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January-February 1982

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New York Forest Owner, January-February 1982

Vol. 20, No.1

THE

NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS

ASSOCIATION

In This Issue

P. 2 Front Cover; Welcome toOur New Members; OfficersNYFOA

P. 3 On the Calendar; The For-esters Creed; Telling Hearthfrom Earth; Tongue Twister

P. 4 Forestry Congress; For aSlower Burn, Buy GreenerFirewood

P. 5 New York's New ForestResources Survey, ExpandingOpportunities for Industry;Memo from the EducationCommittee

P. 6-7 Tree Value: A Basis for Wood-land Management

P.8-9 Owning Woodlands in NewYork, A Personal Account, byEverett Case

P. 9 Letter from Forest IndustriesCommittee

P. 10 Cause of Maple Sap Flow;Straight Talk on TappingTechniques

P. 11 Forest Bookshelf; A MapleCheck List

P. 12 Ask a Forester; I Like Loggers

Front Cover

A Winter Wonderland

WelcomeOur New Members

Michael J. DeMunnChemung Co. Soil & WaterConservation Dist.209 N. Main St.Horseheads, NY 14845

Irene Delise-Vaccaro3185 Glennon PI.Bronx, NY 10465

Charles N. Hicks307 Ridgedale Ave.E. Hanover, NJ 07936

Glenn HamptonP.O. Box 7280So. Lake Tahoe, CA 95731

John R. Sullivan1308 Tracy PI.Falls Church, VA 22046

Ben Boynton, Sr.Boynton Realty33 Wilkins Rd.Ithaca, NY 14850

Vincent D'EliaBox 100Schuyler Falls, NY 12985

Dr. John W. Kelley1036 Snyder Hill Rd.Ithaca, NY 14850

Dr. Bernard J. HartnettFrozen Acres Tree Farm10 N. Marvine Ave.Auburn, NY 13021

Published by theNEW YORK FOREST OWNERS

Association

OFFICERS

PresidentRobert L. Edmonds

RD 1, Box 99Marathon, NY 13803

First Vice PresidentRobert MorrowFernowHall

Ithaca, NY 14850

Second Vice PresidentPaul Steinfeld

Gilead Tree FarmHalcott Center, NY 12437

Third Vice PresidentRobert Demeree4 Northway Drive

Cortland, NY 13045

TreasurerStuart McCarty

4300 East AvenueRochester, NY 14618

Recording SecretaryJ. Lewis DuMond

9 Grand St.Cobleskill, NY 12043

Membership SecretaryGeorge MitchellP.O. Box 69

Old Forge, NY 13420

EditorEvelyn Stock

5756 Ike Dixon Rd.Camillus, NY 13031

Dear Forest Owner Reader:


I recently received a letter from Mr.Collis P.H. Jordan, Box 72, Kernville,CA 93238 and a copy of "The ForestersCreed" which is reproduced below. Mr.Jordan was given the "Creed" while at-tending the Forestry School at OhioState University between 1911 and1915. He was also a student represen-tative to the dedication of Cornell's newforestry building, Fernow Hall, on May15, 1914.As Mr. Jordan noted in his letter to

me, life certainly has changed for aforester. He would be interested inknowing the author and origin of "TheForesters Creed" should any readerknow this information.

Jim LassoieFernow HallCornell University

THE FORESTERS CREED

I bid farewell to the city; and am givenin exchange for its stone templesthe silent mountains.

For its rivers of humanity, the streamsthat flow through green valleys.

For its lamp-posts, the hemlock, thespruce, and the pine.

For the dusty lindens on theboulevards, the shimmering,zephyr swept maples.

For the man made monuments, therough hewn boulderson every hillside.

For its voices, the whispering echoesof the forest.

For its avenues, the open road,winding over the hills into thedeep of the woodland.

For its greetings, I exchange thesong of the birds;

For its churches, the cathedralof the trees;

For its fame and applause, -Solitude!

-Author unknown

ON THE CALENDAR

January 7NYFO Directors meeting in the DEC

office in Cortland.

January 19-20Symposium: New York's New Forest

Resources Survey-Expanding Oppor-tunities for Industry, at Syracuse Mar-riott Inn

AprilSpring Meeting of the New York

Forest Owners Association in Albany.The theme is "Your DEC"

July 6·8Forestry Congress; in Syracuse. The

purpose is to provide a forum fororganizations interested in forest landmanagement to jointly discuss priorityissues

September 12·13Fall Meeting at the Pack Forest at

Warrensburg

September 16-17-18Live Forestry Equipment Exhibition

and Demonstration at South Glens Falls

Tongue TwisterIf your memory goes back as far as

Prohibition, this snatch from a tongue-twisting verse by Newman Levy maystrike a nostalgic chord:If you stick a stock of liquor in yourlocker,

It is slick to stick a lock upon your stock,Or some joker who is slicker's going toTrick you of your liquor ...If you fail to lock your liquor with a lock.

InflationAmerica is the only country where it

takes more brains to make out the in-come tax return than it does to makethe income.

Telling Hearth from EarthIs Tough Stuff, Suzy

The verse below was devised by agroup of Britishers to help multinationpersonnel of NATO to pronounceEnglish properly.

Dearest creature in creation,Spelling's not pronunciation.

Hear, my Suzy, how diverseCorpse from corps sounds,horse from worse!

Trip among my songs, young dear;Tear your hair, and shed a tear.

As I keep you, Suzy, busy -Till your heated head grows dizzy

Saying heart, and beard, and heard;Dies and diet; Lord and word.

Rounded like to wounded's written;Sword to sward; retain to Britain.

What? Do early, dearly plague you?They're no worse than vagueand ague,

Lose, ooze, use. Since you must speak,Say break and steak, but bleakand streak .

. . .Suzy though you've studied so,You must take one final blow,

Is the proper rhyme for toughThough, through, plough, cough,or enough?

Hiccough has the sound of cup.Suzy, better give it up.

A Valentine

GiveA Gift

Membership

to your

library

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FORESTRYCONGRESS

Dear Members:The purpose of this letter is to keep

the New York Forest Owners informedof the progress we at the SUNY -CESF School of Forestry are makingin planning for the New York StateForestry Congress to be held July 6-8,1982. As you willrecall, the Congress isbeing organized to bring together allorganizations, groups, and individualsin New York interested in the issues thataffect management of forest land. Weexpect that all Congress participants willbecome involved in an active exchangeof ideas, and will leave the Congresshaving learned a good deal about whatothers in the State are thinking aboutforest land management.

