence occurs at (C). The modifying phrase more

deeper is unidiomatic and redundant and should be replaced by the

adjective deep.


There is no error at (A). The participle Slanting and the idiomatic

preposition through appropriately begin the participial phrase that

appropriately modifies the subject sun.


There is no error at (B). The past-tense verb cast appropriately

describes an action that occurred in the past as indicated by the

possessive noun yesterdays.


There is no error at (D). T he preposition on appropriately

introduces the prepositional phrase on the bedroom wall.


sentence.

18

Corrected Sentence:After sampling the grapes, the six judges

decided that the homegrown produce tasted better than the import

companys produce.


The error in the sentence occurs at (D). It does not make sense to

compare homegrown produce to the import company. Instead,

homegrown produce should be compared to the import

companys produce.


Slanting thr ough the t rees, yesterday s late aftern oon sun ca st more deeper

shadows on the bedroom wall . No err or


After sa m plin g t he gr apes, t he six ju dges decided tha t t he hom egrown produce

tasted better than th e import compan y . No error



15/29



There is no error at (A). T he preposition after appropriately

introduces the introductory prepositional phrase After sampling the

grapes.


There is no error at (B). The past-tense verb decided appropriately

indicates an action completed in the past (after the grapes were

sampled).


There is no error at (C). The past-tense verb tasted appropriately

describes an action completed in the past, and the adjective better

complements the subject produce.


sentence.

19

Corrected Sentence:For most of recent history, people have used

energy wastefully, but now that supplies of essential fuels are

becoming rapidly depleted, environmentalists are urging people to

change the way they use energy.Explanation for Correct Answer D :

The error in the sentence occurs at (D). It is not clear to what the

singular pronoun it is meant to refer. The precise the way they use

energy should be used instead.


There is no error at (A). T he preposition for appropriately

introduces the introductory prepositional phrase For most of recent

history.


There is no error at (B). The conjunction now is used appropriately

to indicate an action in the present (now that supplies of essential

fuels are becoming rapidly depleted).


There is no error at (C). The adverb rapidly appropriately modifies

the past participle depleted.

For m ost of recent history, people hav e used energy wastefully , but now that

supplies of essential fuels are becomin g r apidly depleted, env ironmenta lists are

urg ing people to chan ge it. No error



16/29




sentence.

20

Corrected Sentence:As the guide led us through the exhibit of

ancient Russian icons, she interspersed explanations of the objects

with stories about her own first encounters with Russian art, giving a

unique personal dimension to the tour.


The error in the sentence occurs at (D). The pronoun you should

be deleted. It is unnecessary in the sentence and inconsistent with the

previous pronoun us.


There is no error at (A). T he conjunction as appropriately

introduces the introductory phrase As the guide led us through the

exhibit of ancient Russian icons to indicate an action happening at

the same time as the following action (she interspersed explanations

of the objects).


There is no error at (B). The preposition with appropriatelyintroduces the prepositional phrase with stories, and the

preposition about appropriately introduces the prepositional

phrase about her own first encounters with Russian art.


There is no error at (C). The adjectives own and first

appropriately modify the plural noun encounters.


sentence.

21

Corrected Sentence:The region bounded by the northwest corner

of Greenland, the northern tip of Labrador, and the Mackenzie Delta

As t he gu ide l ed us th rough th e ex hibit of an cient Ru ssian icons, she in terspersed

explanations of the objects with stories about her own first encounters wit h Russian

art , giv ing y ou a un ique personal dimension to the tour. No error


The region bounded by the n orth west corner of Greenland, th e northern tip of

Labrador, a nd the Mackenzie Delta inclu de the islands collectiv ely known as the

Canadian Arct ic Archipelago. No error



17/29



includes the islands collectively known as the Canadian Arctic

Archipelago.


The error in the sentence occurs at (B). The plural verb include

does not agree with the singular subject region and so should be

replaced with the singular verb includes.


There is no error at (A). T he past participle bounded appropriately

modifies the noun region and is idiomatically followed by the

preposition by, which introduces the prepositional phrase by the

northwest corner.


There is no error at (C). The adverb collectively appropriately

modifies the adjective known.


There is no error at (D). The phrase known as appropriately

modifies the plural noun islands.


sentence.

22

Corrected Sentence:Because traffic was unusually heavy , Jim

arrived ten minutes late for his job interview even though he had run

desperately all the way from the bus stop.


