Ministry of Agriculture, lands, Forestry, Fisheries, Public utilities and Energy.

TThhee OOddoonnaattaa ooff GGrreennaaddaa ((LLeesssseerr AAnnttiilllleess))..

Survey report May 1 – 14 2009.

Société d’Histoire Naturelle L’Herminier

contribution to odonatology # 1.

François MEURGEY

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TThhee OOddoonnaattaa ooff GGrreennaaddaa ((LLeesssseerr AAnnttiilllleess))

Survey report May 1 – 14 2009.

L’Herminier Natural History Society

Odonata report # 1

Cover: Grand Etang Lake, St Andrews Parish (F.Meurgey)/ Erythrodiplax umbrata male (Pierre Guezennec) © L’Herminier Natural History Society contribution to odonatology # 1- François Meurgey

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Studies on odonata of the Caribbean have begun in 2000 in order to increase knowledge of species biology, ecology and biogeography. The L’Herminier Natural History Society and the Nantes Museum of Natural History carried out several studies in Guadeloupe, Martinique and Dominica since 2000 and a book on the Dragonflies of the Lesser Antilles is actually in progress. Recent data from the Lesser Antillean islands were greatly needed in order to understand the biogeography of the Lesser Antillean Dragonflies. Where the species did came from? What is exactly the dragonfly fauna composition? These questions remain to be solved. This is why an intensive survey of Grenada was carried out from May 1st to May 14th 2009. This study was organized both by the Nantes Museum of Natural History and the L’Herminier Natural History Society (LHNHS). Our primary aim was to update the checklist of species, since only two

papers are known to us concerning the dragonfly fauna of the island (Clark, 1910; Woodruff et al., 1998). Dr Woodruff spent few years in Grenada where he collected some odonate. These dragonflies are actually housed at the FSCA, and were checked by Jerrell Daigle before leaving to Grenada. We started with a list of six valid species. Other objective was to search for Brechmorhoga grenadensis, described in 1894 by Kirby and never seen since then. We had to point out its distribution and to give it a taxonomic status, since this species appeared similar to the commonest Brechmorhoga praecox. Generally speaking, a checklist of species must be considered as a tool for conservation matters. Data gathered on both ecology and biology on the field is intended to allow us to estimate the conservation status of species and their habitats, and then to apply the correct conservatory management.

Our study of dragonflies in the West Indies could be summarized as follows:

Survey/checklist of

species (adults)

Taxonomy (adults) Status

Ecology/biology (larval stage)

Protection of species and/or habitats

Ecological requirements

Threats

INTRODUCTION

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Dragonflies are divided into three suborders, zygoptera, Anisoptera and Anisozygoptera. Actually, we know about 5600 species distributed all over the World. In Grenada three families are known; Lestidae, Coenagrionidae and Libellulidae which are the most widespread in the World. ADULT Zygoptera are of slight built and have a weak and fluttery flight. Their eyes are separated by more than the width of an eye, the two pairs of wings are similar in shape and are usually held closed over or alongside the abdomen at rest. Anisoptera are generally more robust and are capable of strong flight. Their eyes touch to a greater or lesser extent at the top of the head, the two pairs of wings are dissimilar in shape; the hind pair being considerably broader at the base, they are held at rest. The suborder Anisozygoptera occurs only in Asia. LARVA Dragonflies spend the most important part of their live under water as larvae. Larvae can be identified to suborder as follows: Zygoptera have slender, cylindrical bodies, ending in three appendages that vary in shape according to family, these are their gills and they often bear striking patterns. Anisoptera are robust and lack the damselfly’s gills. Their shape depends on the type of habitat in which they develop. All the dragonflies’ larvae bear a unique feature among insects: on the underside of the head is an appendage known as the mask. The mask is an extension of the lower “lip” (labium) and is elongated, jointed and armed with a pair of

MORPHOLOGY OF DRAGONFLIES

Tramea abdominalis, Anisoptera

Tramea abdominalis larva (Anisoptera).

Ischnura ramburii larva (Zygoptera)

Ischnura ramburii male, Zygoptera

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pincers at the tip. It is called mask because, in most species, when not extended it covers the lower part of the face. When a prey come within reach, the larva shoots out this lip, grips its

captive with the pincers and then retracts the mask to its original position, whence the meal can be transferred to the jaws.

Ventral side of a Tramea larva, showing the mask.

Mask

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Odonata were surveyed on the field by François Meurgey from the Nantes Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and the L’Herminier Natural History Society (LHNHS), and Jerrell J. Daigle from Florida during two weeks, from May 02 to May 13. All the species were caught with an entomological net when adults, exuviae were collected with hands. Species were first identified in the field, and formerly named at the NMNH on the basis of our knowledge and with reference specimens from our collections. For each species a minimum of five specimens were caught, in order to constitute a reference collection for further studies, and deposited at the NHMN. Exuviae were surveyed in the same time with adults. This survey was based on the adult stage. Larvae were not systematically collected, although caught when present

Chose of collecting localities Stations were first located on a topographic map, and chosen according to their potentialities and their nature (e.g. standing or running water, swamp, pond, stream, river…). Each station was surveyed for a minimum of three or four hours, in order to maximize the chances to collect the totality of species, and to collect all the exuviae. Generally, the localities cited by Woodruff were visited once in order to verify the presence of species.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

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We surveyed 23 stations, distributed as follows:

St George Parish 1 - Annandale Fall, Annandale Estate, Willis, waterfall and ditch along the trail 600 ft, 2 - River Simon at Calivigny Estate, little stream along the mangrove swamp, N 12° 00’ 58.4’’ W 61° 43’ 09.5’’ St Andrews Parish 3 - Grand Etang Lake, Grand Etang Forest Reserve, 1700 ft, 4 - Mont Carmel’s Falls, waterfall N 12°05’ 56.5’’ W 61° 38’ 01.8’’ 5 - Mont Carmel’s Falls, waterfall and trail, N 12° 05’ 36’’ W 61° 38’ 07’’ 6 - St Margarets Falls, river and trail, N 12° 05’ 40’’ W 61° 40’ 49.5’’ 7 - Telescope Point, Pond near a quarry, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’ 8 - Lower Pearls, Great River Bay, river, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’ 9 - Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, swamp and flooded forest, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’ St Mark Parish 10 - Tufton Hall, Saumache River, river and trail, N 12° 10’ 52,2’’ W 61° 41’ 38.1’’ 11 - River Duquesne at Duquesne Bay, river, N 12° 13’ 14,0’’ W 61° 40’ 46,4’’

