The New Yorl(

Forest OwnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

Marchi April 2002

Volume 40 Number 2FOUNDED 1963

In This IssueTHE NEW YORK

FOREST OWNERS

ASSOCIATIONVolume 40, Number 2

Officers & DirectorsRonald Pedersen, President22 Vandenburg Lane,Latham, NY 12110; (518) 785-6061

Jim Minor, Vice President22 Bryn Mawr RoadRochester, NY 14624; (585) 247-7069

John Droke, Secretary6341 Kirkville RoadKirkville, NY 13082; (315) 656-2313

Jerry Michael, Treasnrer4 Leonard Lane,Binghamton, NY 13901; (607) 648-2941

Debbie Gill, Administrative SecretaryP.O. Box 180Fairport, NY 14450; (585) 377-6060

Joan Kappel, Chair Editorial CommitteeP.O. Box 646Altamont, NY 12009-0646; (518) 861-8753

2002Harry Dieter, Honeoye Falls, (585) 533-2085Mike Greason, Catskill, (518) 943-9230Jack Hamilton, Wayland, (585) 728-5769Rolf Wentorf, Johnsonville, (518) 753-0228

2003Hugh Canham, N. Syracuse, (315) 457-4972Roy Esiason, Granville, (518) 642-2351Jerry Michael, Binghamton, (607) 648-2941Ronald Pedersen, Latham, (518) 785-6061

2004Geff Yancey, Rochester, (585) 271-4567Paul Yarbrough, Ithaca, (607) 277-3011

Chapter-Designated DirectorsCharlie Mowatt, Allegheny Foothills; (716) 676-3617Joan & Hans Kappel, Capital District; (518) 861-8753Thomas Conklin, Cayuga; (315) 638-1765John Druke, Central New York; (315) 656-2313Ann Osborn, Lower Hudson; (845) 424-3683Pat Ward, Northern Adirondack; (315) 268-0902Dave & Jean Preston, Niagara Frontier; (716) 688-4921Peter Gregory, SE Adirondack; (518) 399-1812Charlotte Baxter, Southern Tier; (607) 967-8516Peter Smallidge, Southern Finger Lakes; (607) 255-4696Jim Minor, Western Finger Lakes; (585) 247-7069

Dan Palm, Executive Director645 Decker Rd.Stamford, NY 12167; 607-538-1305

The New York Woodland Stewards, Inc.(NYWS) is a 501(c)3 foundation of NYFOAand tax deductible donations to this organizationwill advance NYFOA's educational mission.

All rights reserved. Contents may not be reproducedwithout prior written permissionjrom the publisher.NYFOA does not necessarily support or approve pro-cedures, products, or opinions presented by authorsor advertisers.

e 2002 New York Forest Owners Association

• • •FROM THE PRESIDENT

RON PEDERSEN 3

IN THE MAIL 4

OPINION: TRADE TwISTS

ERIC JOHNSON .......................................•.............•......................................... 5

WOOD LOT TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

PATRICK H. lZELLY 6

NEWS & NOTES 9

INVASIVE PLANTS - PART II

BOB BERKEMEIR............................................................................................. 10

MASTER FOREST O\VNER CLASS OF 2001RICHARD TABER 12

EDUCATION Al\TJ)MORE

WALT FRIEBEL............................................................................................... 13

WOODLOT CALE mAR 14

COLLEMBOLANS SPRING TO LIFE IN MARCH & APRIL

DOUGL\S C. LE); 16

'TRAIL DEVEWPMEr--.'T TO IMPROVE YOUR PROPERTY VALUE

CARL \ IEDDL\ x & RON NEADLE 18

PERFOR.MA1'lCE OF F ALL-LIFTED RED PINE SEEDLINGS

MICHAEL R. BRIDGEN At'JD JOHN SOLAN, SR 20

The New Yorl(

Forest OwnerA P1:BLlCATIOKOF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

The ew York Forest Owner is a bi-monthly publication of The New York Forest OwnersAssociation, P. O. Box 180, Fairport, N. Y. 14450. Materials submitted for publication should

be sent to: Mary Beth Malmsheimer, Editor, The New York Forest Owner, 134 LincklaenStreet, Cazenovia, New York 13035. Materials may also be e-mailed to mmaZmshe@syr.edu.Articles, artwork and photos are invited and if requested, are returned after use. The deadline[or submission jar the May/June issue is Aprill, 2002.

Please address all membership fees and change of address requests to P.O. Box 180,

Fairport, N.Y. 14450. 1...800...836...3566. Cost of family membership/subscription is $30.

www.nyfoa.org

COVER: The cover photo shows one of the most stubborn of the invasive plantspecies, Purple Loosestrife. For Part II of the Invastive Plant series seepage 10. Photograph courtesy of Bob Berkemeir.

2 The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • March/April 2002

FT~PresidentItis exciting to see and learn about

NYFOA members sharing their viewsand experiences. There are great

examples in every chapter newsletter Ireceive. And, judging by the small sample Iknow of first hand, there are many moreevents on your calendars documentingoutreach and participation.

For example, NYFOA members acrossthe state are contributing to the StewardshipPlan Improvement workshops developedjointly by Cornell's Department of NaturalResources, The US Forest Service, andDEe. Landowners, private forestryconsultants, and Cooperative Extension

educators areworking with thesponsors toimprovepreparation ofstewardshipmanagementplans, whilemaking the plansmore useful to

the landowners. Previous plans are beingpainstakingly dissected to identify featuresthat defme excellence or mediocrity, andfeatures that foster or discourage follow-through by owners.

NYFOA members are on the advisorygroup on timber theft established by StateSenators McGee and Hoffmann in follow-up to their statewide hearings last year.Numerous proposals made to sharpen lawenforcement and to help prevent timbertheft are being reviewed. Attention by theLegislature raises awareness of thechallenges to landowners, to lawenforcement, to loggers, to foresters, and tobuyers and mill owners.

In January I was invited to speak to theNew York Society of American Foresters(NYSAF). I urged the NYSAF to take thelead in building a new coalition of forestand natural resource interests to moreeffectively reach landowners and the publicon the importance of and benefits fromprivate forest land ownership. I noted theresponsibility of private landowners ascustodians of New York scenery, oxygengeneration, wildlife and pure water sources,and the need to distinguish between public

lands, and public benefits derived fromprivate lands.

Foresters have huge responsibilities too,and I pointed to studies showing the extent ofhigh grading and the ethical questions raisedby marking timber for a commission-basedfee. Any clouds on the credibility of theforestry profession, whether real orperceived, tend to work against NYFOAmembers, forest owners who are the targetsof our outreach, and the publics which needto better understand the role of forestresources in our environmental, economic,and social lives.

Also in recent weeks, I've participated inmeetings on research and programs at theCollege of Environmental Science andForestry, and at Cornell University.

Dr. Edwin White, Dean of Research atESF, hosted representatives of the forestindustry and DEC, along with faculty andstaff to review the importance of forestry-related research at the College. The focuswas on "Mclntire-Stennis" funding for forestand natural resources research. This federalsupport is particularly important to ESFbecause the funds often serve as a base uponwhich other funding can be sought. Thisstakeholder advisory committee will help toselect next year's projects for funding.

Cornell Cooperative Extension and theCornell University Agricultural ResearchStation are working to more closely integrateresearch and extension programming. Teamsof stakeholders, faculty, staff, and extensioneducators are working in numerous programareas, including "Agroforestry and PrivateWoodlands Management. " These teamscome together through an umbrella NaturalResources and Environmental ProgramCouncil, representative of a wide array ofnatural resource interests and concerns,including lakes and waterfronts, pesticides!herbicides, fish and wildlife, animal wastes,fertilizer, forests, indoor air, open space, andpopulation. Being a part of the council is asimulating and rewarding experience.

I look forward to seeing many of you atNYFOA's spring program meeting onMarch 16th.

-Ron PedersenPresident

}

• , NYFOA is a not-for-om profit group of NY State• landowners promoting

stewardship of private forests for thebenefit of current and future generations.Through local chapters and statewideactivities, NYFOA helps woodlandowners to become responsible stewardsand interested publics to appreciate theimportance of New York's forests.

