the ninth ieee international conference on advanced learning
TRANSCRIPT
Proceedings
The Ninth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies
Riga, Latvia 15-17 July 2009
Sponsored by IEEE Computer Society
IEEE Technical Committee on Learning Technology
Organized by Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Riga Technical University
Informatics and Telematics Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas
Editors Ignacio Aedo
Nian-Shing Chen Kinshuk
Demetrios Sampson Larissa Zaitseva
Los Alamitos, California
Washington • Tokyo
Copyright © 2009 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Copyright and Reprint Permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries may photocopy beyond the limits of US copyright law, for private use of patrons, those articles in this volume that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided that the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Other copying, reprint, or republication requests should be addressed to: IEEE Copyrights Manager, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 133, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331. The papers in this book comprise the proceedings of the meeting mentioned on the cover and title page. They reflect the authors’ opinions and, in the interests of timely dissemination, are published as presented and without change. Their inclusion in this publication does not necessarily constitute endorsement by the editors, the IEEE Computer Society, or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
IEEE Computer Society Order Number E3711
BMS Part Number CFP09261-CDR ISBN 978-0-7695-3711-5
Additional copies may be ordered from:
IEEE Computer Society IEEE Service Center IEEE Computer Society Customer Service Center 445 Hoes Lane Asia/Pacific Office
10662 Los Vaqueros Circle P.O. Box 1331 Watanabe Bldg., 1-4-2 P.O. Box 3014 Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 Minami-Aoyama
Los Alamitos, CA 90720-1314 Tel: + 1 732 981 0060 Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-0062 Tel: + 1 800 272 6657 Fax: + 1 732 981 9667 JAPAN Fax: + 1 714 821 4641 http://shop.ieee.org/store/
Tel: + 81 3 3408 3118 http://computer.org/cspress
[email protected]@ieee.org Fax: + 81 3 3408 3553
Individual paper REPRINTS may be ordered at: <[email protected]>
Editorial production by Lisa O’Conner
IEEE Computer Society
Conference Publishing Services (CPS) http://www.computer.org/cps
The Ninth IEEE InternationalConference on Advanced
Learning Technologies
ICALT 2009Table of Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................................................................xx
Committee Lists.................................................................................................................................................xxi
Reviewers ............................................................................................................................................................xxiv
Keynote Speaker
Cultures of Participation and Social Computing: Rethinking and Reinventing
Learning and Education ..............................................................................................................................................1
Gerhard Fischer
ICALT 2009
3D Compound Virtual Field Trip System and its Comparisons with an Actual
Field Trip ......................................................................................................................................................................6
Chun-Yen Chang, Ming-Chao Lin, and Chien-Hua Hsiao
A 2-tiers P2P Architecture to Navigate the Learning Objects Sea .......................................................................8
Andrea Clematis, Paola Forcheri, and Alfonso Quarati
A Belief Desire Intention Multi Agent System in a Virtual Learning
Environment ...............................................................................................................................................................13
Gustavo Pereira Mateus, Beatriz Wilges, Luiz Claudio Duarte Dalmolin, Silvia Nassar,
and Ricardo Silveira
A Comprehensive Methodology for Concept Map Assessment .........................................................................15
Carlos T. Calafate, Juan Carlos Cano, and Pietro Manzoni
A Concept Map Extractor Tool for Teaching and Learning ...............................................................................18
Luiz Claudio Duarte Dalmolin, Silvia Modesto Nassar, Rogério Cid Bastos,
and Gustavo Pereira Mateus
A Conceptual Framework for Serious Games .......................................................................................................21
Amri Yusoff, Richard Crowder, Lester Gilbert, and Gary Wills
v
A Constructivist Methodology for Teacher Training in Educational Robotics:
The TERECoP Course in Greece through Trainees’ Eyes ..................................................................................24
Dimitris Alimisis, Stassini Frangou, and Kyparissia Papanikolaou
A Dolphin is a Dolphin is a Dolphin? Multimedia Enriched Learning Objects
in NEMO .....................................................................................................................................................................29
Benjamin Feldner, Silke Günther, Felix Schmitt, Thomas Winkler, and Michael Herczeg
A Framework for Learning Objects Reusability within Learning Activities ...................................................32
Demetrios G. Sampson and Christina Papanikou
A Framework for Pedagogical Feedback in the Motor Skill Domain ...............................................................37
Yulita Hanum P. Iskandar, Lester Gilbert, and Gary B. Wills
A Framework for Social Presence in Synchronous Cyber Classrooms .............................................................40
Nian-Shing Chen, Kinshuk, Chun-Wang Wei, and Mao-Jui Wang
A Framework for the Multi-disciplinary Design of Web-Based Educational
Systems ........................................................................................................................................................................45
Telmo Zarraonandia, Paloma Díaz, Esther Guerra, Mario Rafael Ruíz Vargas,
and Ignacio Aedo
A Framework to Structure CSCL for Pupils with Cognitive Disabilities .........................................................50
Andreas Lingnau and Martina Bientzle
A General Architecture for the Integration of Educational Videogames
in Standards-compliant Virtual Learning Environments .....................................................................................53
Ángel del Blanco, Javier Torrente, Pablo Moreno-Ger, and Baltasar Fernández-Manjón
A Generic Specification of the Data-Flow Issue in the Learning Design Field ...............................................56
Laurence Vignollet, Miguel L. Bote-Lorenzo, Juan I. Asensio-Pérez, and Yannis Dimitriadis
A Lightweight Distributed Implementation of IMS LD on Google’s Android
Platform .......................................................................................................................................................................59
Imran A. Zualkernan, Sina Nikkhah, and Mohammad Al-Sabah
A Long-Term Evaluation and Reformation of an Object Oriented Design
and Programming Course .........................................................................................................................................64
Stelios Xinogalos and Maya Satratzemi
A Model-Driven Engineering Approach for the Observation Needs
Specification ...............................................................................................................................................................67
Boubekeur Zendagui
A Multi-purpose Architecture for Collaborative Web Labs ...............................................................................70
Mario A. Bochicchio and Antonella Longo
A Proposal of User Interface for a Distributed Asynchronous Remote
Evaluation System: An Evolution of the QUESTOURnament Tool .................................................................75
Luisa M. Regueras, Elena Verdú, Juan P. de Castro, María Á. Pérez, and María J. Verdú
A Role-Playing Game-Based Learning Platform for Environmental Awareness ............................................78
Imran A. Zualkernan, Maram Jibreel, Rawan Tayem, and Rim Zakaria
vi
A Semantic Social Network Service for Educating Saudi Breast Cancer
Patients ........................................................................................................................................................................81
Alaa M. AL-Abad, Basma A. AL-Sahail, Batool A. AL-Henaki, Deema A. AL-Zaid,
Ghada A.AL-Andas, Razan M. AL-Mazroo, and Reem M. AL-Ogaiel
A Study of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Music Appreciation: An
Example of Chinese Musical Instruments .............................................................................................................83
Shi-Jer Lou, Yi-Zhen Zhu, Kuo-Hung Tseng, Yuan-Chang Guo, and Ru-Chu Shih
A Tablet PC-Based Learning Approach on a First-Year Computer Engineering
Course ..........................................................................................................................................................................86
José-Vicente Benlloch, Félix Buendía, and Juan-Carlos Cano
A Topic-Independent Method for Automatically Scoring Essay Content