St John Parish 12 - Palmiste Lake, Palmiste Estate, N 12°08’ 18.6 W 61° 44’ 00,7’’ 13 - Great Palmiste River at Palmiste Bay, Palmiste Estate, N 12° 8’ 44.4’’ W 61° 44’ 19.1’’ 14 - Concord Falls, Concord Valley, Davidall Estate, Black Bay River, two waterfalls and river 15 - Gouyave, Charlotte River, N 12° 10’ 3.7’’ W 61° 43’ 37.8’’ St Davids Parish 16 - Lasagesse Estate, near Marquis Point, unnamed river, N 12° 01’ 27.6’’ W 61° 40’ 18.4’’ St Patrick Parish 17 - Lake Antoine, N 12° 10’ 59’’ W 61° 36’ 49.5’’ 18 - Sulphur Springs, Riv Sallee, N 12° 05’ 24.9’’ W 61° 42’ 55.5’’ 19 - Meadow near Sulphur Springs, N 12° 12’ 09.8’’ W 61° 37’ 08.2’’ 20 - Pond near Tricolar, 1200 ft, N 12° 10’ 52.2’’ W 61° 39’ 48.5’’ 21 - Levera Beach, Levera Bay near Levera Lake, N 12° 9’ 7’’ W 61° 36’ 38.5’’ 22 - Bathway Beach, Grenada Bay, pond along the road, May 04 2009 23 - Beauséjour River, Beauséjour Estate, near the road, May 05 2009

LOCALITIES SURVEYED

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Nineteen (19) species of Odonata were recorded from Grenada during this study, as follows:

Zygoptera Family Coenagrionidae Argia concinna (Rambur, 1842) Ischnura ramburii (Sélys, 1850) Family Lestidae Lestes tenuatus Rambur, 1842 Anisoptera Family Libellulidae Brachymesia furcata (Hagen, 1861) Brachymesia herbida (Gundlach, 1889) Brechmorhoga grenadensis Kirby, 1864 Dythemis sterilis Hagen, 1861

Erythemis vesiculosa (Fabricius, 1775) Erythrodiplax fervida (Erichson, 1848) Erythrodiplax fusca (Rambur, 1842) Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linné, 1758) Micrathyria aequalis (Hagen, 1861) Micrathyria didyma (Sélys, 1857) Orthemis sulphurata Hagen, 1868 Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) Pantala hymenaea Say, 1839 Tramea abdominalis (Rambur, 1842) Tramea calverti Muttkowski, 1910 Tramea insularis Hagen, 1861

Comment on the species list On the 14 species mentioned by Woodruff at al. (1998), two weren’t collected during this study. Lestes spumarius seems to be absent from the island, only Lestes tenuatus were collected in a single station. Dythemis multipunctata, mentioned by Woodruff (op.cit.) is totally absent in the surveyed stations, and only Dythemis sterilis were collected. This corresponds undoubtedly to a misidentification. On the other hand, 7 species are reported for the first time from Grenada: Lestes tenuatus, Brachymesia herbida, Dythemis sterilis,

Erythrodiplax fervida, Orthemis sulphurata, Tramea calverti and Tramea insularis. If some of these species was expected (Lestes tenuatus, Brachymesia herbida and Dythemis sterilis), the remaining four are more interesting, giving a good idea on the origin of the dragonfly fauna of the island. Erythrodiplax fusca, Erythrodiplax fervida and Orthemis sulphurata have a South American origin, and these species are not reported from northern islands.

ODONATA RECORDED FROM GRENADA

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I. Zygoptera Argia concinna (Rambur, 1842) Material examined -1♂, Grand Etang Lake, St Andrews Parish, May 02 2009. -6♂ 12♀, Annandale Falls, Annandale Estate, St George Parish, May 03 2009. -25♂ 32♀, Concord Falls, St John Parish, May 05 2009 -2♂ 4♀, Gouyave, Charlotte River, N 12° 10’ 3.7’’ W 61° 43’ 37.8’’, May 05 2009 -2♂ 4♀ Mont Carmel’s Falls, St Andrews Parish, N 12°05’ 56.5’’ W 61° 38’ 01.8’’, May 06 2009. -6♂ 12♀ Mont Carmel’s Falls, St Andrews Parish, N 12° 05’ 36’’ W 61° 38’ 07’’, May 06 2009. -13♀ 8♂, Tufton Hall, Saumache River, St Mark Parish, N 12° 10’ 52,2’’ W 61° 41’ 38.1’’, May 07 2009. -4♂ 2♀, pond near Tricolar, 1150 ft, St Patrick Parish, May 07 2009 -36♂ 53♀, St Margarets Falls, St Andrews Parish, N 12° 05’ 40’’ W 61° 40’ 49.5’’, May 09 2009 Mentioned by Woodruff in 1998, this species is endemic to the Lesser Antilles where it occurs only in Guadeloupe, Dominica and Grenada. Argia concinna lives in forested running water such as rivers, streams or ravines. Female oviposit on mosses. Larvae lives in fast flowing part of rivers generally embedded with rocks. Exuviae can be found on rocks, even in the middle of the flow. This species is common and populations may be abundant in some stations. Although common, Argia concinna needs conservation efforts, as Grenada being insofar one of the four islands known to shelter this species. Notably, it is important to avoid deforestation and pollution.

Mature male

Mature female

Mountain river, typical habitat for Argia concinna.