The error in the sentence occurs at (C). The sentence is describing an

action (Jim ran from the bus stop) that occurred before another

action in the past (Jim arrived ten minutes late for his job interv iew).

This requires the past perfect tense, so had ran should be replaced

with the past perfect verb phrase had run.


There is no error at (A). T he adverb unusually appropriately

modifies the adjective heavy, which appropriately modifies the

noun traffic.


Because traffic was unusually heav y , Jim arriv ed ten m inutes late for his job

interv iew even though he had ran desperately all the w ay from th e bus stop. No

error



18/29



There is no error at (B). The preposition for idiomatically follows

the adjective late and appropriately introduces the prepositional

phrase for his job interview.


There is no error at (D). T he preposition from idiomatically follows

the noun way and appropriately introduces the prepositional

phrase from the bus stop.


sentence.

23

Corrected Sentence:As adults, male golden silk spiders live not in

webs of their own making but rather in webs made by female spiders.


sentence.


There is no error at (A). T he conjunction As in the introductory

phrase As adults appropriately indicates that the action of the

sentence occurs when male golden silk spiders are adults.


There is no error at (B). The plural verb live agrees with the plural

subject spiders, and the adverb not appropriately modifies the

verb live.


There is no error at (C). The plural possessive pronoun their

appropriately refers to the plural noun spiders, and the adjective

own appropriately modifies the gerund making.


There is no error at (D). T he past participle made appropriately

serves to modify the noun webs and is idiomatically followed by

the preposition by, which introduces the prepositional phrase by

female spiders.

24

As a dults, m ale golden silk spider s liv e not in webs of th eir own mak ing but r at her

in webs made by female spiders. No error


Mr. Hanson proudly demonstrat ed his compan y s latest cell phone, a model that


19/29



Corrected Sentence:Mr. Hanson proudly demonstrated his

companys latest cell phone, a model that flashes the time in color-

coded numerals when a button is pressed.


The error in the sentence occurs at (D). It does not make sense to say

that the cell phone model is pressing a button. The phrase pressing

a button should be replaced with when a button is pressed.


There is no error at (A). T he adverb proudly appropriately

modifies the past-tense verb demonstrated.


There is no error at (B). The possessive pronoun his appropriately

refers to Mr. Hanson and modifies the possessive noun companys,

which modifies the phrase latest cell phone.


There is no error at (C). The singular verb flashes agrees with the

singular subject a model. In addition, the relative pronoun that

appropriately introduces the relative clause that flashes . . .

numerals that modifies a model.


sentence.

25

Corrected Sentence:At a time when interest in twentieth-century

classical music seems on the verge of dissappearing, the avant-garde

compositions of the 1960s and 1970s manage to retain their

popularity.


The error in the sentence occurs at (C). The preposition to is

unidiomatic after on the verge and should be replaced with the

preposition of. In addition, the verb disappear should be

replaced with "dissapearing."

flashes the tim e in color-coded numera ls when pressing bu tton. No error


At a t im e when interest in t wentieth-centu ry classical music seem s on the v erge to

disappear, the av ant -gar de compositions of the 1 96 0s and 19 7 0s manag e to retain

their popularit y . No error



20/29




There is no error at (A). T he relative pronoun when appropriately

introduces the relative clause when interest in twentieth century

classical music seems on the verb of disappearing.


There is no error at (B). The singular verb seems agrees with the

singular subject interest.


There is no error at (D). The plural verb manage agrees with the

plural subject compositions.


sentence.

26

Corrected Sentence:A powerful advocate of equal rights, Belva

Lockwood was twice a candidate for President long before the

Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution allowed women to vote.


The error in the sentence occurs at (A). The preposition to is

unidiomatic following the noun advocate and should be replaced

with the preposition of.


There is no error at (B). The singular past-tense verb was agrees

with the singular subject Belva Lockwood and appropriately

indicates an action occurring in the past.


There is no error at (C). The preposition to idiomatically follows

the noun Amendment and appropriately introduces the

prepositional phrase to the Constitution.


There is no error at (D). The plural noun women appropriately

serves as the direct object, and the infinitive to vote appropriately

serves as the indirect object, of the past-tense verb allowed.


A power ful a dv ocate to equ al ri gh ts, Belv a Lockwood was tw ice a ca ndida te for

President long before th e Nineteenth Am endment to the Constitu tion allowed

women t o v ote. No er ror



21/29



sentence.

