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The New Science of Ageing
Kaare ChristensenThe Danish Ageing Research Centre
The New Science of AgeingThe New Science of Ageing
Sociology
Psychology
Economy
Politics
Epidemiology
DemographyStatistics
BiologyGenetics
AgeingEngineering
Computer Science
Medicine
Bioinformation
Mathematics
The New Science of AgeingThe New Science of Ageing
Sociology
Psychology
Economy
Politics
Epidemiology
DemographyMedicine
BiologyGenetics
AgeingEngineering
Computer Science
Statistics
Bioinformation
Mathematics
The New Science of AgeingThe New Science of Ageing
Sociology
Psychology
Economy
Politics
Epidemiology
DemographyMedicine
BiologyGenetics
Engineering
Computer Science
Statistics
Bioinformation
Mathematics
EU and AgeingEU and Ageing
The New Science of AgeingThe New Science of Ageing
Sociology
Psychology
Economy
Politics
Epidemiology
DemographyMedicine
BiologyGenetics
AgeingEngineering
Computer Science
Statistics
Bioinformation
Mathematics
Mean Life Expectancy
Years below highest life expectancy
Yea
rs a
bove
low
est l
ife d
ispa
rity
0 5 10 15 20
02
46
810
113 points: The country with the lowest life disparity usually has the highest life expectancy
USA 2005
Source: Vaupel et al., Science 2009
Medical treatment of very old people – are we doing good ?
Does exceptional longevity lead to
exceptional levels of disability?
Medical treatment of very old people – are we doing good ?
Does exceptional longevity lead to
exceptional levels of disability?
The Fourth Age
2,262(63%)
1,086(78%)
437(77%)
166(74%)
862 died 522 died 213 died
314 Drop-outs
127 Drop-outs
58 Drop-outs
1998 2000 2003 2005
19051905--Cohort Cohort -- DenmarkDenmark
♂
♀
♂ + ♀
0 92 1001:30
0 92 100
0 92 100
1:30
1:101:10
1:15 1:15
92 years 92 years –– half way to 100half way to 100
Independence in the 1905Independence in the 1905--CohortCohort
2234223422342234106010601060
422422 15638.9% 36.1%31.8% 32.7%
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
100
Perc
ent
92 94 96 98 100Age
Christensen et al. PNAS, 2008
Independence in the 1905Independence in the 1905--CohortCohort
2234223422342234106010601060
422422 15638.9%32.7%
69.9%
36.1%31.8%
010
2030
4050
6070
8090
100
Perc
ent
92 94 96 98 100Age
Christensen et al. PNAS, 2008
The Fourth AgeThe Fourth Age
EXTREME AGES
100 year olds are doing
as good as 92 year olds
EXTREME AGES
100 year olds are doing
as good as 92 year olds
50% more made it to 100 yearsin the 1905-Cohort
compared to the 1895-Cohort
Still no increased disability level
50% more made it to 100 yearsin the 1905-Cohort
compared to the 1895-Cohort
Still no increased disability level
The Fourth AgeThe Fourth Age
Engberg et al. J Gerontol, 2008
European Twin RegistriesEuropean Twin Registries
Heritability
- Lifespan 25%
- Functioning 50%
- Alzheimer 70%
- Parkinson 5%
Twin DesignTwin Design
Molecular pathways Molecular pathways that lengthen lifespanthat lengthen lifespanin C. elegans and the corresponding components in humans
HumansC.elegans
Christensen, Johnson, and Vaupel: Nat Rev Genet. 2006
Education and good ageing – causal or selection ?
- US Twin studies indicate causal- Danish Twin study indicate selection- Other European countries ?
Twin Studies: Combining genetics and social sciencesTwin Studies: Combining genetics and social sciences
Number of Danish centenarians 1970Number of Danish centenarians 1970--20082008
Females
Males
Calendar year
Count
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Female advantage in life expectancy at birth in 2004
1,0
4,0
4,7
5,0
5,1
6,7
6,9
7,0
7,1
13,4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Bangladesh*
Morocco*
Denmark**
Cuba*
USA**
Spain**
Japan**
Brazil*
France**
Russia**
Male Excess Mortality
Biological?
Behavioral?
Are males seeking medical help too late?
Serious diseases –little reaction
Trivial diseases –big reaction
Denmark 2005
All contacts to GPs: 34.8 Mio
All somatic hospitalizations: 1.2 Mio
Are males seeking health care too late?
Juel & Christensen 2008
0
1
2
3
4
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 ≥85
Age group
Fem
ale/
mal
e ra
tio
Contacts to general practitioners
All hospital admissions
Without sex-specific admissions
Male health
Juel & Christensen 2008
MEN in Europe MEN in Europe
Falling behind
Biological barriersBehavioral barriersCultural barriers