Join NYFOA today and begin to receiveits many benefits including: six issues ofThe New York Forest Owner,woodswalks, chapter meetings, and twostatewide meetings. Complete and mailthis form:

I/We would like to support good for-estry and stewardship of New York'sforest lands

( ) I!We own acres of wood-land.( ) I/We do not own woodland butsupport the Association's objectives.

Name: _

Address: _

City: _

State! Zip: _

Telephone: _

County of Residence: _

County of Woodlot: _

Referred by: _

Regular Annual Dues:( ) Student $10(Please provide copy of student ID)

( ) Individual $25( ) Family $30Sustaining Memberships(Includes NYFOA annual dues)

( ) Contributor $50-$99( ) Sponsor $100-$249( ) Benefactor $250-$499( ) Steward $500 or more

For regular memberships, make checkpayable to New York Forest OwnersAssociation. For sustaining NYFOAmemberships, indicate if for individualor family and make check payable toNYWS (New York Woodland Stewards,Inc.) Contributions to NYWS in excessof NYFOA dues are normally taxdeductible. Send the completed form to:

NYFOAP.O. Box 180

Fairport, New York 144501-800-836-3566www.nyfoa.org

The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • MarchiApril2002 3

Letters to the Editormay be sent to:

The New York Forest Qwner134 Lincklaen Street, Cazenovia, NY 13035

orviae-mail at mmalmsheessyr.edu

Response to Timber TheftRegarding Mike Greason's excellent

article on timber theft in the January /February 2002 issue, it absolutelyamazes me that local district attorneysshy away from prosecuting this crime.If some sixteen year old kid knocksover a gas station for sixty bucks with afake gun, these guys are all over him.But when someone like Greason'sclient loses tens of thousands of dollarsin a blatant act of theft, they can't seemto be bothered.

In the past NYFOA has partneredwith the Empire State Forest ProductsAssociation (ESFPA) to pass legislationwhich strengthen enforcement and

recovery for timber theft (see Chapters301 and 658 of the Laws of 1997).

Clearly, more needs to be done. Iagain urge NYFOA and ESFPAmembers to join together supportinglegislation that will address this seriousproblem.

As long as unscrupulous operatorscan continue to profit with no morethan a slap on the wrist, no wood lotwill be safe from their crooked deeds.

-Edward G. WrightClarence, NY

not want the expense of hiring aconsultant. I envisioned a situationwhere this is the first entry into thestand to thin and help the best treesgrow a little faster and to preventstagnation. The owner might be dealingwith a red pine plantation growing onclay soils over shale, an early succes-sional red maple white pine standinvading an old pasture, or a primenorthern hardwood pole stand of sugarmaple. Possibly the needs are different;consequently I chose to be conserva-tive.

You do not want to expose yourstand to sunscalding or windthrow bythinning too heavily. You do not wanrto degrade your crop trees nor losepotential income from some treeswhich may be marketable in ten year .yet you want the forest vigorous andhealthy. Being conservative allows youto re-enter the stand to cut more in thefuture. And, when in doubt, you canalways hire a forester to help.

Again, thanks Jim for keeping thedialog going; that helps the ForestOwner be an effective educationalresource .•

Crop Tree ReleaseThanks to Jim Martin for his thought-

ful comments on my article in theSeptember/October 2001 issue on croptree release. I think Arlyn Perkey isone of the finest silviculturists I haveknown.

However, in my article I was con-cerned that I was giving advice on treeselection to a diverse group of readerswith equally diverse woodlot situations.Therefore, I was deliberately conserva-tive in my recommendations. I wasoffering guidance where the woodlotowner may not be able to get assistancefrom a DEC service forester and might

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4 The Sell' York Forest Owner 40:2 • March/April 2002

Opinion: Trade Twists

Sometimes you can cover a lot ofground with one short conver-sation and not even realize it

until later. Such was the case as Ilooked over a load of nice firewoodlogs that my favorite logger waspreparing to dump in my back yard.

"Nobody is buying beech sawlogsthese days," he said with a sigh, "andof course the pulp market is com-pletely gone around here. So, Ibrought you a pretty exceptional loadof wood."

"What about that softwood you wereworking on last time we talked?" Iinquired, as I admired the tri-axle loadof clean, straight beech that will keepmy family cozy all next winter, comewhat may.

"Well the spruce is supposed to goup to Canada, but the guy I'm sellingit to is having trouble coming up withthe trucks, so I've got about five loadssitting on the landing waiting for aride - and I'm getting sick of plowingaround them." He added that he won'tsee any payment until the logs areshipped.

He said he was surviving on highergrade sawlogs - mostly hard mapleand black cherry - and whatever log-length firewood he could manage tosell.

This brief exchange pretty well sumsup what's wrong with timber marketsin north central New York State, and Isuspect it's not much different in muchof the rest of the Northeast. The trulydismal pulpwood situation across theregion is, unfortunately, nothing new,and a slowdown in the demand forpallet-grade logs is about what youwould expect in a recession economy.

But this business about the sprucesitting on the landing is a disturbingnew development, considering that thesoftwood sawlog market should be oneof the few bright spots at a time whenhousing starts are surprisingly strong.

You'd think the demand for framinglumber would, as a result, be fairlyrobust. So what's the holdup?

While there is currently no legalrestriction on the export of sawlogs toCanada, the new tariffs imposed onCanadian lumber imports are hurtingnot only Canadian mills, but loggersand landowners in the northern UnitedStates who supply them, as well.

There are two direct impacts that thenew duties, which total 32 percent,have on the industry in this part of thecountry. First, these tariffs havesucceeded in their goal of making theCanadian product less competitive,thus giving an advantage - and pre-sumably greater market share - todomestically-produced lumber. In thiscase, that means southern yellow pinefrom places like Georgia, Alabama,Mississippi and Louisiana. The neteffect is less lumber milled in Canadaand more milled in the South.

Since softwood logs grown in stateslike New York, Vermont, NewHampshire and Maine are a big part ofthe Canadian raw material flow, lessproduction means less demand forsoftwood timber cut by loggers in theNortheast and Lake States.

The second part of the equationinvolves trucking. One of the advan-tages Canadian mills have alwaysenjoyed is that the same trucks used todeliver construction lumber to whole-salers and retail outlets in the North-east are also used to haul new logsback to the mills in what amounts to acontinuous production stream. Natu-rally, fewer lumber deliveries translateinto fewer backhauls, and the streamis interrupted, hurting loggers like myfriend.

People who promote tariffs onCanadian lumber always claim thattheir cause is justified by unfairCanadian trade practices and artifi-cially low pricing for government-

ERIC A. JOHNSON

owned stumpage, despite the realitythat - in the Northeast at least - muchof the raw material originates on thisside of the border. The tariff, theyargue, simply serves to level theplaying field, allowing domestic millsto compete in the marketplace.

But if you look at who is mostactively behind the Canadian lumbertariff, it's clear that most of thelobbying muscle is represented by theSouth and West. These are, notcoincidentally, two regions that standto gain market share from everyoneinvolved in the production of northernsoftwood construction lumber. Thatincludes not only Canadian mills andloggers, but their U.S. counterparts aswell.

As a lifelong believer in free trade, Iam instinctively skeptical aboutarguments like those made in favor ofthe Canadian lumber tariff, partlybecause they tend to be dominated bypowerful special interests, and in partbecause they are inflationary andviolate the spirit - if not the actual

continued on page 9

NYFOA Scholarship FundAs of February 1, 2002, theNYFOA Endowed ScholarshipFund that is administered by theSUNY ESF College Foundation,Inc. has a fund balance of$21,624

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The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • MarchiApril2002 5

Wood Lot Tools and Equipment(Free Advice ...Worl{ Safely)

PATRICK H. KELLY

What tools and equipment do Ineed to work in my woods?"This is a rather common

question asked of me by wood lotowners. Usually the question is askedby new wood lot owners with an urbanor suburban background. For many,part of the enjoyment of owning apatch of woods is the active workinvolved in keeping their foresthealthy and productive. The work isusually directly related to implementa-tion of one's forest managementobjectives.