27

Corrected Sentence:Persistent use of antibacterial soaps in

homes both kills many innocuous bacteria and encourages harmful

ones to develop even more resistant strains.


sentence.


There is no error at (A). T he conjunction both appropriately

modifies the singular verb kills, which agrees with the singular

subject use.


There is no error at (B). The adjectives many and innocuous

appropriately modify the noun bacteria.


There is no error at (C). The singular verb encourages agrees with

the singular subject use.


There is no error at (D). The adverb ev en appropriately modifies

the adverb more, which appropriately modifies the adjective

resistant. The adjective resistant appropriately modifies the

plural noun strains.

28

Corrected Sentence:Annual visitors to New York Citys Central

Park number almost ten times the visitors to Mount Rushmore.


The error in the sentence occurs at (D). It does not make sense to

compare the plural noun phrase visitors to New Y ork City s Central

Park to the singular phrase that of Mount Rushmore. The singular

phrase should be replaced with the plural noun phrase visitors to

Persistent use of ant ibacterial soaps in h omes both kills many innocuous bacteria

and encourages harm ful ones to develop ev en m ore resistant strains. No error


An nu al v isit ors to New York Cit y s Centr al Par k num ber al most ten tim es th at of

Moun t Rushm ore. No err or



22/29



Mount Rushmore so that both phrases reference visitors to a

location.


There is no error at (A). T he preposition to idiomatically follows

the plural noun visitors and appropriately introduces the

prepositional phrase to New York City s Central Park.


There is no error at (B). The plural verb number agrees with the

plural subject visitors.


There is no error at (C). The adverb almost appropriately modifies

the word ten.


sentence.

29

Corrected Sentence:To insist that a poem means whatever one

wants it to mean is often to ignore the intention and even the words

of the poet.


The error in the sentence occurs at (C). The verb form ignoring is

not parallel with the preceding verb phrase, the infinitive To insist

and so should be replaced with the infinitive to ignore.


There is no error at (A). T he indefinite pronoun one appropriately

references an individual in general.


There is no error at (B). The singular verb wants agrees with the

singular pronoun one, and the singular pronoun it appropriately

references the singular noun poem.


There is no error at (D). The adverb ev en appropriately modifies

the noun phrase the words.


To insist th at a poem m eans what ev er one wants it to mean is often ign oring the

intent ion an d even t he words of the poet. No error



23/29



sentence.

(1)The decade after 1 937 saw considerable growth in the African Am erican

press in t he United Stat es. (2)Traditionally , A frican Am erican newspapers had

been distribu ted only th rou gh th e m ai l and at newsstands in a few large cities.

(3)Howev er, in 1 93 8 LeRoy Bran nic founded a newspaper distributorship, the

Great Eastern News Corporat ion, in New York City , wit h outlets in cities

throughout the country . (4)It wa s contr olled and operated entirely by African

Am erican s. (5)Brannics compan y put African A merica n newspapers into wide

circulation across the country. (6)Though v iewed as a modern m eans of mass

comm unica tion, newspapers in fact date back to ancient Rome.

(7)Increased circu lation brough t more income with w hich Africa n Am erican

publishers could im prov e production. (8)The Scott Sy ndicate in Atlan ta, Georgia,

was m ass-producin g 3 2 differ ent n ewspapers by th e m id-1 940s. (9)Syndication

offered the adv anta ges of shared news, features, and print ing, each paper still

maintaining contact with its local community through a small staff employ ed

there.

(10)Salar ies rose, and wh ile the older, self-ma de men retained ownership of the

newspapers. (11)College-educat ed report ers began t o join newspaper sta ffs.

(12)Cov erage expanded. (13)Some of th e more succ essful paper s could support

their own foreign correspondents. (14)Increased use of photography in th e

newspapers, m ade possible by the pur chase of expensiv e printin g equipm ent,

mean t m ore work and better salaries for African Am erican photogra phers.

30


Choice (B) is correct. T he topic of the passage is the growth of

African American newspapers in the United States. Sentence 6, about

newspapers dating back to ancient Rome, does not address the

specific topic of the passage and so should be deleted.


Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. Sentence 3 describes the founding of a

newspaper distributorship that was controlled and operated entirely

by African Americans. This sentence is directly related to the topic

of the passage, the growth of African American newspapers in the

In order to maintain a logical flow of ideas, which of the following sentences should

be om itted from t he passage?