RESULTS

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Ischnura ramburii (Sélys, 1850) Material examined - 250+ ♂♀, Grand Etang Lake, St Andrews Parish, May 02 2009. - 12♂ 4♀, Annandale Falls, Annandale Estate, St George Parish, May 03 2009. - 150+ ♂♀, Lake Antoine, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 10’ 59’’ W 61° 36’ 49.5’’, May 04 2009. - 100+, Pond at Bathway Beach, Grenada Bay, along the road, St Patrick Parish, May 04 2009 - 30+ ♂♀, Sulphur Springs, Riv Sallee, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 05’ 24.9’’ W 61° 42’ 55.5’’, May 04 2009 - 30+ ♂♀, meadow near Sulphur Springs, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 12’ 09.8’’ W 61° 37’ 08.2’’, May 04 2009 - 3♂ 4♀, Beauséjour River, Beauséjour Estate, near the road, St George Parish, May 05 2009 - 25+, Palmiste Lake, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12°08’ 18.6 W 61° 44’ 00,7’’, May 05 2009. - 4♂ 2♀, Great Palmiste River at Palmiste Bay, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12° 8’ 44.4’’ W 61° 44’ 19.1’’ -3♂ 1♀, Concord Falls, St John Parish, May 05 2009 - 3♂ Unnamed river, Lasagesse Estate, near Marquis Point, St David Parish, N 12° 01’ 27.6’’ W 61° 40’ 18.4’’, May 06 2009. -200+ ♂♀, pond near Tricolar, 1200 ft, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 10’ 52.2’’ W 61° 39’ 48.5’’, May 07 2009. - 2♂, River Duquesne at Duquesne Bay, St Mark Parish, N 12° 13’ 14,0’’ W 61° 40’ 46,4’’, May 07 2009 - 1♂ 3♀, River at Calivigny Estate, St George Parish, N 12° 00’ 58.4’’ W 61° 43’ 09.5’’, May 10 2009. - 100+ ♂♀, Pond near a quarry, at Telescope Point, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 12♂, river at Lower Pearls, Great River Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 300+, swamp at Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’, May 11 2009. - 6♂, Levera Beach, Levera Bay near Levera Lake, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 9’ 7’’ W 61° 36’ 38.5’’, May 11 2009 Mentioned by Woodruff (1998), Ischnura ramburii is one of the most common species in the West Indies being known from almost all the islands. This species lives in all types of standing water habitats such as ponds, lakes, even polluted, and also ditches, swamps and bogs.

Female oviposit alone, and larvae lives on the stem of aquatic plants. Everywhere abundant, this species is the only zygopteran in standing water habitats in Grenada.

Mature male

Immature female

The Grand Etang Lake, typical habitat for Ischnura ramburii.

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Lestes tenuatus Rambur, 1842 Material examined +-50♂♀, swamp at Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’, May 11 2009. Lestes tenuatus is recorded for the fist time in Grenada, previously misidentified as Lestes spumarius (Woodfruff et al., 1998). This is a forest species which lives at the edges of flooded forests with Blood wood, or in forested ponds. Males and females are sedentary and have only feeble dispersion capability. We found Lestes tenuatus from only one locality, but no doubt that the species could be find in other similar type of forested habitat on the island.

Mature male

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ANISOPTERA Brachymesia furcata (Hagen, 1861) Material examined - 15+ ♂♀, Grand Etang Lake, St Andrews Parish, May 02 2009. - 50+ ♂♀, Lake Antoine, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 10’ 59’’ W 61° 36’ 49.5’’, May 04 2009. - 10+, Palmiste Lake, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12°08’ 18.6 W 61° 44’ 00,7’’, May 05 2009. - 2♂, Great Palmiste River at Palmiste Bay, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12° 8’ 44.4’’ W 61° 44’ 19.1’’, May 05 2009 - 1♂ Unnamed river, Lasagesse Estate, near Marquis Point, St David Parish, N 12° 01’ 27.6’’ W 61° 40’ 18.4’’, May 06 2009. - 10+ ♂♀, Pond near a quarry, at Telescope Point, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 150+, swamp at Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’, May 11 2009.

Common and sometimes abundant, Brachymesia furcata lives in standing water, it prefers lacustrine habitats, generally away from the seashore. Larvae can live in fish full waters; the presence of spines on their body constitutes a defence against predation. Male and female are dissimilar in colour, female is paler or brownish.

Brachymesia herbida (Gundlach, 1889) Material examined - 1♂, Great Palmiste River at Palmiste Bay, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12° 8’ 44.4’’ W 61° 44’ 19.1’’, May 05 2009. - 2♂, Pond near a quarry, at Telescope Point, St Anderw Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 20+, Swamp at Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’, May 11 2009. This species is uncommon, and never abundant in Grenada. B. herbida was recorded only from three localities and is the rarest species of the genus in Grenada. This species lives predominantly in cattle ponds or in slightly polluted lakes in Guadeloupe and Martinique. This could explain the rarity of this species in Grenada, where the most of aquatic habitats aren’t polluted. Male and female are similar.

Mature male

Mature male

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Brechmorhoga praecox conf. grenadensis (Kirby, 1894) Material examined -1♂ 1♀, 1 exuviae, Annandale Falls, Annandale Estate, St George Parish, May 03 2009. -1 larva, Concord Falls, St John Parish, May 05 2009 -3♀ 1♂, Tufton Hall, Saumache River, St Mark Parish, N 12° 10’ 52,2’’ W 61° 41’ 38.1’’, May 07 2009. First described in 1864 by Kirby, as Brechmorhoga grenadensis, this species was never collected since that time, but Woodruff (1998) mention in his book the presence of this species. In spite of intensive research on several rivers, we couldn’t collect more than four specimens. It seems that this species is rare and this could explain the paucity of data. Brechmorhoga grenadensis has two close

relatives in the Caribbean, i.e. Brechmorhoga

archboldi known from Guadeloupe and Dominica, and Brechmorhoga praecox which is largely distributed from Central America to Argentina. After a close examination of specimens collected at Tufton Hall, we conclude that this species belongs to Brechmorhoga praecox and could be a subspecies of this species. This means that B. praecox certainly have reached the West Indies from South America, and then have colonized the Lesser Antilles, island by island, to the North. B. praecox is known from Grenada to Martinique, where it lives together with B. archboldi. Only B. archboldi occurs in Dominica and Guadeloupe and could result from the speciation of B. praecox. Complementary studies are necessary in order to give a final taxonomic status to Brechmorhoga grenadensis.