How does one reply to a directquestion such as this not knowing theexperience and skills level of thiswould-be woodsman? The advice maybe free, but a quick flippant answerwould no doubt be of little value andrather redundant. Perhaps begin byanswering a question with a questionor two. The answers forthcoming andfurther discussion reveal a new woodlot owner with limited woods toolskills. With this person at this time,the scenario evolving seems to indicatea need to obtain fundamental experi-ence using the basic hand tools. As thediscussion continues we formulateideas as to the amount of time andlabor associated with the anticipatedwoods work. Finally in exasperation,or desperation, the owner wantsanswers, not evasions. As the dissemi-nator of all this free advice, and notbeing much of a politician, I'm finallycornered. So hesitantly I suggest agood single bit axe, a good bucksaw(adjustable frame), possibly a splittingmaul and a wheel-barrow-the lattertwo items if making fuel wood is anobjective. Oh, and yes, a little yellowplastic wedge. Never, never forget thelittle yellow plastic wedge.

If it is a he I am giving all this free

advice to I get an immediate blankstare. Then with a quizzical expres-sion, "How about a chainsaw?" Awild guess told me this was comingbefore we started. Everyone hasviewed the chainsaw ads-the athleticlooking fellow in a Pendelton likeshirt, immaculate khaki trouserstucked into hi-top boots, cutting (orappears to be cutting) fire wood with ashiny new chainsaw. The rustic logcabin with wilderness looking back-ground helps make a beautiful setting.What would-be woodsman can resistthis pitch?

About to blurt out, "You're notsuicidal are you?" I manage a smileand suggest taking some time tobecome somewhat proficient with thehand tools before going the chainsawroute. Quickly continuing to explain(before getting another question) thatbefore getting into chainsaws, oneshould proceed cautiously. Talk to achainsaw user experienced andknowledgeable about all phases ofcutting trees. Go to a reputable dealer.Don't be shy about telling him youknow absolutely nothing aboutchainsaws. With a few questions agood dealer may be able to give aperson some sound advice, some freeinstruction and even allow one, withhis guidance, to tryout a saw on thebig old log he has out back. A gooddealer should also be able to givesome tips on saw operator safety andpersonal safety accessories suggestedand required for professionals. Thecomplete outfitting is not cheap butworth the money. It's your personalsafety we are talking about.

That isn't all. The would-bechainsaw operator should find outabout instruction on the chainsaw use.Likely sources of help as to where and

A bucksaw, good single bit axe, and plasticyellow wedge are some of the tools PatrickKelly suggests.

when are the local cooperative exten-sion, a computer connected to the weband, and if you are a NYFOA membertry their hot line (here I make a pitchfor joining NYFOA). There are manyon-going training sessions and semi-nars, for example NY LoggerTraining's "The Game of Logging."

Before a person does obtain achainsaw it is good to make sure thesaw has the latest safety features.Chain brake, easy access kill switchand more. The correct chain can makea big difference too. Be familiar withyour saw end to end, top to bottomand more. Practice on some fire woodlogs with an experienced cutterstanding by before marching off intothe woods with a lethal weapon.

By now the advisee is starting tothink I am some kind of an expert,slightly demented and long winded.With a hardy and sincere "Good luck"to the aspiring would-be woodsman Icreak into the pick up, wait for the

6 The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • March!April 2002

cramps in my legs to dissipate, thenhead for home.

The next scenario relates to theforest owner with more "woodsexperience" and the proud owner of achainsaw. This person (usually amale) often wishes to add a little morepower to his operation. Implementa-tion of one's forest managementobjectives (especially Timber StandImprovement or TSI and crop treemanagement) often become dependantupon the tools and equipment at yourdisposal. Hiring out this type of workwithout the incentive of a timber cutis usually next to impossible. "Do ityourself," soon becomes a verynecessary option.

The chainsaw, fuel can, bar oil,axe, maybe a peavy, and hip pocketsfull of little yellow plastic wedgesmake quite a load especially if youhave to lug them very far down intothe woods. A pickup truck, even fourwheel drive can't go to all places.

This forest owner's question goessomething like this, "Gee, I couldsure use more motor power to get meabout the woods and maybe drag outsome firewood logs to the good road.I see some people using small, oldfarm tractors. What do you think?"Keep your thoughts to yourself rushedthrough my mind. Fatigued by thehike through the woods my mind hadswitched to rest mode. Not thinking, Iproceeded to tell him what I thought(the amount is open to conjecture).Walking and talking, the discussionfor the next half hour centered on theadvantages and disadvantages of thesmall rubber tired tractor and otherengine powered pulling machinesadaptable in woods work. Actually aperson culling out a few acres of hiswood lot for stand improvement,gaining a few cords of stove wood inthe process, sure doesn't need a lot of"iron. "

However, a low Horse Powermotive force can be a real asset to theforest owner. The subject of enginepower in forestry can be very openended covering a wide spectrum. Thebantam size prime movers range from

the small walk-in-front tracked skidderand walk-behind powered cart to rideon tracked and wheel skidding ma-chines. Many are designed to fit in thebox of a pickup for transport. Certainlythe wood lot owner has a wide selec-tion to choose from to meet his needsand circumstances. We discuss thesubject in generalities not specifics.Not wanting to be worked into a cornerwith the expert label, but warming tothe subject I relate how a four wheeler(ATV) seems to work for some.Especially if the load is light and thehaul down grade. All sorts of accesso-ries are available for them makingwork in the woods a lot of fun. Add-ing, it can be very dangerous.

He tells of a friend who recentlybought an old farm tractor that seemsto be working out well for him. Rubbertires, wide front end, between 20 and30 HP, uses oil, seals leak but then itis not used that much and his friendlikes to tinker it. Glancing at mywatch, thinking this could go on andon, Imention tinkering is alright if youlike freezing your fingers off tinkeringit back in the woods when the thingquits with the temperature well belowfreezing. My grin was not reassuring tohim.

An hour later we more or less cameto the conclusion that old or new,general purpose or one of those sleek

continued on page 8

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Contact Lake George Forestry today toarrange a free initial consultation.

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Services Include:Timber Stand Improvement

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585-728-3044 ph/fax • 7025 Harpers Ferry Road • Wayland, N.Y. 14572susanjkeister@usadatanet.net

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The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • MarchlApri12002 7

tree management are helpful. He in turnthanks me, adding he has a betterperspective of power tool and equipmentoptions, and above all safety.

We drive our separate ways from thedarkening woods, tired but with afeeling of accomplishment. Perhapshaving gained a bit more woods wisdomfrom the encounter-"free advice" andleg cramps not withstanding. /!.

Wood Lot Tools (continued from page 7)

looking little Scandinavian importsespecially designed for the forestrycommunity, it all boils down to one'sindividual needs, desires, finances andthe wife's approval. Characteristicslike 2WD or 4WD, diesel or gasoline,the accessories available, safety(operator protection), center ofgravity, old vs. new, all go out thewindow if the Mrs. won't go alongwith your schemes.

Keep in mind we are thinking only interms of wood lot maintenance andrecreational usage. Timber harvests arebest left to the professionals. Usage andmisusage, I try to make this would-beequipment operator think safety.

The tried, trite but true safetyprecautions we can all do well toobserve regardless of age and thosemany years of experience. Such as oneoperator, no riders, and don't try a joblarger or wrong for your equipment.Cut and maintain good roads, swampout all brush, stumps at ground level,and remove overhanging limbs. Avoidsharp turns, steep slopes and otherterrain where machine rollover ispossible. Never hitch to a hydrauli-cally raised draw bar, (some mayquestion this) although doing so mayraise the load above obstructions.Hitching to, then raising the draw barso the load clears obstructions isasking for serious trouble. The tractorbecomes "light on the front end"making steering difficult or impos-sible. This type of hitching can alsocause certain tractors to flip over

backward (wind up). These are but afew of the factors the tractor and orequipment operator should be cogni-zant of. A good common sense ap-proach to this phase of wood landmanagement saves many a day.

Recently it was reported in the newsof a fellow pulling out brush with afarm tractor. The tractor "wound up"going over backward crushing him todeath. How many times through theyears have we heard like reports?Chainsaw accidents are so commonplace they don't make the news. Becareful, use good judgement, don't bein a hurry.

That was what I "thought," hadn'the asked me? Hopefully this wood lotowner will temper his enthusiasm forengine power with a degree of caution.Choosing and using tools and poweredequipment for one's wood lot shouldbe done with care and forethought forone's safety and well being. Talk withand see what the other fellow is doing.His experiences may be helpful to yoursituation. Working in your forestshould be a happy productive occasionending without a trip to the emergencyroom or worse.