(A) Sen ten ce 3

(B) Sen ten ce 6

(C) Sen ten ce 9

(D) Sentence 12

(E) Sen ten ce 1 3



24/29



United States, and so should not be omitted.


Choice (C) is unsatisfactory. Sentence 9 describes the benefits of

syndication to African American newspapers. This sentence is

directly related to the topic of the passage, the growth of African

American newspapers in the United States, and so should not be

omitted.


Choice (D) is unsatisfactory. Sentence 12 explains that coverage by

African American newspapers expanded. This sentence is directly

related to the topic of the passage, the growth of African American

newspapers in the United States, and so should not be omitted.


Choice (E) is unsatisfactory . Sentence 13 describes how some African

American newspapers could even support foreign correspondents.

This sentence emphasizes the topic of the passage, the growth of

African American newspapers in the United States, and so should not

be omitted.

31


Choice (D) is correct. It eliminates the vague pronoun It in

sentence 4 and creates the phrase, Controlled and operated entirely

by African Americans, which appropriately modifies Brannics

company.


In contex t, w hich of th e following is th e best rev ision of th e under lined port ion of

sentences 4 and 5 (reproduced below)?

I t was controlled and operated entirely by African Americans. Brannics company put

African American newspapers into wide circulation across the country.

(A)It wa s contr olled and operated entirely by African A merica ns, and

Brann ics compan y

(B)It wa s contr olled and operated entirely by African A merica ns, though

Brann ics compan y

(C)Being contr olled and operated entirely by African A merica ns, it was

Brannics company that

(D)Contr olled and operated entirely by African A merica ns, Brannics

company

(E)Brann ics compan y , which w as contr olled and operated entir ely by African

Am erican s, h as



25/29



Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. There is nothing in the sentence to

which the pronoun It can logically refer.


Choice (B) is unsatisfactory. There is nothing in the sentence to

which the pronoun It can logically refer. In addition, the

conjunction though produces a coordination error, creating an

inappropriate contrast between the two clauses It was controlled

and operated entirely by African Americans and Brannics

company put African American newspapers into wide circulation

across the country.


Choice (C) is unsatisfactory. Choice (C) results in wordiness. The

words Being, it was, and that are unnecessary and should be

deleted.


Choice (E) is unsatisfactory. Choice (E) results in a tense-shift error.

The past-tense passive verb phrase was controlled and operated

indicates an action that was completed at a specific time in the past.

The present-perfect v erb phrase has put inappropriately indicates

an action that happened at an unspecified time before the present.

32


Choice (B) is correct. Sentence 7 explains that through increased

circulation and income, African American publishers could improve

production. Sentence 8 describes T he Scott Syndicate, an example

of a company mass-producing newspapers; therefore, choice (B), the

introductory phrase For example, one company, is most

appropriate.


In context, which of the following is best placed at the beginn ing of sentence 8

(reproduced below)?

The Scott Syndicate in Atlanta, Georgia, was mass-producing 32 different news papersby the mid-1940s.

(A) Unexpectedly, then,

(B) For example, one company,

(C) Nevertheless,

(D) In short ,

(E) On the other hand,



26/29



Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. Sentence 7 explains that through

increased circulation and income, African American publishers

could improve production. It is not logical to say T he Scott

Syndicate was mass-producing 32 different newspapers

unexpectedly.


Choice (C) is unsatisfactory. Sentence 7 explains that through

increased circulation and income, African American publisherscould improve production. It is not logical to say that

Nevertheless, or however, T he Scott Sy ndicate was mass-

producing 32 different newspapers. Sentence 8 serves as an

example of the statement made in sentence 7, not a contrast.


Choice (D) is unsatisfactory. Sentence 8 serves as an example of the

idea in sentence 7 . Sentence 8 is not a summary of the idea in

sentence 7, so the introductory phrase In short is inappropriate.


Choice (E) is unsatisfactory. Sentence 8 serves as an example of the

idea in sentence 7 . Sentence 8 is not in contrast with idea in sentence

7, so the introductory phrase On the other hand is inappropriate.

33


Choice (C) is correct. The modifying phrase beginning with while

allowing each paper to maintain appropriately modifies the main

clause, Syndication offered the advantages of shared news, features,

and printing.


Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. Revising sentence 9 with choice (A)

In context, which is the best v ersion of the un derlined portion of sentence 9

(reproduced below)?