Our first letter, sent out in July, 1981,resulted in many favorable replies.Several replies included suggestions forspeakers, topics to be discussed, andadditional organizations to be con-tacted. We appreciate those suggestionsand stillwelcome any thoughts you mayhave on the topics to be discussedand/ or additional organizations to con-tact.

We are very fortunate to have alreadyobtained a distinguished group ofspeakers. I am pleased to say that MaxPeterson, Chief of the U.S. ForestService, will present the keynote ad-dress at the opening session on July6. He will be followed by severalspeakers including Robert Flacke,Commissioner of the NYS Depart-ment of Environmental Conservation.Our banquet speaker is Robert Buck-man, Deputy Chief for Research,U.S. Forest Service. The speakers willset the stage of the entire Congress, as itis the issues that they present that willbethe topics of discussion and debate dur-ing the second and third day.The program for the second day is

taking shape under the direction of theCongress steering committee. The firstpart of the day willconsist of clinics andworkshops to be put on by faculty mem-bers and other professionals. Theseclinics and workshops willbe devoted toselected topics, such as forest taxationand local cutting ordinances, that relateto the issues presented by the speakersat the opening session. The middle partof the second day will be set aside formeetings of pre-arranged workinggroups to discuss specific aspects of theissues. Members of the working groups

will be chosen from a variety of profes-sional backgrounds so as to mix thegroups and encourage discussion.These working groups are not intend-

ed to take the place of organizations thatwish to caucus during the Congress.The mid-afternoon and early eveningwill be reserved for meetings of suchorganizations to prepare position papersif they so choose.The closing session willtake place on

the final half-day, July 8. Reports,resolutions, and position papers may bebrought before the Congress by both in-dividuals and groups. This part of theCongress will be published in a pro-ceedings later in the year. We plan tohire a court reporter to assist in as ac-curate and timely a publication as possi-ble. The Congress will end at noon onJuly 8.We are now at a point in our planning

that we need to have an idea of thenumber of people we can expect to par-ticipate in the Congress. You will wantto know that we will be charging aregistration fee, although we are unableto say at this time what that fee willbe. Ifwe are successful at getting foundationor outside support, the registration feewillbe nominal. Ifwe are not successful,the fee could be as high as $60 for thethree days. We willbe able to offer to allCongress participants a range of hous-ing options that will include staying in auniversity dormitory for as little as$40/night for room and board. Basedon this information, I would like to askyou to please let us know how manypeople from your organization you willbe able to send to the Congress. Yourestimate willgreatly assist us in planningthe numbers and types of clinics orworkshops, as well as the banquet,space arrangements, and other morerudimentary aspects of the Congress.We willcontinue to keep you inform-

ed of developments in the planning ofthe Congress over the next 8 months.We appreciate your interest, and wesincerely hope that you and members ofyour organization or agency will takeadvantage of this opportunity to cometogether and discuss issues affecting themanagement of forest land in NewYork.

Sincerely,John V. Berglund, DeanSchool of Forestry

FOR A SLOWER BURNBUY GREENER FIREWOOD

By Dave PeytonWhen it comes to choosing firewood,

it's important to know the best woodsavailable for burning in your part of thecountry. But it's equally important toknow whether the wood you're pur-chasing is green or dry.

It's hard to believe that green woodcan be as much as 65 percent water.But it's true. Much of the water in thewood evaporates quickly.

For example, in about three monthsafter the wood is cut, the "seasoning" ofthe wood is about half complete and thefuel value is about 90 percent of what itwill be when the wood is dry. After sixto nine months of reasonably warm, dryconditions, the wood is considered dryenough for very efficient burning in astove or fireplace. After two years, thewood will be dryas it will ever get.There is a great difference between

the BTU ratings of green wood anddried wood. A completely dry hard-wood with a rating of 7,850 BTUs perpound would have about 1,200 BTUsper pound less if burned green. That'sbecause it takes 1,200 BTUs per poundto turn the water into steam and causeits evaporation from the wood.The best way to identify green wood

is to split a piece and look inside. If it'sgreen, the core will look wet and shiny.Dry wood looks dull inside and sawmarks are less pronounced.

Green wood is almost twice as heavyas seasoned wood, so ifyou have a stickof dried hickory, for example, you canweigh the piece of known dried hickoryagainst a similar piece of green woodand feel the difference instantly.

Green wood is hard to light and burnsmore slowly than dried wood. That maybe just what you want if you have afireplace where you burn wood for ef-fect rather than heat. Green wood caneven have a purpose in a heating stove.Sometimes you can find green wood

bargains.If this is the case-you ought to know

how to dry it as quickly as possible. Splitwood dries much faster than whole logsor limbs because more surface is expos-ed. After splitting, the wood should bestored in a covered but airy shed. Leaveplenty of room between the splits ofwood for the first few months at least. Ifit's possible, the wood should be in alocation where the sun shines on it partof the day since the sun will warm the_wood and speed evaporation.


New York'sNew ForestResources SurveyExpanding Opportunitiesfor Industry

New York's forest resources, andthe opportunities it holds for expandingindustry in the state, will be high-lighted in a two-day symposium spon-sored by the State University Collegeof Environmental Science and For-estry (ESF), the New York StateDepartment of Environmental Con-servation, and the State Departmentof Commerce.The symposium, titled "New York's

New Forest Resources Survey-Ex-panding Opportunities for Industry,"is scheduled for January 19-20 at theSyracuse Marriott Inn. During themeeting, Joseph Barnard, projectleader of the resources evaluation teamfor the USDA's Forest Service, willpre-sent the first public announcement ofthe Forest Service's recently completedinventory of New York's forest re-sources.The symposium seeks to inform the

general public of the background andresults of the survey, and to present toforest landowners and members of theforest industry the opportunities theseresources offer for the continuing opera-tion, improvement and expansion offorest-based operations in the state.

In addition to announcing the resultsof the forest resources survey, U.S.Forest Service personnel from theNortheastern Forest Experiment Stationin Broomall, PA will detail backgroundinformation on how the survey was ac-complished, and will present informa-tion on forest resources throughout theNortheast. The two-day workshop alsowill include presentations by Depart-ment of Environmental Conservationand Department of Commerce person-nel on services available to industry bythe state, and representatives of the ma-jor sectors of forest-industries in NewYork will present analyses of the area'smost important timber products, thestate of the industry at present, and howit may develop.Industry representatives scheduled to

speak at the symposium include RobertG. Potter, president of Potter Lumber

Company, Inc.; Robert K. Curtis,president of Curtis Lumber Company,Inc.; and George Russell, generalmanager of land and timber for Inter-national Paper Company. The threemen will speak on "New York's MajorTimber Products - Trends and Pros-pects." Donald L. Meyer, president ofBaillie Lumber Company, Inc., willaddress the gathering on the topic "For-eign Markets for New York TimberProducts."