The shadows of the trees are rapidlylengthening to the east as we trudge insilent contemplation along the woodstrail to the waiting vehicles. Abruptly thevehicles appear. Leaning on the frontfenders of the pickup, catching ourbreaths, I open the conversation bythanking him for the opportunity to walkthe woods and hope the few tips on crop

271 County Road #9Chenango Forks, N.Y. 13746

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Timber AppraisalTimber Sales

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Patrick H. Kelly is a member of the CAYchapter of NYFOA and is a MFO.

Editors Note: NY Logger Trainingrecommendsthat chaps and face protectionshould also be used when working with achainsaw.

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to think of all of the benefits youcould enjoy from having a pond ora lake on your own property. Thisidea could become a reality if theright conditions prevail. From ourexperience it normally requiresfavorable watershed conditions,good site conditions, ownercommitment to stewardship forenhancement of forest land values,appropriate engineering planningand design, and good constructionpractices.

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8 The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • March/April 2002

NEWS&NOTES

White Spruce Seedlings.i. On Saturday, May 4,2002, froma. dawn to dark, white spruce seedlingswill be distributed to all comers free ofcharge, in any number and size, fromHenry Kernan's forest property. Theaddress is 104 County Highway 40, SouthWorcester, NY 12197.

It will not be necessary to dig theseedlingsbecause they germinate in mossand need only be liftedby means of agarden fork, which will be available.

This year will be the 13thyear suchdistributionshave taken place, with morethan 30,000 having been taken away.

For more information please contactHenry Kernan at (607) 397-8805.

~

"~\\J)Fully

Insured

RIVER HORSE

~Logging Done With Care

ContactStephen C. Randall

35 Dean Mt. Rd.Corinth, NY 12822

518696·3018

dcolligan@watsonbennett.com

Signs at Logging Sites• The Forest Resources Association

announced a program they havefor putting signs at logging sites toeducate the public. The signs can beviewed along with a price list, informa-tion about the signs and an order form,at www.jorestresources.orgl.click on"Timber Harvesting Signs". The signsare not proprietary and other logossuch as Tree Farmer, Forest Steward-ship, State forestry or others could beadded, depending on the person payingfor the signs.

Download Publications• For members who have computers

or have access to one, you candownload a number of publications onForest and Tree Health and FactSheets. Some of the topics includerelease of crop trees, hazardousdefects, pruning trees, and identifyingand controlling diseases. The webaddress is: www.na.js.jed.uslspJolpubslftli pub yageslhowto.htm.

~

LOGGINe'i\

N.Y. StateCertified

Call David J. Colligan atWatson, Bennett, Colligan, Johnson & Schechter, LLP

Tel: (716) 852-3540 • Fax: (716) 852-3546wwwforestrylaw.com

Opinion (continued from page 5)

wording of - the North American FreeTrade Agreement. But even if I didn'thave philosophical objections to thiskind of protectionism, I would opposeit in this case because it hurts thosewho can least afford the extra burdenat a time when most of their othermarketing options seem to be disap-pearing.

I'm also more than a little concernedthat protectionist fever, once it gets afoothold in the forest products indus-try, could spiral out of control,resulting in a truly crippling develop-ment like an outright ban on all logexports. How many readers do youthink would benefit from that? •.

Eric A. Johnson is editor of "The NorthernLogger and Timber Processor. " This opinioncolumn originally appeared in the February2002 issue of "The Northern Logger andTimber Processor" and is reprinted withtheir permission.

Land LeaseWanted

• Exclusive hunting rights to 200-500 acres ofland, mostly wooded

• Cash in advance - price negotiable

• Annual or long term lease

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• Participation limited to 8 safe, responsiblepeople

If interested contact:

Pete Pandori3686 Doyle Rd.

Baldwinsville, NY 13027(315) 635-7916

9The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • MarchiApri12002

~ LAW FIRM Jffi\ill.1 ill EXPERIENCED IN ISSUES RELATING TO C-.1LL

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Timber Contract Review Timber Trespass ActionsOil and Gas Lease Reviews Timberland Succession Planning

Timber Tax Advice Including:Schedule T Prepanuion

Depletion Allowance CalculationsTax Free Exchanges

Timberland Tax Certiorari Challenges

BOB BERKEMEIR

INVASIVE PLANTS - PART II

Inthe last issue of the ForestOwner we discussed what invasiveplants were and described some of

the characteristics which help them tobe more competitive than the nativeplants. In this issue we will focus ingreater detail on some of the specificplants that are included on the InvasivePlant List created by the InvasivePlant Council of New York State.

Let's start with CommonPhragmites, often called CommonReed (Phragmites australis or commu-nis) and not to be confused with ReedsCanary grass which is (Phalarisarundinacea) planted for use with haycrops. Phragmites is the plant usuallyfound in wet areas including swampsand drainage ditches. It's character-ized by being 5-8 feet tall with aplume which is the flower and seedhead. This plume becomes quite fluffyand as it dries in the fall and winterthe seed is dispersed by wind and islight enough to float on any watermovement. You will not find it in anycultivated fields nor wet lawns etc. aslong as they are mowed or cut.However, if this plant gets started in aditch next to your lawn or a crop field

Garlic Mustard

and is not destroyed,it will send outrunners. Theserunners can be aslong as 10 feet andsend up new shootsoff each runner every6 to 12 inches. Eachyear the plant willcontinue to add newrunners. Phragmitescan clog drainageditches and outletsand has adapted togrow about anywherein NYS that has water C V. h. rown etcand tOPSOIl.How tocontrol it? Don't let itget started. Like most of the invasiveplants, it does not have many naturalcontrols like disease or insect pests.

Buckthorn. There are two species,Smooth (Rhamnus frangula) andCommon (Rhamnus cathartica).Although both are in the buckthornfamily, only common has thorns. Bothare tall shrubs or small trees and growup to 20 feet. Other names are Euro-pean buckthorn, and Alder leafbuckthorn. It has a small cluster offlowers in late May to early June, butits most distinguishing feature is itsblack fruit in the late fall after all theleaves have fallen. One other note foridentification is the leaf veins. Look-ing at a leaf, as the veins go out fromthe base of the leaf and reach the edgethey will continue along the edge ofthe leaf. This is a very uncommoncharacteristic. Both are imports fromEurope and Asia although there aresome native varieties which are ratherrare in our area. The big concern isthe dense thickets which it creates inalmost any abandoned field, edges ofwoods and in some of the rare planthabitats in New York State.

Black Swallow-wort (Cynanchumlouiseae and C. rossicum). Also called

climbing milkweed. This is a twistyperennial vine growing up to 18 inchestall, and under good conditions mayreach 5 feet or more. It's a member ofthe milkweed family. Blossoms are themost interesting. They are bronze orpurple, star shaped and look like fakeblossoms. Its seed pods look like smallswamp milkweed pods. They areglossy and prefer rather dry areas.Black Swallow-wort become a veryinvasive plant in the non-crop areaslike hedgerows, pastures, Christmastree plantations, abandoned fields andedges of woodlots where the soil isalkaline and fairly dry.

Black Locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia). An invasive plant because itwill not only self seed, but will alsosend out root sprouts. However, thisplant has a lot of good things going forit. The blossoms are very fragrant anddelicious to bees. The blossoms,leaves and young small plants (beforethe thorns begin) are very edible andlivestock will eagerly seek them for adelicacy. The wood is very durableand planted most often for future fenceposts. It is also a great firewood.Furthermore, this plant is a true soilbuilder because it produces nitrogen in

10 The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • Marchi April 2002

HALE FORESTRY COMPANY610 East Main Street, Westfield, PA 16950

its roots which can be utilized in thesoil. It is a native of the northeast,although not New York State. It iscompetitive enough to outgrow mostnative tree species in this area andwith the right conditions, may createits own woodlots.