Rivaling Topic-Dependent Methods .......................................................................................................................88
Ryo Nagata, Junichi Kakegawa, and Yukiko Yabuta
A Trace-Based System for Technology-Enhanced Learning Systems
Personalisation ...........................................................................................................................................................93
Lotfi S. Settouti, Yannick Prié, Jean-Charles Marty, and Alain Mille
A Transformation, Augmentation, Substitution Service (TASS) to Meet
the Needs and Preferences of the Individual Learner ...........................................................................................98
Voula Gkatzidou and Elaine Pearson
Acknowledging Practice: The Applications of Streaming Audio and Video
for Tertiary Music and Dance Education .............................................................................................................101
Äli Leijen
Adaptation Languages for Learning: The CAM Meta-model ..........................................................................104
Maurice Hendrix, Alexandra I. Cristea, and Craig Stewart
Advanced Transactional Models for a New Generation of Educational
Modelling Language Engines ................................................................................................................................107
Jorge Torres, Eduardo Juárez, Juan Manuel Dodero, and Ignacio Aedo
Advertising and Discovering Trusted Resources within a P2P-Based
Architecture ..............................................................................................................................................................109
Vincenza Carchiolo, Alessandro Longheu, Michele Malgeri, and Giuseppe Mangioni
An Approach for Visually Supporting the Creation of Personal Development
Plans ...........................................................................................................................................................................112
Javier Melero, Davinia Hernández-Leo, Ernesto Arroyo, Albert Aguilar, and Josep Blat
An Approach to Standard-Based Computer Adaptive Testing .........................................................................117
Javier Morales, Olga C. Santos, and Jesús G. Boticario
An E-learner’s Emotion Model of Text Using: I. Fundamental Issues for
a DDE Model ............................................................................................................................................................120
Xinyan Jia, Wushour Silamu, Feng Tian, and Ruomeng Zhao
An E-learning Ecosystem Based on Cloud Computing Infrastructure ............................................................125
Bo Dong, Qinghua Zheng, Jie Yang, Haifei Li, and Mu Qiao
vii
An Online Laboratory in a Context of Project-Based Pedagogy ......................................................................128
Djama M. Hassan, Dominique Leclet, and Bénédicte Talon
An Ontology Based Approach for Context Based Collaborative Browsing ...................................................131
Iyad AlAgha and Liz Burd
An Ontology-Based Curriculum Knowledgebase for Managing Complexity
and Change ...............................................................................................................................................................136
Hilary Dexter and Ioan Davies
Analogous Content Selection Mechanism Using Device Profile and Content
Profile for U-Learning Environments ...................................................................................................................141
Yoonsoo Lee, Byoungchol Chang, Hyunoh Doh, Kyuhyun Park, and Jaehyuk Cha
Analysis of Learners’ Behavior in Role-Play Training for Project Management
Education ..................................................................................................................................................................144
Taichi Nakamura, Yuko Kitaura, Hiroshi Maruyama, and Akio Takashima
Applying Learning Styles to SCORM Compliant Courses ...............................................................................147
Ioannis Kazanidis and Maya Satratzemi
Architecture for Automated Validation of E-learning Courses ........................................................................152
Aleksandr Sukhorukov
ASK-CDM-ECTS: A Tool for Facilitating Common European University
Course Description towards Higher Education Integration ..............................................................................154
Demetrios G. Sampson, Panayiotis Zervas, and Renos Limnatitis
ASK–LOST 2.0: A Web-Based Tool for Social Tagging of Digital
Educational Resources ............................................................................................................................................157
Alexandros Kalamatianos, Panayiotis Zervas, and Demetrios G. Sampson
Authoring Adaptive Tutoring Systems for Complex Visual Skills ..................................................................160
Alexandre Direne, Luis Bona, Marcos Sfair Sunyé, Marcos Castilho, Fabiano Silva,
Laura García, and Donia Scott
Authoring by Reuse for SCORM Like Learning Objects .................................................................................165
Ramzi Farhat, Bruno Defude, and Mohamed Jemni
Authoring for E-learning 2.0: A Case Study .......................................................................................................170
Fawaz Ghali and Alexandra I. Cristea
Authoring Tool for Structural and Semantic Coherence Validation
of Composed Learning Objects .............................................................................................................................175
Amel Bouzeghoub and Mouna Selmi
Automated Planning for Personalised Course Composition .............................................................................178
Antonio Garrido, Eva Onaindia, and Oscar Sapena
Automatic Personalization of Learning Scenarios Using SVM .......................................................................183
El Amine Ouraiba, Azeddine Chikh, Abdelmalik Taleb-Ahmed, and Zeyneb El Yebdri
Avoiding Pitfalls of Peer Assessment ...................................................................................................................186
Karen Stepanyan, Richard Mather, Cecil Hamilton-Jones, and Carlo Lusuardi
viii
Biometric Mouse Intelligent System for Student’s Emotional and Examination
Process Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................189
Arturas Kaklauskas, Mindaugas Krutinis, and Mark Seniut
Building an E-learning Recommender System Using Vector Space Model
and Good Learners Average Rating ......................................................................................................................194
Khairil Imran Bin Ghauth and Nor Aniza Abdullah
Can Learning Path Visualisation Serve as Extrasomatic Memory? .................................................................197
Mustafa Ali Türker and Burak Sandiraz
Challenges and Opportunities of Storing Learning Object Ontology
in Pharmacy’s Knowledge Base ............................................................................................................................200
Juha Puustjärvi and Leena Puustjärvi
Challenging Technologies: The Virtual Show and Tell in Design Inspired
Learning Processes ..................................................................................................................................................203
Carlo Giovannella and Andrea Camusi
Charting Collective Knowledge: Supporting Self-Regulated Learning in
the Workplace ..........................................................................................................................................................208
Allison Littlejohn, Anoush Margaryan, and Colin Milligan
Cluster Analysis of Care Assessment Data and Supporting for Care Planning .............................................213
Kaoru Eto, Tatsunori Matsui, Minoru Mukuda, and Yasuo Kabasawa
Collaborative Learning by Means of Video Games: An Entertainment System
in the Learning Processes .......................................................................................................................................215
Natalia Padilla Zea, José Luís González Sánchez, and Francisco L. Gutiérrez
Computer Assisted Music Therapy: A Case Study of an Augmented Reality
Musical System for Children with Cerebral Palsy Rehabilitation ....................................................................218
Ana Grasielle Dionísio Corrêa, Irene Karaguilla Ficheman, Marilena do Nascimento,
and Roseli de Deus Lopes
Concept Extraction from Student Essays, Towards Concept Map Mining ....................................................221
Jorge Villalon and Rafael A. Calvo
Conceptual Approach to the Design of Creative E-course Model in English
for Engineering Students ........................................................................................................................................226
Diana Rumpite
Conditional IMS Learning Design Generation Using User Modeling
and Planning Techniques ........................................................................................................................................228
Jorge Hernández, Silvia Baldiris, Olga C. Santos, Ramón Fabregat, and Jesus G. Boticario
Conditioning Factors for Group Management in Blended Learning Scenarios .............................................233