Other topics to be covered during thetwo-day meeting are "Implications forForestry and Forest Industries in NewYork," "Economic Development ofNew York's Forest Industry," "IndustryIncentive Programs," "Developing anExport Program," and "New York Tim-ber for Energy."

John Muench, Jr., assistant vicepresident and director of economicsfor the National Forest ProductsAssociation, will deliver the banquetaddress. The banquet is scheduled forTuesday, January 19.

Further information on the sympos-ium may be received from, or arrange-ments on attending may be madethrough, ESF's School of ContinuingEducation by writing: School of Contin-uing Education, 231 Baker Laboratory,SUNY College of Environmental Sci-ence and Forestry, Syracuse, New York13210; or by phoning: (315) 470-6891.

• • •

Lassoie to act as liaison with the Publici-ty Committee. I'm not certain what thismight involve beyond seeing thateducational functions such as annualmeetings and woods walks are activelypublicized.

3. Of more interest to the Directorswas our planning for Annual Meetings.a. Jim Lassoie, with some help from

me, has whipped things into shape forthe Oct. 9-10 fallmeeting. He willmakean early September mailing to eachforest owner (including' how to get tothe Arnot Forest). It looks like a goodmeeting,b. The Board of Directors approved

our plans for the next spring meeting.We are grateful that Bob Demaree hasvolunteered and been approved to planand implement the meeting. Albany;April 10 (or possibly a week earlier orlater); theme - Your D.E.C.; in addi-tion to the Awards luncheon, thereshould be a chance to visit the Mallcomplex,

c. We now need to plan for the fall1982 meeting at the Pack Forest. Indiscussion with the Board, the followingpoints came up: (1) need a good "backto the woods" meeting. The Pack Foresthas plenty to show in the areas of silvi-culture and forest organization (use ofcompartments). (2) A meeting duringthe first two weeks of October would in-clude fall colors. (3) Will it be a 1 or2-day meeting? I am asking Dick Lea tospearhead the thinking on this meetingsince he already has a working relation-ship with both the Forest and its Direc-tor. In addition to selecting a theme andmaking arrangements, who should beasked to plan and implement the meet-ing?

d. 1983 - spring. Suggested placeis Onondaga Nature Centers, Inc.(Beaver Lake), Baldwinsville. Wildlifetheme. Do they have a large enoughroom? Can the Awards luncheon becatered? Where and how? Probablemorning speakers and afternoon walk-ing tour. Emiel Palmer has kindly of-fered to make an initial investigation,with possible help from Dick Lea.

1983 - fall, Follow-up wildlifetheme, Possibly at Cummings NatureCenter at Naples. Their new buildingshould be complete by then. Monte-zuma WildlifeRefuge was also mention-ed,

1984 - spring. Possible Rochester(following the idea of using differentparts of State for spring meetings inorder to better serve membership),

Memo to:Education Committee,Forest Owners Assoc.

From:Bob Morrow, Chairman

Lloyd and I met at 1 PM on August27 in Cortland, and attended thefollowing Director's meeting at 2 PM.The results:

1, In a housekeeping matter, Idesignated Lloyd Strombeck to act asliaison between our Education Commit-tee and the Editorial Committee, ofwhich he is also a member. One of ourfunctions is to seek and help dissem-inate information regarding owning andmanaging forest land. All Committeemembers should be alert for oppor-tunities to do this. For my part, I shallsoon submit a copy of a new paper"Tree Value as a Basis of Forest Man-agement" for publication in the ForestOwner.2. In a similar vein, I designated Jim

TREE VALUE:A Basis for

Woodland ManagementMost people see trees as being valu-

able - to look at, for shade, as homesfor songbirds, as habitat for other wild-life, for soil or watershed protection.Some people recognize that trees arealso the source of building materials,fine furniture, and a host of other usefulthings.

But very few people know the dollarvalue of a tree. In a recent quiz, 65 col-lege students were asked the standing(stumpage) value of a 20-inch diameter,80-foot tall white ash tree for (a) lumberand (b) fuelwood. Only four studentsgave reasonable answers. Six studentsthought the tree was worth more for fuelthan for lumber. A later quiz of severalmembers of the faculty showed little im-provement. I Is it any wonder that thereis a history of exploitation of both wood-lands and their owners by some (not all)timber buyers?

Even those who plan no cutting maybe exploited. Most of the better maturetrees are eventually harvested, oftenwhen the ownership changes. Manyharvests occur prior to a property sale orafter death of an owner. Such harvestsmay be rushed, preceded by little plan-Ring, with proceeds used to settle debts,taxes, or estates.Stumpage Value

Woodland trees have two kinds ofvalue. The most commonly used isstumpage value, which is associated

• with sales of timber or other products. Intheory the stumpage value of a timbertree equals the value of lumber that canbe sawed out, minus the costs ofharvest, transport, and conversion tolumber (including a margin of profit).Since these values and costs vary foreach tree, and change with time andlocation, the actual stumpage value issimply the price paid. The person whohas high quality timber, who knowshow much it is worth, and who knowshow to sell it can obtain a fair stumpageprice. Others may obtain much less thantheir timber is worth. 2

Tree Value Conversion StandardsWhile stumpage values reflect ac-

tivities of the marketplace, a value thatis constant over time is needed to helpmake woodland management deci-sions. Is it worthwhile to thin my youngstand? Should : harvest to a 14-inchdiameter limit? When is my stand


mature? Answering these questions re-quires the forest landowner/manager toknow how values of his/her treeschange as they increase in size - valuesthat exclude the complications causedby inflation or special market prices thatreflect current demand trends or loca-tion of timber in respect to the mill."Such values remain relatively constantfor a particular kind of tree of specificsize and quality; thus they are calledstandards.