Crown vetch (Coronilla Varia). Notrelated to our native vetch varietieslike Hairy vetch or Purple vetch,although all the vetch, varieties are inthe pea family. Crown vetch is anative of the countries surrounding theMediterranean Sea. It has the typicalvetch or pea type growth, with weakstems and a tendency to sprawl as itgrows more mature. The blossoms arepinkish and seed pods are segmented.It has been studied since the late 1890salthough intensive research was notbegun until the 1950s. It is a greatcover for banks and steep slopes, islong lived and spreads by both rootgrowth and seeds. Crown vetch can bevery competitive and tends to outcompete other grasses and plants. Ittolerates a variety of soil conditions,including very dry ones and onlydislikes wetness and shade. It can beused for pasture and hay crops andalthough it is high in protein it appearsto not be a favored variety for live-stock.

Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata).A biennial plant and probably one ofthe earliest to blossom in the spring. Ithas white blossoms on stalks 3-4 feettall. The leaves are wedge or heartshaped and serrated or notched. It hasa garlic-like smell but you need tocrush a leaf and smell closely to tell. Itis the only mustard member with whiteblossoms. The plant is very competi-tive but prefers to be under the coverof a tree or in a woods. Will tolerateany spot which is damp and withshade. Not seen in cultivated areas orlawns, but along roadsides and inhedgerows it can be the dominantplant in April. Like most of its family,growth starts the fall before and arosette is formed before winter. Thenext spring, a new plant is ready tobegin to make its own seed. Othermembers of the family include every-

thing from cabbage to radishes, todames rocket and even horse radish.

Purple Loosestrife (Lythrumsalicaria). Also called spiked loose-strife. In late summer almost all ourswamps and wet areas will be full of avery reddish purple (magenta) coloredplant that is 4-6 feet tall. A perennial,when in blossom, can look like it isthe only plant growing in that place.The only redeeming plant feature isthe fact that bees like its blossom, andit's also very pretty. Otherwise, it is ahighly competitive pest and will chokeout almost all native plants which dohave wildlife value. Imported fromEurope in the 1800s, it now exists inover 40 states. Many states have lawsto prohibit its sale because it is such anoxious weed. There are lots of nativecousins yet most are very rare. Almostall are either yellow or white blos-somed although a few varieties havepink blossoms.

Spotted or bushy knapweed (Cen-taurea maculosa). This alien originatedin eastern Europe and western Asia. Itwas imported along with other cropseeds at a time when no one realizedhow devastating some of the weedscould become. A perennial, and quitecommon, it prefers rather dry andinfertile soils and can become the onlyplant in certain situations. For thisreason there is a real concern aboutthis plant, not only in New York State

Japanese Knotweed

but out west. This plant now exists inalmost every state, grows 2-3 feet talland has a rather wiry stem. Blossomscan be white, but most generally arepink or purple. The blossoms look sortof like an aster crossed with a thistle.A close cousin, the bachelor's button,has a similar flower. It has othercousins who are native to this area andas usual are rather rare.

Japanese Knotweed (Polygonumcuspidatum). Also known as Japanesebamboo. This is one of those perennialplants which is given to a friend

continued on page 15

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The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • March/April 2002 11

Master Forest Owner (MFO)Class of200 1

The Master Forest Owner(MFO) program providesprivate, non-industrial forest

owners of New York State with theinformation and encouragementnecessary to manage their forestproperties for a variety of multipleuse purposes. The MFOs attend athree and a half day training programheld in September each year, atCornell University's Arnot Forest.The attendees learn about a wholevariety of forest related topics,including sawtimber and wildlifemanagement, silviculture, woodlandeconomics, and ecology.

Each MFO graduate then serves asan ambassador of woodlandstewardship, voluntarily visitinglandowners who seek assistance inmanaging their properties. The MFOcan make suggestions, and steer thelandowner in directions where theymight seek further assistance.

This year's MFO class consisted of32 men and women from all over theEmpire State. We arrived late onWednesday, September 19, and wereconstantly involved in one activity oranother until we left this wonderfulecosystem on Sunday at noon.

I myself had never been toCornell's Forest, a 4,000 acreproperty of forested upland. TheArnot Teaching and Research Forest,the "Arnot," is situated in the hilly,forested Southern Tier region ofNew York State, located in a remotecorner of Schuyler County, not toofar from Van Etten. The forest ismanaged by the Department ofNatural Resources in the College ofAgriculture and Life Sciences(CALS).

The current Arnot Forest resultsfrom a long history of changingland-use patterns, and presents anopportunity to study the long-term

The Wagner Lumber Company Yard, in Cayuta, New York

consequences of these changes.It is an ideal place to host the

MFO training, which is jointlysponsored by The Ruffed GrouseSociety, the Wentorf Foundation,and NY Woodlands Stewards Inc.

Throughout the weekend, we had23 different speakers address us andinvolve us in learning activities. OnWednesday evening, we wereintroduced to the program by GaryGoff, Director of the program, andPeter Smallidge, the State ExtensionForester.

Throughout the four-day program,we listened to speakers from theDepartment of EnvironmentalConservation, Cornell CooperativeExtension, Cornell University, andseveral private landowners and MFOgraduates from previous classes.

We went on several excellent fieldtrips as well. We visited the WagnerLumber Company in nearby Cayuta,

A group photo of the 2001 MFO class in the Arnot forest near theforest demonstration area

12 The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • March/Apri12002

and received insights into how logsare graded for quality, as well as amill tour . We also visited a loggingjob in Tompkins County, and sawsome excellent examples of goodforest harvesting practices.

We took part in several exercisesin the forest itself. We learnedabout land navigation, wildlife andsawtimber management, crop treemanagement, "the goats in the woodsproject," and managing woodlandsfor reptiles and amphibians.

After all of this good training, wewere then charged with a mission.The MFO graduates are expected tovisit at least five differentlandowners throughout the courseof the year, offering advice andassistance. The ultimate goal isproper stewardship of the land; anMFO can assist landowners whomight not have any idea of whereto turn for help. My own interestin landowner activities certainlyreceived a "shot in the arm" fromthe Arnot Forest and MFOtraining .•..

profess el then presented anextremely informative study of foresthealth and Species response to wounds.

Finishing off tlie morning programwas logger Bill Lindloff, a GameLogging instructor, whose A-Z program"introduced us to forest work whichincluded dotliing, equipment, safety,chain saw techniques" wedging andmuch more.

After a bag lunch, the afternoon foundus out ill the Wanakena Forest, not onlysoaking up the sun but also many more

.tips and techniques of woods work. Weparticipated in forest stand size-up,removal of forest obstacles, safetyconcerns, bllge cutting, learned how tonot let a severely leaning roadside treekeep US from felling it in the completelyopposite direction, dropping it on a dimeand more.

Finally we had a review of themorning lessons for which door prizeswere awarded for top grades. We thenreturned from our outdoor classroom toreceive a tour of the forestry college,but only after feeding apples to the deerwhich were grazing on tlie lawn at theschool.

So I ended the way I started...Missed out? You certainly did! It was

a quality program by some extremelyknowledgeable educators, whose :futureworkshop offerings should not bemissed. It left us tliirsting for more. Yousee this workshop took place on aSaturday and a direct result of it, justtwo days later at 7:00 am Monday,found some of us back in the forestedworld of a Game of Logging class. Butthat's another story for another time...

The highlight home you ask? The lightsnow, which began falling while handfeeding the deer, that accompaniedushome - it was frosting on the cake. •..

Missed out? You certainly did if youwere not in.attendance for the NortliemArea Fall Master Forest Owner (MFO)RefreSher and EdUC(ltionalworkshop.held at.the SUNY .ESF Ranger Schoolin Wanakena, NY on November 3,2001.

Setting off at 6:30 am, the air wasbrisk and a lovely trip it was, up intothe great Adirondack. Forest. Highlightson the way included a stop at Scanl!onsBakery in.•Harrisville for thick gooeyfrosting topped cinnamon buns (it Qplytakes two to fill a box which tlOrn:lallyholds a dozen doughnuts) and cookieslarger than scooter pies. The other wasthe astounding number of roadsidesugar shacks around nearly every curvealong the way.

The sun was warm and .shiningbrightasI pulled into the Ranger Schoolparking lot quite a difference from mydeparture just three hours earlier. Dncksswam on the Oswegatchie River, whichfronts the school and flows lazily intoCranberry Lake.

Climbing the stairs to the second floorlecture.hall, I was first greeted by thesmiling face of Laurel Gailor, WarrenCounty Correll-Cocperative Extension(CCE) educator. Warren CCE utilizedthe ice storm funding to finance theworkshop keeping the. cost very reason-able. Around her were tables brimmingwith literature on numerous forestry andwildlife related topics..MFO andNYFOA brochures were also plentifulon another table of free information.