Mar Pérez-Sanagustín, Davinia Hernández-Leo, and Josep Blat
Context Dependent Feature Based Bottom-up Rescoring SVM Classifier
in Children’s English Stress Mis-pronunciation Detection ...............................................................................236
Shen Huang, Hongyan Li, Shijin Wang, Jiaen liang, and Bo Xu
ix
Could European eGovernment Policy Initiatives, in Effect, be Stifling
the Development of Learning Technologies? ......................................................................................................239
Tore Hoel and Paul Hollins
Data Analysis as a Tool for Optimizing Learning Management Systems ......................................................242
Paloma Moreno-Clari, Miguel Arevalillo-Herráez, and Vicente Cerverón-Lleó
Deducing Loop Patterns in CS1: A Comparative Study ....................................................................................247
Jose Luis Fernández Alemán
Design of an Environmental Education Material Based on Field Observations ............................................249
Kazuya Takemata, Akiyuki Minamide, and Yoshiyuki Kawata
Design of an IMS LD Editor Using Non-IMS LD Concepts ............................................................................251
Diana Ragbir and Permanand Mohan
Design of Engineering Education System Using Long-Distance-Controlled
Robots ........................................................................................................................................................................256
Akiyuki Minamide, Kazuya Takemata, and Pee Suat Hoon
Designing Learning Support for Mobile Workers ..............................................................................................258
Sarra Kaddouci, Yvan Peter, and Thomas Vantroys
Designing Pervasive Games to Support University Studies in Media
Technology ...............................................................................................................................................................261
Daniel Spikol, Oskar Pettersson, and Anders Gerestrand
Developing a GroupNet System to Solve Groupthink Problem .......................................................................264
Nian-Shing Chen, Chun-Wang Wei, and Wei-Sheng Chen
Developing an Innovative and Pen-Based Simulator to Enhance Education
and Research in Computer Systems ......................................................................................................................267
Johnny Yeung, Vincent Tam, Edmund Y. Lam, and C.H. Leung
Developing the Outdoor Game-Based Learning Environment by Using
Ubiquitous Technologies ........................................................................................................................................270
Ming-Jhe Yang, Jui-Hung Chen, Louis R. Chao, and Timothy K. Shih
Development of a Reading Material Recommendation System Based on
a Multi-expert Knowledge Acquisition Approach ..............................................................................................273
Ching-Kun Hsu, Chih-Kai Chang, and Gwo-Jen Hwang
Development of Business Game Simulator for Supporting Collaborative
Problem-Based Learning ........................................................................................................................................278
Chung Cheng Tseng, Chung Hsien Lan, and K. Robert Lai
Development of Dynamic Outdoor Education Program—Using Digital
Microscope and Wireless LAN .............................................................................................................................281
Satoshi Wada, Takuya Ooki, Lumi Tatsuya, and Yaeko Nakanish
Digital Aids’ Using at Lectures of Programming in RTU Liepaja Branch .....................................................283
Jelena Jevsjukova, Indra Ruperte, Armands Grickus, Valentina Karklina,
and Voldemars Karklins
Editing and Managing Learning Objects Using Agrega Offline ......................................................................285
Antonio Sarasa and Jose Manuel Canabal
x
EDUCA: A Web 2.0 Collaborative, Mobile and E-learning Authoring System ...........................................287
Ramón Zatarain Cabada, María Lucía Barrón Estrada, Guillermo Sandoval Sánchez,
Eduardo Urías Barrientos, Moisés Osorio Velázquez, and Carlos Alberto Reyes García
Educational Affordances of Ubiquitous Learning Environment for Natural
Science Learning ......................................................................................................................................................290
Tsung-Yu Liu and Yu-Ling Chu
Effects of Cognitive Style on User Acceptance of Blogs and Podcasts ..........................................................293
Nauman Saeed, Yun Yang, and Suku Sinnappan
EML Learning Flow Expressiveness Evaluation ................................................................................................298
Jorge Torres, Eduardo Juárez, Juan Manuel Dodero, and Ignacio Aedo
Enabling Process-Based Collaboration in Moodle by Using Aspectual Services .........................................301
Roberto Perez-Rodriguez, Manuel Caeiro-Rodriguez, and Luis Anido-Rifon
Enhancing Computer Assisted Assessment Using Rubrics in a QTI Editor ..................................................303
Patricia Santos, Xavier Colina, Davinia Hernández-Leo, Javier Melero, and Josep Blat
Enriching Web Based Computer Supported Collaborative Learning Systems
by Considering Misunderstandings among Learners during Interactions .......................................................306
Yoshitaka Sakurai, Kinshuk, Sabine Graf, Ardah Zarypolla, Kouhei Takada,
and Setsuo Tsuruta
Evaluating Simple Query Interface Compliance in Public Repositories .........................................................311
José R. Hilera, Salvador Otón, Antonio Ortiz, Luis De Marcos, José J. Martínez,
José A. Gutiérrez, José M. Gutiérrez, and Roberto Barchino
Evaluating the Performance of Adaptive Learning Objects Selection
and Sequencing in Adaptive Educational Hypermedia Systems ......................................................................316
Pythagoras Karampiperis and Demetrios Sampson
Evaluating the Reuse of Learning Content through a Segmentation Approach .............................................319
Edmar Welington Oliveira, Sean Wolfgand Matsui Siqueira, and Maria Helena L.B. Braz
Evaluation of Tangible Learning Companion/Robot for English Language
Learning ....................................................................................................................................................................322
Yi Hsuan Wang, Shelley S.C. Young, and Jyh-Shing Roger Jang
Experiential Learning in Science: Getting the Laboratory Inside the Classroom
Using the Web ..........................................................................................................................................................327
Ana Maria de Almeida, João Fernandes, Marta Pascoal, and Susana Pereira
Eye-Tracking Users’ Behavior in Relation to Cognitive Style within
an E-learning Environment ....................................................................................................................................329
Nikos Tsianos, Panagiotis Germanakos, Zacharias Lekkas, Costas Mourlas,
and George Samaras
FD Commons: E-Teaching Portfolio to Enable an Ubiquitous Peer Reviewing
Process .......................................................................................................................................................................334
Yukari Kato, Shotaro Houri, Wataru Tsukahara, Hironori Egi, and Masaki Nakagawa
xi
Focusing on Personal Organization to Enhance Overall E-learning ................................................................337
Ainhoa Alvarez, Samara Ruiz, Maite Martín, Isabel Fernández-Castro,
and Maite Urretavizcaya
Get Rid of the Numbers: Using JavaFX as an Algorithm Instruction Tool ....................................................340
Georgios Kouimtzis and Konstantinos Chertouras
Helping Teachers to Track Student Evolution in a B-Learning Environment ...............................................342
Maite Martin, Ainhoa Álvarez, Samara Ruiz, Isabel Fernández-Castro,
and Maite Urretavizcaya
High-level Authoring of Simple Sequencing Descriptions ...............................................................................347
Andreas Papasalouros and Christos Gitsis
How Concept Mapping Can Support Technical Systems Understanding Based
on Denhière-Baudet Text Comprehension Model ..............................................................................................352
Panagiotis Blitsas, Georgios Papadopoulos, and Maria Grigoriadou
How the Eighth Grade Students Reused Knowledge .........................................................................................355
Jui-Chen Yu, Hung-Jen Yang, Hsieh-Hua Yang, and Feng-Chung Lin
How to Bring Immersion into Learning Games? ................................................................................................358
Thibault Carron, Jean-Charles Marty, and Mathieu Mangeot
Idea Map Editor: A Tool for Promoting Reflection in the Act of Learning ...................................................361
I. Calvo, U. Rueda, J.A. Elorriaga, A. Arruarte, and M. Larrañaga
iGLS: Intelligent Grouping for Online Collaborative Learning .......................................................................364
Shuangyan Liu, Mike Joy, and Nathan Griffiths