Joseph Mendel and his co-workersrecently published tables of tree valueconversion standards for hardwoodsawtimber." Many northeastern treespecies are classified by diameter, mer-chantable height, and butt log grade.Table 1, adapted from Mendel's work,shows some common examples andcontains a brief explanation of the basisof the standards.Table 1 shows at a glance the great

variation in tree value according to sizeand quality. It also shows that 12-inchor smaller trees are worth little ornothing for timber. Thus most of thevalue is concentrated in a few of thelarger trees - perhaps 50 to 100 peracre in managed stands on good sites,as compared with perhaps 20 or 30 inuncared-for stands on the same site. Ona poor site, there might be a half dozenor fewer valuable trees per acre.Value as a Basis for ManagementTable 2 was developed to help show

management needs for the better treesin a stand. It is based on changes indiameter at breast height (DBH), whichis 4lj2 feet above the ground, andtypical corresponding changes in mer-chantable height, volume, grade, andvalue as the tree continues growth.Table 3 shows that, barring seriousdefect, grade is largely a function of sizeof the butt log (i.e., the first 16-foot logabove the stump). Based on knownrelationships between the diameter in-side the bark (dib) at the top (16 feet) ofthe butt log and DBH, the better treesmay change from grade 3 to 2 at about14 inches DBH and to grade 1 at about17 + inches DBH.Most tree measurements are made at

DBH simply because it is convenient todo so. But DBH alone tells us littleabout a tree. While DBH doubled (from12 to 24 inches), the board-foot (b.f.)volume increased 8 times (from 80 to630 b.f.) and the value increased about60 times (from less than $1 to $58).

Also given in Table 2 are fuelwoodvalues, based on the common 1980stumpage price of $10 per cord. Care

must be exercised in comparing thevalue of trees for timber and fuelbecause of the different dates. In 1972there was no fuelwood market and treeswere worth nothing for this purpose. Onthe other hand, sugar maple timberprices in 1980 were over twice those in1972 for southern New York.These data permit a general analysis

of management considerations basedon the following size classes of hard-woods:

a. 4-10 inches. Hardwood trees ofthis size are worth nothing, except forfuelwood, but this size class is most inneed of thinning. Valuable, 20-inchtrees do not just occur; they are theresult of thinning young stands, goodsites, or a combination of both. Thusthis growth period is one of investmentfor the future - selection of the beststands and sites, and thinning them.The demand for fuel wood is a most wel-come stimulus for thinning potentiallyvaluable stands.

b. 10-14 inches. Hardwoods in thissize class have marginal value fortimber; i.e., they are changing fromnegative (costs of harvest and millingexceed timber value) to positive values.The rate of value increase is high,especially for thinned trees on goodsites.

c. 14-20 inches. Hardwoods of thisclass may double in value for each 2inches of diameter growth because (1)grade improves with size and (2)volume increases as growth in diameter,height, and sometimes form class con-tinues. At a growth rate of 10 rings perinch, it takes only 10 years to increasetwo inches in diameter and double invalue. This is a real growth rate of 7percent a year, since inflation is exclud-ed." Although 14- to 20-inch trees aremerchantable (have positive values),they usually are not financiallymature." Except for crowded or un-healthy trees, they should not beharvested during this prime growthperiod.

d. 20-24 inches. Although there islittle change in height or butt log grade,the entire tree grows greatly in volumeand quality. Dollar growth continues toaccelerate, but rate of value growth maydecline to half or less. If growth slows to15 or 20 rings per inch, as is common,the trees may be financially mature andready for harvest.

e. 24-28 inches. Tree value growthis reversed from the situation at 12-14inches. Instead of little value and high

Continued on next page

New, York Forest Owner, January-February 1982

growth rates, there are high values withsmall growth rates. Even though dollarvalues continue upward, the valuegrowth rate is too slow to justify keepingthe trees as an investment.

Thus, a knowledge of tree value atvarious size classes is not only critical forselling timber, it is imperative as a guide-line for sound management of wood-lands. The wise woodland owner willconsider tree value in his/her woodlandmanagement decisions.

Robert R. MorrowProfessor of Forestry

Managed Forests Provide More: Beauty -Energy - Jobs - Recreation - Income -Water - Wildlife - Wood.

Answer to quiz:A tall, 20-inch white ash likely would

have a grade 1 butt log and a merchant-able height of at least 3 logs. Thus itsstumpage value for lumber was $54 in1972 (from table 1). The 1980 equiva-lent was about $125.

The tree would contain about a cordof wood. Although fuelwood may cost$100 a cord (cut, split, and delivered),the stumpage value is commonly only$10 a cord. Thus the tree currentlywould be worth about $10 as fuelwood,or only 8 percent of its value as lumber ...'You may want to test yourself. Write down yourtwo estimates of lumber and fuelwood value; turnto page 5 for the answers.

'There are numerous cases where estimates ofvolume and value by foresters have resulted indoubling of sales prices over original offers.

'These are important considerations in the shortterm, when planning timber sales, as opposed tolong-term management considerations.

'Mendel, J.J., DeBald, P.S., Dale, M.E. 1976.Tree value conversion standards for hardwoodsawtimber. USDA For. ServoRes. Paper NE-337.Broomall, PA 19008.

'A money market certificate of 16 percent is notnecessarily a better investment. If the inflation rateis 11 percent, the real growth rate of the certificateis only 5 percent. In addition, current Federal taxlaws favor timber investments.

6Atree is financially mature when its rate of valuegrowth falls below an acceptable rate of return.The acceptable rate of return is usually determin-ed by alternative investment opportunities.

TABLE 1. TREE VALUE CONVERSION STANDARDSa

W.Ash B. Cherry R.Oak S. Maple R.Map\e T.Poplar

Butt Log Grade

No.DBH Jogs 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1

12" 1 1 - - 0- - 1 - - 0 - - 1 - - 0 - -14" 1 2 6 - 1 4 - 1 3 - 1 3 - 1 4 - 1 4 -

2 6 10 - 2 6- 2 4 - 1 4 - 2 6 - 2 5 -

16" 1 4 10 11 3 6 10 2 5 8 2 5 9 2 6 8 2 6 62 10 16 19 5 10 16 3 7 11 3 7 12 3 8 11 4 8 10

18" 1 6 15 17 6 10 15 4 7 11 4 7 13 3 9 12 4 8 92 15 25 29 9 16 23 6 11 17 5 12 19 5 12 18 7 12 153 27 32 38 12 19 29 6 13 20 5 15 20 7 13 19 8 13 20

20" 2 22 35 40 16 23 33 9 16 25 9 18 27 8 17 26 10 17 223 38 46 54 20 29 41 10 20 29 10 22 30 10 18 28 13 19 294 58 60 66 24 33 47 10 22 31 10 25 31 13 19 29 15 20 35

24" 2 40 64 70 33 44 58 18 30 44 19 36 50 15 29 47 21 31 403 68 86 96 44 57 76 22 38 55 23 44 58 20 32 56 28 37 544 100 103 118 53 66 87 23 43 61 25 51 59 25 32 58 32 39 65

28" 2 63 102 110 56 71 91 27 47 69 32 53 80 21 41 76 34 47 623 103 136 148 75 92 117 34 59 86 39 69 94 29 47 90 44 57 834 151 166 185 92 109 139 37 68 97 43 82 99 36 47 97 53 62 102

aAdapted from Mendel, DeBald, and Dale. 1976.A TVCS is a measure of a tree's worth. It is based on the comparative value of the quantity and quali-:

ty of expected yield of one-inch lumber, less conversion costs (harvest, transport, mill). It is a standard bywhich trees of different sizes can be compared, excluding most price effects of inflation and themarketplace. TVCS's can be adjusted to account for price changes between species and grades and forchanges in utilization standards, region, and time.