Immature female

Immature male

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Dythemis sterilis Hagen, 1861 Material examined - 5♂3♀, Grand Etang Lake, St Andrews Parish, May 02 2009. - 15+ ♂♀, meadow near Sulphur Springs, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 12’ 09.8’’ W 61° 37’ 08.2’’, May 04 2009 - 2♂, Beauséjour River, Beauséjour Estate, near the road, St George Parish, May 05 2009 - 3♂, Palmiste Lake, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12°08’ 18.6 W 61° 44’ 00,7’’, May 05 2009. -3♂ 4♀, Concord Falls, St John Parish, May 05 2009 - 1♂ Unnamed river, Lasagesse Estate, near Marquis Point, St David Parish, N 12° 01’ 27.6’’ W 61° 40’ 18.4’’, May 06 2009. - 10+♂♀ Tufton Hall, Saumache River, river and trail, N 12° 10’ 52,2’’ W 61° 41’ 38.1’’, May 07 2009 - 2♂, pond near Tricolar, 1200 ft, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 10’ 52.2’’ W 61° 39’ 48.5’’, May 07 2009. - 1♂, River at Calivigny Estate, St George Parish, N 12° 00’ 58.4’’ W 61° 43’ 09.5’’, May 10 2009. Common and abundant species, in the Neotropics, and its West Indian occurrences are

limited to the Lesser Antilles. Dythemis sterilis lives predominantly in running water, such as mountain steams or rivers. In Grenada, it seems that the species can reproduce also on standing water habitats such as slow flowing rivers at low elevation, or lakes. Some immature can be seen near standing water habitat, notably on coastal marshes or mangrove swamp.

Erythemis vesiculosa (Fabricius, 1775) Material examined - 50+ ♂♀, Lake Antoine, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 10’ 59’’ W 61° 36’ 49.5’’, May 04 2009. - 20+, Pond at Bathway Beach, Grenada Bay, along the road, St Patrick Parish, May 04 2009 - 6♂3♀, Sulphur Springs, Riv Sallee, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 05’ 24.9’’ W 61° 42’ 55.5’’, May 04 2009 - +20 ♂♀, meadow near Sulphur Springs, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 12’ 09.8’’ W 61° 37’ 08.2’’, May 04 2009 - 3♂ 4♀, Beauséjour River, Beauséjour Estate, near the road, St George Parish, May 05 2009 - 10+ ♂♀, Pond near a quarry, at Telescope Point, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 2♂, river at Lower Pearls, Great River Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 100+, swamp at Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’, May 11 2009.

E. vesiculosa is a very common and often abundant species throughout the West Indies and the Americas. This species lives in open standing water, generally with high vegetation coverage. Adults cans be seen in terrestrial habitats such as trails, forest edges, even at high elevation. Male and female are similar in shape and colour, although the female may be paler.

Mature male

Mature male

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Erythrodiplax fervida (Erichson, 1848) Material examined +-100♂♀, swamp at Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’, May 11 2009. This species is recorded for the first time in Grenada, being known only in the Greater Antilles (from Cuba to Puerto Rico), and in South America. A single population about 100 males and females was found at Meadow Beach. Males show strong territorial behaviour and defend a small piece of free water, of about 1 square meter. Females were seen egg-laying in mud and in cow’s footprints. It is interesting to notice that E. fervida and E. fusca weren’t seen together on the same habitat. The two sexes are dissimilar in colour, female being brownish red, often without any red basal spots on the hindwings. We suggest to follow up this unique population and to start an intensive survey of the same type of habitat to point out the distribution of species and in order to protect this population.

Mature male

Mature male, showing the red basal spot on hindwing.

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Erythrodiplax fusca (Rambur, 1842) Material examined -5♂ 2♀, Annandale Falls, Annandale Estate, St George Parish, May 03 2009. - 100+ ♂♀, Lake Antoine, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 10’ 59’’ W 61° 36’ 49.5’’, May 04 2009. - 50+ ♂♀, Sulphur Springs, Riv Sallee, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 05’ 24.9’’ W 61° 42’ 55.5’’, May 04 2009 - 50+ ♂♀, meadow near Sulphur Springs, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 12’ 09.8’’ W 61° 37’ 08.2’’, May 04 2009 - 20+, Pond at Bathway Beach, Grenada Bay, along the road, St Patrick Parish, May 04 2009 - 16♂ 20♀+, Palmiste Lake, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12°08’ 18.6 W 61° 44’ 00,7’’, May 05 2009. - 2♂, Great Palmiste River at Palmiste Bay, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12° 8’ 44.4’’ W 61° 44’ 19.1’’ -10♂ 10♀, Concord Falls, St John Parish, May 05 2009 -1♂, Gouyave, Charlotte River, N 12° 10’ 3.7’’ W 61° 43’ 37.8’’, May 05 2009 -15♀ 23♂, Tufton Hall, Saumache River, St Mark Parish, N 12° 10’ 52,2’’ W 61° 41’ 38.1’’, May 07 2009. -+-100♂♀, pond near Tricolar, 1150 ft, St Patrick Parish, May 07 2009 -3♂ 5♀, St Margarets Falls, St Andrews Parish, N 12° 05’ 40’’ W 61° 40’ 49.5’’, May 09 2009 This species was mentioned by Woodruff (1998). In the Caribbean E. fusca is known only from Grenada, being otherwise known from South and Central America. This species is quite common and often abundant on the island and lives predominantly in seepages at all altitudes, from sea level to over 1200 ft. We didn’t found this species at higher elevation. The most important populations were found at Lake Antoine and at Tricolar, which have large seepages. This species deserves attention since Grenada is the only island in The Caribbean which shelters this species. Notably, it is important to avoid the rectification of rivers banks, and to support the natural risings which create marshy zones and seepages.