Impact of Learning Styles on Student Blogging Behavior ................................................................................369
Michael Derntl and Sabine Graf
Improving the Technical Infrastructure of a Programming Course .................................................................374
Uolevi Nikula, Satu Alaoutinen, Jussi Kasurinen, and Toni Pirinen
Incorporating Affect into Educational Design Patterns and Frameworks .......................................................377
Rafael A. Calvo
Incorporating Agent Negotiation into Adaptive Learning Environment
to Balance the Perspectives between Learners and Instructors ........................................................................382
Chung Hsien Lan, K. Robert Lai, and Chung Cheng Tseng
Indicators for Deducting the Learners’ Learning Styles: Case of the Navigation
Typology Indicator ..................................................................................................................................................385
Nabila Bousbia, Jean-Marc Labat, Issam Rebai, and Amar Balla
Information Retrieval Techniques for Collaborative Text Searches ................................................................390
Jussi Nuutinen and Erkki Sutinen
Integrating Co-design Practices into the Development of Mobile Science
Collaboratories .........................................................................................................................................................393
Daniel Spikol, Marcelo Milrad, Heidy Maldonado, and Roy Pea
Integrating Learning Management Systems and Practical Learning Activities:
The Case of Computer and Network Experiments .............................................................................................398
Amine Bouabid, Philippe Vidal, and Julien Broisin
xii
Integrating Translation Feature Using Machine Translation in Open Source
LMS ...........................................................................................................................................................................403
Orrawin Mekpiroon, Pornchai Tammarattananont, Narasak Apitiwongmanit,
Neetiwit Buasroung, Thatsanee Charoenporn, and Thepchai Supnithi
Interaction Analysis with Dedicated Logfile Analysis Tools—A Comparative
Case Using the PAnDit Tool Versus Manual Inspection ..................................................................................405
Andreas Harrer, Andreas Lingnau, and Martina Bientzle
Interactive E-learning on Reduced Order Modeling in Electromagnetics Using
COMSON Federated Repository ...........................................................................................................................408
Alexander Vasenev, Alexandra Stefanescu, Diana Mihalache, Sebastian Kula,
and Sebastián Gim
Introduction of Learning Activities’ Agendas in First-Year Degree Studies .................................................410
Lluís Ribas-Xirgo, A. Josep Velasco-González, and Mercè Rullán-Ayza
Investigations about the Effects and Effectiveness of Adaptivity for Students
with Different Learning Styles ..............................................................................................................................415
Sabine Graf, Chung Hsien Lan, Tzu-Chien Liu, and Kinshuk
Knowledge Management Approach to Support a Serious Game Development ............................................420
Bruno Capdevila Ibáñez, Valérie Boudier, and Jean-Marc Labat
Knowledge Puzzle: A Tool for Constructivist Learning from Hypertext .......................................................423
Iyad AlAgha and Liz Burd
Knowledge Sharing with Group Portfolio ...........................................................................................................428
Virginija Limanauskiene, Tomas Blazauskas, and Mikas Binkis
Korean Word Associations: The Linked Structures for Language Learning .................................................431
Jaeyoung Jung, Nobuyasu Makoshi, and Hiroyuki Akama
Learning Activity Spaces: Towards Flexibility in Learning Design? .............................................................433
Anne Lejeune, Muriel Ney, Armin Weinberger, Margus Pedaste, Lars Bollen,
Tasos Hovardas, Ulrich Hoppe, and Ton de Jong
Learning Object Annotation for Agricultural Learning Repositories ..............................................................438
Hannes Ebner, Nikos Manouselis, Matthias Palmér, Fredrik Enoksson,
Nikos Palavitsinis, Kostas Kastrantas, and Ambjörn Naeve
Learning Software Testing Using a Collaborative Activities Oriented Platform ..........................................443
Bénédicte Talon, Dominique Leclet, Arnaud Lewandowski, and Grégory Bourguin
Learning Styles and Behavioral Differences in Web-Based Learning Settings .............................................446
Elvira Popescu
Learning to Program from Scratch ........................................................................................................................451
Stuart Garner
MATHEMA: A Constructivist Enviroment for Electromagnetism Learning ................................................453
Alexandros Papadimitriou, Georgios Gyftodimos, and Maria Grigoriadou
MENTORing Affectively the Student to Enhance his Learning ......................................................................455
Makis Leontidis, Constantin Halatsis, and Maria Grigoriadou
xiii
Metadata and Metrics for Automated Repurposing of Learning Resources ...................................................460
S. Sanand and S.V. Raghavan
Metadata Representation of Real-World Objects for Architectural Education ..............................................465
Martin Wolpers, Katja Niemann, and Christian R. Prause
Modeling and Simulation for Elementary Education .........................................................................................468
C. Brigas, C.A. Gomes, M.J. Marcelino, and M.J. Silva
mRx: A CSCL Decision-Making Environment ..................................................................................................473
Margarida Kanaris Washburn, Danielle Oprean, and Bruce Cutter
Multi-perspective Cooperation Based on Boundary Objects ............................................................................476
Alke Martens, Sybille Hambach, and Ulrike Lucke
Multi-user Narrative Sharing System for Children with Chronic Illness ........................................................479
Jui-Chih Chin and Mengping Tsuei
On the Number of Search Queries Required for Internet Plagiarism Detection ............................................482
Sergey Butakov and Vladislav Shcherbinin
On-demand Construction of Personalized Learning Experiences Using
Semantic Web and Web 2.0 Techniques ..............................................................................................................484
Nicola Capuano, Matteo Gaeta, Francesco Orciuoli, and Pierluigi Ritrovato
Online Synchronous Instruction: Challenges and Solutions .............................................................................489
Tommaso Leo, Flavio Manganello, Martina Pennacchietti, Antonio Pistoia, Kinshuk,
and Niang-Shin Chen
Ontologies for a Semantic Quiz Architecture .....................................................................................................492
Radu Balog-Crisan, Ioan Roxin, and Ioan Szilagyi
Ontology-Based Conceptual Domain Modeling for Educational Portal .........................................................495
Tatiana Gavrilova, Vladimir Gorovoy, and Elena Petrashen
Open Educational Practices and Resources Based on Social Software: UTPL
Experience ................................................................................................................................................................497
Nelson Piedra, Janneth Chicaiza, Edmundo Tovar, and Oscar Martínez
OPENET LD: An Ontology-Based Petri Net Engine to Execute IMS LD Units
of Learning ................................................................................................................................................................499
Juan C. Vidal, Manuel Lama, Eduardo Sánchez, Alberto Bugarín, and Adrián Novegil
Opening Learner Profiles across Heterogeneous Applications ........................................................................504
Triomphe Ramandalahy, Philippe Vidal, and Julien Broisin
OpenScenario: A Flexible Integrated Environment to Develop Educational
Activities Based on Pedagogical Scenarios .........................................................................................................509
Jean-Michel Jullien, Christian Martel, Laurence Vignollet, and Maia Wentland
Personalized E-learning and E-mentoring through User Modelling
and Dynamic Recommendations for the Inclusion of Disabled at Work
and Education ...........................................................................................................................................................514
Olga C. Santos, Jorge Couchet, and Jesus G. Boticario
Personalized Learning Activities Based on the Student’s Intelligence Skills ................................................519
Dulce Mota and Carlos Vaz de Carvalho
xiv
Pinetree: A Learning Content Repository Based on Semantic Web
Technologies .............................................................................................................................................................522
Martin Svensson, Oskar Pettersson, and Magnus Persson