The other smiling face greeting usbelonged to Cornell University'S ownGary Goff. He opened the program .withan introduction to the MFO program,directed towards those NYFOA attend-ees amongst us who have yet to becomeMFO's.

The program tlien progressed to ahistory of the college by Wayne Allen,Wanakena graduate and ~wcollege

I1

Richard Taber is a member of the CentralNew York Chapter Of NYFOA.

For more information on the Master ForestOwner program contact Gary Goff,Director of the MFO program, at (607)255-2824 or grg3@cornell.edu

1 Nolan'.Sporting Suppll ••

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Walt Friebel is a member of the em chapterofNYFOA.

The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • March/April 2002 13

-=-------,:=---:==~--------------- ------- --~-------

Woodlot CalendarMarch 16, 2002 (Saturday)4(Jh Annual Spring NYFOA MeetingThe Annual Spring program will be held in Marshall Hall atSUNY ESF on Saturday, March 16 from 8:15 am to 4:00pm.For more information see the January/February issue of theForest Owner.

May 11 -12, 2002 (Saturday, Sunday)Game of Logging, Levell

This is the first level of chainsaw safety training in the Game ofLogging series. Emphasis will be on safety, proper equipmenthandling, chainsaw maintenance, and felling procedure. Ourinstructor will be Bill LindIoff, GOL Instructor and professionallogger. This is a hands-on class; you'll be making the chips fly!Bill is an excellent instructor and the GOL techniques are thelatest and best for safe, efficient woods work.

We will be filling the class for Saturday, 5/11, then openingSunday's class if there is enough interest. Both days will be opento men and women. This is an outdoor class running all day, rainor shine. Bring your lunch; beverages supplied by SFL chapter.

Location: Cornell University's Arnot Forest, 611 C.R. 13,Van Etten, NY. Sponsored by the Southern Finger LakesChapter of NYFOA and Cornell Cooperative Extension ofSchuyler County. NYFOA members $125; non-members $135.

To register for the class please make your check payable to"NYFOA - SFLC" and mail it to: Cornell CooperativeExtension of Schuyler County, Rural-Urban Center, 208Broadway, Montour Falls, NY 14865. Include your address,phone number, and indicate whether you are a member ofNYFOA.

For more information, contact Joan Scott, Schuyler CountyCCE at (607) 535-7161, or e-mail Joan atjec23@cornell.edu.

May 18, 2002 (Saturday)Game of Logging for Women

This is the same GOL Levell class, but for women.Emphasis will be on safety, proper equipment handling, chainsawmaintenance, and felling procedure. Our instructor will be BillLindloff, GOL Instructor and professional logger. This is ahands-on class.

Same details as above. For more information, contact JoanScott, Schuyler County CCE at (607) 535-7161, or email Joan atjec23@cornell.edu.

May 19, 2002 (Sunday)Game of Logging, Level 2

This Level 2 class is open to anyone who has completed theLevel 1 Game of Logging course. Emphasis will be on fellingbigger trees, special felling techniques, and other advancedtopics.

Same details as above. For more information, contact JoanScott, Schuyler County CCE at (607) 535-7161, or email Joan atjec23@cornell.edu.

May 31-June 2, 2002 (Friday-Sunday)Forestry Weekend

The NYFOA Capital District Chapter is joining the CatskillForest Association, Watershed Agricultural Council, GreeneCounty Cornell Cooperative Extension, Greene County Soil andWater Conservation District, the Catskill Center, and theColumbia Land Conservancy in offering a forestry weekendstarting Friday evening May 31 and running through to noon onSunday, June 2. This event will be held at Lange's Groveside onState Route 23 in Acra, Greene County, which is the home ofEric Rasmussen, the 1999 State Outstanding Tree Farmer.

Weare hoping to attract new forest owners and seasonedwoodland managers with a program that is designed to meet theneeds of both audiences. Starting with a talk on the history ofNew York's forests, the session will cover a variety of topicsfrom help available and concerns for those with no forestrybackground, to hands on technical topics. There will also besome light entertainment and display booths.

It would be wise to register early because attendance will belimited to 125 people. As details develop, we will keep youapprised. Registration will be $40 with each additional familymember at $20 and that includes breaks, Saturday lunch and afield guide. For more information contact Joan Kappel at (518)861-8753.

July 18-20, 2002 (Thursday-Saturday)The 2002 New York State Maple Tour will be held in Delaware

County centered at Delhi on July 18,19 & 20. Delhi is located inthe northwestern Catskill Mountains approximately 90 milessouthwest of Albany and 70 miles east of Binghamton.

Delaware County is the fifth largest maple producing county inNY with around 70 maple producers. Agriculture and tourism arethe leading industries, dairy farming being the main agribusiness.The Beaverkill and the East and West Branches of the DelawareRiver that flow through the county are world renowned troutstreams.

Eight sugaring operations from 400 taps to 8,000 taps will bevisited.

For more information contact Margie Aitken at (607) 746 7708or EMail tomshane95@msn.com

September 21,2002 (Saturday)Catskill Mountain Ginseng Festival

First annual Catskill Mountain Ginseng Festival is being held onSaturday, September 21 from 10 AM until 5 PM. The Festivalwill take place at the Point in the Village of Catskill, NY, GreeneCounty, a beautiful spot right on the Hudson River. There will belectures and workshops all day long on cultivation and use ofginseng, good food (even ginseng food'), music, lots of ginsengand other herb products for sale. The festival is being co-sponsored by Cornell Cooperative Extension of Greene Countyand the Catskill Kiwanis Club.

14 The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • March/April 2002

Invasive Plants (continued from page 11)

because it's a great plant for screening,has vigorous growth and acts as anaccent plant in the back yard. But Iwarn you-if you ain't got it, don'tget it. If you got it-it's tough to getrid of. This plant is resistant to aboutevery chemical control devised by man.It is also resistant to being dug out, andcan't be stopped by blacktop or con-crete. To get rid of it you need to bemuch more stubborn arid persistent thanthe plant. Keep it cut down (every weekif you need), dig out all the roots youcan and burn them. Don't bury them,because they are very fleshy and won'tdry out before you forget about themand they get started somewhere else.

Don't throw them in the hedgerow, orover the bank, or along the road. Theywill regrow almost anywhere except forswamps. Japanese Knotweed is a veryfast growing, aggressive plant whichspreads mainly by root. It will createthickets or clumps in which nothing elsewill grow. It is not hindered by shade orsun. It has thick shoots which are hollowand jointed and will grow through evenheavy mulch. Small white flowersappear in late summer or early fall andripen very quickly. The stems will stillbe standing all winter long, and into thenext spring.

In the next issue we will continue todiscuss some more invasive plant

species that are found in New YorkState. 4.Bob Berkemeir works at the Genesee County

Soil & Water Conservation District inBatavia, NY

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This is a win-win-win offer. Recipients of your giftwin by enjoying a full year of membership benefitsin NYFOA. This includes six issues of The New YorkForest Owner, other state and chapter publications,an invitation to participate in state and chapter-sponsored events, and full voting rights in theAssociation. You win by knowing your gift will beappreciated for a full year. NYFOA wins the

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As a current NYFOA member you may purchaseas many gift memberships you like. Recipientsmust not have held NYFOA membership duringthe past two years. Gift rates are good for thefirst year on membership only.

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My check for $__ is enclosed.Gift cards will be sent to you to present or mail to each recipient. Be sure to include your name andaddress. NYFOA will send a welcoming letter and new member information package to each gift recipient.

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The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • Marchi April 2002 15

(coal-oh- four). This specialized organis used to obtain moisture and mayalso function as a sticky appendagethat helps collembolans adhere to asubstrate.

Collembolans Spring to Lifein March and April

DOUGLAS C. ALLEN

The Order Collembola (coal-em-bowl-ah) is composed of verysmall insect-like invertebrates

called springtails or "snow fleas."Current thinking suggests thesecreatures really are not insects butevolved an insect-like formindependently. I would be surprisedif many forest owners have not seenspringtails when wandering through awoodlot as the snow begins to melteach spring. Once temperatures warmand patches of ground are exposed,springtails emerge from beneath thelitter and hop around on top of thesnow; hence, the common names.They are especially obvious whenthey accumulate in footprints or otherdepressions. Their tiny, dark bodiesgive the appearance of peppersprinkled on the snow.