Mature male

Mature female

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Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linné, 1758) Material examined - 50+ ♂♀, Lake Antoine, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 10’ 59’’ W 61° 36’ 49.5’’, May 04 2009. - 10+, Pond at Bathway Beach, Grenada Bay, along the road, St Patrick Parish, May 04 2009 - 5 ♂2♀, Sulphur Springs, Riv Sallee, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 05’ 24.9’’ W 61° 42’ 55.5’’, May 04 2009 - +60 ♂♀, meadow near Sulphur Springs, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 12’ 09.8’’ W 61° 37’ 08.2’’, May 04 2009 - 25+, Palmiste Lake, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12°08’ 18.6 W 61° 44’ 00,7’’, May 05 2009. - 2♂ Unnamed river, Lasagesse Estate, near Marquis Point, St David Parish, N 12° 01’ 27.6’’ W 61° 40’ 18.4’’, May 06 2009. - 1♂, River at Calivigny Estate, St George Parish, N 12° 00’ 58.4’’ W 61° 43’ 09.5’’, May 10 2009. - 100+ ♂♀, Pond near a quarry, at Telescope Point, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 2♂♀1, river at Lower Pearls, Great River Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 100+, swamp at Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’, May 11 2009. - 1♂, Levera Beach, Levera Bay near Levera Lake, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 9’ 7’’ W 61° 36’ 38.5’’, May 11 2009

This handsome species is one of the most common and widespread species of all Neotropical odonata, occurring around nearly every type of standing water at lower elevation. Surprisingly, E. umbrata is not the dominant species of the genus in Grenada. This species prefers temporary habitats and reproduces in the vicinity of open water; in cow’s footprints, in ditches and pools. Male and female are dissimilar, male being darker with conspicuous dark bands on wings.

Mature male

Mature female

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Micrathyria aequalis (Hagen, 1861) Material examined - 50+ ♂♀, Grand Etang Lake, St Andrews Parish, May 02 2009. -1♂, Annandale Falls, Annandale Estate, St George Parish, May 03 2009. - 150+ ♂♀, Lake Antoine, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 10’ 59’’ W 61° 36’ 49.5’’, May 04 2009. - 50+, Palmiste Lake, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12°08’ 18.6 W 61° 44’ 00,7’’, May 05 2009. - 1♂, Great Palmiste River at Palmiste Bay, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12° 8’ 44.4’’ W 61° 44’ 19.1’’ - 3♂ Unnamed river, Lasagesse Estate, near Marquis Point, St David Parish, N 12° 01’ 27.6’’ W 61° 40’ 18.4’’, May 06 2009. - 1♂, River at Calivigny Estate, St George Parish, N 12° 00’ 58.4’’ W 61° 43’ 09.5’’, May 10 2009. - 100+ ♂♀, Pond near a quarry, at Telescope Point, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 100+, swamp at Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’, May 11 2009. This species is one of the most common species in the New World tropics, and the smallest Anisoptera occurring in the Caribbean. Common in Grenada and often abundant, M. aequalis prefers large standing water highly covered with

vegetation habitats, such as lakes or marshes, and avoid smaller ponds or pools. Male and female are dissimilar in colours. The female laid eggs on the underside of aquatic plants being guarded by the male.

Mature male

Mature female

21

Micrathyria didyma (Selys in Sagra, 1857) Material examined - 4♂2♀, swamp at Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’, May 11 2009. - 2♂+, Palmiste Lake, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12°08’ 18.6 W 61° 44’ 00,7’’, May 05 2009. This species is widely distributed in the Caribbean region. M. didyma is a forest species which lives predominantly in flooded forests, mangrove swamps or forest mountain lakes, in the shadiest areas. This species is rare in Grenada, and was found only at Palmiste Lake and Meadow Beach, with small populations. Male become pruinose with age and female generally remains black and yellow. This species can be separated from Dythemis sterilis with the bright metallic blue frons (red in D. sterilis)

Mature male

Mature female

22

Orthemis sulphurata Hagen, 1868 Material examined - 8♂3♀, Lake Antoine, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 10’ 59’’ W 61° 36’ 49.5’’, May 04 2009. - 4♂, Pond at Bathway Beach, Grenada Bay, along the road, St Patrick Parish, May 04 2009 - 10+ ♂♀, Sulphur Springs, Riv Sallee, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 05’ 24.9’’ W 61° 42’ 55.5’’, May 04 2009 - 20+ ♂♀, meadow near Sulphur Springs, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 12’ 09.8’’ W 61° 37’ 08.2’’, May 04 2009 - 2♂ 1♀, Great Palmiste River at Palmiste Bay, Palmiste Estate, St John Parish, N 12° 8’ 44.4’’ W 61° 44’ 19.1’’ - 3♂1♀ Unnamed river, Lasagesse Estate, near Marquis Point, St David Parish, N 12° 01’ 27.6’’ W 61° 40’ 18.4’’, May 06 2009. - 1♂, River at Calivigny Estate, St George Parish, N 12° 00’ 58.4’’ W 61° 43’ 09.5’’, May 10 2009. - 20+ ♂♀, Pond near a quarry, at Telescope Point, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 50+, swamp at Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’, May 11 2009. - 1♂, Levera Beach, Levera Bay near Levera Lake, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 9’ 7’’ W 61° 36’ 38.5’’, May 11 2009 Recorded for the first time from Grenada, this species was previously known only from South America. Fairly common in every coastal standing water habitat, O. sulphurata is often abundant. This species predominantly lives on mudded ponds or pools and is a pioneer species in newly built habitat. Male is brilliant red and female mostly brown with yellow stripes on both sides of the thorax. Larvae live in the mud on the bottom of ponds, lakes or coastal marshes. This species could be mistaken with a Tramea spp., but hindwings are always without black basal marks.

Mature female

Mature male

23

Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) Material examined - 5+ ♂♀, meadow near Sulphur Springs, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 12’ 09.8’’ W 61° 37’ 08.2’’, May 04 2009 - 4+ ♂♀, Pond near a quarry, at Telescope Point, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 10+, swamp at Meadow Beach, Conference Bay, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 9’ 3.4’’ W 61° 36’ 34.5’’, May 11 2009. This conspicuous yellow species is the most widely ranging of all Odonata species, occurring troughout the tropic and subtropical regions of teh entire world. Surprisingly this species was only rarely collected in Grenada. Male and female are similar in appearance. This species is generally pale yellow have hyaline wings, except for the tips which bears a small amber dot. Pantala hymenaea Say, 1839 Material examined - 1♂, Pond at Bathway Beach, Grenada Bay, along the road, St Patrick Parish, May 04 2009 - 2 ♂♀, meadow near Sulphur Springs, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 12’ 09.8’’ W 61° 37’ 08.2’’, May 04 2009 Pantala hymenaea is irregularly distributed in the West Indies, being more common in the Greater Antilles. Recently discovered in Guadeloupe and Martinique. Male and female are similar in general appearance and colour. This species is easily identified by the brown colour and the dark, rounded basal spots on the hindwings.