These standards are based on 1972 prices; many timber prices have more than doubled since then,and red oak has increased relatively more than other species.

TABLE 2. TYPICAL CHANGE IN SIZE AND VALUEWITH GROWTH OF A SUGAR MAPLE

No. 16-ft. Vol.-board feet Timber ValueFuel ValuebDBH Logs International Rule Grade (TVCS)a-- --

10" 1.4 45 3 0 112" 1.7 80 3 1- 214" 2.0 135 2-3 3 316" 2.3 200 2 8 518" 2.6 290 1-2 17 720" 2.8 390 1 29 924" 3.0 630 1 58 1328" S.O 880 1 94 17

aFrom Mendel, DeBald, and Dale. 1976. (1972 prices)bBased on stumpage price of $10 per standard cord (1980 price)

TABLE 3. HARDWOOD GRADES FOR 16-FOOT BUTI LOGSa

Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3

Top dibb - inches 20+ 16-19 13-15 11+ 8+

Clear cuttingsCLength, min., ft. 3 5 7 3 2Number, max. 2 3 -Yield, % of length 80 65 50

Sweep cull, max., % 15 30 50Total cull, max., % 40 50 50

aAdapted from Gilbert. Northeastern FES Stat. Paper 114. 1959; and Ostrander's gUide to hard-wood log grading. Northeastern FES. 1965.

bDiameter inside bark at top of butt log (16' above stump).cClear cuttings are based on the poorest of the best 3 faces (Sides)of the log (or the second poorest

face). A clear cutting is a portion of a face free of defects, extending the width of the face.


Owning Woodlands in New York:A Personal Account

As you all know, my staff and I havebeen conducting a membership surveyin order to help the Association's Boardof Directors plan for future educationalevents that better meet the needs anddesires of its members. The survey isprogressing very well and I will be re-porting the results in the Forest Ownersometime this winter. I thank all thosewho participated in this importantsurvey.

One NYFOA member, Mr. EverettCase from Van Hornesville, did notcomplete the questionnaire. Instead, hewrote to me and provided a detailedpersonal account of his years as theowner of 400 acres of New York wood-lands. I found Mr. Case's letter to be farmore informative and interesting thanany survey results. Fortunately, hegranted permission to print his letter inthe Forest Owner which appears below.I am sure that you will find Mr. Case'sletter to be as informative as I did.

Jim Lassoie

Dear Mr. Lassoie;The proximate reason for my failure

to complete and return your question-naire is that my wife and I have beencorrecting proofs of the full-length biog-raphy of her father, the late Owen D.Young, on which we have been at workfor the last decade. Published by DavidR. Godine of Boston, it is scheduled toappear in November, under the titleOwen D. Young and American Enter-prise: a Biography.

The controlling fact, however, is thatwe have done nothing with the fourhundred acres on which we pay taxesthat can possibly be made to fit yourquestionnaire. While we have done fair-ly well in maintaining and improving theresidential property of some twentyacres belonging to my Wife, which con-tains some valuable shade trees, thecondition of the rest invites a classic casestudy in absentee landlordism and theinapplicability of laissez-faire to the careof land and trees.

This land, consisting mostly of aban-doned farms cum woodlots, I acquiredin the thirties chiefly from banks offeringit for sale for payment of overdue taxes,(though certain adjoining acres came asa gift from my father-in-law). My prin-cipal investment took the form of exten-sive renovation of the 1840's farmhousein Brown's Hollow on Route #80 about

Mr. & Mrs. Everett Case

11/2mi. N of our home. Having installeda bathroom, we had to drill a well; atsome 370 feet we struck abundantwater and gas, using the latter to float awell. With a view to Christmas trees Iplanted out some 7 acres between theroad and the Otsquago Creek to 3 yearold balsam (an experiment that didn'twork) plus white and Norway spruce,and another 5 acres up the hill in backof the house to red pine. We alsodismantled a decrepit old barn and usedthe rafters, poles and siding to build our-selves a cabin next to a small streamway up and across from the farmhouse,commanding a view of the Adirondackson clear days. Beyond the (seasonal)brook and cabin there were no trees andno tillable soil; we debated plantingthese barren acres to white pine butdecided that such hazards as rust andweevil were more than we could copewith - especially as war seemed moreand more inevitable and in '39 ateaching and administrative post at Har-vard meant moving our family to Cam-bridge. But our extensive land did in-clude, mostly in its upper reaches,wooded areas, some on land that hadnever been cleared, which - oak,maple and ash as well as soft-wood -promised a good selective yield eventhough hard to get at. And so beforeleaving we had installed a farmer andhis family in the remodeled house, whocould work on ODY's well-known dairyfarms until we could develop andfinance a program of our own -

perhaps combining some beef cattle and.forestry.