DescriptionSpringtail adults are wingless and

in New York State range from0.0001 to 0.25 of an inch long (0.25- 6.0 mm). The more commonspecies are brownish to dark black(Fig. 1). Throughout the Order,however, adults take on a wide rangeof colors. Their most distinctivefeature is the presence of a forkedstructure attached to the posterior.When not in use this "spring" isfolded forward under the abdomenand held in place by a special clip-like "latch" (Fig. 2). When the"spring" is released, it snapsbackwards and propels the animal fora distance of 3 to 4 inches. The oddlooking structure behind the thirdpair of legs in Figures 1 and 2 iscalled a ventral tube or collophore

Figure 1Photomicrograph of a springtail. A = distended "spring ", B =

collophore. Actual length from end of "spring" to tip of antennae (C) is 0.18inches.

HabitsThe most common habitat for

springtails is in humus beneath forestlitter or in rotting logs. Manyspecies also reside beneath loose barkon standing or downed trees and inother secluded places such asmushrooms or old pine cones.Wherever they are found, relativelymoist, cool conditions are favored bymost species. Springtails playa rolein nutrient cycling because mostconsume decaying plant material.Many species also feed on algae, thespores and hyphae (thread- or root-like structures) of fungi or prey onbacteria. A number of tropicalspecies consume green plantmaterial. Though in general most arevegetarians, some scavenge on deadearthworms and nematodes. Manyspringtails are very resistant toinsecticides, and one species is ableto digest DDT! Quite a versatilegroup!

On a warm earl spring day,sugarbush operators are oftenpresented with a bizarre sight ashundreds of "snow fleas" accumulateon the surface of the snow.Occasionally, springtails are soabundant when they swarm theybecome a nuisance in sap buckets.One species in British Columbia isbright yellow and is known as the"golden snow flea." Occasionally itis so plentiful it creates a conditioncalled "yellow snow"! Indeed,springtails are most commonly

16 The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • MarchJApril2002

"SPRING"

COLLOPHORE

Figure 2 Diagram of a springtail showing a few of its unique features.

noticed when a species swarms formating purposes or on a concentratedfood source. In addition to theexamples just mentioned, a scientistin Switzerland reported an instancewhere these organisms, as small asthey are, were so abundant theycaused the wheels of a locomotive tospin on its rails!

To the best of my knowledge,springtails are mainly pests in

mushroom houses, forage crops, truckgarden crops, and sugar cane. Keepyour eyes out for them this spring!••This is the 61st in the series of articles contrib-uted by Dr. Allen. Professor of Entomology atSUNY-ESF. It is possible to download thiscollectionjrom the NYS DEe Web page at:http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dif/privland/forprotlhealthlnyfolindex. html.