Mature male

Mature female

Mature male

Mature male

24

Tramea abdominalis (Rambur, 1842) Material examined - 2 ♂, Lake Antoine, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 10’ 59’’ W 61° 36’ 49.5’’, May 04 2009. - 4 ♂, Pond near a quarry, at Telescope Point, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. - 1♂, Levera Beach, Levera Bay near Levera Lake, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 9’ 7’’ W 61° 36’ 38.5’’, May 11 2009 Common species throughout the Caribbean, T. abdominalis is one of the most abundant in several types of standing water habitats. Curiously, this species is scarcely distributed on Grenada, and reported from only 3 localities. Certainly more common as observed, the distribution of this species needs to be pointed out. Tramea abdominalis lives on the most of standing water habitats in the Antilles, such as

ponds, lakes or marshes, even brackish waters. Larvae of this genus are easily distinguished with the important width of the head. Male and female are similar in colour and general appearance, even if the female could be paler than the male. In this species, the frons is entirely red.

Tramea calverti Muttkowski, 1910 Material examined - 1 ♂, meadow near Sulphur Springs, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 12’ 09.8’’ W 61° 37’ 08.2’’, May 04 2009 This vagrant species was reported from only one locality, where a single male was collected, and perhaps several mating pairs observed. T. calverti is easily distinguished from other Trameas with the bright yellowish stripes on both sides of the thorax, and by the jet black abdominal segment 8-10. Frons is metallic blue. Certainly more common than observed during this survey, it could be interesting to search for larvae and then successful reproduction on the island.

Mature male

Mature female

Mature male.

25

Tramea insularis Hagen, 1861 Material examined - 2 ♂, Lake Antoine, St Patrick Parish, N 12° 10’ 59’’ W 61° 36’ 49.5’’, May 04 2009. - 2 ♂♀, Pond near a quarry, at Telescope Point, St Andrew Parish, N 12° 8’ 29.4’’ W 61° 36’ 35.5’’, May 11 2009. Tramea insularis is an uncommon species, irregularly recorded from the West Indies and the coasts of Central America. This species was previously been known from Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique and Ste Lucia. T. insularis prefers lakes and marshes and avoid small habitats such as ponds or pools. Male and female are similar, with a bright blue metallic frons, but lacks the yellow stripes on the sides of thorax. The larva is unknown.

Mature male

26

Frequency On the 19 species collected during this study, four are the commonest and they are present on more than 40% of surveyed stations: Ischnura ramburii (78%), Erythrodiplax fusca (52%), Erythrodiplax umbrata (48%) and Orthemis sulphurata (43%). All these species are ubiquists and particularly tolerant concerning the nature of the habitats. 10 species were collected on less than 20 stations, and among them, two are restricted to one station.

STANDING WATER RUNNING WATER Species Pond Lake Marsh Flooded forest Ditch Stream River

Argia concinna X X Ischnura ramburii X X X Lestes tenuatus X Brachymesia furcata X Brachymesia herbida X X Brechmorhoga p. grenadensis X Dythemis sterilis X X Erythemis vesiculosa X X X Erythrodiplax fusca X Eryhtrodiplax fervida X Erythrodiplax umbrata X X X Micrathyria aequalis X X X Micrathyria didyma X Orthemis sulphurata X Pantala flavescens X X X Pantala hymenaea X X X Tramea abdominalis X X X Tramea calverti X X Tramea insularis X X

Table 1: Distribution of species in the different habitats.

02468

101214161820

Ischn

ura ra

mburii

Erythro

diplax

fusc

a

Erythro

diplax

umbra

ta

Orthemis

sulph

urata

Argia c

oncin

na

Dythem

is ste

rilis

Micrath

yria a

equa

lis

Erythe

mis ve

siculo

sa

Brachy

mesia fu

rcata

Brachy

mesia he

rbida

Brechm

orhog

a prae

cox

Pantal

a flav

esce

ns

Tramea ab

domina

lis

Micrath

yria d

idyma

Pantal

a hym

enaea

Tramea in

sular

is

Erythro

diplax

fervi

da

Leste

s ten

uatus

Tramea ca

lverti

27

- Antillean species Two species restricted to the West Indies occurs in Grenada. Argia concinna is known only from the Lesser Antilles, and Tramea insularis is recorded both in the Greater and the Lesser Antilles. - South American species On the 19 species occurring in Grenada, three have a south and/or Central American centred distribution; Erythrodiplax fusca, Erythrodiplax fervida and Orthemis sulphurata. - Wide ranging New World species (North, Central and South America) This group includes a great part of the fauna of Grenada, and contains widespread species throughout the New World: Ischnura ramburii, Lestes tenuatus, Brachymesia furcata, Brachymesia herbida, Dythemis sterilis, Erythemis vesiculosa, Erythrodiplax umbrata,

Micrathyria aequalis, Micrathyria didyma, Pantala hymenaea, Tramea abdominalis, and Tramea calverti. - Cosmopolitan species This group includes the most widespread species in the tropics; Pantala flavescens No species are endemic to Grenada. Argia concinna is a part of the few Lesser Antillean endemics and Brechmorhoga praecox may be an endemic subspecies. The remaining species are widely distributed in both Central and South America. Two species are characteristic of the South American fauna: E. fervida and E. fusca and not recorded from other Lesser Antillean islands (except Trinidad which is definitely not a part of the Caribbean). In conclusion, the dragonfly fauna of Grenada has a South American origin, very original in the Lesser Antilles.

THE ORIGIN OF THE DRAGONFLY FAUNA OF GRENADA

28

Species Three species deserves a special attention: Argia concinna needs clear, rushing forested mountain streams and a good water quality. It is the case in Grenada where we didn’t see any heavy chemical pollution in water. Deforestation and banks corrections are the most important threats which this species must face. Lestes tenuatus is linked to the flooded forest and to forested ponds in general. The loss and the fragmentation of the flooded forests could have an impact on the populations Erythrodiplax fervida is known only from Granada in the Lesser Antilles and needs marshy coastal areas and seepages. It is imperative to maintain the Meadow Beach swamp’s far away from every urban project.