Then came our entry into the warand, for me in 1942, the beginning of atwenty year stint as president of Col-gate. Since the college is less than 50miles from Van Hornesville, we ex-pected to spend considerable time athome each year; in any event, we couldnot have been more wrong. Even aftergas rationing ended, the pressures ofour commitment to Colgate seemednever-ending, and our visits if more fre-quent, were usually brief. Meanwhileour Christmas tree planting was a war-time casualty: labor was scarce and peo-ple found more important things to dothan harvesting and marketing thatcrop, which soon outgrew its designatedmarket. (Aside from cutting our owntrees for family use, the one significantdividend this venture yielded was thesatisfaction of delivering upwards of 100trees to Colgate's married veteranswho, in 1946, celebrated Christmas intheir temporary campus homes.)Meanwhile, for want of capital and

available manpower, our hopes oflaunching a constructive developmentprogram had to be deferred year afteryear. Succeeding in replacing ourtenants of the farmhouse, when ourfarmer retired and his family scattered(his two sons to enter Colgate) with astalwart refugee couple from theUkraine, we had to settle for the effortto maintain such advance as we hadmade. Then in 1951 that effort sustain-ed a body blow from which it neverrecovered: early in the morning of May19, there was an explosion of gas (fromthe well) that left the house almost com-pletely shattered so that the remainshad to be taken down. By great goodfortune, and for the first time, ourtenants were away that night, havinggone to NY to meet the wife's parents.But insurance was grossly inadequatefor anything more than demolition ex-pense, and all hopes of finding morethan a small pocket of gas found nosupport from Colgate geologists, whosenegative findings were later confirmedby experts from Columbia Gas. (Whatwas it that Robert Frost wrote of NewHampshire: a specimen of everythingbut nothing in commercial quantities?)Also, the longer we waited, the moreprohibitive the cost of rebuildingbecame. And such minor loggingoperations as we authorized during the50's brought in no more than $1200 to$1500.


When I resigned from· Colgate in1962 to head the Sloan Foundation inNYC, we hoped to spend more time inVan Hornesville, but both of us becameinvolved in a host of extra-curricular ac-tivities that left us little freedom. It wasnot until my retirement in 1968 that wewere able to move back home and takestock; shortly thereafter I joined the NYForesters Association and also found adependable professional logger whoseoperations brought us the first substan-tial returns ever from my property:some $7000 over the next three years.But by this time we found that whitepine had seeded itself and completelytaken over the barren acreage adjoiningour cabin - a stand that revealed all tooclearly the ravages of rust and weevil.Also the red pine I had planted on theassumption that it was immune hadbeen Virtually wiped out by some virusor other. And, of course, our forestedacres showed evidence of neglect andneeded expert attention - which thedevastating inflation that ensued madeit impossible for us to provide. Finallyour time and energy had to be devotedto going through the thousand or soboxes of papers which Owen Younghad deposited here in his home town, in

order to get on with the biography wefelt to be long overdue.

All of which brings this letter full cir-c1e. As an absentee landowner whosereturn came too late to repair the yearsof involuntary 'neglect, I write it as awarning to others - including my threesons who will inherit this land of mine -about the kinds of problems they mustface and find better ways to solve than Idid. Perhaps too, it may inspire a visit ofinspection from our county supervisor(Herkimer Co.) or someone else who isqualified to advise on how best tosalvage or conserve our considerableassets of uncut timber. Such a visitor willat least get something of the lift that wedo as he comes upon one historic trea-sure which we have spared no pains topreserve and care for: namely, the twomagnificent white oaks, more thanthree centuries old, which are to befound, fortunately enough, on a rela-tively inaccessible wooded hillside andare not for timbering. We can at leasttake pride in their preservation andcontinued health - and so we do.

Faithfully yours,Everett Case

Forest IndustriesCommittee Asks Help

Dear Mrs. Stock:This year the most far-reaching tax

reform and reduction bill in history wasenacted.

During the year the FOREST IN-DUSTRIES COMMITTEE ON TIMBERVALUATION AND TAXATION wasactive in working with the Administra-tion and the Congress to achieve thedeepest cut in capital gains taxes for in-dividuals that has occurred for yearsand the most sweeping changes in theestate tax rules which have beenadopted since 1946.

And now there is evidence that criticsof timber capital gains will again attacktimber capital gains taxation and try toundo some of the advances made inestate taxation as well. Thus, a strongvoice in favor of fair tax treatment oftimber continues to be essential.

Timber owner interests in theserespects have in the past been coor-dinated by the FOREST INDUSTRIESCOMMITTEE ON TIMBER VALUA-TION AND TAXATION. Continuedsupport of the Committee's work isvitally important.

As you know, the Committee is anon-profit, tax-exempt organization andits officers participate without compen-sation. To finance its work, it relies onvoluntary contributions from firms andpeople like you and me. While theamount is a matter for you to decide,the following guide has been suggested:

50,000 to 99,999 acres - $90020,000 to 49,999 acres - $60010,000 to 24,999 acres - $3605,000 to 9,999 acres - $2402,500 to 4,999 acres - $1401,000 to 2,499 acres - $110500 to 999 acres - $ 75100 to 499 acres - $ 50Up to 99 acres - $ 40

Supporting non-owners - $ 25I hope you will join us by making a

contribution corresponding with the im-portance to you of fair income andestate taxation of timber. Please makeyour check payable to the FOREST IN-DUSTRIES COMMITTEE and mail it tome or to the Committee in the enclosedenvelope.

Sincerely,John StockTupper Lake, NY 12986

New York Forest Owner, Januarv-February 1982

The Cause ofMaple Sap Flow

After a century of research, the causeof maple sap flow remains at least par-tially a mystery.

Two factors can be eliminated as ma-jor causes of sap flow - transpirationand root pressure. Sap flow occurswhen there are no leaves. Trees sev-ered from their roots have continued toexude sap when water was available tothe cut stem.

Sap flow has long been associatedwith warming temperatures above32 OF. following a freeze. Risingtemperatures often are accompanied byincreasing sap pressure which can reachas much as 30 pounds per square inch.The amount of sap flow is usuallyrelated to neither the amount of temper-ature increase nor sap pressure. But ris-ing temperatures seem to trigger sapflow. Conversely, decreasing tempera-tures slow sap flow.

As temperatures drop below freezing,the flow stops. Sap pressure changesfrom positive to negative (vacuum).More sap is drawn from the rootsthrough still-unfrozen inner vessels.Although declining temperatures thatdo not reach the freezing point, follow-ed by rising temperatures, may renewsap flow, freezing is apparently neces-sary for a good sap flow. One statisticalstudy showed that the amount of sapflow was related to the length of freezingtime during the 24-hour period prior toflow as well as the temperature rise dur-ing the sap flow day.

Several interacting factors may in-fluence sap movement into or out of thevessel tubes in the tree's sapwood.Some of these include presence of livingcells, osmosis, swelling and shrinking ofwater-holding colloids, hydrolysis ofstarch to sugars, and changes in mem-brane permeability. All of these factorsand processes are influenced by tem-perature.

Sap flow can occur from stems, twigs,and roots. The vessel tubes join thevarious tree parts and form an intercon-nected hydraulic system. The best flowoccurs when all parts of the tree- are be-ing warmed simultaneously, a situationthat occurs only seldomly. Stem flow issluggish when branches are removed.Stems and branches without roots alsoyield little sap, and roots alone evenless.