Processing Learning Objects with Attribute Grammars ....................................................................................527
Antonio Sarasa-Cabezuelo, José-Luis Sierra, and Alfredo Fernández-Valmayor
Promoting Interaction through Wireless Classrooms with ConferenceXP .....................................................532
Oscar Martínez, José María Amigó, José Valero, and Ángel Gimenez
Prospects of Automatic Assessment of Step-by-Step Solutions in Algebra ...................................................535
Rein Prank
Realtime Knowledge Space Skill Assessment for Personalized Digital
Educational Games ..................................................................................................................................................538
Owen Conlan, Cormac Hampson, Neil Peirce, and Michael Kickmeier-Rust
Recommendation in Repositories of Learning Objects: A Proactive Approach
that Exploits Diversity and Navigation-by-Proposing .......................................................................................543
Almudena Ruiz-Iniesta, Guillermo Jiménez-Díaz, and Mercedes Gómez-Albarrán
Reference Curricular Structures and Pedagogical Flexibility in Encouraging
Reflective Practice in Technology-Enhanced Learning .....................................................................................546
Chien-Sing Lee and Glenn David Blank
Responding to the Challenge of Providing Learner-Centred, Accessible,
Personalized and Flexible Learning ......................................................................................................................551
Elaine Pearson, Steve Green, and Stavroula Gkatzidou
Rethinking the “Investigation Course” in Primary School ................................................................................554
Katerina Glezou, Maria Grigoriadou, and Ilias Verginis
SARAC: A Framework for Automatic Item Generation ...................................................................................556
Ben Liu
Second Life and Croquet: A Comparative Study for Investigating the Support
of CSCL Scenarios ..................................................................................................................................................559
Thrasyvoulos Tsiatsos and Andreas Konstantinidis
Semantic Interoperability for Technology-Enhanced Learning Platforms .....................................................564
Sven Abels, Vadim Chepegin, and Stuart Campbell
Semantically-Enabled Project-Based Collaborative Learning of Software
Patterns ......................................................................................................................................................................569
Zoran Jeremic, Jelena Jovanovic, and Dragan Gasevic
Specification and Generation of Learning Object Sequences for E-learning
Using Sequence Feature Diagrams and Metaprogramming Techniques ........................................................572
Robertas Damasevicius and Vytautas Stuikys
Student Self-Assessment by Counting the Times of Repetition .......................................................................577
Satu Alaoutinen and Uolevi Nikula
Supporting Learner’s Needs with an Ontology-Based Bayesian Network .....................................................579
Makis Leontidis and Constantin Halatsis
xv
Supporting Teacher Intervention in Unpredictable Learning Environments ..................................................584
Ilkka Jormanainen, Antony Harfield, and Erkki Sutinen
Supporting Teacher’s Self-Regulation Process ...................................................................................................589
Aina Lekira, Christophe Despres, and Pierre Jacoboni
Supporting the Reification Process within a Community of Practice ..............................................................591
France Henri, Bernadette Charlier, and Mélanie Ciussi
Synchronised Annotation of Multimedia .............................................................................................................594
Mike Wald, Gary Wills, Dave Millard, Lester Gilbert, Shakeel Khoja, Jiri Kajaba,
and Yunjia Li
Syntax Trees Visualization in Language Processing Courses ..........................................................................597
Francisco J. Almeida-Martínez and Jaime Urquiza-Fuentes
Teachers Training for Using of Distance Learning System at Schools ...........................................................602
Marina Lapenok
The “INNOVAMBIENTE” Project: An Interdisciplinary Approach Integrating
Natural Science, Mathematics and Computer Science ......................................................................................604
Biagio D’Aniello, Salvatore Cuomo, and Aniello Murano
The Adaptive Intelligent Personalised Learning Environment .........................................................................606
R. Costello and D.P. Mundy
The Effect of Combine Hopfield Neural Network and Fuzzy Ranking
on E-Learning system Performance ......................................................................................................................611
Yen-Chu Hung and Shu-Hao Ye
The G-Math Peer-Tutoring System for Supporting Effectively Remedial
Instruction for Elementary Students .....................................................................................................................614
Mengping Tsuei
The Language Box: Re-imagining Teaching and Learning Repositories .......................................................619
David E. Millard, Yvonne Howard, Patrick McSweeney, Miguel Arrebola,
Kate Borthwick, and Julie Watson
The Language Technologies for Lifelong Learning Project .............................................................................624
Adriana J. Berlanga, Peter van Rosmalen, Stefan Trausan-Matu, Paola Monachesi,
and Gaston Burek
The Mário Schenberg Spaceship: Experiencing Science in a Collaborative
Learning VR Environment .....................................................................................................................................626
Alexandre Antonino Gonçalves Martinazzo, Irene Karaguilla Ficheman,
Valkiria Venancio, Ana Grasielle Dionísio Corrêa, Roseli de Deus Lopes,
and Marta Silvia Maria Mantovani
The Role of Affect in Personalized Learning ......................................................................................................629
Zacharias Lekkas, Nikos Tsianos, Panagiotis Germanakos, Constantinos Mourlas,
and George Samaras
Thinking Dimensions as a Foundation of Learning Design ..............................................................................634
Maria Kordaki and Thanasis Daradoumis
xvi
Three Years of Use of a CSCW Platform by the Preservice Teachers and
the Trainers of the Reunion Island Teacher Training School ...........................................................................637
Jean Simon
Toward Integrating the Pedagogical Dimension in Automatic Learner
Modeling within E-learning Systems ...................................................................................................................642
Mohamed Koutheaïr Khribi, Mohamed Jemni, and Olfa Nasraoui
Towards a Conceptual Model of Learning Context in E-learning ...................................................................645
Lina Tankeleviciene and Robertas Damasevicius
Towards a Flexible Intelligent Tutoring System for Argumentation ...............................................................647
Frank Loll, Niels Pinkwart, Oliver Scheuer, and Bruce M. McLaren
Towards a Framework to Support ICT-Based Processes in Early Care Settings ..........................................649
Rubén Miguez, Juan M. Santos, and Luis Anido
Towards the Enhancement of the Learning Process with Different Types
of Case Based Activities .........................................................................................................................................652
M. Boubouka, I. Verginis, M. Grigoriadou, and I. Zafiri
Uncovering the Richness of an Authentic Living Museum through Pervasive
Learning Environment ............................................................................................................................................655
Teemu H. Laine, Carolina Islas Sedano, Mikko Vinni, and Erkki Sutinen
Use of Peer-Review System for Enhancing Learning of Programming ..........................................................658
Harri Hämäläinen, Jukka Tarkkonen, Kari Heikkinen, Jouni Ikonen, and Jari Porras
Using Competencies to Search for Suitable Exercises ......................................................................................661
Odette Auzende, Hélène Giroire, and Françoise Le Calvez
Using Comprehensive Memory Cycle Updating in Extensive Reading .........................................................666
T.K. Chiu, T.I. Wang, J.H. Fu, T.C. Hsieh, C.Y. Su, and K.H. Tsai
Using Language Technologies to Diagnose Learner’s Conceptual
Development .............................................................................................................................................................669
Adriana J. Berlanga, Marco Kalz, Slavi Stoyanov, Peter van Rosmalen,
Alisdair Smithies, and Isobel Braidman
Using Students’ Devices and a No-to-Low Cost Online Tool to Support
Interactive Experiential mLearning ......................................................................................................................674