Syndication offered the advantages of s hared new s, features, and printing, each paperstill maintaining co ntact with its local comm unity through a s mall staff employed

there.

(A) printing, and their papers still maintained

(B) printing; instead, each paper still mainta ined

(C) printing, while allowing each paper to maintain

(D) printing, though each paper maintains

(E) printing; each paper will still maintain



27/29



would result in a vague-pronoun error. There is nothing in the

sentence to which the plural possessive pronoun their can logically

refer.


Choice (B) is unsatisfactory. Revising sentence 9 with choice (B)

results in a coordination error. It does not make sense to link the two

complementary ideas in the sentence (Syndication offered the

advantages of shared news, features, and printing and each paperstill maintained contact with its local communitythere) with the

contrasting conjunction instead.


Choice (D) is unsatisfactory. Revising sentence 9 with choice (D)

results in a coordination error. It does not make sense to link the two

complementary ideas in the sentence (Syndication offered the

advantages of shared news, features, and printing and each paper

maintains contact with its local communitythere) with the

contrasting conjunction though.


Choice (E) is unsatisfactory. Revising sentence 9 with choice (E)

results in a tense-shift error. The sentence describes events that

occurred in the past. It does not make sense to say each paper will

still maintain, which is a reference to the future.

34


Choice (B) is correct. Connecting sentence 1 0 to sentence 11 with a

comma appropriately indicates the three actions Salaries rose, the

older, self-made men retained ownership of the newspapers, and

college-educated reporters began to join newspaper staffs

happened simultaneously.

In context, w hat is the best wa y to deal with sentence 1 0 (reproduced below)?

Salaries rose, and while the older, s elf-made men retained ownership of the

newspapers.

(A) Insert the word had imm ediately before retained.

(B)Connect it t o sentence 1 1 w ith a comm a, cha nging newspapers. College-

educated to newspapers, college-educated.

(C) Switch it with sentence 11 .

(D) Place it immediately before sentence 7 .

(E) Change while to yet.



28/29




Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. Revising sentence 10 with choice (A)

results in a sentence fragment. There is no main verb to carry out the

action of the sentence.


Choice (C) is unsatisfactory. Sentence 10 is a fragment, so switching

sentence 10 with sentence 11 is not the best way to deal with sentence10.


Choice (D) is unsatisfactory. Sentence 10 is a fragment, so placing it

immediately before sentence 7 is not the best way to deal with

sentence 10.


Choice (E) is unsatisfactory. Replacing while with yet changes the

meaning of sentence 10. The original intent of sentences 10 and 11 isto indicate that three events happened at the same time (salaries

rose, older men retained ownership of the newspapers, and college-

educated reporters began to join the newspaper staffs). Replacing

while with yet incorrectly implies that older, self-made men

retained ownership of the newspapers despite the fact that salaries

rose.

35


Choice (E) is correct. Sentence 9 introduces the topic of syndication,

and sentence 10 is about how newspaper-related salaries rose. The

sentence Syndication also created financial prosperity and new

career opportunities for African Americans, which provides more

details on syndication and financial improvements, provides an

appropriate transition between sentences 9 and 10.


In context, which is the best place t o put the following sentence?

Syndication also created financial prosperity and new career opportunities for African

Americans.

(A) Immediately before sentence 2

(B) Immediately before sentence 5

(C) Immediately before sentence 7

(D) Imm ediately before sentence 8

(E) Immediately before sentence 10

ANSWERS AND

EXPLANATIONS


29/29


Choice (A) is unsatisfactory. The first paragraph provides

information on the history of African American newspapers. It does

not mention syndication. Therefore, it would not make sense to add a

sentence giving additional information about syndication anywhere

in the first paragraph.


Choice (B) is unsatisfactory . T he first paragraph provides

information on the history of African American newspapers. It does

not mention syndication. Therefore, it would not make sense to add a

sentence giving additional information about syndication anywhere

in the first paragraph.


Choice (C) is unsatisfactory. The phrase Syndication also indicates

that the sentence is providing additional information on syndication.

The term syndication is not mentioned until sentence 9, so placing

this sentence immediately before sentence 7 would be inappropriate.


Choice (D) is unsatisfactory. The phrase Syndication also indicates

that the sentence is providing additional information on syndication.

The term syndication is not mentioned until sentence 9, so placing

this sentence immediately before sentence 8 would be inappropriate.

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