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should be checked

at different times '~during the year e_l'"to make sure ~ Vall environ- ~~mentalfactors havebeenconsidered- (.1- -especially '--'

~~~n:!~. time J , \. 1for trail layout , )

is during r I ~spring or fall \

:~e~f:et~:e~ees tj /' qand the ground V'surface is visible.Drainage problems are more apparentduring these seasons and terrainfeatures are more visible.

Unless a swampy area is somethingyou want to incorporate as a point ofinterest, the trail should avoid wetareas. This is to avoid the extra effortneeded to build a dry surface out of themud and future maintenance problemsto prevent erosion.

Steep slopes require careful locationof trails to avoid erosion. Do notattempt to run trails directly up a slope.Traversing the slope at a diagonal willhelp avoid erosion and ease thesteepness. Trails on extremely steepslopes should make use of switchbacksto avoid long detours.

Trail width and height is an importantfactor in layout and construction. Thewidth is dependent on the trail'spurpose and the terrain on which it islocated. Hiking paths generally have aminimum tread width of about 4 feet.Horse trails and recreational vehicle

Trail Developmentto Improve YOUf Property Value

CARL WIEDEMAN & RON NEADLE

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Trail development providesseveral important benefits forthe woodland owner. For most

people, trails make it much easier toenjoy the property by improving accessthrough it - whether on foot, skiis,horseback, mountain bicycle,snowmobile, or ATV. And it's not justthe owner who benefits. Friends andfamily members may feel a littleintimidated in a woodlot that is largeand unfamiliar. Well marked trailsmake it much harder for someone to"get lost." In short, a well developedand well designed trail system canenhance the recreational value of theland for yourself, your friends and yourfamily. And if you ever decide to sellthe property, a trail system is a featurethat will improve its marketability toprospective buyers.

Before you can develop a good trailsystem on your property, you have tobe very familiar with it. Scoutingproperty that you are not familiar withstarts with a walk around the perimeter.All boundary lines should be clearlymarked wherever they are not obvious.This helps prevent possible trespass,but also gives you some referencepoints while scouting the trail.

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Next, you should locate all of thefeatures that should be considered intrail design. For parcels which arelarger than 15 or 20 acres, a map willbe a useful reference. Ideally, a USGStopographic map should be used as areference. However, you can also makeyour own rough sketch map. You'llwant to locate things such as old roads,streams, poorly drained areas, steepridges, cellar holes, unusual trees orother features of interest that might betied together with a trail system. It isimportant to know your property verywell in order to make good decisionsabout trail design and layout.

Trail Design and LayoutTrail design depends on the type of

use or uses you intend it for, thecharacteristics of the property, and thefeatures or points of interest that youwant to incorporate. Well designedtrails take advantage of natural drainagefeatures, follow benches on hillsides,pitch around rocks and trees and showvery little evidence of the work thatwent into them. They "fit" into thelandscape.

After designing the trail, layoutshould be done by flagging the general

course and thendouble checkingthe location tomake sure it iscorrect. Plasticsurveyors flaggingworks well for thispurpose since it isinexpensive, highlyvisable, and easy toput up and remove.If possible, thelocation of the trail

18 The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • March/April 2002

trails are a minimum of 8 feet wide.Additional width must be provided atcurves and where erosion controldevices are necessary. Keep in mindthat vehicles and especially horses needadequate overhead clearance. Crosscountry ski trails should also haveadequate height because branches maybe weighed down with snow and iceduring the winter and skiiers will be onthe snow.

Proper drainage is essential in traildesign. A trail can be quickly destroyedby erosion if water is not diverted fromthe trail surface. Proper grading of thetrail surface so water runs off acrossthe trail is the most important designfeature. Where additional measures arenecessary, drainage structures may benecessary. These structures may bebroad based dips, waterbars or varioustypes of culverts.

Trail MaintenanceAll trails will tend to "grow in" over

time since brush and tree limbs willtend to fill any openings that areavailable. To minimize the need forfuture maintenance, avoid creatingopenings during trail construction. Stayin the shade. Except where youspecifically intend to feature openingsor brushy areas, try to locate the trailwhere there already is a well developedforest canopy overhead.

When clearing for the trail, brushand saplings along the edges of the trailshould be cut at ground level to avoid

Beavers(Removal and Control)

Honey Bee(Relocated)

Hornets(Removal)

hazardous stumps and stubble. Stumpsand roots in the trail should beremoved. Dead and dangerous treesalong the trail corridor should beremoved. Overhead limbs should be cuthigh enough to avoid interference.Allowance should be made for snowdepths and snow loaded droopingbranches on winter trails.

NYS Cost-sharing for TrailsRecreational trail development is

encouraged by providing cost sharingfor qualified landowners (see table).Financial assistance is availablethrough the Stewardship IncentiveProgram (SIP). SIP is a federallyfunded program designed to encourageprivate non-industrial forest landownersto practice holistic forest management.You can apply for cost sharing at therate of 75 % of the actual cost of trailplanning, layout and construction up toa set limit. Practice specifications callfor a minimum hiking trail tread widthof four feet (4 ') with additional widthas required for necessary erosioncontrol structures; onside slopes tread widthmay be reduced tothree feet (3 ').

Recreational vehicularand horse access trailsmust have a minimumtread width of eight feet(8') with additionalwidth as required fornecessary erosioncontrol structures.

Harvey Gardinierk..r Georgetown, NY • (315) 837-4343~ References Available

Recreational TrailDevelopment, Layout and Design

Cost Share Rate Limits

4 Foot Walking TrailsConstruction Co~t: $.09/foot

8 Foot Vehicular TrailsConstruction Cost: $.20/foot

Design and LayQli.fof Trails: $:06/foot

To find out more about the availabilityof cost sharing for trails and other foreststewardship practices, you shouldcontact the NYS Department ofEnvironmental Conservation serviceforester in your area. •.

Carl Weideman is the General Manager ofForest Parks for the New York State -Department of Natural Resources and RonNeadle is President of the Mohawk ValleyHiking Club. This article originally appearedon the Cornell University, Dept. of NaturalResources, Cornell Cooperative ExtensionForestry web site.

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The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • Marchi April 2002 19

plantation. In 1995, the stand wasdestroyed by a windstorm and had beencompletely salvaged during the winterof 1995-96. Seedlings were received inearly May and hand-planted on May 6,

_ 1997.The weather was hot and dry at

planting time. Temperature andrainfall during the 1997 growingseason were very similar to the sixyear average from 1995 to 2000.Rainfall was slightly less than normalduring July 1997.

An experimental design was used.Survival and height growth were

Performance of Fall-LiftedRed Pine Seedlings

Red pine (Pinus resinosa L.) hasan important role in the historyof New York forests. During

the early 1900s, this species was plantedextensively in plantations throughout thestate to restore tree-cover on abandonedfarm land, or burned-over forest lands.Today's mature stands are commonlyharvested to provide poles, lumber, orfiber for a variety of uses. The inten-sity of establishing red pine plantationshas decreased significantly since the1950s. But this species is still a goodchoice for landowners wishing toproduce softwood fiber, especially ondry, gravelly, or well-drained sites.

Nursery ProblemsRed pine seedlings are typically sold

as two or three year old, grown in theiroriginal nursery bed, bare-root seed-lings. Seedlings are usually lifted fromthe nursery beds shortly after the wintersnows have melted and the ground hasthawed. But spring lifting may presentsome problems for pine seedlings. Oneproblem may occur when the nurseryharvest is delayed by a late spring thaw.Nurseries will harvest seedlings as earlyas possible to avoid moving activelygrowing stock, but there is no easilyrecognizable indication when growthactually begins in a seedling. It isthought that physiological systems inhard pines, such as red pine, react to airtemperature and day length rather thansoil temperatures. Growth may begineven though root systems remain frozenin nursery beds. When conditionsimprove to allow harvest, the seedlingsare actually in a non-dormant state andare physiologically damaged duringharvest. This damage is observed asstunted growth, lack of bud develop-ment and mortality.

MICHAEL R. BRIDGEN AND JOHN SOLAN, SR.

Another problem is associated withgrowth after planting. In order to getthe full growth potential of the firstgrowing season, bare-root seedlingsshould be planted as quickly as possiblefollowing lifting from the nursery. Latesnow-falls or late frosts, and later liftingdates, may delay seedling deliveries,causing subsequent delays in planting.Deliveries may be expedited if seedlingsare lifted in the fall of the previousseason, packaged, and stored underrefrigerated conditions. However, thefield performance of seedlings of fall-lifted seedlings may also be affected bystorage conditions.

This study was conducted to deter-mine whether fall-lifting and overwinterstorage of red pine seedlings is asuitable alternative to spring-lifting.

MethodsWe tested four different types of red

pine seedlings:1) Spring-lifted 3-year old seedlings

grown at the Experiment Station ofthe State University of New YorkCollege of Environmental Scienceand Forestry (CESF) near Syra-cuse, NY

2) Spring-lifted 2-year old seedlingsproduced at the New York StateDepartment of EnvironmentalConservation (DEC) nursery inSaratoga Springs, NY

3) Spring-lifted 3-year old seedlingsgrown at Saratoga Springs

4) Fall-lifted 3-year old seedlingsgrown at Saratoga Springs

A planting site was located onDubuar Forest in southern St. LawrenceCounty, near Wanakena, NY. The sitehad previously been stocked with asixty-year old red and white pine

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Table 1. One- and four-year survival and height growth of red pine seedlingsplanted on the Dubuar Forest in St. Lawrence County, May 1997.

Seedling 3-Yr Seedlings 2-Yr Seedlings 3-Yr Seedlings 3-Yr SeedlingsDescription Syracuse Nursery Saratoga Nursery Saratoga Nursery Saratoga Nursery

Lifted Spring '97 Lifted Spring '97 Lifted Spring '97 Lifted Fall '96

Survival (%)One Season 77.4 91.1 53.2 86.2Four Seasons 66.4 76.8 33.6 60.0

Height (feet)One Season 0.96 0.66 1.05 0.82Four Seasons 2.30 2.62 2.49 2.49

measured after the first growingseason, in August 1997, and follow-ing the fourth growing season, inJune, 2001. Stand productivity afterthe fourth growing season wasestimated by adding the heights of allliving trees within a treatment unit.

ResultsTable 1 shows the survival and

growth of red pine seedlings of thefour treatments.

Most of the seedling mortalityoccurred during the summer of 1997,the first growing season. Spring-lifted 3 year old seedlings from theSaratoga Nursery had the poorestsurvival, 53 %, following the firstseason. They also had the greatestadditional mortality during the next

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three seasons. Each of the other threetreatments exhibited higher survivalrates. The 2-year old seedlingstended to have the best survival afterfour seasons (77 % ), but this valuewas not statistically different fromeither the 3 year old seedlings fromSyracuse, or the 3 year old fall-liftedseedlings from Saratoga Springs.

Height growth showed a differentpattern. The 2 year old seedlingswere smaller following the firstgrowing season. Four years afterplanting, however, all seedlingtreatments had about the same height.In fact, the 2 year old seedlingstended to be taller than any of the 3year old treatments.

Productivity of red pine seedlings,estimated as the sum of the heights ofall living trees, is illustrated in Figure2. It was least for the 3 year oldspring lifted seedlings from Saratoga,although it was not statisticallydifferent from any of the other 3 yearold seedlings. Only the spring-lifted

continued on page 22

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The New York Forest Owner 40:2 • MarchiApril 2002 21

season. This first-year growth reduc-tion was observed in the present study(Table 1). The initial height reductionlessens during later seasons.

Seedling customers in the northeastshould purchase stock harvested fromnorthern nurseries in the spring orstored overwinter and avoid stockfrom southern nurseries that has beenheld iT),coolers awaiting spring toarrive.

Landowners that experienceseedling mortality should alwayscontact the supplier. This is the onlyway nurseries know how stockperforms when outplanted. Reputablenurseries want the best stock availablefor their customers .•..

productivity. Thefall-lifted 3 year oldseedlings weresmaller than spring-lifted 3 year oldseedlings after thefirst growing season,and also had greatersurvival. In fact,their height andsurvival was notdifferent than 2 yearold spring-lifted redpine seedlings.Smaller seedlings

2-Yr Spring 3-Yr Spring 3-Yr Fall LiftedLifted Saratoga Lifted Saratoga Saratoga have fewer needles,

and perhaps a bettershoot-root ratio, allowing themgreater tolerance of drought.

Overwinter storage requirestemperatures to be maintained justbelow freezing with abundant mois-ture, in order to maintain dormancy infall lifted stock. It is different thancold storage of spring lifted stockwhich stays instorage for muchshorted periods.Overwinter storagedoes not affectsurvivability butcan delay buddevelopment andnew growth duringthe first growing

Performance (continued from page 21)

Figure 2. Stand productivity of red pine seedlings,measured as the sum of all surviving seedlings four growingseasons after planting.

12

8

4

o3- Yr SpringLifted ESF

2 year old seedlings exhibited greaterproductivity, due to their superiorsurvival rate.

Conclusions and RecommendationsLifting red pine seedlings from a

nursery during the fall, and storingthem under refrigerated conditionsuntil spring planting, seems to be asafe alternative to spring lifting. Inthis study, fall-lifted 3 year oldseedlings had greater survival thanspring-lifted 3 year old seedlings fromthe same nursery. After four growingseasons, there were no noticeabledifferences in seedling height betweenany treatments.

Initial seedling height may indicateexpected survival and future stand

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