Andrew Litchfield, Ryszard Raban, Laurel Evelyn Dyson, Elyssebeth Leigh,
and Jonathon Tyler
Using Wiki for Collaborative Studying and Maintaining Personal Learning
Diary in a Computer Science Course ....................................................................................................................679
Harri Hämäläinen, Jouni Ikonen, and Jari Porras
UTL-CL: A Declarative Calculation Language Proposal for a Learning Tracks
Analysis Process ......................................................................................................................................................681
Diem Pham Thi Ngoc, Sébastien Iksal, Christophe Choquet, and Evelyne Klinger
Visual Design of E-learning Systems ...................................................................................................................686
Vladimir Tomko and Larissa Zaitseva
xvii
Visualizing Paragraph Closeness for Academic Writing Support ...................................................................688
Stephen T. O’Rourke and Rafael A. Calvo
Voice Stress Analyser System for E-testing ........................................................................................................693
Arturas Kaklauskas, Andrej Vlasenko, Mark Seniut, and Mindaugas Krutinis
Web Based Educational Video Teaching and Learning Platform
with Collaborative Annotation ..............................................................................................................................696
Wai Yat Wong and Peter Reimann
Weighting and Ranking the E-learning Resources .............................................................................................701
Neil Y. Yen, Franz F. Hou, Louis R. Chao, and Timothy K. Shih
Wiki-based Design of Scientific Inquiry Assessment by Game-Based Scratch
Programming ............................................................................................................................................................704
Shian-Shyong Tseng and Jui-Feng Weng
Doctoral Consortium
Collaboration Support in Argumentation Systems for Education via Flexible
Architectures .............................................................................................................................................................707
Frank Loll and Niels Pinkwart
Attitudes towards Knowledge Transfer in the Context of Web Problem-Based
Learning Integrated Circuits Course—From the Perspective of High School
Students .....................................................................................................................................................................709
Kuo-Hung Tseng, Chi-Cheng Chang, Yen-Hao Chen, Shi-Jer Lou, and Ron Chuen Yeh
Developing Technical E-portfolio Construction Process ..................................................................................711
Harri Hämäläinen, Jouni Ikonen, and Jari Porras
Introducing Flexibility into CSCL Scripts for Blended Learning Scenarios ..................................................713
Mar Pérez-Sanagustín, Davinia Hernández-Leo, and Josep Blat
First European Workshop on ICOPER Best Practice
Mediating Distribution Models and Access Control for the Exchange
of Learning Objects .................................................................................................................................................714
Jean-Noel Colin, Tien-Dung Le, and David Massart
iCoper Best Practice Uses Cases and Standards for Learning Delivery ..........................................................716
Daniel Mueller and Volker Zimmermann
Learning Outcome Based Higher Education: iCoper Use Cases .....................................................................718
Jehad Najjar and Bern Simon
Towards a Unified Format for Describing Teaching Methods .........................................................................720
Michael Derntl, Susanne Neumann, and Petra Oberhuemer
ICOPER Big Picture—Modelling the Central Concepts of Competency-Driven
Learning ....................................................................................................................................................................722
Tore Hoel and Vana Kamtsiou
xviii
Fourth International M3C Workshop on Interaction with Contentaround Curriculum Lifecycle
Relations for Graphical Conceptual Representations .........................................................................................724
Adel Elsayed
Presenting and Representing Knowledge to Develop Understanding .............................................................726
Roger Hartley, Adel Elsayed, and Milena Pesheva
A Practical Model for Conceptual Comparison Using a Wiki .........................................................................728
David Webster, Jie Xu, Darren Mundy, and Paul Warren
Interaction with Content through the Curriculum Lifecycle .............................................................................730
Adel Elsayed
First International Workshop on Visual Instructional Design Languagesand Applications in Technology Enhanced Learning (VIDLATEL)
Visualizing Learning Designs Using IMS Learning Design: The Position
of the Graphical Learning Modeller .....................................................................................................................732
Susanne Neumann, Petra Oberhuemer, and Michael Derntl
A Graphical Modeling Language for Computer-Based Learning Scenarios ..................................................734
Anne Lejeune, Muriel Ney, Armin Weinberger, Margus Pedaste, Lars Bollen,
Tasos Hovardas, Ulrich Hoppe, and Ton de Jong
ScenEdit: A Goal-Oriented Tool to Design Learning Scenarios ......................................................................736
Valérie Emin and Jean-Philippe Pernin
Subjective Representations of Educational Design Systems ............................................................................738
Daniel K. Schneider, Kalli Benetos, Jean-Philippe Pernin, and Valérie Emin
Improving the Usability of an Approach for Visually Supporting the Creation
of Personal Development Plans .............................................................................................................................740
Javier Melero, Davinia Hernández-Leo, Ernesto Arroyo, and Josep Blat
Coordinating Curriculum Implementation Using Wiki-supported Graph
Visualization .............................................................................................................................................................742
Sonja Kabicher and Renate Motschnig-Pitrik
A Domain−Specific Modeling Approach for Supporting the Development
of Visual Instructional Design Languages and Tools ........................................................................................744
Pierre Laforcade and Boubekeur Zendagui
Author Index .......................................................................................................................................................747
xix
Evaluating simple query interface compliance in public repositories
José R. Hilera, Salvador Otón, Antonio Ortiz, Luis De Marcos, José J. Martínez, José A. Gutiérrez, José M. Gutiérrez, Roberto Barchino
Department of Computer Science University of Alcalá
Alcalá de Henares, Spain [email protected]
Abstract
Standards and specifications widely accepted and
used lay the foundations to enable and facilitate the interoperability among systems, and the software maintenance and reuse, especially within the scope of learning objects’ search systems. One of these standards is the SQI (Standard Query Interface) specification by the European Committee for Standardization in which many search systems, including public ones, are based. This paper analyzes the degree of compliance with this specification by a significant number of learning objects repositories. 1. Introduction
A digital repository of learning objects is a system used to store and distribute learning objects through the Internet, to share them with other users and to facilitate their reuse in a variety of educational activities. Usually, a repository works as a Web portal that can be accessed through a Web based interface, providing a search mechanism. The clients of a repository can be users (teachers or learners); e-learning platforms, such as Content Management Systems (LCMS) or Learning Management System (LMS); or other repositories, in the case of repositories that launch a query to several federated repositories (Fig. 1).
A repository must present to its clients an interface to receive queries and return to the user their results. These results comprise the learning objects (or their metadata records) that satisfy the search criteria. The European Committee for Standardization published the Simple Query Interface (SQI) specification [1] in 2005, in order to facilitate interoperability among public repositories and the applications using them. Since then, the main public repositories have been adapted in order to comply with this specification.
Figure 1. Distributed Repositories of Learning Objects
This paper presents the results of a survey carried
out to evaluate the level of compliance with the SQI specification in twelve public available repositories. Section two briefly describes the SQI specification. Section three presents the repositories selected for the assessment and the rationale underlying that selection. Section four presents the results of the research. Finally in section 5 conclusions are drawn.