These three species are to be monitored in the future in order to gather more knowledge’s on their ecology and biology and to predict and anticipate the damages which their habitats could undergo Habitats Grenada has only few standing water habitats, and notably very few ponds and cattle ponds that are important aquatic habitats over the Lesser Antilles to maintain odonate populations. It is important to maintain a satisfactory water quality level in the main lakes (Levera, Antoine and Grand Etang Lakes), which shelters the most important populations for most of the species, which can colonize neighbouring habitats. The Meadow Beach marshes need a special attention since this area bears the greater odonate diversity of the island. We found here 13 species, among which two are recorded only from this area. It seems that this area is also important for aquatic and migratory birds too.

CONSERVATION

29

This report is based on the examination of 200 specimens, collected by two individuals. Although 23 specimen localities are included in this report, and although these localities occur in the totality of the six parishes of Grenada, the areal coverage of the island is uneven. The principal collecting localities have been in the north part of the island, and especially on St Andrews and St Marks parishes, along the east coast, in the central uplands of the island and in the most of waterfalls. There are very few collections from the south part of the island, and almost none from the south-west coast of the island. The most important locality, on the north-east coast of Grenada is the large swamp at Meadow Beach, at Conference Bay, where a variety of habitats have been collected rather thoroughly. The most of the species are far more common here than elsewhere, and Lestes tenuatus and Erythrodiplax fervida has been

recorded on Grenada only from this locality. Several waterfalls in the central upland region were collected repeatedly. These streams and small rivers are characteristically rocky, more or less swift, and have very limited emergent vegetation. They have limited odonata fauna, consisting mainly of Argia concinna, Dythemis sterilis and Brechmorhoga praecox grenadensis. From a biogeographical point of view, the dragonfly fauna of Grenada is clearly a mix between the Caribbean and the South American fauna, with three species originated from South America not shared with other islands, and one (Argia concinna) which is a Caribbean endemic. This first survey needs to be completed by further researches on the ecology and on the biology of species. The dragonfly fauna of Grenada could increase to 20-22 species.

I wish to thank warmly Paul Graham, Head of the Plant Protection Department (Ministry of Agriculture) who kindly provided us with collecting permit; John Telesford and Floyd Collins (Pest Management Service, Ministry of Agriculture) and Paul Graham who kindly drove us every day to the field and for their kindness at fellowship.

I also thank my companions during this survey: Jerrell J. Daigle (Florida), Franck Maddi (LHNHS) and Laurent Charles (LHNHS). Thanks to Pierre and Claudine Guezennec and Laurent Charles for the use of their photographs.

CONCLUSION

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

30

Dragonflies of Grenada - Clarke A.H., 1904. Notes on insects of Barbados, St. Vincent, the Grenadines and Grenada. Psyche 11: 114-117. - Woodruff E.R. et al, 1998. Checklist and bibliography of the insects of Grenada and the Grenadines. Gainesville, Fla. Center for Systematic Entomology n°2 ,286 p

Identifications keys - Donnelly T.W., 2000. Clé d’identification des Odonates de Guadeloupe, Dominique et Martinique. – Martinia, 16(3) : 111-121. - Garrisson R.W., von Ellenrieder N. & Louton J.A., 2006. Dragonfly genera of the New World. The John Hopkins University Press, 368 p. - Needham J.G., Westfall M.J. & May M.L., 1996. Damselflies of North America. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville (USA), 649p. - Needham J.G., Westfall M.J. & May M.L., 2000. Dragonflies of North America. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville (USA), 939p. West Indian dragonflies - Daigle, J.J., 1993. A checklist of the Odonata of the Dominican Republic by province, Bull. Am. Odonatol., 1(4):65-69. - Dommanget J.L., Mashaal M. & Papazian M., (coord.), 2000. Contribution à la connaissance de la faune odonatologique des Départements et Territoires d’Outre-Mer français I. Martinia 16(3) : 81-148. - Donnelly, T.W., 1970. The Odonata of Dominica British West Indies, Smithsonian Contr. Zool., 37:1-20. - Geijskes D.C., 1946. Observations on the Odonata of Tobago, B.W.I., Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 97(9):213-235. - Geijskes, D. C., 1980. Distribution and zoogeography of odonata on the Lesser Antilles. Notul. Odonatol., 1(6) : 102-103. - Hedges S.B., 2001. Biogeography of the West Indies: An Overview, In Wood C.A. & Sergile

F.E., 2001. Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and perspectives, second edition CRC Press, 612p. - Klots E.B., 1932. Insects of Porto-Rico and the Virgin Islands. Odonata or Dragon-Flies. In: Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. New York academy of sciences: Vol. 14, part. 1. 107 p., 7 planches. - Meurgey F., 2005a. Etude faunistique des odonates de Martinique. SFO/DIREN Martinique, 81 p + annexes. - Meurgey F. (coord.), 2006a. Les odonates des départements et Territoires d’Outre-mer français. Société Française d’Odonatologie, 137 pages. - Meurgey F., 2006e. An updated checklist of odonata of French West Indies. Argia 18 (2): 16-18 - Meurgey F., 2007c. Caractérisation de la faune odonatologique et des habitats aquatiques des Antilles françaises. In : Marc Levasseur, Gérard Dommanget et Samuel Jolivet (coord.). Actes des Rencontres odonatologiques Ouest-européennes 2005. Résumés des communications. La Pommeraie, Vallet (Loire-Atlantique) – France, les 24, 25, 26 et 27 juin 2005. Société française d’Odonatologie. p. 48. - Meurgey F., 2007a. A contribution to the knowledge of the odonata of Dominica (British West Indies). Odonata report 4, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Nantes/Ministry of Agriculture and the Enviroment, Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division, 21p.- Meurgey F., 2007b. Liste actualisée des odonates des Antilles françaises (Guadeloupe et dépendances, - - Martinique). Martinia 23(3): 75-89. - Michalski J., 1988. A catalogue and guide to the dragonflies of Trinidad (Order Odonata), Occas. Pap. No. 6, Univ. of West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad. General - Calvert, P. P., 1901-1908. Odonata in Biologia Centrali-Americana. Neuroptera. London, pp. 17-420, 9 pl. - Corbet P.S., 1999. Dragonflies. Behavior and ecology of Odonata. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 829p.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

31

Paulson D.R., 2004. Critical species of odonata in the Neotropics. International Journal of Odonatology, 7(2): 163-188. - Flint O.S., 1977. Probable origins of the West Indian Trichoptera and Odonata fauna, Proc. Of

the 2nd Int. Symp. On Trichoptera, Junk, The Hague : 215-223. - Woods C.A. & Sergile F.E., 2001. Biogeography of the West Indies, Patterns and perspectives. Second Edition. CRC Press, 582 p.