Most evidence points toward a needfor living cells and dependence on aphysical system. A recent theory

(Sauter 1973) connects these. Carbondioxide is generated by the respirationof living cells and becomes dissolved inwater of the fiber walls. Since thesolubility of carbon dioxide is tempera-ture-dependent (almost twice as solublein water at OOC. than at 20°C.), apressure mechanism can be explained.As the temperature rises, more respira-tory activity creates more carbon diox-ide while less is dissolved. The excessgas raises tree pressure and causes sapto flow out of any wound or tap hole.As temperatures drop more carbondioxide is dissolved, causing pressuredrops (vacuum) and re-filling of vesselswith sap from roots and other tissues.Experiments showed that enough car-bon dioxide was produced in the smallvessels to account for changing treepressure and many flow rates.

Furthermore, the amount of sucrosereleased into the vessel sap appears tobe dependent on both temperature andactivity of respiratory enzymes (Sauteret al 1973). "Contact cells" in the rayand axial parenchyma are considered tobe the site of metabolically-controlledsucrose release.

Regardless of the cause of sap flow,maple producers look forward to bright,sunny days with temperatures in the400's and 500's, and little or no wind,following a freezing night, for their bestyields. In late season, wet snows thatstick to twigs and branches may partiallyreplace freezing nights and stimulategood flows.

Straight Talk onTapping Techniques

The yield and quality of sap from a -sugar maple depend on climate andlocal weather, tree size and openness,age and vigor, as well as heredity. Foryour trees, you want the maximumamount of sugar per tap hole so thatyou can make more sirup.

The best insurance is to tap earlyenough to catch the first real run of sap.The best sugar-making months in south-ern New York are usually late February,March, and early April, before the budsbegin to swell. In the Adirondacks, theseason may start one to four weekslater. The best quality sap flows early,and produces more high-grade sirup.The sugar content tends to be higherthan in late season, microbial action is

very low, there is less sugar sand, andsirup flavor and quality are at theirpeak.

The number of tap holes greatly in-fluence the amount of sap. But theamount of sap is not proportional to thenumber of taps. Four taps may yieldonly twice as much as one. Too manytaps will kill too much wood and reducefuture yields. The following tappingrates are suggested for forest stands andolder trees. Heavier tapping is ap-propriate for fast-growing trees in theopen:

Tree Diameterat Breast Height

(in inches)10 - 1717 - 2424 - 30

30 - and over

No. Tap Holes1234

Some people favor tapping the southor east sides of a tree, but studies haveshown over a period of years that tap-ping direction makes little difference.Taps on the north side start later butusually run later in the season. It is moreimportant to tap where there is no deadwood from previous tap holes (5" awayis a good rule).

Drill tap holes 2 to 3 inches deep. Thedeeper holes may yield some 10 per-cent more sap but are difficult to drill byhand. Avoid drilling into heartwood ordead wood. The tap hole width has littleeffect on flow. Spiles are designed for7/16" diameter holes. Tap spiles insnugly to get a good seal, but avoidhammering that splits the bark or sealsthe outer wood pores.

Tap location with regard to majorroots or large branches is unimportant.Neither is tapping height. It's much bet-ter to concentrate on finding new woodaway from old tap holes or injuries.

Tapping speed does not greatly affectsap flow. Tapping can be done withhigh speed (up to 6,000 RPM) chain-saws with tapping adapters. Care mustbe taken to maintain a firm, balancedstance; otherwise there is a danger ofoval-shaped, leaky holes made withhigh-speed tappers.

The use of sanitizing pellets or com-pounds in the tap hole to reduce micro-bial activity is discussed elsewhere.


FORESTBookshelf

MAPLE SIRUPSome Sources of InformationFor commercial production -

"Production of maple sirup and othermaple products," F.E. Winch and R.R.Morrow. 1975. Information Bulletin 95.Mailing Room, Building 7, ResearchPark, Cornell University, Ithaca, NewYork 14853. Price per copy $.50.For managing the sugar bush -

"Sugar bush management." R.R.Morrow. 1976. Information Bulletin110. Mailing Room, BUilding 7, Re-search Park, Cornell University, Ithaca,New York 14853. Price per copy $.60.

For technical aspects of sirup-making, including quality control -"Maple sirup producers manual,"C.O. Willits and C.H. Hills. Revised1976. Agriculture Handbook No. 134.Superintendent of Documents, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washing-ton, D.C. 20402. Price $2.50.For learning how others do it -

See your County Extension Agent(nearest Farm and Home Center) fordates of maple schools and tours. InNew York State, about a dozen mapleschools are held in important mapleregions, usually in January. A mapletour is held in mid-summer, often aboutAugust 1.For seeing Cornell Maple opera-

tions - A 4,000 tap operation atHeaven Hill (Lake Placid, New York),featuring tubing and pipelines in a coldregion, modern evaporation equip-ment, quality control, etc. Call LewisStaats for appointment. Best time is 6p.m. (518-523-2076) or noon(518-523-9337). Open all year.Also a 1,500 tap operation at Arnot

Forest (Van Etten, New York). CallFred Fontana for appointment. Besttime is noon (607-589-6095). Sirupseason only.For home maple sirup - "Home

maple sirup production." J. Yager andR.R. Morrow. 1976 mimeo. For thisand other pamphlets listed below, writeto Dr. James P. Lassoie, Department ofNatural Resources, Cornell University,Fernow Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853.

Other pamphlets available at Cornell:Vacuum and maple sap flow; Ad-justing and testing a sap preheater;

Arches and burners for oil-fired evap-orators; Scale in maple sap evapora-tors - how to remove it; Measuringthe sugar in maple sap and sirup;NYS grading and labelling require-ments for pure maple products; Aconsumer's guide for NYS maple pro-ducts.Other pamphlets, usually of less

widespread interest, include informa-tion on cause of maple sap flow, tubingvs. buckets, advantages and disadvan-tages of paraformaldehyde, microbialcontrol in sap collection, fall tapping,density of sap and sirup, packagingsirup, and maple sirup recipes.For specific questions regarding

commercial operations, write your Ex-tension Forester. In New York, writeLewis Staats, Regional ExtensionSpecialist, John Brown Rd. , LakePlacid, New York 12946.For information about development

of sweet trees, planting sugar bushes,costs and marketing, new kinds ofevaporating equipment (forlarge scaleproduction), and other research, writeNortheastern Forest Experiment Sta-tion, Forest Service, V.S.D.A., AikenLab, P.O. Box 968, 705 Spear Street,Burlington, Vermont 05401. (AlsoyourState Experiment Station).