2. Standard Query Interface
SQI specification consists in a definition of a methods’ set that a repository should provide, so that remote systems (clients) can perform queries of learning objects stored within the repository.
SQI identifies thirteen methods to be offered by such systems. They are classified in four categories (Table 1). Four methods are concerned with configuration operations that are previous to the query
2009 Ninth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies
978-0-7695-3711-5/09 $25.00 © 2009 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/ICALT.2009.89
311
launch. These include methods for setting up the query language (setQueryLanguage), the results’ format (setResultsFormat), the maximum number of results returned by the query (setMaxQueryResults), and the maximum time allowed for a query to return a result (setMaxDuration). The last method is especially relevant for asynchronous queries.
Table 1. Classification of SQI methods
CONFIGURATION METHODS
SESSION MANAGEMENT METHODS
setQueryLanguage (sessionID, queryLanguageID)
createSession (userID, password ): sessionID
setResultsFormat (sessionID, resultsFormat)
createAnonymousSession (): sessionID
setMaxQueryResults (sessionID, maxQueryResults)
destroySession (sessionID)
setMaxDuration (sessionID, maxDuration)
QUERY METHODS SYNCHRONOUS QUERY ASYNCHRONOUS QUERY
setResultsSetSize (sessionID, resultsSetSize)
asynchronousQuery (sessionID, queryStatement, queryID)
sychronousQuery (sessionID, queryStatement, startResult): queryResults
setSourceLocation (sessionID, sourceLocation)
getTotalResultsCount (sessionID, queryStatement): resultsCount
queryResultsListener (queryID, queryResults)
Concerning to session control and management,
SQI defines methods for establishing a new session with its credentials (createSession), creating anonymous sessions (createAnonymousSession), and closing sessions (destroySession).
SQI takes into account synchronous and asynchronous queries in repositories. For the former, SQI includes methods for launching queries that return metadata records of learning objects (sychronousQuery); to set up in advance the number of results that will be obtained (setResultsSetSize), which should be less than that established by the setMaxQueryResults method; and to return the number of learning objects that meet the search criteria (getTotalResultsCount), even if the returned number is limited by the previous method.
As for asynchronous queries, and besides the query method (asynchronousQuery), SQI includes a method that should be previously executed, in order to specify the client system that will be waiting for the query results (setSourceLocation), and a method that should be implemented in the system client that will be called by the repository when the search has been executed to return the query results (queryResultsListener).
A set of seventeen fault codes is also included in the SQI specification. These faults may occur during methods’ invocation, and the repositories should return them for every case (Table 2).
Table 2. SQI Fault codes
CODE DESCRIPTION SQI-00000 Undefined SQI-00001 Method failure SQI-00002 No source location SQI-00003 Invalid start result SQI-00004 Invalid query statement SQI-00005 Invalid results set size SQI-00006 Invalid max duration SQI-00007 Invalid max query results SQI-00008 Invalid query results SQI-00009 Query mode not supported SQI-00010 Results format not supported SQI-00011 Query language not supported SQI-00012 Method not supported SQI-00013 No such session SQI-00014 No such query SQI-00015 Wrong credentials SQI-00016 No more results
3. Public SQI-based repositories
Since the SQI specification emergence many existing and newly created repositories have included in their systems the methods established in this standard. Table 3 shows the repositories considered in our survey. In the web page http://ariadne.cs.kuleuven.be/SqiInterop/free/SQIImplementationsRegistry.jsp a record of the SQI compliant repositories is kept.
Table 3. Public SQI-based repositories
REPOSITORY URL Acknowledge http://www.acknowledge.be Agrega http://contenidos.proyectoagrega.es Ariadne http://www.ariadne-eu.org EdNA Online http://www.edna.edu.au EducaNext http://www.educanext.org LACLO-FLOR http://www.laclo.espol.edu.ec LORNET http://www.lornet.org LORS-SQI http://www.cc.uah.es MACE http://www.mace-project.eu Merlot http://www.merlot.org/ Nime http://nime-glad.nime.ac.jp/en/ OER Commons http://www.oercommons.org
Although other repositories, such as CGIAR, Fire, Flickr, Learn eXact, Lion, PlanetDR-URV, Prolearn deliverables, Pubelo, Visualizing cultures or Youtube, are included in this list; they have not been considered in our survey because they are no longer operative or they do not offer information about their utilization.
312
All this repositories are characterized by the fact that they offer SQI methods as web services, and therefore their use is defined in WSDL files [2]. The access URL to each web service, as well as the location of the WSDL file, is included in the aforementioned web page. Repositories mostly encapsulate methods for session’s management in one service and all other methods in a second one, as illustrated in table 4.
Table 4. Web Services containing SQI methods
REPOSITORY Session management methods
Other methods
Acknowledge -- SqiTargetAgrega SrvSesionesService SrvSQIServiceAriadne SessionManagementService TargetService EdNA Online -- EdnaTargetServiceEducaNext SessionManagementService TargetService LACLO-FLOR FSSessionManagementService FSTargetService LORNET SessionManagementService TargetService LORS-SQI SQISessionManagementService SQITargetService MACE -- SqiTarget Merlot -- MerlotTargetServiceNime -- target.php OER Commons -- SqiTarget
Listing 1 shows a fragment of code from the
Service TargetService offered by Ariadne. It can be easily identified the method synchronousQuery.
Listing 1. Extract of TargetService service description
(WSDL) from Ariadne repository
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <definitions xmlns="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/" xmlns:types="urn:www.cenorm.be/isss/ltws/wsdl/ SQIv1p0" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/wsdl/soap/" targetNamespace="urn:www.cenorm.be/isss/ltws/wsdl/ SQIv1p0"> <types> <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" targetNamespace="urn:www.cenorm.be/isss/ltws/wsdl/ SQIv1p0"> <xsd:element name="synchronousQuery"> <xsd:complexType> <xsd:sequence> <xsd:element name="targetSessionID" type="xsd:string"/> <xsd:element name="queryStatement" type="xsd:string"/> <xsd:element name="startResult" type="xsd:int"/> </xsd:sequence> </xsd:complexType> </xsd:element> <xsd:element name="synchronousQueryResponse"> <xsd:complexType> <xsd:sequence> <xsd:element name="synchronousQueryReturn" type="xsd:string"/> </xsd:sequence> </xsd:complexType> </xsd:element> </xsd:schema>
</types> <message name="synchronousQueryRequest"> <part name="synchronousQuery" element="types:synchronousQuery"/> </message> <message name="synchronousQueryResponse"> <part name="queryResults" element="types:synchronousQueryResponse"/> </message> <operation name="synchronousQuery"> <input message="types:synchronousQueryRequest"/> <output message="types:synchronousQueryResponse"/> <fault name="SQIFault" message="types:SQIFault"/> </operation> <service name="TargetServiceBinding"> <soap:address location="http://ariadne.cs.kuleuven.be/AWS/ services/TargetService"/> </service> </definitions>
4. SQI compliance analysis
In order to do a comparative study about repositories compliance of the SQI specification, the web services offered by the different repositories must be analyzed, so as to confirm whether the SQI methods have been incorporated and work as expected. This task can be done easily by developing and application able to access to every web service and call every method. A few freeware programs, such as SQITest (http://ariadne.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/SQI/SQITest.jnlp), may help to perform this task. Learning objects federated search systems that work over distributed repositories with SQI interface may also be used. These systems let the user select the remote repositories in which the search will be extended.