32

Once collected, adults are kept in envelopes during one day (depending on heat). Then they are soaked in acetone, injecting the thorax and abdomen of larger specimens with acetone prior to immersion. Regardless of size, specimens are placed in individual paper envelopes and soaked for 8-12 hours (depending on size) and damselflies for 4 hours. Due to the volatility and explosiveness of acetone, it is better to store specimens it in a large jar with hinge-and-clamp top. Colours will be preserved reasonably well, though paler than in life, and the eyes will turn white. The specimens go brittle after treatment, so be sure they are set in the position you want them in prior to immersion. Some fading of colours will occur, and eye colour will not be preserved, so make notes on coloration before preserving. Remove the specimens, still in their envelopes, from the acetone and dry them in the air for about a day. It is better to place the specimens in a bag or box with a hair dryer blowing on them for an hour or two. The hair dryer should be set on no heat or the lowest heat and placed about 2 feet from the specimens. Placing the specimens in the breeze from an air conditioner also works well. The specimens are dry when the abdomen and legs do not move with gentle finger pressure,

i.e. they have become brittle. Hot air from a furnace or oven melts the fat in the specimens. This is not desirable. Store specimens in paper or glassine envelopes or, better, in transparent cellophane envelopes containing a 3"x5" data card. Store envelopes on edge like cards in a cardfile in tightly closing plastic containers, with a few naphthalene moth balls (paradichlorobenzene dissolves some kinds of plastic) for pest control. Do not pin dragonflies because the head and abdomen are prone to breakage if not supported. Once the specimens arrive at a museum, take them out of the glassine envelopes and store them permanently in clear cellophane envelopes. Identification and collection data are typed on 3"x5" cards, which are inserted in the cellophane envelopes behind the specimen. The cellophanes are then stored upright in a cabinet like cards in a cardfile. Mailing specimens Place the specimens in their envelopes in a small box with padding to prevent them from sliding against each other. Nest this box in a large box with padding, and label the outer box "Fragile" and "Contents: Dead Insects, No Commercial Value."

APPENDIX I : PRESERVING AND STORING SPECIMENS

33

This form is intended to ensure the continuation of studies on the dragonflies of Grenada, by standardizing the format of the useful data for the following studies. It contains the most of the information needed to point out the distribution of species and also to determine ecological requirements of each species. This survey form may be sending to:

John Telesford

Pest Management Service Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Forestry,

Fisheries, Public Utilities and Energy Ministerial Complex

2nd Floor Botanical Gardens

Tanteen, St. George's Grenada

And/or

Société d’Histoire Naturelle L’Herminier

François Meurgey Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle

12, rue Voltaire 44000 Nantes - France

APPENDIX II : SURVEY FORM

SSTTAANNDDAARRDDIIZZEEDD SSUURRVVEEYY OOFF OODDOONNAATTAA CCOOMMMMUUNNIITTIIEESS OOFF GGRREENNAADDAA

Field document intended to be computerized

Date: / / 20… Name:…………………………………………………. Form number

GGeenneerraall iinnffoorrmmaattiioonnss Station name (if it exists)……………………………………………………………………………………………

Parish:………………………………………….Latitude : ………………Longitude :……………………........... Locality ……………………………………………………........................................................................................ Localisation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Weather………………………………………………………… Duration (in hours)…………………………………………….

HHaabbiittaatt iinnffoorrmmaattiioonnss

Standing water habitat : □ Pond □ Lake □ Bog □ Pool □ Flooded forest Other …………………………………………………………………….................................................................. ..... Diameter : ……………..Depth : …………………. Altitude :……………Nature of the bottom……………… ………………….…………………………………………Use……………………………………………………….. □ Temporary □ Semi-permanent □ Permanent

Running water habitat : □ Ravine, □ River □ Stream □ other………………………………............................ Lenght : ……………..Width…………………Depth…………………… Altitude……………................................... Nature of the bottom □ Sand □ Gravel □ Rocks □ leaves, log, dead wood

□ Temporaire □ Semi-permanent □ Permanent Description of habitat ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Description of vegetation Hydrophytic…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Hélophytic…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Other…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Companion fauna (Amphibiens Reptiles Insects Birds) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

SSppeecciieess iinnffoorrmmaattiioonnss ((ccoouunnttiinngg,, sseexx--rraattiioo,, bbeehhaavviioorr))

Recommendation : register only rigorously sure identifications. Comments can be written on a separate sheet.

Precisions on the filling of the survey card :

- In the column « presence » : the presence of the species in the surveyed station must be indicated by a cross, if necessary.

- In the column « population estimation » : estimate the number of individuals in the same population, when counting is impossible, or that the population exceeds 50 individuals. For example : 100+, 150 or 200-.

- In the column “ adults” : a number, if necessary. - In the column “ immatures” : a number, if necessary - In the column “ territorial behavior”: a mark, if necessary - In the column “ exuviae”: a number, if necessary - In the column “ mating” : a mark, if necessary - In the column “ egg laying”: a mark, if necessary - In the column “emergence”: a mark, if necessary

Prés

ence

SPECIES

Popu

latio

n es

timat

ion

Num

ber o

f ♀

Num

ber o

f ♂

A

dults

Imm

atur

es

Terit

oria

l be

havi

or

Tand

em p

air

Exuv

iae

Mat

ing

Egg

layi

ng

Emer

genc

e

ZYGOPTERA

Lestes tenuatus Argia concinna Ischnura ramburii

ANISOPTERA

Brachymesia furcata Brachymesia herbida Brechmorhoga p. grenadensis Dythemis sterilis Erythemis vesiculosa Eryhtrodiplax fervida Erythrodiplax fusca Erythrodiplax umbrata Micrathyria aequalis Micrathyria didyma Orthemis sulphurata Pantala flavescens Pantala hymenaea Tramea abdominalis Tramea calverti Tramea insularis