A Maple Check ListI. Preseason

a. Purchase seasonal supplies.b. Install"tubing.c. Clean sugar house and equip-

ment.d. Install collection and storage tanks.e. Check weather forecasts.

II. Tappinga. Tap in advance of expected sap

weather.b. Sanitize tap holes and insert spiles.c. Hang buckets with covers and/or

hook up tubing.d. Install vacuum equipment; run

prior to sap flow to locate leaks in tubesystem.

e. Inspect tube system for leaks androdent damage (periodically throughseason).III. Collection

a. Collect sap prior to serious growthof microorganisms; daily collection maybe required in warm weather.b. Store in cool tank for short

periods.c. Clean collection and storage tanks

following warm periods.

d. Clean buckets at midseason, ifneeded.e. Clean tapholes at midseason

(chlorine rinse) if not previously sanitiz-ed.IV. Evaporationa. Evaporate sap soon after collec-

tion.b. Evaporate overtime, if needed,

during heavy flows in warm weather.c. Dump sap with high microorgan-

ism content. It could contaminate goodsap and degrade sirup.d. Make certain that sap can flow

freely from storage tank to sirup pan inorder to maintain proper sap depth.e. Draw-off sirup at desired density.f. Filter sirup immediately (when

hot). Keep filters clean.g. Clean sap and sirup pans, equip-

ment, and building as needed.V. Packaging and Storage

a. Package hot from filter after draw-off, orb. Store in bulk in cool place and

package throughout the year (finishingpan, followed by another filtering, andpackaging) .c. Packages should be filled with

sirup at 180OFor hotter.d. Grade, label, and store in cool,

dark room until needed for sale.VI. Postseason

a. Remove and clean all sap collec-tion, storage, and evaporation equip-ment as soon as possible, for an easierand more effective job.b. Store equipment in clean room.c. Store tubing in dark, rodent-proof

area (storage tanks).VII. Sales

a. Throughout the year, with suitablepromotion and attractive displays.Especially during sap season whenevaporator is in operation, during fallfoliage and winter holiday seasons.VIII. Off-season

a. Sugar bush management, espe-cially thinning to develop high produc-ing trees in accessible locations.b. Arrange for fuel oil deliveries, orc. Cut wood for fuel, preferably in fall

or winter (at least a year prior to use).d. Repair and/or maintenance of

buildings, equipment, roads, or pipe-lines.

e. Plan for improvements or otherchanges in operation.f. Purchase or build needed capital

improvements well in advance of sirupseason.g. Make, package, and sell maple

cream, sugar, or candy.

Evelyn A. StockEditor

57S6lke Dixon Rd.Camillus, NY. 13031

Non profit org.bulk rate

U.S. POSTAGEPAID

Camillus, N.Y.13031

Permit No. 57

Why do I like loggers? It has some-thing to do with the fact that I likestumps. (See Forest Owner issue of ).You can't very well have one withoutthe other. A forest owner can grow amagnificent stand of timber, but veryfew can get the crop to market himself.So loggers provide an essential servicein the process of changing standingtrees into a useful product.

What is a logger? My conception isthat he's a person who accomplishes theprocess of moving a tree from its placein the forest to a wood using plant suchas a sawmill, pulp mill or even yourback yard (for fuelwood). I'm sorry ifthat sounds a bit professorial, but I wantto distinguish between the logger as anentrepreneur and the man who doesjust one part of the job, such as a feller,bucker, skidder operator, truck driver,etc. Usually the logger does any or all ofthose things, but he's responsible for thewhole job.

He's an independent sort of charac-ter, and to survive successfully he has tobe smart and resourceful. He has to be abusiness manager, money manager,mechanic, laborer, and he has to beshrewd, honest and know timber,literally inside and out.

And yet, unfortunately, this great guyas often as not, seems to be a villain inpeoples' eyes. And, O.K. some are.There are some villains in every busi-ness. But some of their supposedvillainy is a misconception. Villainy

I LIKE LOGGERSBy Al Roberts

number one is, "they rape the woods."Well, one day I was checking a loggingjob on a sale I had made and was con-gratulating myself on a much better thanaverage job when along came a hikerand in anguished tones complained thatsome loggers had "raped the woods."(His exact words). Well, they hadn't.Even if some moods are raped, I wouldplace more of the blame on the ownerthan the logger. A lot of owners,through ignorance or lack of concernsell on "loggers choice" to whoever of-fers the most money. In order to com-pete, the logger must cut heavily.

Villainy number two is that the log-ger cheats the owner on price. I believeit is the owner's obligation to informhimself of the value of what he's selling.The logger makes his living by buying aslow as possible and selling as high aspossible. As it has been told to me, "lpay what I have to to get the timber."Cheating on scale is another matter. If alogger buys at say, $100 per thousandboard feet, and then only scales everyother log, that's not cheating, it's grandlarceny.

Villainy number three is that the log-ger works in mud and cuts up thewoods. Sure he sometimes does, if theowner lets him. The logger may verywell have on any particular job a quarterof a million dollars worth of equipmentthat he and the bank own. The pay-ments are due every month and the

payments come from logs delivered tothe mill.

What I'm really saying is that a loqqer :will do whatever the owner wants to putinto their contract. An owner can re-quire many things of a logger as long ashe realizes that some things cost theowner money in the form of reducedstumpage price. It also helps for theowner to show some interest by show-ing up on the job once in awhile.

Another thing the owner can do forhimself is check on the reputation of thelogger. Some are better than others, asto their skill, type of equipment and will-ingness to accommodate. How can youlocate the better ones? Check with aconsulting forester or your local D.E.C.forester. Also there is an organizationcalled the New York State Timber Pro-ducers Association, Inc. Their member-ship is made up of independent loggers,and while there are many good loggerswho do not belong to this organization,a land owner would have a degree ofassurance of a logger's reliability if hedid belong to the N.Y.S.T.P.A. All theirmembers must abide by a code of ethicswhich protects land owners. They have75 members throughout the State andare actively recruiting more. A list ofmembers may be obtained by writing toN.Y.S. Timber Producers Assn., P.O.Box 134, Booneville, N.Y. 13309.

Luv those loggers.

the new york forest owner - volume 20 number 1

Documents

forest bookshelf

forest ownerii

forest industriescommitteep

dear forest owner reader

tree value

letter tome

boynton realty33 wilkins

origin of theforesters