An even more flexible system is LORS-SQI Federated Search [3], since it also allows users to federate or add links to new repositories, just by indicating the URL that connects to the web services containing the SQI methods (figure 2 shows how Ariadne system is added to that system).
Tables 5 to 7 show the results obtained from the analysis of the twelve repositories. As it can be noticed in table 5, all the studied repositories implement the four SQI configuration methods, except for the last repository (Nime) which only implements two. However, session methods are implemented by only one half of the repositories; the rest offer a fixed value session identifier (SessionID).
313
Figure 2. Federating a SQI-based repository in LORS-SQI In relation to search methods (table 6), all the
repositories offer the three synchronous search methods (except for two of them that only offer two). However, only four repositories provide asynchronous searches.
Table 5. Configuration and Session Management methods implemented
REPOSITORY Configuration methods
Session Management methods
Agrega Yes Yes Ariadne Yes Yes EducaNext Yes Yes LACLO-FLOR Yes Yes LORNET Yes Yes LORS-SQI Yes Yes Acknowledge Yes No (SessionID = vsql) EdNA Online Yes No (SessionID = ariadnekey) MACE Yes No (SessionID = vsql) Merlot Yes No (SessionID = vsql) OER Commons Yes No (SessionID = vsql) Nime Yes (*) No (ID=Static_Session_Ariadne) (*) Methods setMaxQueryResults and setMaxDuration are not implemented
Table 7 summarizes the results. It is important to
underline that only one of the repositories (Ariadne) implements all the methods established in the SQI specification, that is, thirteen methods. Most other repositories offer the mean values of 10 methods, so it can be stated that they make up 77% of the compliance. Nime is the repository with a lower compliance level, since it only incorporates five out of thirteen methods.
We have not included comparisons related to other issues of SQI, such as the supported query language which is set with the setQueryLanguage method, or the metadata records returned by the query and set by the SetResultsFormat method, or the SQIFault codes generated; as for all cases, the evaluated repositories use the same query language (VSQL [4]) and the same metadata format (IEEE LOM [5]), and all of them
generates the seventeen fault codes established in SQI. Listing 2 shows a fragment of the obtained result in LOM format when sending the following VSQL query to the Ariadne repository:
“<simpleQuery>\n\n<term>JAVA</term></simpleQuery>”
Table 6. Query methods implemented.
REPOSITORY Synchronous Query methods
Asynchronous Query methods
Ariadne Yes Yes EdNA Online Yes Yes Merlot Yes Yes LACLO-FLOR Yes (*) Yes Acknowledge Yes No Agrega Yes No EducaNext Yes No LORNET Yes No LORS-SQI Yes No MACE Yes No Nime Yes No OER Commons Yes (*) No (*) Method setResultsSetSize is not implemented
Table 7. Summary of SQI methods implemented in repositories
REPOSITORY CONF. SES. AS.QRY S.QRY TOTALAriadne 4 3 3 3 13 (100%)LACLO-FLOR 4 3 3 2 12 (92%)Acknowledge 4 0 0 3 10 (77%)Agrega 4 3 0 3 10 (77%)EducaNext 4 3 0 3 10 (77%)LORNET 4 3 0 3 10 (77%)LORS-SQI 4 3 0 3 10 (77%)Merlot 4 0 3 3 10 (77%)EdNA Online 4 0 3 3 10 (70%)MACE 4 0 0 3 7 (54%)OER Commons 4 0 0 2 6 (46%)Nime 2 0 0 3 5 (38%)(*) Types of methods: CONF.= Configuraton, SES.=Session, AS.QRY=Asynchronous query, S.QRY= Synchronous query
5. Conclusions
Broadly speaking, compliance with standards and specifications widely accepted assure interoperability among people, products and people and products. As for learning objects’ repositories, the SQI specification has facilitated considerably the interoperability among repositories, and among them and the search engines, since it is no longer necessary to implement different search mechanisms for different repositories; the only requirement is to register the location of the web services including the SQI methods of every repository, and from that point, queries will be
314
executed in the same way over all of them; so search systems development is lightened to a great degree.
Listing 2. Extract of a query result about “JAVA” returned from Ariadne repository
<results> <lom> <general> <identifier> <catalog>ARIADNE</catalog> </identifier> <title> <string language="nl"> BVP: BASISBEGRIPPEN PROGRAMMEREN MET JAVA </string> </title> </general> <lifeCycle> <contribute> <role> <source>LOMv1.0</source><value>author</value> </role> <entity><![CDATA[BEGIN:VCARD FN:HENK OLIVIE N:OLIVIE;HENK VERSION:3.0 END:VCARD]]> </entity> </contribute> </lifeCycle> <metaMetadata> <language>nl</language> </metaMetadata> <technical> <format>application/pdf</format> <size>392192</size> <location>http://ariadne.cs.kuleuven.be/silo2006/ ShowDescription.do?ID=BLKLKP1088</location> <requirement> <orComposite> <type> <source>ARIADNE</source> <value>operating system</value> </type> <name> <source>ARIADNE</source> <value>Multi-OS</value> </name> </orComposite> </requirement> </technical> <educational> <intendedEndUserRole> <source>LOMv1.0</source><value>learner</value> </intendedEndUserRole> </educational> <educational> <interactivityType> <source>LOMv1.0</source> <value>expositive</value> </interactivityType> </educational> <rights> <cost> <source>LOMv1.0</source><value>no</value> </cost> </rights> <classification> <taxonPath> <source> <string language="en">ARIADNE</string> </source> <taxon> <entry> <string language="en">Informatics/Information Processing</string> </entry> </taxon>
<taxon> <entry> <string language="nl">programming</string> </entry> </taxon> </taxonPath> </classification> </lom> </results>
Taking into account the data obtained in the survey,
we can conclude that most of the repositories are not fully compliant (100%) with SQI specification, but the degree of compliance is quite acceptable, with a 70% implementation level, over all the SQI methods, in most cases. It can be also inferred that main lacks in compliance are concerned with asynchronous search mechanisms that SQI defines, due to the inherent complexity that these methods imply.
6. References [1] SQI: Simple Query Interface. European Committe for Standarization, 2005. ftp://ftp.cenorm.be/PUBLIC/ CWAs/e-Europe/WS-LT/cwa15454-00-2005-Nov.pdf. [2] Web Services Description Language (WSDL), World Wide Web Consortium, 2001. http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl. [3] Otón, S., Ortiz, A., Hilera, J.R., Martínez, J.J., Barchino, R., Gutiérrez, J.M., Gutiérrez, J.A., De Marcos, L., "The Integration of SQI in a Reusable Learning Objects System: Advantages and Disadvantages", Proceedings of IIWAS2008, ACM, Austria, 2008, pp. 600-603. [4] Query Languages stable, ARIADNE Foundation for the European Knowledge Pool, 2006. http://ariadne.cs.kuleuven. be/lomi/index.php/QueryLanguages_stable. [5] IEEE 1484.12.1 Learning Objects Metadata (LOM), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2002. Acknowledgments This research is co-funded by the Spanish Ministry of Industry PROFIT program (grant TSI-020501-2008-157) and Castilla-La Mancha autonomous community educational innovation cooperation program (grant EM2007-004). Authors also want to acknowledge support from the TIFyC research group.
315